Home Berries Seven Russian boyar families. General armorial of the noble families of the All-Russian Empire Ancient coats of arms of Russian boyars of the 16th century

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Seven Russian boyar families. General armorial of the noble families of the All-Russian Empire Ancient coats of arms of Russian boyars of the 16th century

In Vladimir Rus', the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky had an image of St. George the Victorious with a spear on his princely seal. Subsequently, this sign of a spearman appears on the front side of the coin (kopeck) and it can already be considered the first real full-fledged coat of arms of Rus'.

In Muscovite Rus', under Ivan III, who was married by dynastic marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Paleologus, an image of a double-headed Byzantine eagle appears. On the royal seal of Ivan III, George the Victorious and the Double-Headed Eagle are depicted as equals. The Grand Duke's seal of Ivan III sealed in 1497 his “exchange and allotment” charter for the land holdings of the appanage princes. From this moment on, the Double-Headed Eagle becomes the state emblem of our country. In Muscovite Rus', under Ivan III, who was married by dynastic marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Paleologus, an image of a double-headed Byzantine eagle appears. On the royal seal of Ivan III, George the Victorious and the Double-Headed Eagle are depicted as equals. The Grand Duke's seal of Ivan III sealed in 1497 his “exchange and allotment” charter for the land holdings of the appanage princes. From this moment on, the Double-Headed Eagle becomes the state emblem of our country.

Beginning in 1539, the type of eagle on the seal of the Grand Duke of Moscow changed. In the era of Ivan the Terrible, on the golden bull (state seal) of 1562, in the center of the double-headed eagle, an image of St. George the Victorious appeared - one of the oldest symbols of princely power in Rus'. St. George the Victorious is placed in a shield on the chest of a double-headed eagle, crowned with one or two crowns topped with a cross.

During the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, between the crowned heads of the double-headed eagle, the sign of the passion of Christ appears - the Calvary cross. The cross on the state seal was a symbol of Orthodoxy, giving a religious connotation to the state emblem. The appearance of the Calvary cross in the coat of arms of Russia coincides with the establishment of the patriarchate and ecclesiastical independence of Russia in 1589. During the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, between the crowned heads of the double-headed eagle, the sign of the passion of Christ appears - the Calvary cross. The cross on the state seal was a symbol of Orthodoxy, giving a religious connotation to the state emblem. The appearance of the Calvary cross in the coat of arms of Russia coincides with the establishment of the patriarchate and ecclesiastical independence of Russia in 1589.

Since 1613, by decision of the Zemsky Sobor, the Romanov dynasty began to rule in Russia. Under the first king of this dynasty - Mikhail Fedorovich - the State Emblem changes somewhat. In 1625, for the first time, a double-headed eagle was depicted under three crowns. In 1645, under the second king of the dynasty, Alexei Mikhailovich, the first Great State Seal appeared, on which a double-headed eagle with St. George the Victorious on the chest was crowned with three crowns. From that time on, this type of image was constantly used. The next stage of changing the State Emblem came after the Pereyaslav Rada, the entry of Ukraine into the Russian state. A seal was attached to the charter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to Bogdan Khmelnitsky dated March 27, 1654, on which for the first time a double-headed eagle under three crowns is depicted holding symbols of power in its claws: a scepter and an orb. From that moment on, the eagle began to be depicted with raised wings. In 1654, a forged double-headed eagle was installed on the spire of the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Since 1613, by decision of the Zemsky Sobor, the Romanov dynasty began to rule in Russia. Under the first king of this dynasty - Mikhail Fedorovich - the State Emblem changes somewhat. In 1625, for the first time, a double-headed eagle was depicted under three crowns. In 1645, under the second king of the dynasty, Alexei Mikhailovich, the first Great State Seal appeared, on which a double-headed eagle with St. George the Victorious on the chest was crowned with three crowns. From that time on, this type of image was constantly used. The next stage of changing the State Emblem came after the Pereyaslav Rada, the entry of Ukraine into the Russian state. A seal was attached to the charter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Bogdan Khmelnitsky dated March 27, 1654, on which for the first time a double-headed eagle under three crowns is depicted holding symbols of power in its claws: a scepter and an orb. From that moment on, the eagle began to be depicted with raised wings. In 1654, a forged double-headed eagle was installed on the spire of the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin.

During the reign of Peter I, a new emblem was included in the state heraldry of Russia - the order chain of the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called. This order, approved by Peter in 1698, became the first in the system of highest state awards in Russia. The Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, one of the heavenly patrons of Peter Alekseevich, was declared the patron saint of Russia. The blue oblique St. Andrew's Cross becomes the main element of the insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and the symbol of the Russian Navy. Since 1699, there have been images of a double-headed eagle surrounded by a chain with the sign of the Order of St. Andrew. And next year the Order of St. Andrew is placed on the eagle, around a shield with a rider. It should be noted that already from 1710 (a decade earlier than Peter I was proclaimed emperor (1721) and Russia an empire) - imperial crowns began to be depicted above the eagle. From the first quarter of the 18th century, the colors of the double-headed eagle became brown (natural) or black.

By decree of Empress Catherine I of March 11, 1726, the description of the coat of arms was fixed: “A black eagle with outstretched wings, in a yellow field, on it is St. George the Victorious in a red field.” In 1736, Empress Anna Ioanovna invited a Swiss engraver, who by 1740 engraved the State Seal. The central part of the matrix of this seal with the image of a double-headed eagle was used until 1856. Thus, the type of double-headed eagle on the State Seal remained unchanged for more than a hundred years. Catherine the Great did not make changes to the state emblem, preferring to maintain continuity and traditionalism.

Emperor Paul I, by decree of April 5, 1797, allowed members of the imperial family to use the image of a double-headed eagle as their coat of arms. During the short reign of Emperor Paul I, Russia pursued an active foreign policy, faced with a new enemy - Napoleonic France. After French troops occupied the Mediterranean island of Malta, Paul I took the Order of Malta under his protection, becoming the Grand Master of the Order. On August 10, 1799, Paul I signed a Decree on the inclusion of the Maltese cross and crown in the state emblem. On the eagle’s chest, under the Maltese crown, was a shield with St. George (Paul interpreted it as the “indigenous coat of arms of Russia”), superimposed on the Maltese cross. Paul I made an attempt to introduce the full coat of arms of the Russian Empire. On December 16, 1800, he signed the Manifesto, which described this complex project. Forty-three coats of arms were placed in the multi-field shield and on nine small shields. In the center was the above-described coat of arms in the form of a double-headed eagle with a Maltese cross, larger than the others. The shield with coats of arms is superimposed on the Maltese cross, and under it the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called again appears. The shield holders, the archangels Michael and Gabriel, support the imperial crown over the knight's helmet and mantle (cloak). The entire composition is placed against the background of a canopy with a dome - a heraldic symbol of sovereignty. From behind the shield with coats of arms emerge two standards with a double-headed and a single-headed eagles. This project has not been finalized. Soon after ascending the throne, Emperor Alexander I, by Decree of April 26, 1801, removed the Maltese cross and crown from the coat of arms of Russia.

Images of the double-headed eagle in the first half of the 19th century were very diverse: it could have one or three crowns; in its paws are not only the now traditional scepter and orb, but also a wreath, lightning bolts (peruns), and a torch. The wings of an eagle were depicted in different ways - raised, lowered, straightened. To a certain extent, the image of the eagle was influenced by the then European fashion, common to the Empire era. Under Emperor Nicholas Pavlovich the First, the simultaneous existence of two types of state eagle was officially established. The first type is an eagle with spread wings, under one crown, with the image of St. George on the chest and with a scepter and orb in its paws. The second type was an eagle with raised wings, on which the titular coats of arms were depicted: on the right - Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian, on the left - Polish, Tauride, Finland. For some time, another version was in circulation - with the coats of arms of the three “main” Old Russian Grand Duchies (Kyiv, Vladimir and Novgorod lands) and three kingdoms - Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian. An eagle under three crowns, with St. George (as the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Moscow) in a shield on the chest, with a chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, with a scepter and an orb in its paws.

In the years during the heraldic reform, the type of state eagle was changed under the influence of German designs. At the same time, St. George on the eagle’s chest, in accordance with the rules of Western European heraldry, began to look to the left. The drawing of the Small Coat of Arms of Russia, executed by Alexander Fadeev, was approved by the highest on December 8, 1856. This version of the coat of arms differed from the previous ones not only in the image of an eagle, but also in the number of “title” coats of arms on the wings. On the right were shields with the coats of arms of Kazan, Poland, Tauride Chersonese and the combined coat of arms of the Grand Duchies (Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod), on the left were shields with the coats of arms of Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, Finland. On April 11, 1857, the Supreme approval of the entire set of state emblems followed. It included: Big, Middle and Small, coats of arms of members of the imperial family, as well as “titular” coats of arms. At the same time, drawings of the Large, Middle and Small state seals, arks (cases) for seals, as well as seals of the main and lower official places and persons were approved. In total, one hundred and ten drawings were approved in one act. On May 31, 1857, the Senate published a Decree describing the new coats of arms and the rules for their use.

