1. GENERAL OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
1.1. This Instruction provides basic labor protection requirements for non-electrical personnel performing work that may pose an electrical hazard.
1.2. Non-electrical personnel with electrical safety group 1 must perform their duties in accordance with the requirements of these Instructions.
1.3. Production non-electrical personnel with the 1st qualification group includes personnel:
servicing electrical installations, if the assigned functions do not require assignment to a higher qualification group;
servicing mobile machines and mechanisms with electric drive;
drivers of all vehicles, except those working in existing electrical installations or the security zone of high-voltage lines;
personnel working indoors and outdoors, where, in the event of unfavorable conditions and lack of necessary knowledge on electrical safety, there may be a danger of electric shock.
1.4. The list of positions and professions requiring assignment to the 1st electrical safety group is determined and approved by the head of the enterprise.
1.5. Instructions for the 1st electrical safety group must be carried out by a person from the electrical personnel with a group of at least 3, assigned by order of the organization. Instruction should be carried out with verification of acquired knowledge, and, if necessary, verification of acquired safe work skills.
1.6. The briefing must be registered in a special journal against the signature of the person being instructed and the person instructing.
1.7. Non-electrical personnel with electrical safety group 1 must know and strictly comply with the requirements for labor protection, fire safety, and industrial sanitation.
1.8. Non-electrical personnel who have 1 electrical safety group notify their immediate supervisor about any situation that threatens the life and health of people, about every accident that occurs in the workplace, about a deterioration in their health, including the manifestation of signs of an acute illness.
1.9. Non-electrical personnel who have Group 1 on electrical safety must undergo training in labor protection in the form of: introductory briefing, initial briefing in the workplace, repeated briefing, unscheduled briefing, targeted briefing and special training within the scope of the training program for the profession, including issues of labor protection and job requirements for the profession.
Induction training is carried out by an employee of the labor protection service or an employee replacing him with all those hired according to a program approved by the employer and agreed upon with the trade union committee or other representative body of workers.
Initial briefing at the workplace is carried out by an official determined by order individually before the start of the employee’s production activities under the occupational safety program for the profession.
Before being allowed to work independently, an employee must undergo an internship under the supervision of an experienced employee.
1.10. After briefing and knowledge testing, the 1st electrical safety group is considered assigned to the organization’s personnel when the person being tested and the inspector sign in the logbook for assigning the 1st electrical safety group to non-electrical personnel.
1.11. Assignment of the 1st electrical safety group to the organization's personnel is carried out annually. For newly hired employees, assignment to group 1 can be carried out simultaneously with induction training.
1.12. Personnel with electrical safety group 1 should know that:
circuit breakers and plug fuses must always be in good working order;
replacing factory fuses even temporarily with various metal wiring, for example “bugs”, can cause an accident or fire;
The insulation of electrical wiring, electrical appliances and apparatus, switches, sockets, lamp sockets and lamps, as well as cords that connect electrical appliances, televisions, refrigerators, computers, etc., must be in good condition.
1.13. Personnel with 1 electrical safety group are required to:
comply with internal labor regulations;
comply with the requirements of these instructions;
comply with the requirements for operating the equipment.
1.14. Personnel with 1 electrical safety group must:
be able to provide first (pre-medical) aid to a victim in an accident;
know the location of first aid facilities, primary fire extinguishing equipment, main and emergency exits, evacuation routes in the event of an accident or fire;
perform only assigned work and not transfer it to others without the permission of the work manager;
while working, be attentive, do not be distracted or distract others, do not allow persons unrelated to work to enter the workplace;
1.15. Smoking and eating are allowed only in places specially designated for this purpose.
2. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS BEFORE STARTING WORK
2.1. Fasten the worn overalls with all the buttons (tie the ties), avoiding any hanging ends of the clothing.
Do not pin your clothes with pins or needles, do not keep sharp, breakable objects in your pockets.
2.2. Receive an assignment from the manager to complete the work.
2.3. Check the operation of local exhaust ventilation, air showering and the provision of the workplace with the necessary equipment, tools, devices and tools for work.
