Home On the windowsill Tatars in the Second World War. Atrocities of the Crimean Tatars during the Great Patriotic War. About the deportation of the Crimean Tatars

On the windowsill

Tatars in the Second World War. Atrocities of the Crimean Tatars during the Great Patriotic War. About the deportation of the Crimean Tatars

Let us say the following about the cooperation of the Crimean Tatars with the German fascists:

The Crimean Tatars, drafted into the Red Army, deserted en masse. “20 thousand Crimean Tatars (almost the entire conscription since the beginning of the war) deserted in 1941 from the 51st Army during its retreat from Crimea,” noted in the memo of the USSR Deputy People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs Serov addressed to the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs, a member of the State Defense Committee (GKO) ) Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria.

Field Marshal Erich von Manstein: “... the majority of the Tatar population of Crimea was very friendly towards us... The Tatars immediately took our side... A Tatar deputation arrived to me, bringing fruits and beautiful handmade fabrics for the Tatar liberator “Adolf Efendi.”

According to information from the High Command of the German Ground Forces dated March 20, 1942, about 10 thousand volunteers were recruited to serve in the Wehrmacht. In addition: “According to the Tatar Committee, village elders organized another 4,000 people. to fight partisans. In addition, about 5,000 volunteers are ready to replenish the formed military units... one can assume that all combat-ready Tatars have been taken into account.”

According to other information, in October 1941, the creation of volunteer formations from representatives of the Crimean Tatars began - self-defense companies, whose main task was to fight partisans. Until January 1942, this process proceeded spontaneously, but after the recruitment of volunteers from among the Crimean Tatars was officially sanctioned by Hitler, the solution to this problem passed to the leadership of Einsat Gruppe D. During January 1942, more than 8,600 volunteers were recruited, from among whom 1,632 people were selected to serve in self-defense companies (14 companies were formed). In March 1942, 4 thousand people already served in self-defense companies, and another 5 thousand people were in the reserve.

But the influx of Tatar volunteers did not dry up. In November 1942, the Germans began additional recruitment of volunteers into the ranks of the German army. By the spring, a security battalion was formed - “Noise” (Schutzmannschaft Bataillon) and several more battalions were in a state of formation. Thus, everyone who deserted from the Red Army ended up in the ranks of the Wehrmacht and active collaborators of the Nazis. More than 20 thousand military personnel out of a population of 200 thousand is considered the norm for general mobilization.

There was no Tatar family whose man of military age did not serve the cause of Adolf Effendi. Moreover, he served with the blessing of his older relatives. And it couldn’t be any other way in the patriarchal families of the Tatars. The Tatar newspaper “Azat Krym” (“Free Crimea”), published during the years of occupation, boastfully asserted that not 10%, but 15% of Crimean Tatars are active assistants to the new authorities.

Words from representatives of the Crimean Tatars in our time.

“We would like to remind you that on December 10, 2012, at a rally in Simferopol dedicated to Human Rights Day, Zair Smedlyaev said that he saw nothing wrong with the fact that Crimean Tatars fought under the flag of Nazi Germany.”

Conclusions:

1. Crimean Tatars massively collaborated with the German fascists in various forms, from verbal support or participation in executions to the proposal to “destroy all Russians in Crimea.”
2. The deportation of the Crimean Tatars was a forced response measure of the Soviet government to ensure order in Crimea during the war and preserve the Tatar people.

Any practice of de-Sovietization or de-Stallinization leads to the justification of fascism, the worship of fascism, and therefore to the revival of fascism.

Contrary to the howls of professional Russophobes, pre-revolutionary Russia, unlike the “civilized” British or French, was not a colonial power at all. Among its elite one could meet representatives of almost all the nationalities inhabiting our country. Moreover, foreigners who joined the Empire often received more rights than native Russians.

The Crimean Tatars were no exception. By decree of Catherine II of February 22 (March 4), 1784, the local nobility were granted all the rights and benefits of the Russian nobility. The inviolability of religion was guaranteed, mullahs and other representatives of the Muslim clergy were exempt from paying taxes. Crimean Tatars were exempted from military service.

However, as the Russian proverb rightly says: “No matter how much you feed the wolf, he keeps looking into the forest.” It turned out that time had already been lost. If the Kazan Tatars, annexed two centuries earlier, managed to become good neighbors for the Russians, their Crimean relatives did not want to come to terms with the fact that the era of raids and robberies was irrevocably gone, experiencing an organic aversion to creative work.