On July 24, 1882, Emperor Alexander III approved the drawing of the Great Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire, on which the composition was preserved, but the details were changed, in particular the figures of the archangels. In addition, imperial crowns began to be depicted like real diamond crowns used at coronations. The design of the Great Coat of Arms of the Empire was finally approved on November 3, 1882, when the coat of arms of Turkestan was added to the title coats of arms.

On February 23, 1883, the Middle and two versions of the Small coat of arms were approved. In January 1895, the highest order was given to leave unchanged the drawing of the state eagle made by academician A. Charlemagne. The latest act - "Basic provisions of the state structure of the Russian Empire" of 1906 - confirmed all previous legal provisions relating to the State Emblem.

After the February Revolution of 1917, power in Russia was gained by Masonic organizations, which formed their own Provisional Government and, among other things, a commission to prepare a new coat of arms of Russia. One of the leading artists on the commission was N.K. Roerich (aka Sergei Makranovsky), a famous freemason, who later decorated the design of the American dollar with Masonic symbols. The Masons plucked the coat of arms and deprived it of all the attributes of sovereignty - the crown, scepter, orbs, the wings of the eagle were limply lowered down, which symbolized the submission of the Russian state to the Masonic plans.. Subsequently, after the victory of the August revolution of 1991, when the Masons again felt strength, the image of the Double-Headed Eagle , adopted in February 1917, was to again become the official coat of arms of Russia. The Masons even managed to place the image of their eagle on the obverse of modern Russian coins, where it can be seen to this day. The image of an eagle, modeled in February 1917, continued to be used as an official image after the October Revolution, until the adoption of the new Soviet coat of arms on July 24, 1918.

In the summer of 1918, the Soviet government finally decided to break with the historical symbols of Russia, and the new Constitution adopted on July 10, 1918 proclaimed in the state emblem not ancient Byzantine, but political, party symbols: the double-headed eagle was replaced by a red shield, which depicted a crossed hammer and sickle and the rising sun as a sign of change. Since 1920, the abbreviated name of the state - the RSFSR - was placed at the top of the shield. The shield was bordered by ears of wheat, secured with a red ribbon with the inscription “Workers of all countries, unite.” Later, this image of the coat of arms was approved in the Constitution of the RSFSR. 60 years later, in the spring of 1978, the military star, which by that time had become part of the coat of arms of the USSR and most republics, was included in the coat of arms of the RSFSR. In 1992, the last change to the coat of arms came into force: the abbreviation above the hammer and sickle was replaced by the inscription “Russian Federation”. But this decision was almost never carried out, because the Soviet coat of arms with its party symbols no longer corresponded to the political structure of Russia after the collapse of the one-party system of government, the ideology of which it embodied.

After the formation of the USSR in 1924, the State Emblem of the USSR was adopted. The historical essence of Russia as a power passed precisely to the USSR, and not to the RSFSR, which played a subordinate role, therefore it is the coat of arms of the USSR that should be considered as the new coat of arms of Russia. The Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Second Congress of Soviets on January 31, 1924, officially legalized the new coat of arms. At first it had three turns of red ribbon on each half of the wreath. On each turn was placed the motto “Workers of all countries, unite!” in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, Turkic-Tatar languages. In the mid-1930s, a round with a motto in Latinized Turkic was added, and the Russian version migrated to the central baldric. In 1937, the number of mottos on the coat of arms reached 11. In 1946, after the liquidation of the sixteenth republic within the USSR, the Karelo-Finnish republic, the motto in Finnish was removed from the coat of arms; until the end of the existence of the USSR, 15 ribbons with mottos remained on the coat of arms ( one of them - the Russian version - on a central sling). After the formation of the USSR in 1924, the State Emblem of the USSR was adopted. The historical essence of Russia as a power passed precisely to the USSR, and not to the RSFSR, which played a subordinate role, therefore it is the coat of arms of the USSR that should be considered as the new coat of arms of Russia. The Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Second Congress of Soviets on January 31, 1924, officially legalized the new coat of arms. At first it had three turns of red ribbon on each half of the wreath. On each turn was placed the motto “Workers of all countries, unite!” in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, Turkic-Tatar languages. In the mid-1930s, a round with a motto in Latinized Turkic was added, and the Russian version migrated to the central baldric. In 1937, the number of mottos on the coat of arms reached 11. In 1946, after the liquidation of the sixteenth republic within the USSR, the Karelo-Finnish republic, the motto in Finnish was removed from the coat of arms; until the end of the existence of the USSR, 15 ribbons with mottos remained on the coat of arms ( one of them - the Russian version - on a central sling).

On November 5, 1990, the Government of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the creation of the State Emblem and State Flag of the RSFSR. A Government Commission was created to organize this work. After a comprehensive discussion, the commission proposed to recommend to the Government a white-blue-red flag and a coat of arms - a golden double-headed eagle on a red field. The final restoration of these symbols occurred in 1993, when by Decrees of President B. Yeltsin they were approved as the state flag and coat of arms. On December 8, 2000, the State Duma adopted the Federal Constitutional Law “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation.” Which was approved by the Federation Council and signed by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on December 20, 2000. The golden double-headed eagle on a red field preserves historical continuity in the colors of the coats of arms of the late 15th - 17th centuries. The design of an eagle goes back to images on monuments from the era of Peter the Great. Above the heads of the eagle are depicted three historical crowns of Peter the Great, symbolizing in the new conditions the sovereignty of both the entire Russian Federation and its parts, the subjects of the Federation; in the paws there is a scepter and an orb, personifying state power and a unified state; on the chest is an image of a horseman slaying a dragon with a spear. This is one of the ancient symbols of the struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, and the defense of the Fatherland. The restoration of the double-headed eagle as the State Emblem of Russia personifies the continuity and continuity of Russian history. Today's coat of arms of Russia is a new coat of arms, but its components are deeply traditional; it reflects different stages of Russian history and continues them in the third millennium. On November 5, 1990, the Government of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the creation of the State Emblem and State Flag of the RSFSR. A Government Commission was created to organize this work. After a comprehensive discussion, the commission proposed to recommend to the Government a white-blue-red flag and a coat of arms - a golden double-headed eagle on a red field. The final restoration of these symbols occurred in 1993, when by Decrees of President B. Yeltsin they were approved as the state flag and coat of arms. On December 8, 2000, the State Duma adopted the Federal Constitutional Law “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation.” Which was approved by the Federation Council and signed by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on December 20, 2000. The golden double-headed eagle on a red field preserves historical continuity in the colors of the coats of arms of the late 15th - 17th centuries. The design of an eagle goes back to images on monuments from the era of Peter the Great. Above the heads of the eagle are depicted three historical crowns of Peter the Great, symbolizing in the new conditions the sovereignty of both the entire Russian Federation and its parts, the subjects of the Federation; in the paws there is a scepter and an orb, personifying state power and a unified state; on the chest is an image of a horseman slaying a dragon with a spear. This is one of the ancient symbols of the struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, and the defense of the Fatherland. The restoration of the double-headed eagle as the State Emblem of Russia personifies the continuity and continuity of Russian history. Today's coat of arms of Russia is a new coat of arms, but its components are deeply traditional; it reflects different stages of Russian history and continues them in the third millennium.

In 1750, Ivan Yuryevich Trubetskoy died. And with his death, the era of the Russian boyars, the history of clans that had served in the public service for centuries, ended. It’s interesting to remember their history today...

Trubetskoys

The Trubetskoy princes belong to the Gediminovich dynasty, descendants of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. Representatives of this family entered the service of the Moscow Grand Dukes at the beginning of the 15th century. By the end of the 17th century, the ninth generation of this family was already serving Russia, whose representatives occupied the highest positions in the state: they were appointed governors, heads of orders, and embassies to foreign sovereigns.

Ivan Yuryevich Trubetskoy

In the “History of the Family of the Russian Nobility” Ivan Yuryevich is called the last Russian boyar, in this capacity he was still surrounded by the young Peter I. Ivan Yuryevich was a long-liver, he died at the age of 83. Ivan Yuryevich spent 18 years of his long life in Swedish captivity. He got there at the very beginning of the Northern War. The father of two daughters, his sons-in-law were the Moldavian ruler Dmitry Cantemir and Prince Ludwig Wilhelm of Hesse-Homburg, Field Marshal General. In captivity, Ivan Yuryevich gave birth to a son from Baroness Wrede, who was named Ivan. Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy became a famous educator and teacher of the times of Catherine II, the founder and first president of the Academy of Arts.