2.4. Check that there is sufficient lighting.
2.5. Prepare the workplace for safe work:
securely install (secure) mobile (portable) equipment and inventory;
check the sufficiency of lighting of the working surface (area);
no hanging or exposed ends of electrical wiring;
reliability of closing of all current-carrying and starting devices of electrical equipment;
presence and reliability of grounding connections (no breaks, strength of contact between metal non-current-carrying parts of the equipment and the grounding wire);
availability, serviceability, correct installation and reliable fastening of guards for moving parts of equipment and heating surfaces;
serviceability of blocking devices;
absence of foreign objects in and around the equipment;
condition of the floors (no potholes, unevenness, slipperiness);
serviceability of the equipment, devices and tools used.
2.6. Make sure that the covers of electrical outlets and switches, the electrical plug and the power cable are intact.
2.7. Check the availability and serviceability of personal protective equipment and the absence of external damage.
2.8. Check for external damage to the electrical installation, the presence and serviceability of control, measuring and signaling devices, toggle switches, switches, etc.
2.9. Work is not allowed:
on faulty equipment;
with protective devices removed;
in case of a faulty alarm system, as well as in the absence or malfunction of grounding and personal protective equipment.
2.10. Check the availability and serviceability of fire-fighting equipment and the availability of personal protective equipment.
2.11. Check that you have a first aid kit.
2.12. Report all detected malfunctions of equipment, inventory, electrical wiring and other problems to your immediate supervisor and begin work only after they have been eliminated.
3. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS DURING WORK
3.1. Perform only the work for which you have been trained, instructed on labor protection and approved by the employee responsible for the safe performance of work.
3.2. Do not allow untrained or unauthorized persons to perform your work.
3.3. Use serviceable equipment, tools, and devices necessary for safe work; use them only for the work for which they are intended.
3.4. Do not connect the electrical installation to the electrical network with wet or damp hands.
3.5. Follow the rules for operating the electrical installation, do not expose it to mechanical shocks, and do not allow it to fall.
3.6. Do not touch wires and other live parts that are live.
3.7. Monitor the proper operation of electrical equipment and the integrity of the insulation.
3.8. It is not allowed to hang electrical wires on nails, metal or wooden objects, twist the wire, lay wires or cords on water pipes and heating radiators, hang anything on the wires, pull the plug out of the socket by the cord, paint over or whitewash cords and wires.
3.9. All types of repairs to electrical equipment and electrical networks should only be performed by a specialist.
3.10. Do not simultaneously touch the computer or other electrical equipment and devices connected to the ground (heating radiators, water taps, pipes, etc.).
3.11. If there is a specific smell of burning rubber or plastic, the socket or plug of the power cord overheats, or the lights start blinking, you must immediately turn off the power and inform your supervisor. Do not attempt to troubleshoot problems yourself. You can turn on the electricity only after eliminating the detected malfunction by specialists and with their permission.
3.12. Household electrical appliances and portable lamps intended for indoor use only are prohibited from being used outdoors. It is prohibited to use electric heating devices with an open coil.
3.13. Cleaning of luminaires and replacement of burnt-out lamps must be carried out by electrical personnel using devices that provide convenient and safe access to luminaires with a group of at least 3.
3.14. Damaged switches, lamp sockets, sockets and electrical appliances and devices must not be repaired independently. Their malfunctions should be reported to the manager.
3.15. Particular care must be taken when using electricity in damp rooms, in rooms with brick and concrete floors, which are good conductors of current, since these rooms are particularly dangerous, and in these conditions the danger of electric shock increases.
3.16. Do not use household rubber gloves to protect against electric current. They cannot withstand the operating voltage of the electrical network.
3.17. Portable hand-held electric lamps must be powered from a mains voltage of no higher than 42 volts.
3.18. Do not clutter the workplace, passages to it and between equipment, tables, racks, passages to control panels, switches, evacuation routes and other passages with empty containers and equipment.
3.19. When performing work, non-electrical personnel with electrical safety group 1 are prohibited from:
operate electrical equipment without grounding;
turn on the electric drive when the guard is removed from the equipment.
3.20. When cleaning in industrial and domestic premises it is prohibited:
touch electrical equipment and devices;
penetrate the mesh fencing of electrical panels, wipe dust from the fittings of energized lamps.
