Grammar errors table with exam examples. Types of grammatical errors. What is considered a grammatical error

As practical tasks, we offer you excerpts from students’ work.

Find errors and try to correct them.

Exercise No. 1

Find errors related to the violation of word order. Try to explain them and correct them.

1. In the proposed essay for analysis, the author addressed a topic that is always important.
2. I believe that every parent is obliged to raise their child to be kind and honest.
3. Many families find themselves in a situation similar to the one described by V. Tendryakov.
4. Four days later he reached his village,
5. Yesterday evening around ten o'clock he was seen on the street.

Exercise No. 2

Determine the type of error. Correct the sentence.

1. One can admire his courage and heroism.
2. Returning from vacation, he learned about the consequences of the news.
3. Sometimes people die through such situations.
4. Every person needs attention and understanding of his problems.
5. They stop understanding and trusting each other.

Exercise No. 3

Determine the type of error. Try to rearrange the sentence so as to avoid violating the speech norm.

1. He was not ashamed of his appearance, and that his fellow villagers would laugh at him.
2. Sighing with annoyance and completely upset, the next visitor left the office.
3. It is necessary not only to help the elderly, but also young families.
4. Citizens who board the bus are asked to pay for the fare.
5. After reading the essay, it seemed to me that the author was close to his problem.

Exercise No. 4

In the proposed excerpt from the student’s essay, find all cases of violation of speech norms. Edit the text.

The problem of patriotism and nationalism worries the author. One concept is quite often modified by another. If patriotism reflects the strength of a nation, then nationalism is different. Sometimes your hair stands on end when you read newspaper materials on the topic of interethnic conflicts.

In addition to the above, I would like to add that all people on earth are brothers and should treat each other with respect.

Exercise No. 5

Distribute sentences with stylistic errors into three groups: 1) mixing vocabulary of different styles; 2) use of clericalism; 3) speech stamps. Try to rebuild the structures in accordance with the norm.

1. In the village center of culture there was a real oak tree. 2. Sometimes it happens like this: a person himself reads and knows a lot, but does not carry out explanatory work among the population. 3. The author brings to the attention of readers his thoughts on this matter. 4. Natasha Rostova loved one guy, but wanted to give her hand and heart to another. 5. Anyone can get into a difficult life situation, and there is no point in pretending to be invulnerable. 6. In the aquatic environment there were pikes, crucian carp, and small minnows. 7. The image of Andrei Bolkonsky is a typical role model. 8. Selfless patriotism and fortitude characterize the hero of this essay.

The most difficult to perceive and understand are speech and grammatical errors.

Let's consider their types in more detail.

Speech errors and shortcomings .

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it

I slipped and fell backwards and hurt my knee” (instead of prone). Zhilin was glad that he could escape back (instead of again).

Violation of lexical compatibility of words

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

Such people always manage to outwit (instead of deceive) others. The goalkeeper is wearing a jersey pulled over (instead of put on) his shirt. In the school plot, our class planted beetroot and cibul (instead of beets and onions).

Poor use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. It (instead of the text that he wrote...) refers to the artistic style.

Inappropriate use of words of a different style; mixing vocabulary from different eras

Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

In such cases, I glance (instead of look) into the dictionary. My attitude towards this problem has not changed (instead it has changed).

Non-distinction of paronyms

Spectacular (instead of effective) measures were taken. Mom told me to take a sweater, but I flatly (instead of flatly) refused.

Failure to distinguish synonymous words

The name of this poet is familiar (instead of known) in many countries. In the final (instead of the last) sentence, the author uses gradation.

Using unnecessary words (pleonasm)

Young girl; very lovely.

Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)

This story tells (instead of saying, talking about) real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

In this chapter we learn that Masha became an orphan. Masha (instead of a girl) lost her father and mother. The hero of the story does not think about his actions. The hero does not understand the full depth of what he has done (instead, the hero of the story does not think about his action, does not understand the full depth of what he has done).

Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy

The month of August has arrived (instead of August). Then our bookstore will take care of this (this is superfluous) so that you can smile.