“The Crimean Tatars who settled on the peninsula, divided by the nature of the terrain into steppe and mountain, differ from each other in their way of life. The mountain Tatar has a more luxurious nature and is therefore familiar with the greater contentment of home life, but he is much lazier than the steppe Tatar. He sits all day in the shade of his gardens, smokes a pipe and, looking at the abundance of fruits, is confident that their sales will sufficiently provide for his entire family all year round. Having a lot of free time, the Mountain Tatar loves to spend time talking, indulging in various amusements, horse riding and other amusements that develop his enterprise and mental abilities. In this respect, he stands much higher than his fellow steppe dwellers, although, due to significant laziness and inactivity in household life, he lives just as dirty and poor: his home, food and clothing are distinguished by extraordinary simplicity and abstinence.

The life of the steppe Tatar is in an even worse situation. Lazy by nature, he works only when necessary and to the extent that he does not die of hunger. The Tatar plows the land, digs water ditches to water his fields, only because without them his existence is impossible. A Steppe Tatar can count on his fingers how many times in his life he has tried a lamb or beef dish; if he eats millet with milk, some kind of liquid porridge and bread all year round, he is completely satisfied with his situation and will never complain about his lot or poverty. There is a lack of contentment everywhere around him; his house, or better yet a mud hut, with a flat tiled roof, was built hastily, haphazardly, coated with clay and offers little protection from the weather; Its fence, dilapidated from the day it was built, is made of dung or dry made of small stone. In the village one can see the disorder of the buildings, heaps of litter, lack of life and activity; in a Tatar’s house, uncleanliness and untidiness are a characteristic feature of each family.”

At the end of the 18th century, most of the Tatar inhabitants of the peninsula moved to live in Turkey. Those who remained harbored rudeness, waiting for the right moment to take revenge on the “Russian infidels” who destroyed the usual slave-trading way of life.

An opportunity presented itself during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. At first, the Tatars hid their intentions, trying to lull the vigilance of the Russian authorities. On holidays, the clergy made pathetic speeches in mosques about devotion to the sovereign and Russia. In a letter to the local governor, Lieutenant General V.I. Pestel, dated January 19 (31), 1854, Tauride Mufti Seid-Jelil-Effendi pompously stated:

“On the contrary, I boldly assure that among the entire Tatar population there is no one to whom the current break with the Turkish Porte and the war with it would even suggest a thought friendly to fellow believers, known here, among the Tatars, for their insane, unbridled and willful fanaticism , disastrous for themselves and for every citizen."

Residents made donations in favor of the Russian troops and received them with ostentatious cordiality. For example, on April 8 (20), 1854, in Yevpatoria, the Tatar society treated the 3rd battery of the 14th artillery brigade with vodka.

With such actions, the Crimean Tatars fully achieved their goal. In a report to Novorossiysk Governor-General Prince M.S. Vorontsov dated November 17 (29), 1853, Tauride Governor V.I. Pestel frivolously assured that all rumors about the unrest of the Tatar population were false. They say, having ruled the province for nine years, he fully studied all the shades of the Tatar character; none of the Tatars wants to return to the rule of the Turks. And in general, the situation is under control: he “will know everything that will be done and said not only by the Tatars, but also by Christians, among whom there are harmful talkers.”

Meanwhile, taking advantage of the governor’s roteness, the Tatars organized gatherings and meetings in different places of Crimea, carefully hiding them from the Christian population. Turkish emissaries sent from Constantinople called for an uprising against the Russians, promising heaven after “union with the faithful.” It is not surprising that as soon as the English, French and Turkish troops began landing near Yevpatoria on September 1 (13), 1854, a “significant change in favor of the enemy” occurred in the mood of the Crimean Tatars.

To develop the occupied territory, the occupiers prudently brought emigrant rabble in their convoy: the Pole William of Tokar and a descendant of the Girey family, Seit Ibrahim Pasha. The first of them was appointed civil commandant of Yevpatoria, the second was supposed to become a “living banner” for the rebellious Tatars. However, in fact, the descendant of the Crimean khans, who peacefully whiled away his life in Bulgaria as a private person, was never a pasha. This title was given to him conditionally, to raise his authority among the wild and ignorant Tatar population.

“From now on,” Tokarsky solemnly announced to the assembled Tatars, “Crimea will not belong to Russia, but, remaining under the auspices of France, will be free and independent.”