3.21. In outdoor installations, starting devices are turned on only while wearing dielectric gloves, standing on an insulating stand.
3.22. It is prohibited to use homemade electrical appliances and electrical appliances that are not related to the performance of production duties.
3.23. Do not lean on random objects, boxes, materials, etc.
3.24. Work in the presence and serviceability of fences, blocking and other devices that ensure labor safety, with sufficient lighting.
3.25. Do not touch moving mechanisms and rotating parts of machines, as well as live parts of equipment.
3.26. Do not eat in the workplace.
3.27. Be attentive, do not get distracted and do not distract others.
3.28. Follow the rules of movement in the premises and on the territory of the organization, use only designated passages.
3.29. Work should be carried out in accordance with Fire Safety Regulations N 390 dated 04/25/2012.
4. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN EMERGENCIES
4.1. If an equipment breakdown occurs that threatens an accident at the workplace or in the workshop: stop its operation, as well as the supply of electricity, gas, water, raw materials, product, etc.; report the measures taken to your immediate supervisor (the person responsible for the safe operation of the equipment) and act in accordance with the instructions received.
4.2. In an emergency: notify surrounding people of the danger, report to your immediate supervisor about the incident and act in accordance with the emergency response plan.
4.3. In the event of a fire, it is necessary to immediately stop work, turn off the power to the equipment, call the fire department and inform management, take measures to evacuate employees, and, if possible, begin to extinguish the fire. It is prohibited to extinguish electrical installations with water and foam fire extinguishers.
4.4. If a malfunction occurs in the electrical installation, sparking, broken wire insulation or grounding break, stop work and notify management. Continue work only after the fault has been eliminated by specialists and with the permission of the supervisor.
4.5. If you find a broken electrical wire hanging or touching the floor (ground), do not approach it, immediately inform management, stay in place and warn other people about the danger.
4.6. In case of electric shock, immediately release the victim from the effects of electric current (turn off the voltage or throw away the wire with a dry board, etc.). If the victim has no breathing or pulse, perform artificial respiration or perform indirect (closed) cardiac massage until breathing and pulse are restored or medical personnel arrive. Report the accident to management, if necessary, call an ambulance or send the victim to the nearest medical facility.
4.7. When assisting a victim with broken bones, bruises, or sprains, it is necessary to ensure the immobility of the damaged part of the body by applying a tight bandage (splint) and applying cold. For open fractures, you must first apply a bandage and only then a splint.
4.8. If there are wounds, apply a bandage; if there is arterial bleeding, apply a tourniquet.
4.9. If any malfunction is detected that disrupts normal operation, it must be stopped. Inform your immediate supervisor of any observed shortcomings.
4.10. In the event of an accident, it is necessary to provide the victim with first aid, if necessary, call an ambulance, inform your immediate supervisor and keep the situation at the workplace unchanged until the investigation, unless it creates a threat to workers and does not lead to an accident.
5. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AFTER WORK COMPLETION
5.1. Disconnect the equipment from the power supply.
5.2. Tidy up your workspace.
5.3. Clean and put away protective equipment and devices in the places designated for their storage.
5.4. Remove personal protective equipment and protective clothing to the designated place; take a shower, wash your face and hands with warm water and soap.
5.5. Any malfunctions and malfunctions of the equipment used, as well as other violations of labor safety requirements, noticed during work should be reported to your immediate supervisor.
For people who work in an enterprise with various electrical devices, it is necessary to be properly and professionally prepared for work of this kind. Electrical personnel must have qualifications, the level of which is determined through electrical safety clearance groups. Each of them has its own specifics and, accordingly, certain requirements that are also relevant to the requirements for admission. In addition, each group indicates what level of knowledge the electrician has in working safely with electrical equipment. What are the categories and who assigns them? To obtain it, you must be certified, and the assignment is handled by a special commission, which issues the employee a certificate in a single copy. Next, we will look at existing electrical safety groups and the conditions for their assignment in 2017.
Group 1 (primary)
No special preparation or training is required to obtain it. It is enough to undergo instructions and a short oral or written survey. It is enough for a company employee to know what it is, safety instructions, etc. The instruction is carried out and permission is given by a specialist who has a group of at least third.