Velyaminovs

The family traces its origins to Shimon (Simon), the son of the Varangian prince African. In 1027 he arrived in the army of Yaroslav the Great and converted to Orthodoxy. Shimon Afrikanovich is famous for the fact that he participated in the battle with the Polovtsians on Alta and made the largest donation for the construction of the Pechersk temple in honor of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary: a precious belt and the legacy of his father - a golden crown. But the Velyaminovs were known not only for their courage and generosity: a descendant of the family, Ivan Velyaminov, fled to the Horde in 1375, but was later captured and executed on Kuchkovo Field.

Velyaminov coat of arms

Despite the betrayal of Ivan Velyaminov, the family did not lose its significance: the last son of Dimitri Donskoy was baptized by Maria, the widow of Vasily Velyaminov, the Moscow thousand. The following clans emerged from the Velyaminov family: Aksakovs, Vorontsovs, Vorontsov-Velyaminovs. Detail: The name of the street “Vorontsovo Pole” still reminds Muscovites of the most noble Moscow family of the Vorontsov-Velyaminovs.

Morozovs

The Morozov family of boyars is an example of a feudal family from among the Old Moscow untitled nobility. The founder of the family is considered to be a certain Mikhail, who came from Prussia to serve in Novgorod. He was among the “six brave men” who showed special heroism during the Battle of the Neva in 1240. The Morozovs faithfully served Moscow even under Ivan Kalita and Dmitry Donskoy, occupying prominent positions at the grand ducal court. However, their family suffered greatly from the historical storms that overtook Russia in the 16th century. Many representatives of the noble family disappeared without a trace during the bloody oprichnina terror of Ivan the Terrible.

Fragment of a painting by V.I. Surikov “Boyarina Morozova”

The 17th century was the last page in the centuries-old history of the family. Boris Morozov had no children, and the only heir of his brother, Gleb Morozov, was his son Ivan. By the way, he was born in marriage with Feodosia Prokofievna Urusova, the heroine of the film by V.I. Surikov “Boyarina Morozova”. Ivan Morozov did not leave any male offspring and turned out to be the last representative of a noble boyar family, which ceased to exist in the early 80s of the 17th century. Detail: The heraldry of Russian dynasties took shape under Peter I, which is perhaps why the coat of arms of the Morozov boyars has not been preserved.

Buturlins

According to genealogical books, the Buturlin family descends from an “honest husband” under the name Radsha who left the Semigrad land (Hungary) at the end of the 12th century to join Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky.

Coat of arms of the Buturlin family

“My great-grandfather Racha served Saint Nevsky as a fighting muscle,” wrote A.S. Pushkin in the poem “My Genealogy”. Radsha became the founder of fifty Russian noble families in Tsarist Moscow, among them were the Pushkins, the Buturlins, and the Myatlevs... But let’s return to the Buturlin family: its representatives faithfully served first the great princes, then the sovereigns of Moscow and Russia. Their family gave Russia many prominent, honest, noble people, whose names are still known today.

Let's name just a few of them. Ivan Mikhailovich Buturlin served as a guard under Boris Godunov, fought in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, and conquered almost all of Dagestan. He died in battle in 1605 as a result of betrayal and deception of the Turks and mountain foreigners. His son Vasily Ivanovich Buturlin was the Novgorod governor, an active associate of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky in his fight against the Polish invaders.

Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin

For military and peaceful deeds, Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin was awarded the title of Knight of St. Andrew, General-in-Chief, Ruler of Little Russia. In 1721, he actively participated in the signing of the Peace of Nystadt, which put an end to the long war with the Swedes, for which Peter I awarded him the rank of general. Vasily Vasilyevich Buturlin was a butler under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, having done a lot for the reunification of Ukraine and Russia.

Sheremetevs

The Sheremetev family traces its origins to Andrei Kobyla. The fifth generation (great-great-grandson) of Andrei Kobyla was Andrei Konstantinovich Bezzubtsev, nicknamed Sheremet, from whom the Sheremetevs descended. According to some versions, the surname is based on the Turkic-Bulgar “sheremet” (“poor fellow”) and the Turkic-Persian “shir-Muhammad” (“pious, brave Muhammad”).

Coat of arms of the Sheremetevs. Fragment of the lattice gate of the Sheremetev Palace.

Many boyars, governors, and governors came from the Sheremetev family, not only due to personal merit, but also due to kinship with the reigning dynasty. Thus, the great-granddaughter of Andrei Sheremet was married to the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Ivan, who was killed by his father in a fit of anger. And five grandchildren of A. Sheremet became members of the Boyar Duma. The Sheremetevs took part in the wars with Lithuania and the Crimean Khan, in the Livonian War and the Kazan campaigns. Estates in the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, and Nizhny Novgorod districts complained to them for their service.

Lopukhins

According to legend, they descend from the Kasozh (Circassian) Prince Rededi, the ruler of Tmutarakan, who was killed in 1022 in single combat with Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich (son of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the baptist of Rus'). However, this fact did not prevent the son of Prince Rededi, Roman, from marrying the daughter of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich.

Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, Tsarina. First wife of Tsar Peter I until 1698

It is reliably known that by the beginning of the 15th century. the descendants of the Kasozh prince Rededi already bear the surname Lopukhin, serve in various ranks in the Novgorod principality and in the Moscow state and own lands. And from the end of the 15th century. they become Moscow nobles and tenants at the Sovereign's Court, retaining Novgorod and Tver estates and estates. The outstanding Lopukhin family gave the Fatherland 11 governors, 9 governors-general and governors who ruled 15 provinces, 13 generals, 2 admirals. The Lopukhins served as ministers and senators, headed the Cabinet of Ministers and the State Council.

Aksakovs

They descend from the noble Varangian Shimon (baptized Simon) Afrikanovich or Ofrikovich - the nephew of the Norwegian king Gakon the Blind. Simon Afrikanovich arrived in Kyiv in 1027 with a squad of three thousand and built at his own expense the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, where he was buried.

The Aksakov coat of arms was included in the fourth part of the “General Armorial Book”49, approved by Emperor Paul on December 7, 1799.

The surname Oksakov (in the old days), and now Aksakov, came from one of his descendants, Ivan the Lame. The word "oksak" means "lame" in Turkic languages. Members of this family in pre-Petrine times served as governors, solicitors, and stewards and were rewarded with estates from the Moscow sovereigns for their good service.

