Instrumental music intended for performance in a small room by a small group of performers (ensemble, chamber orchestra). The term "chamber music" was first encountered in 1555 by N. Vicentino. In the 16th and 17th centuries secular music (vocal, from the 17th century also instrumental) was called "chamber" music, which sounded at home and at court; in the 17th and 18th centuries, in most European countries, court musicians bore the title of “chamber musicians” (in Russia, this title existed in the 18th and early 19th centuries; in Austria and Germany, it has survived to this day as an honorary title for instrumentalists). In the 18th century, chamber music was played mainly in high society salons in a narrow circle of connoisseurs and amateurs, from the beginning of the 19th century public chamber concerts were held, by the middle of the 19th century they had become an integral part of European musical life. With the spread of public concerts, chamber performers began to be called professional musicians performing in concerts with the performance of chamber music. Stable types of chamber ensemble: duet, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet, decimet. A vocal ensemble of approximately 10 to 20 performers is usually called a chamber choir; an instrumental ensemble uniting more than 12 performers - by a chamber orchestra (the boundaries between a chamber and a small symphony orchestra are indefinite).

The most developed instrumental form of chamber music is the cyclic sonata (in the 17th and 18th centuries it was a trio sonata, a solo sonata without accompaniment or with basso continuo accompaniment; classical examples are from A. Corelli, J. S. Bach). In the 2nd half of the 18th century, J. Haydn, K. Dittersdorf, L. Boccherini, W. A. ​​Mozart formed the genres of classical sonata (solo and ensemble), trio, quartet, quintet (simultaneously with the typification of performing compositions), a certain the relationship between the nature of the presentation of each part and the capabilities of the instrument for which it is intended (previously it was allowed to perform the same composition with different compositions of instruments). L. van Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann and many other composers composed for an instrumental ensemble (mainly a bow quartet) in the first half of the 19th century. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, outstanding examples of chamber music were created by I. Brahms, E. Grieg, S. Frank, B. Smetana, A. Dvorak, in the 20th century - C. Debussy, M. Ravel, P. Hindemith, L. Janachek, B. Bartok and others. In Russia, chamber music-making has spread since the 1770s; the first instrumental ensembles were written by D.S. Bortnyansky. Chamber music was further developed by A. A. Alyabyev, M. I. Glinka and reached the highest artistic level in the work of P. I. Tchaikovsky and A. P. Borodin. S. I. Taneev, A. K. Glazunov, S. V. Rakhmaninov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, D. D. Shostakovich, S. S. Prokofiev paid much attention to the chamber ensemble. In the process of historical development, the style of chamber music has changed significantly, approaching the symphonic or virtuoso concert style (symphonization of quartets by Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, quartets and quintets by Schumann and Brahms, features of concerto in sonatas for violin and piano: No. 9 of Beethoven's Kreutzer, sonata by Frank, No. 3 by Brahms, No. 3 by Grieg). On the other hand, in the 20th century, symphonies and concertos for a small number of instruments became widespread, which became varieties of chamber genres: chamber symphony (for example, Shostakovich's 14th symphony), "music for ..." (Music for strings, percussion and celesta Bartok), concertino, etc. A special genre of chamber music is instrumental miniatures (in the 19-20 centuries they are often combined into cycles). Among them: piano "songs without words" by Mendelssohn, plays by Schumann, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes and etudes by F. Chopin, chamber piano works of small form by A. N. Scriabin, Rachmaninov, N. K. Medtner, piano pieces by Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev , many pieces for various instruments by domestic and foreign composers.

From the end of the 18th century, and especially in the 19th century, vocal chamber music (genres of song and romance) also occupied a prominent place. Romantic composers introduced the genre of vocal miniature, as well as song cycles (“The Beautiful Miller’s Woman” and “Winter Road” by F. Schubert, “The Poet’s Love” by R. Schumann, etc.). In the 2nd half of the 19th century, I. Brahms paid much attention to vocal chamber music, and chamber vocal genres occupied a leading position in the work of H. Wolf. The genres of song and romance were widely developed in Russia; M.I. Glinka, P.I. Tchaikovsky, A.P. Borodin, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S. V. Rakhmaninov, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, G. V. Sviridov.