Electrical safety must be present in any enterprise. Therefore, even loaders must have an initial category, since they may have contact with electrical wiring. Instructions for assigning the first group are provided in the video example:
2nd group
The requirements for assigning the second category are not much different from the previous one. The only difference is that the commission that grants access includes Rostechnadzor employees. Who is assigned this category? Specialized workers who are not directly related to electrical installations can obtain permission. For example, these could be crane operators, electric welders, or personnel who work with electric tools where electrical safety is important.
Those employees who have completed two weeks of training can take the exam (if a person has secondary education in their specialty, then the assignment occurs automatically). For trainees who are under 18 years of age, this group is considered the limit. This category is also assigned to employees who have not confirmed their category in a timely manner. That is, this means loss of qualifications and temporary work restrictions.
3 group
Assigned only after a month after receiving the second one (if the employee has a secondary specialized education). If this is a trainee, then admission can be obtained only after six months. It can only be obtained by electrical personnel who independently work with equipment with voltages up to 1000 Volts.
The assignment procedure is as follows: the employee must have knowledge of electrical engineering, understand what electrical safety is and its rules, be able to work and maintain electrical installations and, of course, be able to provide medical assistance in case of electric shock.
A specialist with this category can independently work with equipment up to 1000 Volts or be part of a team that works with installations over 1000 Volts. Then his certificate will indicate the mark “up to and above 1000 Volts.”
4 group
With this class, an employee can work with equipment with voltages above 1000 Volts. Such a specialist can be responsible for electrical engineering and teach young employees what electrical safety is and how to repair and maintain electrical installations.
The certificate looks like this:
Only an employee who has the third category and has worked in the position for at least three months can receive admission. If there is no secondary education, then a minimum of six months is required to obtain admission.
During the exam, the requirements for the employee are increased and more stringent. They test knowledge of electrical engineering for all vocational school courses. In addition, you need to know everything about electrical safety and the provisions of the PUE, know how to work and maintain electrical installations. The employee must also be able to read electrical circuit diagrams located on his site. In addition, the specialist must be able to manage subordinates, coordinate their work and teach the necessary techniques and skills. With the presence of the third category, the employee can allow workers to access the equipment, and provide a basis on the concepts of what electrical safety is.
5 group
This is the highest category and its presence gives permission to manage and manage tasks on equipment under any voltage and perform the duties of a manager of electrical facilities. Electrical safety and access to it are carried out through certification and knowledge testing. A specialist must know what electrical safety is, be able to read diagrams, identify a malfunction in equipment and be able to correct it correctly. In addition, he must have knowledge of the frequency of scheduled and unscheduled tests. A specialist receives admission to the fifth grade after three months of work in the previous category, as well as during practical work in his specialty.
A selection of the most important documents upon request 1 electrical safety group(regulatory legal acts, forms, articles, expert consultations and much more).
Document forms
Articles, comments, answers to questions: 1 electrical safety group
- valid personnel certificates for permission to work in electrical installations up to 1,000 V with an electrical safety group of at least III;
Regulatory acts: 1 electrical safety group
Open the document in your ConsultantPlus system:
2. Group I on electrical safety applies to non-electrical personnel (not related to electrical and electrical technological personnel). The list of positions and jobs requiring classification of production personnel into group I is determined by the head of the organization (separate unit). Personnel who have mastered the electrical safety requirements related to their production activities are assigned group I with registration in a log, which must contain the last name, first name, patronymic of the employee, his position, the date of assignment of group I for electrical safety, the signature of the person being inspected and the inspector. Assignment to group I is made through instruction, which, as a rule, should end with a knowledge test in the form of an oral survey and (if necessary) a test of acquired skills in safe working methods or providing first aid in case of electric shock. Assignment of group I is carried out by an employee from among the electrical personnel who has group III in electrical safety, appointed by order of the head of the organization.
Open the document in your ConsultantPlus system:
1.4.4. Non-electrical personnel performing work that may pose a risk of electric shock are assigned electrical safety group I. The list of positions and professions requiring assignment to personnel of group I in electrical safety is determined by the head of the Consumer. Personnel who have mastered the electrical safety requirements related to their production activities are assigned group I with registration in a journal of the established form; no certificate is issued.