1. Coat of arms of His Serene Highness Prince Nikolai Mingrelsky
2. Coat of arms of Prince Andrei Dadian-Mingrelsky
3. Coat of arms of Prince Kazimir-Mikhail Gedroits
4. Coat of arms of Prince Alexander Barclay de Tolly-Weimarn, lieutenant general
5. Coat of arms of His Serene Highness Prince Nikolai Lopukhin-Demidov, Colonel
6. Coat of arms of Prince Ivan-Paul-Alexander Sapieha
7. Coat of arms of Prince Nikolai Odoevsky-Maslov, guard captain
8. Coat of arms of the Counts of Tsukato
9. Coat of arms of the Counts of Hutten-Czapski
10. Coat of arms of Count Pavel Kotzebue, Adjutant General, General of the Cavalry
11. Coat of arms of Count Nikolai Ivelich, colonel
12. Coat of arms of Count Ewald Ungern-Sternberg
13. Coat of arms of the Kapnist counts
14. Coat of arms of Count Dmitry Mavros, Major General
15. Coat of arms of Count Pavel Ignatiev 1st, adjutant general, cavalry general
16. Coat of arms of Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov, adjutant general, cavalry general
17. Coat of arms of Count Vladimir Vasiliev-Shilovsky
18. Coat of arms of the barons of Stahl von Holstein
19. Coat of arms of Baron Mikhail Bode-Kolychev, Privy Councilor
20. Coat of arms of Prince Tenishev, Tatar princes
21. Coat of arms of Prince Bayushev, retired staff captain; princes of the Tatars
22. Coat of arms of Count Mionchinsky, who has the title of Count of the Roman Empire
23. Coat of arms of the Epanchins
24. Coat of arms of Podberesky, major
25. Coat of arms of Izmalkov, collegiate secretary
26. Coat of arms of the Rudnitskys
27. Coat of arms of Tarasov
28. Coat of arms of Gorlov, actual state councilor
29. Coat of arms of Balashev, ancestor Mamon Andreev owned a real estate estate in 1652
30. Coat of arms of Vasilevsky, collegiate adviser
31. Coat of arms of Paltov
32. Coat of arms of Shimansky, collegiate secretary
33. Telyakovsky coat of arms
34. Coat of arms of Ivan Vasyanov, actual state councilor
35. Coat of arms of Korvin-Krukovsky, court councilor
36. Coat of arms of Seleznev, retired staff captain
37. Coat of arms of Zhukovsky, senator, lieutenant general
38. Coat of arms of Bukreev, state councilor
39. Coat of arms of the Lishins
40. Coat of arms of Kaniovsky
41. Coat of arms of Malam, provincial secretary
42. Coat of arms of Makoveev, major
43. Markevich coat of arms
44. Coat of arms of Miodushevsky, actual state councilor
45. Coat of arms of Viridarsky, state councilor
46. Coat of arms of the Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Tolstoy
47. Coat of arms of the Ushakovs, a combined coat of arms, located in the VIII, IX and X parts of the Armorial of the coats of arms of two branches of the Ushakov family
48. Coat of arms of the Galkin-Vraskis
49. Coat of arms of Mazarakia-Deboltsev, retired colonel
50. Coat of arms of Dmitry Shubin-Pozdeev, Privy Councilor
51. Coat of arms of Nikolai Buda-Zhemchuzhnikov, retired titular councilor
52. Coat of arms of von Tischendorf
53. Coat of arms of Akim Mikhailov Serebryakov, St. Petersburg 2nd guild merchant
54. Coat of arms of Karl Miller, retired engineer colonel
55. Coat of arms of Frisch
56. Coat of arms of Plaksin, lieutenant general
57. Coat of arms of Benediktov
58. Coat of arms of Stobeus
59. Coat of arms of Nemerovsky
60. Coat of arms of Zervanitsky
61. Coat of arms of Apollo Krivoshein, state councilor
62. Coat of arms of Kurovsky
63. Coat of arms of Peter Merder, adjutant general, lieutenant general
64. Coat of arms of Mikhail and Nikolai Ivanov, colonels
65. Coat of arms of Pechnikov
66. Coat of arms of Pavel Demidov, Prince of San Donato, collegiate adviser
67. Coat of arms of Konstantin Bashkirtsev, lieutenant
68. Coat of arms of Akhverdov, senator, lieutenant general
69. Coat of arms of Dainese
70. Coat of arms of Alexey Ivanov Yakovlev, colonel
71. Coat of arms of Otto Radlov, lieutenant
72. Coat of arms of Gendre, senator, actual privy councilor
73. Coat of arms of Becker
74. Coat of arms of the Solovyovs, Alexander Fedorov, court councilor, and family (included in the third part of the noble genealogy book of the Simbirsk province)
75. Coat of arms of Zashchuk, major
76. Coat of arms of Levkovets, collegiate adviser
77. Coat of arms of Fedor and Nikolai Voloshinov, second lieutenants
78. Coat of arms of Silvansky, collegiate assessor
79. Coat of arms of Hasenwinkel, Privy Councilor, Senator
80. Coat of arms of Dyakonov, retired lieutenant commander
81. Coat of arms of Ertel, descendants of the collegiate adviser Vasily Andreev
82. Coat of arms of Gendre, major general
83. Coat of arms of Voznesensky, major general
84. Coat of arms of Maingard, engineer, collegiate assessor
85. Gunnius coat of arms
86. Coat of arms of Xenophon Gevlich, colonel
87. Coat of arms of Alekseevsky, court councilor
88. Coat of arms of Tsytovich, major general
89. Coat of arms of Mickwitz, major general
90. Coat of arms of von Derviz, actual state councilor
91. Weisman coat of arms
92. Coat of arms of Bezobrazov, titular councilor
93. Coat of arms of Georgy Sakhansky, artillery major general
94. Coat of arms of Norpe, collegiate councilor
95. Coat of arms of the Galkins
96. Coat of arms of Runov
97. Coat of arms of Karp Zaretsky, retired military foreman
98. Coat of arms of Costand
99. Coat of arms of Strugovshchikov, Privy Councilor
100. Coat of arms of Boldyrev, major general
101. Coat of arms of Kieseritzky, court councilor
102. Coat of arms of Aksenov, actual state councilor
103. Coat of arms of Bogolyubov, Privy Councilor
104. Coat of arms of Elenev, collegiate adviser
105. Coat of arms of Korsh
106. Coat of arms of Palazhchenko
107. Coat of arms of Erantsev, collegiate assessor
108. Coat of arms of Nikolai Emelyanov Lazarev, court councilor
109. Coat of arms of Gesen, actual state councilor
110. Coat of arms of Kotlyarevsky, state councilor
111. Coat of arms of Guber
112. Coat of arms of Solsky, Privy Councilor
113. Coat of arms of Sveshnikov, rear admiral
114. Coat of arms of von Berg, state councilor
115. Coat of arms of Levestam
116. Coat of arms of von Herschelmann, pastor
117. Coat of arms of Gedda, senator, privy councilor
118. Coat of arms of Krol, actual state councilor
119. Coat of arms of the Zhukovs, descendants of Captain Sidor Zhukov
120. Coat of arms of Matvey Ivanov Ivanov, state councilor
121. Coat of arms of Bichele, collegiate councilor
122. Coat of arms of Voloshinsky, major
123. Coat of arms of Rudakov, collegiate assessor
124. Belenitsyn coat of arms
125. Coat of arms of Geschwend
126. Coat of arms of Ivan Ostroumov, actual state councilor
127. Coat of arms of Vasily Stepanov, Privy Councilor
128. Coat of arms of Orlov, master of arms
129. Coat of arms of Grasse, state councilor
130. Coat of arms of Alexander Emelyanov Lazarev, Privy Councilor
131. Coat of arms of Ordin, actual state councilor
132. Coat of arms of Merezhkovsky, actual state councilor
133. Coat of arms of Kamenetsky, state councilor
134. Blum coat of arms
135. Coat of arms of Moritz Ilyin Michelson, state councilor, and son Alexei
136. Coat of arms of Gaken
137. Coat of arms of Reimers, actual state councilor
138. Coat of arms of Scriabin, colonel
139. Coat of arms of Berezin, captain-lieutenant
140. Coat of arms of Koshlyakov
141. Coat of arms of Gausmann, major general
142. Coat of arms of Hantover, titular councilor
143. Coat of arms of Geppener, State Councilor
144. Coat of arms of Hermann Conradi, collegiate councilor
145. Coat of arms of Osipov, state councilor
146. Coat of arms of Lemm, actual state councilor
147. Coat of arms of Birin, colonel
148. Coat of arms of Lozinsky, state councilor
149. Coat of arms of Peretz, Secretary of State, Privy Councilor
150. Coat of arms of Andrei Kister, actual state councilor
151. Coat of arms of Bragin, court councilor
152. Coat of arms of Romanchenko, collegiate assessor
153. Coat of arms of Lutskevich, state councilor
154. Coat of arms of Regel, actual state councilor
155. Coat of arms of Andogsky, collegiate assessor
156. Coat of arms of Kantemirov, state councilor
157. Coat of arms of Lorberg, State Councilor
158. Coat of arms of Kononov, major
159. Coat of arms of Goering, lieutenant colonel
160. Coat of arms of Heinrich Tetzner, lieutenant colonel
161. Coat of arms of Zelensky, state councilor
162. Coat of arms of Stepan Denkovsky, major general
163. Coat of arms of Stukkei, actual state councilor
164. Coat of arms of Brunst, engineer-colonel
165. Coat of arms of Alexander Nikolaev Salkov, actual state councilor
166. Coat of arms of Peter Palimpsestov, actual state councilor
167. Coat of arms of Behrens, collegiate assessor
168. Coat of arms of Bruni, collegiate councilor
169. Coat of arms of Ernest-Gottlieb-Julius Schroeder, Doctor of Medicine, State Councilor
170. Coat of arms of Mikhail Remizov, actual state councilor
171. Coat of arms of Petrov, archpriest
172. Coat of arms of Vasily Vasilyev Sutugin, doctor of medicine, collegiate adviser
173. Coat of arms of Galatov, lieutenant colonel
174. Coat of arms of Devien, actual state councilor
175. Coat of arms of Stepan Egorov, state councilor
176. Coat of arms of Alexander Oppenheim, state councilor
177. Coat of arms of Pekarsky, actual state councilor
178. Coat of arms of Nikolai Nikolaev Sokolov, titular councilor
179. Coat of arms of Kurbatov, collegiate assessor
180. Coat of arms of Eduard von Schulz, actual state councilor
181. Coat of arms of Edward Frankenstein, court councilor
182. Coat of arms of Makulets, court councilor
183. Coat of arms of Fyodor Gotvikh, state councilor
184. Coat of arms of Alexey Yuryev, provincial secretary
185. Coat of arms of Mikhail Pobedimov, state councilor
186. Coat of arms of Bedeau, colonel

Scratch a Russian boyar and you will find a foreigner! Sheremetevs, Morozovs, Velyaminovs...

Velyaminovs

The family traces its origins to Shimon (Simon), the son of the Varangian prince African. In 1027 he arrived in the army of Yaroslav the Great and converted to Orthodoxy. Shimon Afrikanovich is famous for the fact that he participated in the battle with the Polovtsians on Alta and made the largest contribution to the construction of the Pechersk temple in honor of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary: a precious belt and the legacy of his father - a golden crown.