Accompanied by a huge crowd, Tokarsky and Seit-Ibrahim went to the mosque, where a solemn service was held. The Tatars' delight knew no bounds. In a servile impulse, they lifted and carried Ibrahim Pasha, kissed the hands and clothes of the Turkish soldiers.

Seeing this development of events, the Christians remaining in Yevpatoria were forced to seek salvation in flight, but on the road they were overtaken by mounted Tatars, robbed, beaten, and often delivered into the hands of the enemy, bound hand and foot. Many of the city's residents paid with injury, and some were killed in the most brutal manner.

The new civil governor of Yevpatoria formed a divan or city government from the local Tatars. The leader of the Duma, Osman-Aga-Cardachi-Oglu, better known by his street name Sukur-Osman, was appointed vice-governor of the city, and the blacksmith Hussein was appointed captain.

Agreeing with Ibrahim Pasha, Tokarski ordered the Tatars to rob all non-Muslim peasants. Making up for lost time during Russian slavery, the “oppressed victims of autocracy” happily took up their favorite craft. Unbridled robbery of the Russian population began. At the end of 1854, the leader of the nobility of the Evpatoria district reported to the governor of the Tauride province V.I. Pestel that “with the indignation of the Tatars in this district, most of the noble economies suffered disorder and ruin, estates were plundered by the Tatars, and draft cattle were taken away, as well as horses and camels ".

Thus, the estate of General Popova’s Karadzha (now the village of Olenevka) was completely plundered. The Tatars took away all the cattle, sheep and horses, took away all the grain from two years' harvest, threshed in barns and not threshed in stacks, destroyed a grape and orchard, a fish factory, plundered property, furniture, silver, causing a loss of more than 17 thousand rubles. . From the estate of M.S. Vorontsov Ak-Mosque (now Black Sea), the thieving descendants of Genghis Khan stole 10 thousand sheep, the prince’s horses, did not disdain to take sugar, stearin candles, and generally stole everything that was in bad shape. On September 4 (16), 1854, the Adzhi-Baichi estate was plundered, and its owner Vesinsky and his brother were taken to Evpatoria.

The extradition of Russian officials to the occupiers became another manifestation of the treacherous activities of the Crimean Tatars. Tokarsky ordered them to catch the Cossacks and all officials, promising for this “the rank of general, a large medal and 1000 rubles. money". “Under this pretext, the fanatics with the blacksmith Hussein incessantly looked for Cossacks in the chests of the peasants and rampaged for two days.” In particular, their victim was the Evpatoria district judge Stoikovich, who was beaten and captured, his estate was plundered, buildings were destroyed, and the district court files located there were destroyed.

To save themselves from the Tatar atrocities, most of the surviving landowners were forced to buy a safe-conduct signed by Ibrahim Pasha, paying a fairly high sum for it.

The stolen cattle were driven to Yevpatoria, where they were purchased by troops of the anti-Russian coalition, generously paying with counterfeit Turkish banknotes. According to the calculations of the famous Karaite trader Simon Babovich, the Tatars managed to transfer to the enemy up to 50 thousand sheep and up to 15 thousand heads of cattle, mostly taken from the Christian population.

Soon after the landing of enemy troops in Crimea, the Tauride provincial prosecutor reported to the Minister of Justice, Count V.N. Panin, that “as can be seen from incoming information, some of the Crimean Tatars in places occupied by the enemy are acting treacherously, delivering fodder to the hostile camp on their carts, driving herds of sheep and cattle there for food, abducted forcibly from the landowners' economies, they indicate the area to the enemy, indulge in robbery and confront our Cossacks with an armed hand. Weapons were found in the possession of some Tatars of the Evpatoria district...” However, in reality, one should talk not about “some Tatars,” but about almost universal subservience to the occupiers.

The massive betrayal also affected the Crimean Tatar elite, who instantly forgot about all the benefits shown to them by the Russian authorities. As a member of the committee for benefits to the residents of the Novorossiysk region, who suffered from the war, actual state councilor Grigoriev, noted in the “Note on the War of 1853-1856” presented to the heir to the Tsarevich: “The Murzas, who usually hung around in dozens in the governor’s office, disappeared with the appearance of the enemy, and some who lived near Evpatoria were handed over to the enemy.”

Head of Saki often visited the enemy camp with other Tatars; Head of Dzhaminsky brought with him to Yevpatoria up to 200 Tatars who expressed a desire to join the armed formations created by the invaders. The volost foreman of the Kerkulag volost took 1800 rubles. government money kept in the volost government, he went to Evpatoria, where he presented this money to Ibrahim Pasha as a gift. The entire volost followed his example and surrendered to the enemy.