The program is intended for training the organization's personnel on the basic provisions on safety measures when using electrical equipment or electrical receivers connected to a voltage of 220 V.
1. The effect of electric current on a person
The peculiarity of the effect of electric current on a person is its invisibility. This feature determines the fact that almost all working and non-working places where there is electrical equipment (portable electrical receivers) under voltage are considered dangerous. In every such place, the danger of electric shock to a person cannot be considered excluded. Electric current, as well as electric arc (lightning), static electricity, and electromagnetic field can affect a person.
If an electric current flows through the human body, it can cause a variety of effects on various organs, including the central nervous system.
The human body is a conductor of electric current. However, the conductivity of living tissue, unlike the conductivity of conventional conductors, is determined not only by physical properties, but also by complex biochemical and biophysical processes inherent in living matter. As a result, the resistance of the human body is a variable value that has a nonlinear dependence on many factors, including the condition of the skin, physiological processes occurring in the body, parameters of the electrical circuit, and the state of the environment.
The most important condition for electric shock to a person is the path of this current. If vital organs (heart, lungs, brain) are in the path of the current, then the danger of fatal injury is very high. If the current passes through other paths, then its effect on vital organs can only be reflexive. At the same time, although the danger of fatal injury remains, its likelihood is sharply reduced.
Current flows only in a closed circuit. Therefore, there is both an entry point (area) of the human body and an exit point of the electric current. There are an innumerable number of possible current paths in the human body. However, the following can be considered typical:
- hand - hand;
- hand leg;
- leg - leg;
- head - hand;
- head - leg.
The degree of danger of various current loops can be assessed by the relative number of cases of loss of consciousness during exposure to the current, as well as by the value of the current passing through the heart region. The most dangerous are the “head-arm” and “head-leg” loops, when the current can pass not only through the heart, but also through the brain and spinal cord.
Passing through the human body, electric current can produce thermal, electrolytic, mechanical, and biological effects:
- The thermal effect of current is manifested in burns of certain parts of the body, heating to high temperatures of blood vessels, blood, nervous tissue, heart, brain and other organs located in the path of the current, which causes serious functional disorders in them.
- The electrolytic effect of current is expressed in the decomposition of organic liquids, including blood, which is accompanied by significant disturbances in their physicochemical composition.
- The mechanical (dynamic) effect of current is manifested in the appearance of pressure in the blood vessels and tissues of the body when blood and other fluids are heated, as well as displacement and mechanical tension of tissues as a result of involuntary muscle contraction and the influence of electrodynamic forces.
- The biological effect of current is manifested in irritation and excitation of living tissues of the body, as well as in disruption of internal bioelectric processes occurring in a normally functioning organism.
Electrically, a current passing through the body irritates living tissues, causing a response in them - excitation, which is one of the main physiological processes when living formations move from a state of relative physiological rest to a state of instability.
If the current passes directly through muscle tissue, then excitation manifests itself in the form of involuntary muscle contraction. This effect is called direct. However, the effect of current can be not only direct, but also reflexive, i.e. through the central nervous system. Otherwise, the current can cause excitation of those tissues that are not in its path.
In this case, when current passes through the human body, the central nervous system can issue an inappropriate executive command, which leads to serious disruptions in the functioning of vital organs, including the heart and lungs.
Electrical potentials (biopotentials) constantly arise in living tissue (muscles, heart, lungs), as well as the central and peripheral nervous systems. An external current, interacting with biocurrents, can disrupt the normal effect on human tissues and organs, suppress biocurrents and thereby cause serious disorders in the body, including its death. The electromagnetic field has a similar effect on the body.
The variety of effects of electric current on the body leads to various electrical injuries. Conventionally, all electrical injuries can be divided into local and general.
Local electrical injuries include local damage to the body or pronounced local damage to the integrity of body tissue, including bone tissue, caused by exposure to electric current or an electric arc.
The most common local injuries include electrical burns, electrical marks, skin metallization, mechanical injuries, and electroophthalmia.
Electrical burns (integumentary) occur, as a rule, in electrical installations up to 1000 V. At higher voltages, an electric arc or spark occurs, which causes an electrical arc burn.