But the Vilyaminovs were known not only for their courage and generosity: a descendant of the family, Ivan Vilyaminov, fled to the Horde in 1375, but was later captured and executed on Kuchkovo Field. Despite the betrayal of Ivan Velyaminov, his family did not lose its significance: the last son of Dmitry Donskoy was baptized by Maria, the widow of Vasily Velyaminov, the Moscow thousand.

The following clans emerged from the Velyaminov family: Aksakovs, Vorontsovs, Vorontsov-Velyaminovs.

Detail: The name of the street “Vorontsovo Field” still reminds Muscovites of the most distinguished Moscow family, the Vorontsov-Velyaminovs.

Morozovs

The Morozovs served Moscow faithfully even under Ivan Kalita and Dmitry Donskoy, occupying prominent positions at the grand ducal court. However, their family suffered greatly from the historical storms that overtook Russia in the 16th century. Many representatives of the noble family disappeared without a trace during the bloody oprichnina terror of Ivan the Terrible.

The 17th century became the last page in the centuries-old history of the family. Boris Morozov had no children, and the only heir of his brother, Gleb Morozov, was his son Ivan. By the way, he was born in marriage with Feodosya Prokofievna Urusova, the heroine of V.I. Surikov’s film “Boyaryna Morozova”. Ivan Morozov did not leave any male offspring and turned out to be the last representative of a noble boyar family, which ceased to exist in the early 80s of the 17th century.

Detail: The heraldry of Russian dynasties took shape under Peter I, which is perhaps why the coat of arms of the Morozov boyars has not been preserved.

Buturlins

“My great-grandfather Racha served Saint Nevsky with a fighting muscle,” wrote A. Pushkin in the poem “My Genealogy.” Radsha became the founder of fifty Russian noble families in Tsarist Moscow, among them the Pushkins, the Buturlins, and the Myatlevs...

But let’s return to the Buturlin family: its representatives faithfully served first the Grand Dukes, then the sovereigns of Moscow and Russia. Their family gave Russia many prominent, honest, noble people, whose names are still known today. Let's name just a few of them:

Ivan Mikhailovich Buturlin served as a guard under Boris Godunov, fought in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, and conquered almost all of Dagestan. He died in battle in 1605 as a result of betrayal and deception of the Turks and mountain foreigners.

His son Vasily Ivanovich Buturlin was the Novgorod governor, an active associate of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky in his fight against the Polish invaders.

Vasily Vasilyevich Buturlin was a butler under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who did a lot for the reunification of Ukraine and Russia.

The Sheremetev family traces its origins to Andrei Kobyla. The fifth generation (great-great-grandson) of Andrei Kobyla was Andrei Konstantinovich Bezzubtsev, nicknamed Sheremet, from whom the Sheremetevs descended. According to some versions, the surname is based on the Turkic-Bulgarian “sheremet” (poor fellow) and the Turkic-Persian “shir-Muhammad” (pious, brave Muhammad).

Many boyars, governors, and governors came from the Sheremetev family, not only due to personal merit, but also due to kinship with the reigning dynasty.

Thus, the great-granddaughter of Andrei Sheremet was married to the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Ivan, who was killed by his father in a fit of anger. And five grandchildren of A. Sheremet became members of the Boyar Duma. The Sheremetevs took part in the wars with Lithuania and the Crimean Khan, in the Livonian War and the Kazan campaigns. Estates in the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, and Nizhny Novgorod districts complained to them for their service.

Lopukhins

According to legend, they descend from the Kasozh (Circassian) Prince Rededi - the ruler of Tmutarakan, who was killed in 1022 in single combat with Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich (son of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the baptist of Rus'). However, this fact did not prevent the son of Prince Rededi, Roman, from marrying the daughter of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich.

The outstanding Lopukhin family gave the Fatherland 11 governors, 9 governors-general and governors who ruled 15 provinces, 13 generals, 2 admirals, served as ministers and senators, headed the Cabinet of Ministers and the State Council.

The boyar family of the Golovins originates from the Byzantine family of Gavras, which ruled Trebizond (Trabzon) and owned the city of Sudak in Crimea with the surrounding villages of Mangup and Balaklava.

Ivan Khovrin, the great-grandson of one of the representatives of this Greek family, was nicknamed “The Head,” as you might guess, for his bright mind. It was from him that the Golovins, representing the Moscow high aristocracy, came from.

From the 15th century, the Golovins were hereditarily the tsar's treasurers, but under Ivan the Terrible, the family fell into disgrace, becoming the victim of a failed conspiracy. Later they were returned to the court, but until Peter the Great they did not reach special heights in the service.

Aksakovs

They come from the noble Varangian Shimon (baptized Simon) Afrikanovich or Ofrikovich - the nephew of the Norwegian king Gakon the Blind. Simon Afrikanovich arrived in Kyiv in 1027 with a 3 thousand army and built at his own expense the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, where he was buried.

The surname Oksakov (in the old days), and now Aksakov, came from one of his descendants, Ivan the Lame.
The word “oksak” means lame in Turkic languages.

Members of this family in pre-Petrine times served as governors, solicitors, and stewards and were rewarded with estates from the Moscow sovereigns for their good service.

RGIA: Three files in the fund of the Department of Heraldry of the Senate, the pedigree of the Yastrzhembets - Demyanovichs of the Mogilev province. Family trees before 1600 - Yuri Yastrzhembets - Demyanovich, then - in the darkness of centuries. Jastrzębiec is mentioned in 999 under Bolesław the Brave, and in 1170 by Bolest Jastrzębiec...

Total 400 pages. The case of the noble origin of Yastrzebiec - Demyanovich 1807, 1827, 1828 177 sheets in 2 parts of the Resolution of the Heraldry of the Senate January 28, 1827 - 5 sheets / September 19, 1828 - 8 sheets.

(report - 1 sheet, the rest - certificates - 31 sheets.) Additional case on assigning the Demyanovichs to the Yastrzhembets - Demyanovich family

2. A copy from 1850 about the inclusion of Yastrzhembets - Demyanovich in the noble family from the pedigree. 12 l.

c) 3rd Ognevsky,

Sign and emblem of Dima-Tarkhan (Tamatarkha), Tmutarakan, Bulgar and Khazar Kaganate. (651 - 983) Taman and Vost. Crimea. The capital is Tmutarakan (Dima - Tarkhan, Tamatarkha). 965 Russian conquest. Principality of Tmutarakan (ca. 988 - 1100). OK. 1100 the principality was conquered by the Polovtsians. Prince of Tmutarakan is the title of the ruler of the Tmutarakan principality, which existed in the 10th-12th centuries on the Taman Peninsula with its center in the city of Tmutarakan. The following rulers of the principality are known: Prince Demyan. (... - 805 - ...) Tmutarakan, according to the ancient Bulgarian chronicle "Gazi - Baraj Tarikh", was named after the bek (prince) Tamyan (Damyan). "Dima - Tarkhan" (in the Byzantine chronicles of Tamatarkh). Aryan culture and Scythians “Jir, burdened by the Khazar power and counting on the help of Rum in the fight against it, was the first to convert to Orthodoxy. In 805, Urus escaped death by hiding in Dima-Tarkhan, where the son of Tat-Ugek, Tamyan, ruled under the auspices of Byzantium and where many Bulgars fled from repression. The Byzantine-supported bekdom of Dima - Tarkhan (Tmutarakan) and the Kuban region became the stronghold of the rebels, Itil became the stronghold of the Khazars and the residence of the Kagan. Islam after the defeat of Khazaria by Svyatoslav (965)

The descendants of the boyars, called boyar children, were recorded in the Boyar books, some of which are preserved in state archives. As a rule, they came from princely families that lost their appanages and went into the service of the Grand Duke, later the Tsar, from whom they received new land holdings or estates for their service.

Sarmatians and Sarmatian heraldic emblems.

The general name of the nomadic pastoral Iranian-speaking tribes (IV century BC - IV century AD) inhabiting the steppe regions from the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan to the Danube. Ancient authors identified various Sarmatian groups that had their own names and occupied, at different times, leading positions in the nomadic world: Aorsi, Siraks, Roxolans, Iazygs, Alans. The Sarmatians were one of the northern Iranian peoples, along with the European Scythians and Asian Sakas. Ancient authors, in particular Herodotus, report that the Sarmatians descend from Amazons who married Scythian youths. But the steppe beauties were never able to fully master the language of their husbands. “Therefore, the Sarmatians speak the Scythian language, but distorted since ancient times,” the historian concludes. Apparently, the Sarmatians separated from the bulk of the Scythians quite early: even in the sacred book of the Zoroastrians, the Avesta, the Sarmatians are mentioned under the name “Sairima” and are called nomads, “who are not know the powers of the supreme rulers"

The Sarmatians formed several centers, after the Hunnic pogrom, the main ones in Eastern Europe were the Dnieper and Baltic States Yatvingians - an ancient Prussian Baltic-speaking tribe, the Yatvingians, an ancient Sarmatian tribe, wild inhabitants of the present-day Podlasie. Russian campaigns against them date back to 1112, 1113, 1120. Their raids on Volyn 1205, 1207... The Yatvingians participated in the ethnogenesis of the Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian nations.