Lit.: Mersmann H. Die Kammermusik. Lpz., 1930-1933. Bd 1-4; Altmann W. Kammermusik-Katalog. 6. Aufl. Lpz., 1945; Vasina-Grossman V. A. Russian classical romance. M., 1956; Raaben L. Instrumental Ensemble in Russian Music. M., 1961; he is. Soviet chamber instrumental music. L., 1963; he is. Chamber instrumental music of the 1st half of the 20th century: European and American countries. L., 1986; Die Kammermusik / Hrsg. N. Unverricht. Koln, 1972; Salmen W. Hausund Kammermusik: privates Musizieren in gesellschaftlichen Wandel zwischen 1600 and 1900. Lpz., 1982 (Musikgeschichte in Bildern. Bd 4. Lfg 3); McCalla J. Twentieth-century chamber music. L., 1996; Baron J. H. Intimate music: a history of the idea of ​​chamber music. Stuyvesant, 1998.

You have landed in the genres of music section, where we will get acquainted with each musical direction in more detail. Let's describe what it is, why it is needed and what features it has. Also at the very end there will be articles of this section, which will describe each direction in more detail.

What are genres of music

Before discussing what genres of music are, the following should be mentioned. We need a certain coordinate system in order to be able to put all the phenomena into it. The most serious and global level in this coordinate system is the concept of style or art-historical system.

There is a style of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque or Romanticism. Moreover, in each particular era, this concept covers all the arts (literature, music, painting, and so on).

However, music has its own categories within each style. There is a system of genres, musical forms and means of expression.

What is a genre?

Each epoch sets musicians and listeners a certain set of stages. Moreover, each site has its own rules of the game. These sites may disappear over time or remain for a while.

New groups of listeners with new interests appear - new stage platforms appear, new genres arise.

Let's say, in the era of the European Middle Ages, approximately, until the end of the 11th century, the church was the only such stage platform for professional musicians. Time and place of worship.

Here are the genres of church music. And the most important of them (Mass and Matet) will go far into the future.

If we take the late Middle Ages, the era of the Crusades, then a new scenic platform appears - a feudal castle, a feudal court of an aristocrat, a court holiday or just a place of leisure.

And here the genre of secular song arises.

For example, the 17th century literally explodes with fireworks of new musical genres. Here things arise that go far ahead of our time and will still remain after us.

For example, opera, oratorio or cantata. In instrumental music, this is an instrumental concerto. There is even such a term as a symphony. Although it may have been built a little differently than it is now.

Appear genres of chamber music. And underneath it all lies the emergence of new stage venues. For example, an opera house, a concert hall or a richly decorated salon of an urban aristocratic house.

Before you, be sure to start exploring various areas. This is then very well reflected in practice. It will be especially useful when creating something new!

musical form

The next level is musical form. How many parts are there in a work? How is each part organized, how many sections does it have, and how are they interconnected? That's what we put in the concept of musical form.

Let's say opera is a genre. But one opera can be in two acts, another in three, and there are operas in five acts.

Or a symphony.

Most familiar European symphonies are built in four movements. But let's say there are 5 movements in Berlioz's Fantastic symphony.

Expressive means

The next level is the system of musical expressive means. Melody in its unity with rhythm.

Rhythm is the deep organizing force of all musical sound. It underlies the existence of music. Because through the rhythm human life is connected with reality, with the cosmos.

Very many labor movements are rhythmic. Especially in agriculture. Rhythmically much in the processing of stone and metals.

The rhythm itself appears, perhaps, before the melody. We can say that the rhythm generalizes, and the melody individualizes.

The feeling of rhythm, as some kind of magic, arises in the very early stages of civilization. And later, in the era of antiquity, such a feeling is realized as an idea of ​​the universal connection of phenomena, which is rhythmic.

Rhythm is associated with number. And for the Greeks, the number was an extremely important representation of the world order. And this whole notion of rhythm persisted for a very long time.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the German composer Michael Pritorius spoke of the early experiences of the Italians in opera (there was no ordered rhythm): “This music is without connections and measure. It is an insult to God's established order!"