However, the Kerkulag foreman was by no means alone in his zeal. As Major Gangardt reported on October 3 (15), 1854, to the new Governor-General of Novorossiya N.N. Annenkov: “From almost all the volosts, collectors brought him (Ibrahim Pasha. - I.P.) state taxes up to 100,000 rubles. ser. He spoke very contemptuously about the Tatars and beat them cruelly. He brazenly and pettily demanded gifts from everyone.”

We have to admit that, unlike the tsarist administration, Ibrahim Pasha perfectly understood the psychology of the Crimean Tatars and knew how to treat them.

However, the vigorous activity of the descendant of the Gireys alarmed the British and French, since they still sent him to raise the Tatar population to fight against Russia, and not to line their own pockets. As a result, Ibrahim Pasha was placed under the strictest supervision of the English and French military governors.

Crimean Tatars have repeatedly acted as guides for the troops of the anti-Russian coalition. For example, when on September 22 (October 4), 1854, an enemy landing landed in Yalta, “up to 1,000 enemy men went home and mainly to public places, following the instructions of the Tatars, and began to plunder government and private property.” The Russian authorities detained many Tatars from the villages of Uzenbashchik, Baga (Baydar volost), Ai-Todor, Bakhchisarai and other places, who served the enemy as scouts and guides.

Under the leadership of English, French and Turkish officers, the formation of special detachments of “askers” from Tatar volunteers began in Yevpatoria. Armed with pikes, pistols, sabers and partly rifles and led by the Evpatoria mullah, they were used for garrison service and for traveling around the city. At the end of December 1854, in the garrison of Yevpatoria there were up to 10 thousand Turkish infantry, 300 cavalry and about 5 thousand Tatars capable of carrying weapons; There were no more than 700 British and French people there.

In addition to Evpatoria, gangs of Tatars of 200-300 people wandered around the district, plundering estates, robbing and robbing. In a short time, Tatar outrages and robberies spread all the way to Perekop. In his order to the commander of the reserve battalion of the Volyn and Minsk regiments dated September 10 (22), 1854, Prince Menshikov pointed out the need to take special care when marching, “so as not to be accidentally attacked by both the enemy and the inhabitants.” The total number of Crimean Tatar formations in the service of the anti-Russian coalition exceeded 10 thousand people.

In addition, the occupiers actively used their lackeys for fortification work. Through the efforts of the Crimean Tatars, Evpatoria was surrounded by fortifications, the streets were barricaded, and a ditch was dug before the quarantine.

The retribution for the betrayal came quite soon. On September 29 (October 11), 1954, the Uhlan division of Lieutenant General Korf approached the city. “The completely flat and smooth terrain in front of Evpatoria made it possible to establish a close blockade and stop communication between the city and the district. The chain of our outposts, located about five miles from the city, formed a semicircle, one end of which adjoined the sea from the quarantine side, and the other near the stone bridge, on the branch of Rotten Lake. One division of lancers, sent to the Belu Spit, finally closed the exit from the city into the country.”

Since food supplies in Evpatoria were insignificant, the British and French, as befits civilized Europeans, left their native servants to their fate, giving them a handful of crackers a day. Bread was sold at prices that were inaccessible to the Tatars. As a result, the latter suffered terrible hunger. As one of the Tatar defectors reported on November 29 (December 11), 1854, many of his fellow tribesmen were forced to eat rotten onions, bran and corn grains. They suffered terrible hardships and died in hundreds. According to the testimony of a Tatar who defected to our side:

“When the appeal of the commander-in-chief became public, promising forgiveness to all those who returned to their villages, every day up to 200 women and girls stand near the police and ask Commandant Tokarsky for a pass from the city. Tokarski strictly prohibits this.

Announcing that anyone who decided to leave the city without permission would be shot, he said that the Russians would tyrannize and hang all returning Tatars, and assured that they would soon bring so much food from Varna that it would be enough for all the inhabitants of the city.”

However, knowing the traditional softness and condescension of the Russian authorities, the Tatars did not have much faith in the commandant. Every day several defectors came to Russian outposts.