Velets are lutichs (wolves are fierce). Within the boundaries of the present-day Grodno and Vilna regions lived the Slavic tribe Velety - Lyutich. According to some historical data, the city was their fortress (the word itself was derived from Wild - fortress).

When Germanic tribes first appeared on the Livonian and Kuron coasts of the Baltic Sea in 1185, the Velets already lived in the Vilna region.

The news about the arrival of the Prussians was borrowed from the Ipatiev Chronicle. It literally says: “The Prussians came to Troidenevi (1270 - 1282) from their land involuntarily before the Germans. He took them to himself and planted some of them in Gorodnya, and some of them in Slonim.”

In the autumn of 1276, the crusaders again subjugated the land of Pogesania (the central part of Prussia), killing or capturing everyone, with the exception of a few whose families moved to the Grodno region and Lithuania.

On the Land of Germany under the Hunnic Empire. The Hunnic union of tribes (it included the Scythians, Sarmatians, Bulgars, Ostrogoths, Heruli, Gepids, as well as some other Germanic and non-Germanic tribes) reached its greatest territorial expansion and power under Attila (ruled 434-453). In 451, the Huns invaded Gaul and were defeated by the Romans and their allies the Visigoths on the Catalaunian fields. After the death of Attila, the Gepids, who had conquered them, took advantage of the discord that arose among the Huns and led the uprising of the Germanic tribes against the Huns. In 454, at the Battle of the Nedao River in Pannonia, the Huns were defeated and went to the Black Sea region: the powerful alliance collapsed. Attempts by the Huns to break into the Balkan Peninsula in 469 failed. Gradually, the Huns disappeared as a people, although their name was still used for a long time as a general name for the nomads of the Black Sea region. According to the testimony of the Gothic historian of the 6th century Jordan, the tribes that were previously part of the “Hunnic” union, freed from the violent “union” of nomads, took control of both the Western and the vast part of the Eastern Roman Empire, settling in Thrace, Illyria, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Gaul and the Apennine Peninsula. The last Roman Romulus Augustulus was the son of Attila's secretary, the Roman patrician Orestes. Who overthrew him from the throne in 476, the first barbarian king of Rome, according to Jordan, “King Odoacer, the leader of the tribes of the Heruli, Rugii and Sciri who lived in the Danube Valley, was the son of the best military leader of Attila, the leader of the Sciri, Edecon. The leader of the Ostrogoths Theodoric, the son of Attila’s associate , the Ostrogothic king Theodimir, who treacherously killed Odoacer during a feast, became in 496 the first Christian king of the Gothic-Roman kingdom of the Ostrogoths. In addition to the Alan formations in the Hunnic army, the Slavic language was to be widely used in the state of Attila, when the Byzantine. The embassy crossed the Danube on the way to Attila's headquarters, the locals treated the Greeks to a drink they called medoz, which of course is Slavic honey. The embassy employees were also offered another type of drink made from barley, known as camoz - i.e. Slavic. kvass Another Slavic word mentioned by Jordan: strava ("wake")

In the 6th century, the Bulgarian and Suvar tribes fell under the dependence of the Turks, and their lands became part of the Turkic Kaganate. At the beginning of the 7th century (30s), the Kaganate collapsed and two states were formed in the territory between the Black and Caspian Seas - the Khazar Kaganate and Great Bulgaria. The creator of Great (or Golden) Bulgaria was King Kubrat, who managed to unite different tribes with his power

GREAT BULGARIA. Among the tribes that roamed the steppes of the Northern Black Sea and Azov regions after the fall of the Hunnic Empire were the ancient Bulgarians. In the V-VI centuries. they made campaigns to the west, fought with German tribes, and participated in the military and political life of Byzantium. Later they fell under the rule of the Turkic Kaganate, but at the beginning of the 7th century. came out from under it, creating a strong union of tribes under the leadership of Organa. His nephew Kubrat became the only khan of the new state under the loud name Great Bulgaria, which lasted only a few decades (632 - early 650 - X).

The capital was Fanagouris (Phanagoria) - a former Greek city - a port on Taman. The population of the state led a semi-nomadic lifestyle: in winter they lived in cities and villages, in summer they moved to steppe yurts. The types of farming were almost the same as those of the Khazars, and in general they were related to the Khazars. Bulgaria ceased to exist after the death of Kubrat Khan. Part of the population went to the Danube, creating a new kingdom there - Danube Bulgaria, but over time was assimilated by the local Slavs, leaving them with their name “Bulgarians”. The other part remained on their land, becoming known as the “Black Bulgarians”. The third part of the Bulgarians moved later, at the end of the 8th century, to the Middle Volga region on the territory. modern Tatarstan.

Hawk - Bird of Prey, eagle - buzzard, steppe eagle, double-headed eagle - coat of arms... Falcon (hawk) was one of the most common figures depicted on knightly and noble coats of arms.

In West Slavic languages "rarog", "rerick"- this is a falcon. In Rus', by the way, there was the Sokol fortress, the namesake of the capital of the Obodrits, and a river with the same name - Sokol.

In Ancient Egypt, the HAWK was revered as the KING OF THE BIRDS. For the Egyptians, the hawk is the royal bird, spirit, soul, inspiration. Many gods were depicted with the body or head of a hawk - these are the Bird Kensu, Ra, Pta, Horus. Sometimes the sphinx has the head of a hawk.

In Greco-Roman mythology, the hawk is the swift messenger of Apollo.

The hawk represents Heaven, strength, royalty, nobility. It was believed that a hawk could fly to the Sun and look at it without blinking. HAWKS decorated the walls of caves and ancient temples, the coats of arms of nobles and states, symbolizing wisdom, greatness, fearlessness, pride, beauty...

HAWK - a symbol of superiority, victory and freedom Without pride and greatness, neither victory nor freedom are possible

The hawk is a free bird. A characteristic feature of a hawk's hunting is the lightning-fast final attack on the prey. The name is formed on the basis of the ancient Slavic root str meaning “speed” ostrъ.

Encyclopedia of Signs and Symbols - The hawk, falcon, kite, and similar birds of prey have conflicting symbolism of evil, death and sunlight, having in this latter case a commonality with the eagle.

In Ancient Egypt, the falcon was considered a sacred royal bird, since it was the embodiment of the all-seeing Horus, the sky god, or the solar god Ra, who, like other Egyptian gods, was often depicted with the head of a falcon.

According to early Christian beliefs, however, the hawk signified evil, while the tamed hawk or falcon represented the converted pagan, and the crested hawk symbolized the hope of divine illumination.

In Greco-Roman myths, the hawk was the messenger of Apollo and the sacred bird of the sorceress Circe.

For the Celts, the falcon was a symbol of victory (usually over the hare, the embodiment of lust).

In Scandinavian mythology, this is a zoomorphic embodiment of the god Odin and an attribute of the goddess Freya.

In Hinduism, the hawk Gayatri was the riding bird (vahana) of Indra and brought Soma from heaven.

The kite symbolized the sun in China and served as a sign of war.

In the Polynesian tradition, the hawk is a prophet bird with magical healing powers.

The first documented coat of arms in Europe is the coat of arms mentioned in 1127 on the shield of Geoffrey of Anjou. At a time when the majority of the population was illiterate, knights found it convenient to use a coat of arms for their seals with which they “signed” documents; the earliest seal depicting a heraldic shield dates back to 1136.

Knightly tournaments contributed to the spread of heraldry. Introduced in the mid-11th century by the French Geoffroy de Prély for practice in equestrian combat, the tournament became the central event of the Middle Ages. Tournaments spread the fashion for coats of arms and emblems (not only on shields and cloaks, but also on helmets, banners and horse clothing) throughout Europe.

In 1320, the oldest reference book on heraldry, the Zurich Armorial, was compiled. In the 14th century, the first statement of the rules of heraldry was made by the Italian lawyer Bartolo. It soon became clear that it was necessary to restore order in the use of coats of arms, since their bearers often chose coats of arms at their own discretion, and cases of repetition were frequent. Control over this was entrusted to the king's representatives or the most knowledgeable nobles - the heralds. If there are no male heirs, the daughter becomes the heir to the father's coat of arms. Upon marriage, her coat of arms is placed in the center of the husband's coat of arms on a small shield. in a rhombus.

The coat of arms of Egypt is the Hawk of Quraish. In 1984, the Hawk was replaced by the golden eagle ("Salladin's eagle").