The nature of the movement is fast, lively, moderate and calm. They also set the tone for any superstructure that takes place on them. There is also a sense of connection here. 4 sides of the character of movement, 4 cardinal directions, 4 temperaments.

If you delve even more deeply, then this is a timbre or sound coloring. Or let's say how the melody is pronounced. Distinctly divided or connected.

Melody, rhythm and everything else appears as a direct emotional response to reality. And they are formed in those infinitely distant times in the primitive communal system, when a person has not yet realized his own self in comparison with other selves or with nature.

But as soon as a class society appears, then there is a distance between one's own and other selves, between the self and nature. And then the genres of music, and musical forms, and styles already begin to form.

Genres of chamber music

Before talking about the genres of chamber music, let's deal with the direction. Chamber music is music performed by a small number of performers for a small number of listeners.

Previously, such music was often performed at home. For example, in the family circle. Hence, they came up with such a name as a chamber. Camera means room in Latin. That is, small, home or room music.

There is also such a thing as a chamber orchestra. This is such a smaller version (usually no more than 10 people) of a regular orchestra. Well, there aren't many listeners either. Usually, these are relatives, acquaintances and friends.

folk song is the simplest and most widespread genre of chamber music. Previously, very often, many grandparents sang various folk songs to their children and grandchildren. One and the same song could be sung with different words. Like adding something of my own.

However, the melody itself, as a rule, remained unchanged. Only the text of the folk song changed and improved.

Many favorite romances is also a genre of chamber music. Usually they performed a small vocal piece. It was usually accompanied by a guitar. Therefore, we are very fond of such lyrical songs with a guitar. Many of you probably know about them and have never heard of them.

Ballad- this is a kind of narration about various exploits or dramas. Ballads were often performed in taverns. As a rule, they praised the exploits of various heroes. Sometimes ballads were used before the upcoming battle to raise the morale of the people.

Of course, in such songs, some specific moments were often embellished. But in fact, without additional fantasy, the very significance of the ballad would have decreased.

Requiem is a funeral mass. Such funeral choral singing is performed in Catholic churches. We usually used the requiem as a tribute to the memory of folk heroes.

- song without Words. Usually intended for one singer as a practice exercise. For example, to develop the vocalist's voice.

Serenade- a genre of chamber music, which was performed for a beloved. Usually men performed them under the windows of their beloved women and girls. As a rule, such songs praised the beauty of the fair sex.

Genres of instrumental and vocal music

Below you will find the main genres of instrumental and vocal music. For each direction I will give you small descriptions. A little more touch on the basic definition of each type of music.

Genres of vocal music

There are several genres of vocal music. It is worth saying that the direction itself is the most ancient in the history of the development of music. After all, it is the main key for the transition of literature into music. That is, literary words began to be used in musical form.

Of course, these words played the main role. Due to what such music began to be called vocal. A little later, instrumental music appeared.

In vocal, in addition to vocals, various instruments can also be used. However, in this direction, their role is relegated to the background.

Here is a list of the main genres of vocal music:

• Oratorio- a very large work for soloists, orchestra or choir. Typically, such works dealt with religious issues. A little later, secular oratorios appeared.
• Opera- a huge dramatic work that combines the genres of instrumental and vocal music, choreography and painting. A special role here is assigned to various solo numbers (aria, monologue, and so on).
• Chamber music- was mentioned above.

Genres of instrumental music

Instrumental music- These are compositions that are performed without the participation of a vocalist. Hence the name instrumental. That is, it is performed only at the expense of instruments.

Very often, many artists in their albums use instrumentals as bonus tracks in the album. That is, several of the most popular compositions can be selected and then their versions without vocals can be recorded.

And they can be selected in full, all the songs of the album. In this case, the album is released in two versions. This is usually done to increase the value of the product and raise the price of it.

There is a list for certain genres of instrumental music:

• Dance music- usually simple dance music
• Sonata– used as a solo or duet for chamber music
• Symphony- harmonious sound for a symphony orchestra

Genres of Russian folk songs

Let's talk about the genres of Russian folk songs. They reflect all the beauty of the soul of the Russian people. Usually in such musical works the nature of the native land, heroes and ordinary workers are praised. It also mentions the joys and troubles of the Russian people.