The future “innocent victims of Stalinism” also distinguished themselves at the opposite end of the Crimean Peninsula, when on May 13 (25), 1855, enemy troops entered Kerch. Fleeing from robbery, the Christian population of the city and surrounding villages, abandoning their property, fled under the protection of the Russian army:

“The road was covered in several rows with all kinds of carriages and pedestrians, including ladies, representatives of the best society in Kerch. Fleeing without preliminary preparations, they rushed out of the city in what they were wearing. Wearing only a dress and thin shoes, from the unusual speed of walking along the rocky road, the women fell exhausted, with swollen and bloody feet. But this was not enough: the traitorous Tatars rushed to catch up, robbed, killed, and committed terrible atrocities against young girls. The violence of the Tatars forced the settlers to forget about fatigue and rush after the troops who protected them from danger.”

As the actual state councilor Grigoriev reports in the already mentioned “Note on the War of 1853-1856”: “Threatened from the sea by the enemy, pursued on their steppe by the traitors Tatars, the unfortunate Kerch residents, with all the exhaustion of their strength, driven by a sense of fear, fled along the thorny and rocky road until we took refuge in a safe place." Of the 12,000 population, no more than 2,000 people remained in the city.

The Tatar residents of Crimea did not hesitate to plunder Orthodox churches. Thus, they destroyed the Zechariah-Elizabeth Church in the already mentioned village of Ak-Mechet, which belonged to Prince M.S. Vorontsov. The robbers broke the church doors, stole valuable utensils, and pierced the altarpiece in many places. After the landing of enemy forces in Kerch, the Tatars, together with the marauders from the expeditionary force who joined them, broke into the church of the Maiden Institute, took away vestments, a silver censer, paten and even copper crosses, and desecrated the altar.

However, not all Crimean Tatars turned out to be traitors. The privileged part of the Life Guards of the Crimean Tatar squadron located in Sevastopol took part in the defense of the city. On the night of September 24 to 25 (October 6 to 7), 1854, during a reconnaissance undertaken by the Russian cavalry, the Tatar guards took by surprise a patrol of four English dragoons. Two of the enemies were killed, the other two were captured. For this feat, non-commissioned officer Seitsha Balov and privates Selim Abulkhairov and Molladzhan Ametov were awarded the insignia of the Military Order.

Fairly believing that unrest in the Evpatoria district could have a harmful effect on military operations, Prince A.S. Menshikov ordered the Tauride governor, Lieutenant General V.I. Pestel, to evict from Crimea to the Melitopol district all Tatars living along the sea coast, from Sevastopol to Perekop . “This measure,” wrote Prince Menshikov to the Minister of War, Lieutenant General Prince V.A. Dolgorukov on September 30 (October 12), 1854, “at the present time, in my opinion, will be all the more useful since the Tatars will consider this a punishment inflicted to them, at the very time when the enemy army is still in the Crimea, and will show the rest of the Tatars that the government is not at all embarrassed by the presence of enemies, for the exemplary punishment of those of them who betray the duty of the oath, assisting the enemy in ways of acquiring contentment.”

However, another opinion was also expressed. From the report of Major Gangardt dated October 6 (18), 1854:

“The Tatars of the Evpatoria district, without a doubt, brought upon themselves the disasters that they are now experiencing, but having impartially examined all the circumstances that accompanied the rapid subjugation of the entire district to the power of the enemy, one cannot help but admit that we ourselves are to blame for suddenly abandoning this tribe, which, according to religion and origin, cannot have sympathy for us - without any military and civil protection, from the influence of the resulting gang of villains and fanatics, and one must be surprised that the innate tendency of the Tatars to plunder did not lead the crowd into murder and further indignation in other places of the Crimea who remained without troops for a long time. I am convinced that a serious investigation will prove that the Tatar people are far from having that spirit of treason that is supposed to be in them, and therefore decisive measures should be taken so that the pitiful population of many villages of the Evpatoria district, who fled from fear that the Cossacks would slaughter them, and Having lost all their property through this, they did not die from hunger and cold with the approach of a harsh winter.”

Nevertheless, the sovereign approved Menshikov’s plan:

“I allowed your idea of the resettlement of the coastal Tatars, which you were ordered to begin when you find it convenient, but paying due attention so that this measure does not turn into the death of the innocent, i.e. women and children, and would not be a reason for abuse. I believe that you will limit the resettlement only to the Tatars of the Evpatoria and Perekop districts, but not the southern ones; especially if they remain alien to the betrayal of others. In the mountains it would hardly even be possible to carry out this measure without the greatest difficulties, and it would probably turn the entire population against us.”