Word order violation

Then I saw Natasha in new jeans (instead of Natasha in new jeans). Kiribeevich hit Kalashnikov in the chest first (instead of Kiribeevich hitting Kalashnikov in the chest first).

Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures

When the writer came to the editorial office, the editor-in-chief received him. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Grammatical errors

Incorrect word formation.

Nobility (nobility), handwriting (handwriting), industrious (industrious), mock (mock).

Erroneous formation of word forms

more interesting (more beautiful), more beautiful (beautiful). How many (how many) moral principles have we lost due to the loss of spirituality.

Violation of approval norms

I know a group of guys who are seriously interested in jazz.

Violation of management norms

We need to make nature more beautiful (beautiful). Everyone was surprised at his strength (strength).

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The majority objected (objected) to such an assessment of his work. The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work (the artistic side of the work).

Violation of the way of expressing the predicate

Everyone was glad, happy and cheerful (cheerful). Dubrovsky himself was a guards officer (guards officer).

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

The lessons teach us to love literature and many good qualities (love of literature and many good things). In the essay, I wanted to talk about the importance of sports and why I love it (and why I love it).

Errors in constructing sentences with participles

Reading the text, a feeling of empathy arises (I empathize with the characters). Looking at the picture (when I look at the picture), emotions overwhelm me.

Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases

The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot (snow falling underfoot). Marya Kirillovna was locked in a room, trying to escape from the prince (Marya Kirillovna, trying to escape from the prince, was locked in a room).

Errors in the construction of complex sentences

This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child (This book, which I read as a child, taught me to value and respect friends). It seemed to the man (an extra word) that this was a dream.

Mixing direct and indirect speech

Bazarov tells Arkady that your (his) father is a retired man, his song is finished. The author said that I (he) disagreed with the reviewer's opinion.

Violation of sentence boundaries

When the hero came to his senses. It was already late (When the hero came to his senses, it was already late). He wasn't accepted into the basketball team because he couldn't play. Because he was short (He was not accepted into the basketball team because he could not play and was short).

Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting it was decided to hold a cleanup day.

Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms

When December arrived, the weather changed (changed) dramatically. The heart freezes (freezes) for a moment and suddenly starts beating again.

Errors associated with the use of particles

It would be nice if the painting had (an extra word) the artist’s signature. The text reveals (only reveals) two problems.

The issue of classifying errors in the speech of schoolchildren continues to be one of the painful points of teaching the Russian language at school. This problem is painful not only for teachers, methodologists, and speech culture specialists, it is also relevant for all people who write and read in Russian.

Grammatical errors are a violation of the grammatical norms of the formation of language units and their structure.

Analysis of grammatical errors helps the teacher determine which language norms (word-formation, morphological, syntactic) the student does not master.

Types of grammatical errors

• Derivational
, consisting of unjustified word-composition or modification of words of a normative language. Such errors should not be perceived as spelling errors.
• Morphological,
associated with non-normative formation of word forms and the use of parts of speech.
• Syntactic,
associated with violation of syntactic norms.