Here is a list of the main genres of Russian folk songs:

• labor songs- sang at work to facilitate the labor activity of a person. That is, it was much easier for workers to work with such songs. They set the rhythm in the work. In such musical works, the main life of the working class people was reflected. Labor exclamations were often used for work.
• Chastushki is a very common genre of folk music. As a rule, this is a small quatrain with a repeating melody. Chastushki carried a great meaning of the Russian word. They expressed the main mood of the people.
• Calendar songs- used on various calendar holidays. For example, on Christmas or New Year's Eve. Also, this musical genre was well used in divination or when changing the seasons.
• Lullaby- gentle, simple and affectionate songs that mothers sang to their children. As a rule, in such songs, mothers introduced their children to the outside world.
• family songs- used at various family celebrations. This genre was reflected very well in weddings. It was also used at the birth of a child, sending a son to the army, and so on. It is worth saying that such songs were accompanied by a certain rite. All this together helped protect against dark forces and various troubles.
• Lyrical compositions- such works mention the difficult lot of the Russian people. For example, the hard lot of women and the hard life of ordinary peasants are often mentioned.

Genres of contemporary music

Now let's talk about the genres of modern music. There are quite a few of them. However, they all deviate from the three main trends in modern music. Here we will talk a little about them.

Rock

Rock is popular these days. Maybe not in the same way as before, but in our time it has been reliably strengthened. Therefore, it is impossible not to mention it. And the direction itself gave impetus to the birth of many genres. Here is some of them:

• folk rock- elements of folk songs are well used
• pop rock- music for a very wide audience
• Hard rock- heavier music with a sharp sound

Pop

Popular music also covers a lot of genres that are often used in modern music:

• House- electronic music played on a synthesizer
• Trance- electronic music with a predominance of sad and cosmic melodies
• Disco- dance music with copious rhythmic drum and bass sections

Rap

In recent years, rap has been gaining momentum quite well. In fact, this direction has practically no vocals. Basically, they don’t sing here, but read as it were. This is where the phrase rap came from. Here is a list of some genres:

• rapcore- a mixture of rap and heavy music
• alternative rap- a mixture of traditional rap with other genres
• Jazz rap- mix of rap and jazz

Genres of electronic music

Let's take a look at the main genres of electronic music. Of course, we won't cover everything here. However, we will analyze some of them. Here is the list:

• House(house) - appeared in the 80s of the last century. Originates from the disco of the 70s. Appeared thanks to the experiments of DJs. Main features: repetitive beat rhythm, 4×4 time signature and sampling.
• Deep house(deep house) - lighter, atmospheric music with a deep dense sound. Includes jazz and ambient elements. When creating, keyboard solo, electric organ, piano and female vocals (mostly) are used. Developed since the late 1980s. Vocals in this genre are always in a secondary place. On the first are melodies and sounds to draw the mood.
• Garage house(garage house) - the same as deep house, only vocals are taken out for the main role.
• new disco(nu disco) is a more modern musical genre based on the resurgent interest in disco music. Now it is very popular to go back to the roots. Therefore, the basis of this genre is the music of the 70s - 80s. The genre itself appeared in the early 2000s. Synthesized sounds similar to the sounds of real instruments are used to create disco from the 70s and 80s.
• Soul full house(soulful house) - the basis is taken from house with a 4x4 rhythmic pattern, as well as vocals (full or in the form of samples). The vocals here are mostly soulful and very beautiful. Plus the use of a variety of musical instruments. Such a rich presence of instruments very well enlivens the music of this genre.

Rap genres

Let's move on to consider the main genres of rap. This area is also actively developing. Therefore, it would be nice to touch on him. Here is a short list of genres:

• comedy rap- intelligent and funny music for entertainment. Has a mix of real hip-hop and casual humor. Comedy rap appeared in the 80s.
• Dirty rap- dirty rap, characterized by a pronounced heavy bass. Basically, this music is intended to plant the public at various parties.
• gangsta rap— music with a very hard sound. A genre of music appeared in the late 80s. Elements from hardcore rap were taken as the parent basis for this trend.
• hardcore rap- aggressive music with noisy samples and heavy beats. Appeared in the late 80s.