An electric burn to an area of the body is a consequence of the conversion of the energy of an electric current passing through this area into heat. This burn is determined by the magnitude of the current, the time it takes to pass through, and the resistance of the area of the body exposed to the current. The maximum amount of heat is generated at the points of contact of the conductor with the skin. Therefore, basically an electric burn is a skin burn. However, electrical burns can also damage subcutaneous tissues. With high-frequency currents, internal organs are most susceptible to electrical burns.
An electric arc causes extensive burns to the human body. In this case, the defeat is severe and often ends in the death of the victim.
Electrical signs of current exposure are sharply defined spots of gray or pale yellow color on the surface of the human body. They are usually round or oval in shape and measure 1-5 mm with a depression in the center. The affected area of skin hardens like a callus. The top layer of skin becomes necrotic. The surface of the sign is dry, not inflamed.
Electrical signs are painless. Over time, the top layer of skin peels off and the affected area regains its original color, elasticity and sensitivity.
Skin metallization is the penetration of metal particles melted under the action of an electric arc into the upper layers of the skin. Such cases occur during short circuits and switches tripping under load. In this case, splashes of molten metal, under the influence of dynamic forces and heat flow, scatter in all directions at high speed. Since the melted particles have a high temperature, but a small reserve of heat, they are not able to burn through clothing and usually affect exposed parts of the body - the face, hands.
The affected area of skin has a rough surface. The victim feels pain from burns in the affected area and experiences skin tension from the presence of a foreign body in it. Damage to the eyes from molten metal is especially dangerous. Therefore, work such as removing and replacing fuses must be carried out wearing safety glasses.
With direct current, metallization of the skin is also possible as a result of electrolysis, which occurs during close and relatively long-term contact with a live part that is energized. In this case, metal particles are carried into the skin by an electric current, which simultaneously decomposes the organic liquid in the tissues and forms acid ions in it.
Mechanical damage is the result of sharp involuntary muscle contractions under the influence of current passing through the human body. As a result, ruptures of tendons, skin, blood vessels and nerve tissue can occur. Joint dislocations and even bone fractures may also occur. Mechanical damage caused by convulsive muscle contraction occurs mainly in installations up to 1000 V when a person is under voltage for a long time.
Electroophthalmia occurs as a result of exposure to a stream of ultraviolet rays (electric arc) on the membrane of the eyes, as a result of which their outer membrane becomes inflamed. Electroophthalmia develops 4-8 hours after irradiation. In this case, redness and inflammation of the skin of the face and mucous membranes of the eyelids, lacrimation, purulent discharge from the eyes, spasms of the eyelids and partial loss of vision occur. The victim experiences a headache and sharp pain in the eyes, aggravated by light. In severe cases, the transparency of the cornea is impaired.
Prevention of electroophthalmia when servicing electrical installations is ensured by the use of safety glasses or shields with regular glass.
General electrical injuries (electrical shocks) occur when living tissues of the body are excited by electric current flowing through it and are manifested in involuntary convulsive contractions of the muscles of the body. In this case, the entire body is at risk of damage due to disruption of the normal functioning of its various organs and systems, including the heart, lungs, and central nervous system.
Depending on the outcome of the impact of current on the human body, electric shocks can be divided into the following five degrees:
I - convulsive, barely noticeable muscle contraction;
II - convulsive muscle contraction, accompanied by severe pain, without loss of consciousness;
III - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness, but with preserved breathing and heart function;
IV - loss of consciousness and disturbance of cardiac activity and breathing;
V - lack of breathing and cardiac arrest.
An electric shock may not lead to the death of a person, but may cause disorders in the body that may appear after a few hours or days (the appearance of cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, absent-mindedness, weakening of memory and attention).
There are two main stages of death: clinical and biological death.