Grammatical errors

	Type of error
Derivational
1	Violation of the norms of Russian literary word formation: Incorrect word formation Distortion of words	Hardworking, mock, ridicule, emphasis, bend over, jacket, ruthlessness, publicism common intelligentsia; complete image; nobility of soul; bribery;
2	perseverance; ridicule; stingy; boredom; their words; tavern regulars; thirsty.	“Substitutional” word formation, manifested in the replacement of any morpheme.
3	Throw away (instead of spread out), plumb (from hang);	Word-composition (creation of a non-existent derivative unit that cannot be considered as occasional)
spender, reviewer, not looking back. Morphological
4	Incorrect form formation, violation of the systemic properties of the form-building system in different parts of speech	Erroneous formation of a noun form
5	Many miracles of technology, not enough time	formation of the form V.p. inanimate noun, as in animate
6	I asked for a breeze (instead of: breeze);	formation of the form V.p. animate noun, as in inanimate
7	Two bears were harnessed to the sleigh (instead of: two bears);	change of gender when forming case forms:
8	pie with jam, February blue;	Declension of indeclinable nouns
9	play the piano;	formation of plural forms for nouns that have only a singular, and vice versa
a tray of teas, the sky became cloudy.
10	Erroneous formation of the adjective form	Wrong choice of long and short forms
11	The hat was full of water, the boy was very full	Incorrect formation of forms of degrees of comparison:
12	the new girls are becoming more militant, she was weaker than Petya; more interesting, more beautiful	Violation of verb formation norms
13	The man rushes around the room;	Violation of the formation of gerunds and participles
14	Riding on the bus, the hunter walked, looking around	Erroneous formation of a numeral form
15	With five hundred rubles	Erroneous formation of a pronoun form
16	Their pathos, their children, I didn’t want to tear myself away from it (the book)	Erroneous formation of the verb form
They travel, they want, writing about the life of nature
17	Syntactic	Negotiation violation I know a group of guys who are seriously into jazz, Bazarov cannot overcome the feeling of love that covers him; There were hills on both sides of the road;
18	poachers breaking the law;	Bazarov tells Arkady that your father is a retired man. Impaired control special attention was paid to drawing up the plan; It should be noted that in Nozdryov’s house everything had a chaotic appearance; he is characterized by many negative traits; confident in the future, Sonya felt sorry and worried about Raskolnikov; thirst for fame;
19	Errors in simple sentence structure: disruption of the connection between subject and predicate,	The sun has set; but neither youth nor summer last forever; this was my only book during the war days;
20	Violation of the supply boundary	The dogs followed the trail of the hare. And they began to chase him through the clearing. When the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
21	Poor use of pronouns	The visitor took the heavy package from the chair and pushed it aside. Manilov asked Pavel Ivanovich to go to his office. Sobakevich demanded that Chichikov write a receipt for himself.
22	Disruption of connection between subject and predicate	The majority objected to such an assessment of his work. Typically, young people are the bearers of advanced ideas. A number of other events happened. To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, clarity (instead of:....you need courage, knowledge, honesty);
23	Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual constructions	He wrote a book that is epic. Everyone was glad, happy and cheerful.
24	Errors in the construction of a sentence, leading to a distortion of its meaning and structure	In his play, Chekhov also showed the working part of the intelligentsia with its dreams of a bright and wonderful life, of which Trofimov is a representative. Porfiry was his mother's favorite since childhood. She persuaded them to give carts for the wounded, on which things were already packed.
25	Errors associated with the use of particles	It would be nice if the artist’s signature was on the picture ; separation of particles from the component of the sentence to which it relates (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern was often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems in total, (restrictive particle “ in total” must come before the subject: “...just two problems.”
26	Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members	The country loved and was proud of the poet. In the essay I wanted to talk about the importance of sports and why I love it.
27	Destruction of a number of homogeneous members	A true teacher is faithful to his work and never deviates from his principles. Almost all the things in the house are large: cabinets, doors, and also a truck and a combine harvester.
28	Errors in constructing sentences with participles	Reading the text, you get this feeling... The painting “Goalkeeper” depicts a boy with his legs spread wide and his hands on his knees.
29	Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases	The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot; a boat had moored to the shore.
30	Pronominal duplication of one of the members of the sentence, most often the subject.	Bushes, they covered the river bank.
31	Omissions of required words.	Vladik nailed the board and ran to volleyball.
32	Errors in complex sentence structure: mixing of coordinating and subordinating connections.	This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man that this was a dream. When the wind intensifies, and the crowns of the trees rustle under its gusts.
33	Separating the subordinate clause from the word being defined.	The sons of Taras had just dismounted from their horses, who were studying at the Kyiv Bursa.
34	Mixing direct and indirect speech	The author said that I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
35	Destruction of phraseological units without a special stylistic setting, for example:	I can't stand sitting with folded hands;
36	I laughed like crazy.	Unjustified omission (ellipsis) of the subject
37	His courage to stand up for honor and justice attracts the author of the text.	Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms

The heart freezes for a moment and suddenly starts beating again.