Genres of classical music

There are works divided into many genres of classical music. They became especially widespread in the 18th century. Here is a partial list of destinations:

• Overture- a short instrumental introduction to a performance, plays or works.
• Sonata- a work for chamber performers, which is used as a solo or duet. Consists of three parts connected with each other.
• Etude- a small instrumental piece designed to hone the technique of performing music.
• Scherzo- the beginning of music with a lively and rapid pace. Basically conveys to the listener comic and unexpected moments in the work.
• Opera, symphony, oratorio- they were mentioned above.

Genres of rock music

Now let's look at some genres of rock music other than those already mentioned above. Here is a short list with a description:

• gothic rock- rock music with a gothic and gloomy direction. Appeared in the early 1980s.
• Grunge- music with a solid guitar sound and gloomy depressive lyrics. Appeared sometime in the mid-1980s.
• folk rock- was formed as a result of mixing rock with folk music. Appeared in the mid 1960s.
• Viking rock- punk rock with elements of folk music. Such works reveal the history of Scandinavia and the Vikings themselves.
• trashcore- faster hardcore. Items are usually small.

Genres of sacred and secular music

Let's look at some genres of sacred and secular music. First, let's define these two areas. You will find out what it is and what is the difference. After that, let's go through several genres.

Spiritual music

Spiritual music is designed to heal the soul. Such works are used mainly in the service in churches. Therefore, some also call it church music. Here is a short list of her genres:

• Liturgy- Easter or Christmas liturgy. It is performed by the choir, and can also additionally connect individual soloists. As a rule, various scenes of events from the Holy Scriptures were inserted into the liturgical drama. Theatrical elements were often used.
• Antiphon- repetitive music performed by alternating several choral groups. For example, the same verses can be performed alternately by two faces. There are several types of antiphons. For example, festive (on holidays), sedate (Sunday), everyday, and so on.
• Rondel- was created on the original melody in the form of a special form with the next introduction of vocals to the same motive.
• proprium- part of the mass, changing depending on the church calendar.
• ordinary- unaltered part of the mass.

secular music

Secular music is recognized to show the national character of different cultures. Described mainly the main image and life of a common man. This direction of music was very common among itinerant musicians in the Middle Ages.

CHAMBER MUSIC (from the Middle Ages, Latin camera - room; Italian musica de camera; French musique de chambre; English chamber music; German Kammermusik) - a type of musical art intended for performance in small rooms or for home playing music. It is characterized by specific instrumental compositions (from one performer-soloist to several combined in an ensemble) and features of musical presentation: detailing of melodic, intonational, rhythmic and dynamic expressive means. It has great potential for conveying emotions and the most subtle gradations of a person's mental states. Although the origins of Chamber music date back to the Middle Ages, the term became established in the 16th and 17th centuries. During this period, chamber music, in contrast to church and theatrical, meant secular music intended for performance at home or at the courts of monarchs. K ser. 18th century the difference between chamber music and concert music (orchestral and choral) comes out more and more clearly.

A special genre is CHAMBER-INSTRUMENTAL MINIATURES. In the 19th and 20th centuries they are often combined into cycles. Among them: "songs without words" by Mendelssohn, plays by R. Schumann, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes and etudes by F. Chopin, works of small form by A. N. Scriabin, S. V. Rachmaninov, "Fleeting" and "Sarcasm" S. Prokofiev, preludes by D. D. Shostakovich, "Marginalia" by J. Ryaets, skr. pieces such as "Melodies" and "Scherzo" by P. I. Tchaikovsky, preludes by Tsintsadze, etc.

From con. 18th century and especially in the 19th century. VOCAL CHAMBER MUSIC (in the genres of song and romance) occupied a prominent place in art. Exceptional attention was paid to her by romantic composers. They introduced the genre of vocal miniature, as well as vocal-song cycles united by one idea ("Winter Way" by F. Schubert, "Love and Life of a Woman" by R. Schumann, etc.). The genres of song and romance were widely developed in Russia (since the 18th century); artistic heights M. I. Glinka, A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, A. P. Borodin, M. P. Mussorgsky, I. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S. V. Rachmaninov.