Clinical death (sudden death) is a short-term transitional state from life to death, occurring from the moment the activity of the heart and lungs ceases. A person in a state of clinical death lacks all signs of life: there is no breathing, the heart does not work, painful stimuli do not cause a reaction in the body, the pupils of the eyes are sharply dilated and do not react to light. However, during this period, life in the body has not yet completely died out, because tissues and cells do not immediately undergo decay, and viability is maintained. The brain cells that are very sensitive to oxygen starvation begin to die first. After some time (4-6 minutes), multiple decay of brain cells occurs, which leads to irreversible destruction and practically eliminates the possibility of reviving the body. However, if before the end of this period the victim is provided with first medical aid, then the progression of death can be stopped and the person’s life can be saved.
Biological death is an irreversible phenomenon that is characterized by the cessation of biological processes in the cells and tissues of the body and the breakdown of protein structures. Biological death occurs after clinical death (7-8 minutes)
Causes of death from electric current can be: cessation of cardiac function, respiratory arrest and electric shock. The effect of current on the heart muscle can be direct, when the current passes directly through the heart area, and reflex, that is, through the central nervous system. In both cases, cardiac arrest or fibrillation may occur. Cardiac fibrillation is a chaotic multi-temporal contraction of the fibers of the heart muscle, in which the heart is unable to pump blood through the vessels. Currents less than 50 mA and more than 5 A with a frequency of 50 Hz, as a rule, do not cause cardiac fibrillation.
Cessation of breathing usually occurs as a result of the direct effect of current on the chest muscles involved in the breathing process.
Electric shock is a kind of severe neuro-reflex reaction of the body in response to excessive irritation by electric current, accompanied by profound disorders of blood circulation, breathing, metabolism, etc. In case of shock, immediately after exposure to electric current, the victim enters a short-term phase of excitation, when he reacts sharply to the pain that has arisen, his blood pressure rises. This is followed by a phase of inhibition and exhaustion of the nervous system, when blood pressure drops sharply, the pulse drops and quickens, breathing weakens, and depression occurs. The state of shock lasts from several tens of minutes to a day. After this, either the death of a person or recovery may occur as a result of active therapeutic intervention.
The outcome of the effect of current on the human body depends on the value and duration of the passage of the current through his body, the type and frequency of the current, the individual properties of the person, his psychophysiological state, the resistance of the human body, voltage and other factors.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Organizational measures when working in an electrical installation.
a) registration of work with a work permit, order or list of work performed in the order of current operation;
b) permission to work;
c) supervision during work;
d) registration of a break in work, transfer to another workplace, end of work.
Work in electrical installations is carried out according to orders, orders, and in the order of routine operation. A work order is a task for the safe performance of work, drawn up on a special form in the established form. Alongside, all the above-mentioned works are carried out. The order can be transmitted directly or by telephone; its validity period depends on the length of the executors’ working day. As part of routine operation, the work included in the list approved by the head of the organization is performed.
Who assigns electrical safety group 1 to non-electrical personnel?
Employees from among electrical technical personnel with an electrical safety group of at least III group. up to 1000 V
Group 1 is assigned to one person who has a group of at least three (without creating a commission and with an entry in the registration log of group 1), cleaners of electrical premises working with power tools, auxiliary workers of non-electrical personnel, etc.
No certificate will be issued.
Is the frequency of assigning electrical safety group 1 established for non-electrical personnel?
At least once a year.
What kind of electrical safety group should managers have who are directly subordinate to electrical personnel?
The group is no lower than that of subordinate personnel, since they provide technical guidance and control over its work.
What is an "electrical safety permit"?
This is sometimes called electrical safety certification. Electrical safety permit - the right to work in electrical installations.
Which electrical safety group should a person allowed to perform work in electrical installations with voltage up to 1 kV have? /2, clause 2.1.6/
Not lower than IV group.
Who can be appointed responsible for electrical equipment in electrical installations up to 1000 volts?
Responsible for electrical equipment in electrical installations up to 1000 volts can be assigned to a person who, after testing knowledge and instructions, is assigned group IV, certified as administrative and technical personnel.
Who can carry out maintenance of electrical installations of consumers in the organization?
Operation of Consumers' electrical installations must be carried out by a special service staffed by qualified electrical personnel. It is allowed to operate electrical installations under an agreement with a specialized organization.
What responsibilities for organizing the operation of electrical installations are assigned to the person responsible for electrical facilities?