1. Literature
2. Narushevich A.G. – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Linguistic Education of the Southern Federal University. Refresher courses; rus.1september.ru No. 17, 2007, Russian language. Pedagogical University “First of September” “Methods of preparation for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language; lesson planning, lesson organization, exercise system.”
3. Pedchak E.P. "Russian language. Series “Unified State Exam”, Rostov-on-Don, “Phoenix”, 2003.
4. R.N.Popov, D.P.Valkova. “Modern Russian language”, textbook for students of pedagogical institutes, Moscow, “Prosveshchenie”, 1978.

Methodological manual for teachers, YANOIPKRO, Salekhard, 2007. Grammatical errors (G)

- these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: a word, phrase or sentence, i.e. a violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, as well as the norms of syntactic connections between words in a phrase and a sentence.	Types of grammatical errors
Examples	Derivational	Erroneous word formation
Borrowed, back and ridiculed	Morphological	1. Errors in the formation of noun forms
	2. Errors in the formation of adjective forms	More beautiful, brightest, sweetest
	3. Errors in the formation of pronoun forms	All the work in their house, left the reception
	4. Errors in the formation of verb forms	I dare, vacuum it, burn it out
Syntactic	1. Violation of agreement	It was the famous deputy Sergeeva.
	2. Impaired control	I don't have the slightest idea about what happened.
	3. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate	Twenty-one people came to the meeting.
	4. Errors in constructing sentences with participles	Opening the window, it started to rain
	5. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases	The sea roared dully, agitated by the storm that had begun in the morning.
	6. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members	The class teacher talked about the graduates' performance, their behavior and why they study so poorly.
	7. Errors in constructing complex sentences	Everything is accompanied by pictures of nature, which Tatyana does.
	8. Displacement of direct and indirect speech	Onegin says that “I would choose another, if only I were like you, a poet.”
№	Type of error	Types of grammatical errors
G1	Incorrect word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds)	Nobility, marvelous techniques, emphasis, ridicule; more interesting, more beautiful; five hundred rubles; juggled with both hands, there was no pathos, there was nothing around him; how many moral principles we have lost due to the loss of spirituality; they are driven by a feeling of compassion; streams of water flowing down struck the author of the text; Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed.
G2	Violation of approval norms	I know a group of guys who are seriously into jazz.
G3	Violation of management norms	We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone was amazed at his strength.
G4	Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate	The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work.
He wrote a book that is epic. Everyone was glad, happy and cheerful.	G5	Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members
The country loved and was proud of the poet. In the essay I wanted to talk about the importance of sports and why I love it.	G6	Errors in constructing sentences with participles
Reading the text, such a feeling of empathy arises.	G7	Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases
The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.	G8	This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the person that this was a dream.
G9	Mixing direct and indirect speech	The author said that I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
G10	Violation of sentence boundaries	He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.
G11	Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms	The heart freezes for a moment and suddenly starts beating again.
G12	Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)	At the meeting it was decided (?) to hold a cleanup day.
G13	Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs	It would be nice if the artist’s signature was on the picture.

The text reveals two problems in total. Logical errors(L)

– this is a violation of the sequence (logic) of presentation. Logical errors consist of violating the rules of logical thinking. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text. This type of error includes the following shortcomings in the content of the work:

1) violation of the sequence of utterances;

2) lack of connection between parts and sentences;

3) unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought;

4) fragmentation of one micro-theme by another micro-theme;

5) disproportionality of parts of the statement;

6) lack of necessary parts;

7) rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for presentation);

№	Type of error	Types of grammatical errors
8) unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person).	L1	Comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence or text
The lesson was attended by the director, librarian, as well as Anna Petrovna Ivanova and Zoya Ivanovna Petrova;	He leaned his back on the radiator;	For their good studies and raising their children, the parents of the students received letters of gratitude from the school administration.
L2	Violation of cause-and-effect relationships	In recent years, a lot has been done to modernize education, but teachers work as usual, since the issues of modernization of education are poorly resolved.
L3	A missing link in an explanation, a “logical leap.”	It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] How I want the yard to be an adornment for both the school and the village.
L4	Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)	The author writes about nature, describes the nature of the north, I see snow and the expanses of snowy plains.
L6	Comparison of logically incomparable concepts	The syntax of encyclopedic articles is different from other scientific articles.
	Composition and text errors
L7	Bad start	The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author...
L8	Errors in the main part	A). Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
b). Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order. V). The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.	L9	Bad ending

Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts. Factual errors (F) – a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background).