SONATA (Italian sonata, from sonare - to sound) is one of the main genres of instrumental music. In the 16th century the concept of the Sonata was established as a composition intended for instrumental performance, in contrast to the cantata - for vocal performance. The sonata was formed during the 18th century. Classic style. Viennese Sonata - in the work of J. Haydn, W. A. ​​Mozart, M. Clementi S. is a 3-part sonata-symphony. cycle and involves no more than two performers.

TRIO (Italian trio, from Latin tres, tria - three) - 1) an ensemble of performers of three people; see also Tercet. 2) Music production for three instruments or singing voices. Outstanding examples of the piano trio were created by L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, R. Schumann, J. Brahms, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. I. Taneev, S. V. Rakhmaninov, D. D. Shostakovich.

QUARTET (Italian quartette, from Latin quartus - fourth; French quatuor; German Quartett; English quartet) - 1) an ensemble of 4 performers (instrumentalists or vocalists). In chamber instrumental music, they can be homogeneous (4 bowed, 4 woodwind, 4 brass, etc.) or mixed. Strings (bowed) (2 violins, viola, cello) became widespread.

PRELUDE, prelude (mid-century lat. praeludium, from lat. praeludo - I play in advance, I make an introduction), - a small instrumental piece. Initially of an improvisational nature, an introduction to the main piece (usually a fugue) of a 2-part cycle (P. and fugue by D. Buxtehude, "HTK" by J. S. Bach) or to a multi-part cyclic work. In the 16-18 centuries. the genre takes shape as an independent play, similar in character and type of presentation to fantasy. In the 19th century becomes one of the most common genres of small forms in the work of romantic composers (the cycles of preludes by F. Chopin, A. N. Scriabin, and others). In the work of composers of the 20th century. is interpreted in many ways: it can perform an introductory function (D. D. Shostakovich, R. K. Shchedrin), be an independent piece (by S. V. Rachmaninov, Shostakovich) or an expanded composition (Prelude op. 44 by Schoenberg, "Preludes" for orchestra. Debussy).

ETUDE (from the French etude - literal teaching, study) is an instructive piece of music, originally intended only to improve the technical skills of playing the instrument. The development of the genre is associated primarily with the heyday of the 19th century. virtuoso piano performance. Later they appeared for the violin (R. Kreutzer, P. Rode), for the cello (D. Popper), and other instruments. Romantic composers (N. Paganini, F. Liszt, F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms, etc.) become an artistically significant work, interpreted either as a vivid concert piece, or as a prelude-type miniature . Later in the work of Russian (A. K. Lyadov, A. S. Arensky, S. V. Rakhmaninov, A. N. Skryabin, I. F. Stravinsky), Soviet (S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich , N. P. Rakov, D. D. Kabalevsky, etc.) and foreign composers (C. Debussy, O. Messiaen, B. Bartok, K. Shimanovsky, etc.), developing a certain performing skill, retains the significance of an artistic composition.

SONG (Latin cantus, cantio; Italian canzona; French chanson; English song; German Lied) is the most common genre of vocal music, as well as the general designation of a poetic work intended for singing or chanting. Genre classification can be carried out according to various criteria: verbal and musical content (revolutionary, patriotic, lyrical, satirical, marching, dance, etc.), social functioning (peasant, urban, household, military combat, etc.), textures and performing staff (single and polyphonic, solo and choral, with and without instrumental accompaniment). The musical form is related to the structure and content of the poetic text. The most common is the couplet form. The author's song is created by the composer (not folklore). Among the largest composers: F. Schubert, R. Schumann, I. Brahms, X. Wolf, G. Mahler, R. Strauss (Austria and Germany); G. Berlioz, Ch. Gounod, J; Massenet, G. Fauré (France); L. A. Alyabiev, M. I. Glinka, A. S. Dargomyzhsky, A. P. Borodin, M. P. Mussorgsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rakhmaninov (Russia).

However, to the beginning 20th century the concept of the author's Song has acquired a double meaning: Song (romance) - a "high" genre of serious music composed by a composer primarily for professional performance, and a "popular" song (including pop and mass), often created without written fixation by the performers themselves (in France - a chansonnier, in the USA, Great Britain and other countries - rock musicians, in the USSR - the so-called bards.