The hawk of the Quraysh (the Meccan tribe from which Muhammad came) is on the coats of arms of Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Libya. Birds are similar in semantics on the coats of arms of Jordan and Sudan.

Coat of arms of Libya Hawk, pic. on the coat of arms, is the Hawk of Quraish, the emblem of the family of the Prophet Muhammad.

Archaeologists discovered the center. Syria, the world's oldest sculpture of a hawk. The discovery, dating back to the 10th millennium BC, was made jointly by the Syrian and the French. expedition 200 kilometers north of Damascus, in the Jabl al-Belaas mountains located east of the city of Hama. The found stone hawk, the size of which does not exceed 5.5 centimeters in length and width, is five thousand years older than all other previously discovered sculptures of this bird. The Syrian hawk, or Quraish hawk, is the state hawk. symbol of Syria and is depicted on its coat of arms.

In the coat of arms of the red-haired Genghis Khan with green eyes: in a golden field, a silver falcon claws a black raven.

Sarmatian signs in the coats of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the princely signs of the Rurikovichs, the reasons for their similarity with the Sarmatian signs of the kings of the Bosporus. The main Myth of the Indo-Europeans - The so-called Thracian horsemen, who were worshiped in the Balkans long before the birth of Christ, the Scythian and Sarmatian Batradz, the god of war - a steel horseman with a sword. This cult also flourished in Hellenistic Egypt, where Horus, the horseman, was depicted slaying Seth, the crocodile. And in Asia Minor Lycia - the god Kakasb, killing a snake with a club. And Mithras, the Iranian warrior god, popular with the Romans. warriors And St. George the Victorious himself comes from Cappadocia, where the cult of the horseman - the serpent fighter - was known long before the advent of Christianity. Cappadocia was the center of the Hittite Empire, and one of its main gods, the thunderer Pirva, a brother of our Perun, also fought with the serpent twenty centuries before the birth. H.R.

1785 A. T. Knyazev compiled the first Russian armorial "Collection of family coats of arms, signifying the differences between the noble families of the vast Russian Empire", which included 5 3 3 drawings of coats of arms that he removed from personal seals (without distinction between approved and unapproved). In 1797, it began to be compiled "General armorial of nobles, clans of the All-Russian Empire", which included only coats of arms that received Imperial approval. Before 1917, 20 parts were compiled, 10 parts were published (St. Petersburg, 1798 - 1840; repr. edition, parts 1 - 2, St. Petersburg, 1992), since by decree of June 12, 1870 its printing discontinued. In total, about 3,000 noble coats of arms are placed at 20 o'clock. For the nobles of the Kingdom of Poland, Vel. Book Litovsky, Vel. Book Special armorials were created for the Finnish and Baltic provinces. On June 10, 1857, an Arms Department was created under the Senate Heraldry Department, which was entrusted with the compilation of territorial and personal coats of arms in compliance with the rules of Heraldry.

The department was headed by: B.V. Koehne (1857 - 86), A.P. Barsukov 1886 - 1914), V.K. Lukomsky (1914 - 17). After the October Revolution, the Armorial Museum of the State Archive Fund was created on the basis of the Armal Department.





*Srebrenik book. Vladim* *Ira Svyatoslavaich (10th century)*		Gediminovichi - "Kolumny"

The double-headed eagle has an ancient history.

This is a symbol of clearly Eastern origin. The oldest image of him is located on the ruins near the Turkmen village of Wayyuk - in the region of ancient Cappadocia, on the border of Assyria. The ruins date back to the era of the Median king Cyaxares (6 35 - 596 BC). The single-headed eagle already served as a symbol of supreme power among the Persians, which allows us to make the assumption that the double-headed eagle symbolized the union of the Median kingdom with the Assyrian kingdom, which occurred in 598 BC. The appearance of the double-headed eagle in ancient Rome is associated with Constantine the Great (306 - 337) and Justinian I (527 - 565), when both empires - Eastern and Western - united under one scepter, using single-headed eagles as emblems. The oldest image of a double-headed eagle in Europe was found on a marble slab in the Xiropotamian monastery in Athos (Fig. 1), founded by Pulcheria between 451 and 453. The Eastern Roman Empire, before its fall, had an emblem in the form of a black double-headed eagle with red eyes and tongues, and golden beaks and paws. It then appears on the coats of arms of states that consider themselves successors to Rome, for example, on the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, as well as on the coats of arms of families descended from the Byzantine emperors or connected to them by marriage.

I would like to draw attention to yet another proof that they have nothing to do with various Scandinavian Roeriks. All representatives of the so-called. "Norman theory of the origin of Rus'" unanimously give a German etymology of the origin of the name from the Old Scandinavian "HriR" ("glory") and "-rkR" ("noble"). Igor, as is known from PVL, was Rurikovich. But, according to "Gazi - Baraj Tarikh", his father was Lachin - Sokol. In the language of the Baltic and Western Slavs, falcon - rorik, rarog. There is an identity in the etymologies of the name of the legendary prince in the Russian and Bulgar chronicles, which completely rejects the Scandinavian version. Falcon, in Norwegian, however, as in almost all Germanic and Romance languages - "falk".

About the origin of the Rurikovichs from the Hunnic dynasty Dulo.

Scientists have been studying the problem of Igor’s paternity for a long time. The fact is that they are confused by some chronicle conflicts. As is known according to chronicle tradition, he died in 879. At the same time, the Mazurin chronicler writes: “And after living in Novegrad, the prince was 17 years old, but he lived 87 years and died.” (385 - 1) Moreover, all the chronicles say that Igor was still an infant commander. Of course, nature is amazing, but that’s all - It is equally difficult to imagine that Rurik acquired an heir only at the age of 87. At the same time, researchers cannot increase the age of Igor himself, because even if we assume that he was born in 879, in the year of his death (945) he was also 66 years old. in the hands of Olga, little Svyatoslav and at the same time was full of strength, making long campaigns against Byzantium, the Drevlyans, etc. The information from the Bulgarian chronicle "Gazi - Baraj Tarikh" regarding events in Rus' in the 9th - 10th centuries is described carefully and gives its own, different from Russian chronicles, interpretation. Let me explain a little the whole background of the events, on the basis of which we can conclude that the so-called were direct descendants of the Bulgar rulers, who traced their lineage from the legendary Hunnic khan Khin-Batyr. Let me remind you that in the 9th century Khazaria and Bulgaria were in a relationship of intense confrontation. After the death of Baltavar Svetogor (Ugyr Aidar) in 855, his powerful state, including all of modern Ukraine, Belarus, North-Eastern Rus', the Don region and many other territories, went to his eldest son Dzhilka. But Svetogor’s youngest son Lachin did not want to put up with this. The Khazar Kaganate took advantage of the situation. As a result of various vicissitudes, the Khazar protege Lachin was declared the Baltavar of the Kara-Bulgar. But the Khazars did not want Kara-Bulgar to become a powerful state again, and divided it into several parts. Therefore, Lachin’s real power extended only to the southern part between the Don and Dnieper rivers. The capital of this territory was. Expelled from the Baltavar chair, Djilki was able to cling to the Seversk land. Its capital was Chernigov. In Kyiv, the Khazar bek Ilyas (interestingly, Ilyas himself came from the Bulgar dynasty, being the son of the Tmutarakan Tarkhan Tamyan) declared the Anchian (Ukrainian) Dir, the son of Vadim the Brave, prince. History of the Indo-Aryan peoples... The capital of his inheritance was called by his name (Tamyan - Tarkhan, or Dima - Tarkhan; Tarkhan - dependent ruler), which is where the Russian name Tmutarakan came from. In Novgorod, the son of the former Khazar kagan Urus Chinavyz became the governor of the Khazars. Chinavyz here relied on the princes of the Sadumian Galidjians (Varangians), the main one of whom was Askold (Khalib - Gleb). Askold himself was appointed Khazar governor under Dir. At the same time, Khazar customs and an entire city block were organized in Kyiv, in which there was even a synagogue. The fact that Askold and Dir were not boyars of Rurik, as reflected in Russian chronicles, is evidenced by Byzantine sources, according to which the siege of Constantinople by the Russians, led by Askold and Dir, was carried out in 860. As you yourself understand, the year of Rurik’s calling (862) clearly shows the falsity of Russian chronicles in this matter. In 86 3, after the uprising in Kyiv and the new invasion of the Khazars, Dzhilki, leaving his son Almysh in Chernigov, retired to Volga Bulgaria, where In time, the dynasty of the Bulgar khans who ruled this semi-independent territory ended. Here, in 865, he declared himself the “khan” of Volga Bulgaria. In 870, Askold killed Dir and became the sole ruler in Kiev. After that, he annexed all of North-Eastern Rus' to Kyiv. Real power in North-Eastern Rus' was exercised by his son Turma Rurik was the mayor of Turma in Rostov. Subsequently, instead of the deceased Turma, another son of Askold Bulat becomes the prince of North-Eastern Rus'. There are some, although unclear, data from which it follows that Vadim the Brave was from the Beloyar family, the Russian-Alan dynasty that ruled. Ruskolanya until 368 AD. According to the Gazi-Baraj Tarikh, Vadim was the closest jura (vassal) of the Bulgar Baltavars of Chernoyar and Svetogor. At the same time, he commanded all the Anchi (Ukrainian) troops. Subsequently, Svetogor gave him the whole of North-Eastern Rus', annexed by Vadim to the state of Svetogor (Aidar Ugyr), as his patrimony. Rurik, having received power in Rostov from the hands of Turma, betrayed his benefactors and, in return for recognizing him as the hereditary prince of Rostov, began to help the Volga Bulgars in everything. Dzhilki and the Varangians allied with him began to prepare a campaign against Kyiv, which was postponed for many years due to various events. During this time, Rurik subjugated all of North-Eastern Rus', including Belarus. During his capture of Novgorod, Askold's son Bulat was captured. In 882, Gabdulla Djilki died, but the campaign he planned took place. Rurik did not participate in this campaign; the Varangian army was commanded by his son Salahbi (Oleg). The date of this trip completely coincides with the date indicated in the PVL. This is how this event is described by Gazi-Baradj: “In 882, the son of Erek Salahbi moved to Bashta from Galidj, and from Bolgar - Alabuga with detachments of Sabans and Badjanaks, who sought to avenge the raid on them by the Kara - Bulgarian Mojars led by Lachin. On the eve of the speech, Kan Gabdulla died, and his son Bat, Ugyr Mumin, was raised to the Bulgarian throne, who did not cancel his father’s orders.