№	Type of error	Types of grammatical errors
knowledge	F1	Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples
Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed the old woman with an ax;	Lensky returned to his estate from England;	Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.
F2	Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.	The book means a lot to me, because someone else said: “Live forever and learn!”
F3	Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.	Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

F4 Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters. Distortions in the names of literary works and their genres.

№	Type of error	Types of grammatical errors
Turgenev; "Taras and Bulba"; in Turgenev's story "Crime and Punishment".	Speech incorrectness.	Manifestation of verbal aggression: rude, offensive statements; verbal expression of negative emotions, feelings or intentions in a form unacceptable in a given speech situation; threat, rude demand, accusation, ridicule; use of swear words, vulgarisms, jargon, argot; statements degrading human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person

I would like to reprimand the author for his inability to convey his thoughts.

Grammatical errors This text infuriates me; You have to be completely crazy to read books today; Why does the school curriculum force you to read all the junk that is called the classics? Mikhalkov in his repertoire! He writes children's books, which is why he demands that they be read in childhood. This is real PR! There is no point in fooling people with outdated truths.

Error classification

(G)

– these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.

No. Type of error Examples, Incorrect word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds). Noble ness miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, more beautiful; With five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; How many We have lost our moral principles due to the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, flowable

down, struck the author of the text;

higher onto the stage, the singers bowed. Violation of approval norms

I know a group of guys who are seriously into...

imisya jazz. Violation of management norms We need to make nature more

beautiful.

Everyone was surprised at him by force. Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate The main thing I want to pay attention to now is artistic side of the work . He wrote a book that

epic.

Everyone was glad, happy and funny. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members A country loved

And was proud

poet.

In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning of sports and why I love it.

Errors in constructing sentences with participles

Reading the text , such a feeling of empathy arises. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases The narrow path was covered

failing

snow under your feet. taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.

Violation of sentence boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms

Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was accepted (?) hold a cleanup day.

Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs

It would be nice if the picture showed would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems are revealed.

Speech errors (P)– these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, i.e. a violation of lexical norms. This is pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-discrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, polysemy not eliminated by the context.

Error classification

(G)

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it

We were shocked wonderful acting. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

Such people always succeed burn others. Oblomov did nothing all day long played the fool.

Poor use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style; I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of clerical language, expressive, emotionally charged words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea author, the hero wins; Molchalin works secretary of Famusov; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother I would cupcake V gnawing would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth, but let me just make the reader laugh.

Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Failure to distinguish between paronyms and synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not funny, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its thing yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm

Young young man; Very beautiful.

Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)

In that the story is told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he has done.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures

When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy

Then so that you can smile, about it Our bookstore will take care of it.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

Error classification

(G)

Comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence or text

Attended the lesson director, librarian, and Anna Petrovna Ivanova Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned his back to the battery; Behind good studies and raising children parents students received letters of gratitude from the school administration.

Violation of cause-and-effect relationships

In recent years so many done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because Issues of modernization of education are being resolved weak.

A missing link in an explanation, a “logical leap.”

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] How I want the yard to be an adornment for both the school and the village.

Rearranging parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do this?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically incomparable concepts

Syntax encyclopedic articles are excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition and text errors

Bad start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...

Errorsin the main part

a) Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.

Bad ending

Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors (F) - a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

Error classification

(G)

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.

The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.

Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, errors in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras And Bulba"; V Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Sayapina Oksana Valerievna