ROMANCE (Spanish: romance) is a chamber vocal work for voice and instrument. The term originated in Spain and originally meant a poem in Spanish ("Romance"), designed for musical performance. It differs from the song in greater detail of the melody and its connection with the words, the expressive role of the instrumental accompaniment. Romances are divided into genre varieties: ballad, elegy, barcarolle, etc. In the 19th century. R. becomes one of the leading genres, reflecting the trend characteristic of the era of romanticism - the reproduction of the inner world of man in all psychology, nuances (the work of F. Schubert, R. Schumann, I. Brahms, H. Wolf, and others). national schools are being formed in Russia (M. I. Glinka, A. S. Dargomyzhsky, M. A. Balakirev, Ts. A. Cui, M. P. Mussorgsky, A. P. Borodin, N. L. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rachmaninov), in France (Ch. Gounod, J. Bizet, J. Massenet), in the Czech Republic (B. Smetana, A. Dvorak), in Poland (M. Karlovich, K. Shimanovsky), in Norway (H. Hjerulf, E. Grieg), etc. In the 20th century. the problem of synthesis of music and poetry is posed in a new way: poems with music arise (S. I. Taneyev, Rakhmaninov, N. K. Medtner, S. S. Prokofiev, K. Debussy), free verse and even prose are widely used as text ; new methods of recitation are used (A. Schoenberg); folk music-speech genres penetrate into romance (I. F. Stravinsky). Romance traditions were creatively developed by Soviet composers (Prokofiev, Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, A. A. Aleksandrov, Yu. A. Shaporin, Sviridov).

VOCALIZE (French vocalise, from Latin vocalis - a vowel sound; sonorous, melodious) - 1) an exercise performed on a vowel sound for the development of vocal technique, specially composed or improvised by the singer. 2) Concert piece, more often for soprano with instrumental accompaniment. The absence of words and cantilena, sometimes virtuosity ("Vocalise in the form of a habanera" by Ravel) make it possible to vividly show the beauty and elaboration of the voice ("Vocalise" by Rachmaninov). In the 20th century V. approaches instrumental genres (5 melodies for voice or violin and piano by Prokofiev; an etude by Shimanovsky), including large ones (sonata-Vocalise, suite-Vocalise by Medtner; concerto for voice and orchestra by Gliere).

WHAT IS CHAMBER MUSIC Chamber music (from Italian camera room, chamber) is music performed by a small group of musicians or vocalists. When performing a chamber composition, each part is performed by only one instrument (voice), in contrast to orchestral music, where there are groups of instruments playing in unison

GENRES OF CHAMBER MUSIC According to the accepted classification, the concept of "chamber music" includes duets, trios, quartets, quintets, septets, octets and nonets, with a wide variety of instruments. Chamber genres also include some genres for solo with accompaniment: for example, romances (chamber-vocal genre) or instrumental sonatas (chamber-instrumental genre).

PERFORMERS Main performers of chamber music: SERGEY VASILIEVICH RACHMANINOV – Messrs. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN - Messrs. JOHANNES BRAHMS - Messrs. Georges Bizet - Messrs. JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH - Messrs.

STYLES Chamber music can be written in any style. Its main difference is that the works are designed for a small number of musicians. In fact, "chamber music" in itself is already a style.

CHAMBER ORCHESTRA There is also the concept of a chamber orchestra, as a rule, it is a reduced (no more than a person) composition of a string orchestra, sometimes with the addition of several wind instruments

CHAMBER ENSEMBLE A group performing chamber music is called a chamber ensemble. As a rule, a chamber ensemble consists of two to ten musicians, rarely more. Historically, canonical instrumental compositions of some chamber ensembles have developed, for example, a piano trio, a string quartet, etc.

Chamber music is instrumental or vocal music for a small group of performers: solo compositions, various kinds of ensembles (duets, trios, etc.), romances and songs. Chamber music developed side by side with orchestral music from the 16th century and gravitated more toward instrumental than vocal music.

In its original meaning, chamber music was intended to be performed in relatively small (mostly domestic) rooms - unlike music intended to be performed in a church, theater or large concert hall, which is why the number of performers is very limited, instruments are chosen not particularly strong in sound, for example strings (quartets, quintets, sextets, octets), much less often woodwinds (Mozart's quintet for clarinet with strings, Beethoven's quintet for piano, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, his es-dur septet for piano, violin or viola, cello , double bass, clarinet, bassoon, horn).