KARA - BULGAR KINGS. BRANCH BAT - BOYANA

Bat - Boyan or Khalib Ilyatbir. Eldest son of Kurbat Kungrat ("Kubrat"). Born in 617. In 643, Bat-Boyan converted to Islam, performed the Hajj and visited Caliph Omar, whose name he took for himself. From that time on, people began to call him Bat - Umar or Kamyr - Batyr (Umar, Kamyr - forms of the name "Omar"). After the Arab attack on Bulgaria in 654, he abandoned Islam. In the same year, he defeated the army of the Arab commander (Abdurrahman) at Sharkel (Sarkela) and received the nickname "Khalib" ("Winner"). In 682 he converted to Christianity. In 674, his uncle Shambat-Ky took power from him for 3 years (Shambat died in 677). Bat-Boyan died in 683 and was buried in Kyiv. Later, his remains were placed in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. Bat-Boyan entered the Kyiv epics under the names “Budimir” and “Ilya Muromets”.

Jurash Bat - Umar. Son of Bat - Boyana.

Sulabi. Son of Jurash. He was married to Chakchak, the daughter of the Danube-Bulgar prince Aiyar (Avar).

Aiyar (Avar). Son of Sulabi and Chakchak.

Tat - Ugek. Son of Aiyar (Avar). Of his descendants, his son Tamyan and Tamyan’s son Ilyas are known (he was the kagan - bek of Khazaria).

Tat - Utyak. Son of Aiyar (Avar). He was married to Kanbika, the daughter of Urus-Bugi and Zukhra (Danube-Bulgar princess).

Kan - Karajar. Son of Tat - Utyaka and Kanbiki. He was married to Arya - Uslan - daughter of Azan - Tukty.

Urus Ugyr Aidar. The son of Kan is Karajara and Arya is Uslan.

Lachin. Son of Ugyr Aidar. Tsar of Black Bulgaria. The founder of the dynasty of rulers of Rus'. He entered the legends of Rus' under the name “Rurik”, and his son Ugyr Lachyni - under the name “Igor Rurikovich”, which is why his branch of the Bulgarian rulers was called the “Rurikovich dynasty”.

Gabdulla Dzhilki. Son of Ugyr Aidar. Tsar of the Black and Great Bulgaria. The ancestor of the branch of the Volga-Bulgar kings, called “Saklan”.

Almysh Jafar. The eldest son of Gabdulla Dzhilka, king of the Black and Volga Bulgaria.

Since part of Kievan Rus was once part of the Bulgar and then the Khazar state, its ruling dynasty - "" - was also a branch of the Hunno-Bulgar family of Dulo, therefore the tamga "Baltavar" became the coat of arms of the Old Russian state and Ukraine under the popular name "Trident". (Falcon)

First of all, this is a sign of the ancient Bulgarian Dulo dynasty. This symbol is often found in Danube Bulgaria. It was not found here on the Volga. This means that either it was used before coming to the Volga, or in general, this sign belongs to the Danube Bulgarians.

About Russian martial art

It is quite possible that Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Kirilo Kozhemyaka, Mikula Selyaninovich were not collective images, but quite... Not in epics, but in the chronicles of the 12th century, Demyan Kudenevich is mentioned, who lived in Pereyaslavl Russian commander

Ilya Muromets is buried in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

The last Russian knight Alyosha Popovich died an honest soldier's death in the Battle of Kalka in 1223.

Now is the time to talk about another semi-mythical property of the berserker: his invulnerability. A variety of sources unanimously assert that the warrior-beast actually could not be killed in battle. True, the details of this invulnerability are described in different ways. A berserker supposedly could neither be killed nor wounded with a military weapon (from which it followed that non-combat weapons should be used against him: a wooden club, a hammer with a stone top, etc.); sometimes he was invulnerable only against throwing weapons (arrows and darts); in some cases it was clarified that if he skillfully wielded a weapon, he could still be wounded, even fatally, but he would die only after the battle, and before that he would not seem to notice the wound. The transformation of a berserker during a battle sometimes not only psychologically prepared him for the fight, but also affected the enemy’s psyche - in exactly the opposite spirit. Few people retained composure at the sight of a warrior howling with rage, splashing foam - a beast that did not notice either wounds or fatigue in a frenzy.

Berserkers were protected from throwing (and also from striking) weapons by a kind of “wisdom of madness.” The disinhibited consciousness included extreme speed of reaction, sharpened peripheral vision and, probably, provided some extrasensory skills. The berserker saw (or even predicted) any blow and managed to parry it or bounce off.

It is worth saying with 90% confidence that in Rus' there was a brotherhood of berserkers. But the teaching was deeper (perhaps even the knowledge of primary sources was transmitted) and controlled than that of the Scandinavians. There is an opinion that the closed orders of berserkers were taught secretly, since the teaching was Aryan, which in no way combined with the Christian faith of the empire at that time. By the way, this fits well into the general picture of the world, since many nations had berserkers, and according to alternative history, all nations have common roots. For example, Evpatiy Kolovrat - the name itself carried the load of Vedic culture, for Kolovrat is the correct swastika. Also interpreted as rotating in a circle. Well, historical facts speak of the unprecedented exploits of Russian berserkers.

Thus, the Ipatiev Chronicle of 1148 tells how Gleb Yuryevich brought the Polovtsians to Rus' and besieged Pereyaslavl. Demyan Kudenevich, together with Taras, defeated the enemies.

But Gleb Yuryevich and the Polovtsians again “assailed the city.” Demyan Kudenevich came out to meet them “not having any armor on him.” He was able to defeat the Polovtsians again, but he himself was “exhausted from wounds.” Mstislav Izyaslavich hurries to the dying hero with rich gifts and promises the hero fame and power, but the hero refuses everything because he feels that he is dying.

In addition, the Nikon Chronicle mentions the knight Ragdai, who alone fought with 300!!! warriors. What about the feat of Evpatiy Kolovrat? This is a completely unprecedented phenomenon.

We read: Evpatiy Kolovrat was in a hurry with a detachment of 1500 to help Ryazan, besieged by the Tatar Khan Batu... He didn’t have time... Having looked around the ashes, he decided to enter into battle with the 150 thousand Tatar army. When Batu was informed about the attack, he sent ten thousand soldiers (tumen) to close the issue. The Russians held out. sent a second tumen. The Russians held out again. Amazed by the valor of the Russians, the khan offered them money and positions. They answered: “No.” - “What do you want?” - asked. “We want to die,” answered Kolovrat’s squad. After such an answer, he was forced to stop the army (an unheard-of moment in the history of warfare), rebuild it from a marching order into a combat one, and move all his power against a handful of Russians. Then a miracle happened, the mind refuses to believe An army of more than 150 thousand soldiers could not defeat a handful of people. On the third day of continuous battle, he, suffering huge losses, ordered the brave men to be surrounded by battering machines. Huge stones were thrown at the Russian berserkers... It is also known that the Tatar knights were sent to bring the governor alive. Kolovrat cut the Russians into pieces (in half) from head to saddle, or from shoulder to thigh along with armor. I think comments are unnecessary, because no matter how tough the governor was, even a trained person simply cannot do this.