The responsible person is obliged:
Organize the development and maintenance of the necessary documentation on the operation of electrical installations;
Organize training, instruction, testing of knowledge and permission to work independently for electrical technical personnel;
Organize the safe performance of all types of work in electrical installations, including with the participation of seconded personnel;
Ensure timely and high-quality performance of technical maintenance, preventative maintenance;
Organize calculations of consumer needs for electricity and monitor its consumption and rational consumption;
Participate in the development and implementation of measures for rational energy consumption;
Monitor the availability, timeliness of inspection and testing of protective equipment in electrical installations, fire extinguishing equipment and tools;
Ensure the establishment of a procedure for admitting specialists to electrical installations to carry out work on connecting new and reconstructing existing electrical installations;
Organize prompt maintenance of electrical installations, prevent and eliminate emergency situations;
a) check the compliance of power supply diagrams with actual operational diagrams and check them at least once every 2 years;
b) control the quality of supplied electricity at least once every 2 years;
c) improve the qualifications of electrical technical personnel at least once every 5 years;
Monitor the availability and compliance with the permit requirements of construction, installation and specialized organizations involved in work in existing electrical installations and in the security zone of power lines;
Note: The rights and responsibilities of the person responsible for electrical equipment must be specified in his job description.
In what case is electrical personnel required to undergo an internship (industrial training)?
A) Before being assigned to independent work.
B) When moving to another job or position related to the operation of electrical installations.
C) If there is a break in work for more than 1 year.
What type of electrical personnel are divided into?
A) Administrative and technical personnel.
B) Operations personnel.
B) Maintenance personnel.
D) Operations and repair personnel.
How is the 1st electrical safety group assigned to non-electrical personnel?
This is done through instruction. Knowledge acquisition is carried out in the form of oral questioning and testing in practice the acquired skills of safe methods of carrying out work and providing first aid to victims.
What type of testing is established for an employee if there is a break in testing knowledge for more than 3 years?
Primary. Only group II.
What type of testing is established for employees who increase their knowledge to a higher group?
Extraordinary inspection.
Where are the results of testing the knowledge of electrical workers documented?
Based on the results of the knowledge test: a protocol is drawn up; a journal entry is made; a certificate is issued.
What is necessary for certification according to PTEEP?
1. Completed electrical safety logbook (“Logbook for testing knowledge of norms and rules of work in electrical installations”, see IPBEE Appendix No. 7).
2. A completed certificate issued by the organization upon hiring or in case of loss of the previous certificate. The certificate must be filled out on the 1st page, certified by the seal of the organization, have the signature of the manager or person responsible for electrical equipment, the Certificate must have a number assigned by the organization. (See IPBEEAppendix No. 2).
3. In case of certification for a group higher than II, it is necessary to provide documents (magazine or certificate) confirming the previous certification.
What group can be assigned to an employee who did not present documents indicating previous certification, but only stated that he:
1. has been previously certified or
2. has extensive work experience?
In the absence of documents confirming a previously conducted certification, the employee is certified only for group II.
What is the maximum period allowed between assessments?
If there is a break in testing knowledge for more than 3 years, only the primary knowledge test for group II up to 1000 V is carried out (see PTEEP clause 1.4.19).
Can the group be promoted during an extraordinary certification due to a change in position or a change of place of work?
When changing a position or place of work, the previous (extraordinary knowledge test, see PTEEP clause 1.4.23) group is first confirmed, and then, if necessary, an extraordinary certification is carried out to increase the group.
Minimum time between certifications, if it is necessary to increase the group?
1. During the initial certification for group II, certification for group III is carried out no earlier than two months later.
2. After certification for group III for the first time, certification for group IV is carried out no earlier than three months later.
3. If the employee being certified from among managers and specialists has a higher electrical engineering education, the intervals between certifications are reduced by 1 month each (a copy of the diploma must be attached to the documents listed above)
What must be reported about an employee in an application for electrical safety certification?
1. Completely indicate the full name and position of the employee as it is recorded in personnel documents,
2. length of service in a given position at a given enterprise,
3. date of the last electrical safety certification and
4. a group that was previously assigned. (The same information should be recorded in the log).
5. In the column about the upcoming certification, you must write which group should be assigned to the employee and in what capacity.