The constant performance of chamber music in public concerts has changed the meaning of the term. Since the end of the 18th century, the expression "chamber music" has been applied to works written for performance by an ensemble, in which each part is intended for one performer (and not groups, as in a choir and orchestra) and all parts are more or less equal (unlike works for a soloist). voice or instrument with accompaniment).

There are three periods in the history of chamber music:

The period from 1450 to 1650, which is characterized by the development of the technique of playing the viols and instruments of other families, the gradual separation of purely instrumental music with the predominance of the vocal style. Among the compositions that have come down to us from this period, written specifically for instrumental compositions without voices, are the fantasies of Orlando Gibbons and the canzones and sonatas of Giovanni Gabrieli.

Symphonic music

Symphonic music - musical works intended for performance by a symphony orchestra. Includes large monumental works and small plays. Main genres: symphony, suite, overture, symphonic poem. The symphony orchestra, a large group of musicians, includes three groups of instruments: wind, percussion, bowed strings.

The classic (double or double) composition of a small symphony orchestra has developed in the work of J. Haydn (brass pairs, timpani and string quintet). A modern small symphony orchestra may have an irregular composition.

In a large symphony orchestra (since the beginning of the 19th century), wind and percussion groups have been expanded, harps and sometimes a piano have been introduced; the group of bowed strings has been numerically increased. The name of the composition of a symphony orchestra is determined by the number of instruments of each wind family (double, triple, etc.).

Symphony (from the Greek symphonia - consonance), is a piece of music for a symphony orchestra, written in cyclic sonata form, the highest form of instrumental music. Usually consists of 4 parts. The classical type of symphony took shape in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. (J. Haydn, W. A. ​​Mozart, L. V. Beethoven). Lyrical symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn), program symphonies (G. Berlioz, F. Liszt) acquired great importance among romantic composers.

An important contribution to the development of symphonies was made by Western European composers of the 19th-20th centuries: I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Frank, A. Dvorak, J. Sibelius and others. Symphonies occupy a significant place in Russian music: A. P. Borodin, P. I. Tchaikovsky, A. K. Glazunov, A. N. Skryabin, S. V. Rakhmaninov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, A. I. Khachaturian and others.

Cyclic forms of instrumental music are musical forms that are composed of several relatively independent parts, which together reveal a single artistic concept. The sonata cyclic form usually consists of four parts - fast 1st in sonata form, slow lyrical 2nd, fast 3rd (scherzo or minuet) and fast 4th (finale). This form is typical for a symphony, sometimes a sonata, a chamber ensemble; an abbreviated cyclic form (without a scherzo or a minuet) is typical for a concerto, a sonata. Another type of cyclic form is formed by a suite, sometimes variations (orchestral, piano), in which the number and nature of the parts can be different. There are also vocal cycles (series of songs, romances, ensembles or choirs), united by a plot, words of one author, etc.

Suite (French suite, letters - series, sequence), an instrumental cyclic piece of music from several contrasting parts. The suite is distinguished from the sonata and symphony by the lack of strict regulation of the number, nature and order of the parts, and by the close connection with the song and dance. Suite 17-18 centuries consisted of allemande, chimes, sarabande, gigi and other dances. In the 19th and 20th centuries orchestral non-dance suites are created (P.I. Tchaikovsky), sometimes program ones (Scheherazade by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). There are suites made up of music from operas, ballets, as well as music for theatrical productions.

Overture (French ouverture, from Latin apertura - opening, beginning), an orchestral introduction to an opera, ballet, drama, etc. (often in sonata form), as well as an independent orchestral piece, usually of a program nature.

Symphonic poem is a genre of symphonic program music. A one-movement orchestral work, in accordance with the romantic idea of ​​the synthesis of the arts, allowing for a variety of program sources (literature, painting, less often philosophy or history). The creator of the genre is F. Liszt.

Program music - musical works that the composer has provided with a verbal program that concretizes perception. Many program works are associated with plots and images of outstanding literary works.