Alas, this plan was never carried out. On February 18 (March 2), 1855, Nicholas I died, having previously removed Menshikov from command on February 15 (27). Alexander II, who ascended the throne, was distinguished by liberalism and indulgence of foreigners. Moreover, according to Article 5 of the Paris Peace Treaty signed on March 18 (30), 1856:

“Their Majesties the Emperor of All Russia, the Emperor of the French, the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the King of Sardinia and the Sultan grant full forgiveness to those of their subjects who were guilty of any complicity with the enemy during the continuation of hostilities.

At the same time, it is decided that this general forgiveness will be extended to those subjects of each of the warring Powers who during the war remained in the service of another of the warring Powers.”

Thus, the Crimean Tatars were spared fair retribution for their treacherous behavior. However, soon after the end of the war, Turkish agents and Muslim clergy launched a widespread campaign among them for resettlement in Turkey. Under the influence of this propaganda, a new wave of mass voluntary emigration of Crimean Tatars rose in 1859-1862. According to the local statistical committee, by 1863 over 140 thousand people left for Turkey. Those who remained were ready to welcome any foreign invader.

True to the principles of “proletarian internationalism,” Soviet historians carefully hushed up the unseemly role played by the Crimean Tatars in the war of 1853-1856. Thus, in the two-volume book “Crimean War” by academician E.V. Tarle, published in 1943, not a single word is said about these events.

old.evpatoriya-history.info

Notes:

1. Crimea: past and present / Rep. ed. S.G. Agadzhanov, A.N. Sakharov. M., 1988. P.18.
2. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 3rd edition. T.13. M., 1973. P.517.
3. Crimea: past and present. M., 1988. P.21.
4. Nadinsky P.N. Essays on the history of Crimea. Part I. Simferopol, 1951. P.63.
5. Title of the heir to the Crimean Khan. — I.P.
6. Nadinsky P.N. Essays on the history of Crimea. Part I. Simferopol, 1951. P.63.
7. Ibid. P.65.
8. Crimea: past and present. M., 1988. P.24.
9. Andreev A.R. Unknown Borodino. Battle of Molodinsk 1572. Documentary chronicle of the 16th century. M., 1997. P.46.
10. Crimea: past and present. P.24-25.
11. Ibid. P.28.
12. Shem A. Maria Rozanova and Alexander Pyatigorsky about the Crimean Tatars // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. June 19, 2002. No. 119(2673). P.10.
13. Andreev A.R. Unknown Borodino... P.47.
14. Ibid. P.48.
15. Crimea: past and present. M., 1988. P.26.
16. Ibid. P.29.
17. Andreev A.R. History of Crimea. M., 2002. P.215.
18. Ibid. P.220.
19. Ibid. P.220-221.
20. Diplomatic dictionary in three volumes. T.II. M., 1985. P.128-129.
21. Andreev A.R. History of Crimea. M., 2002. P.238.
22. Crimea: past and present. M., 1988. P.35.
23. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.32-33.
24. Andreev A.R. History of Crimea. M., 2002. P.249-250.
25. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.282-283.
26. Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. 2004. No. 52. T.1. P.48.
27. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.280.
28. Ibid. P.280-281.
29. Tarle E.V. Collected works in 12 volumes. T.IX. M., 1959. P.38-39.
30. Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War... P.49.
31. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.285-286.
32. Ibid. P.286.
33. Ibid. P.287.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War... P.54.
37. Ibid. P.50.
38. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.288.
39. Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War... P.50.
40. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.287.
41. Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War... P.49-50.
42. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.288.
43. Ibid. P.289.
44. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.II. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.20.
45. Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War... P.50.
46. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.286.
47. Ibid. P.290.
48. Ibid. P.289.
49. Ibid. P.288.
50. Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War... P.50.
51. Ibid. P.52.
52. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.289.
53. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.II. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.402.
54. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.291.
55. Nadinsky P.N. Essays on the history of Crimea. Part I. Simferopol, 1951. P.140.
56. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.II. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.20.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid. P.401-402.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid. P.402.
61. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.III. St. Petersburg, 1900. P. 176.
62. Ibid. P.177.
63. Ibid.
64. Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War... P.49.
65. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.I. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.288.
66. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.III. St. Petersburg, 1900. P. 178.
67. The Crimean Tatar squadron was divided into three parts: two parts were constantly in service in St. Petersburg, and the third, consisting of 3 officers, 8 non-commissioned officers and 64 privates, was in Crimea; every three years, the preferential part went to serve in St. Petersburg. — I.P.
68. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.II. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.33.
69. Mufti-zade I.M. Essay on the military service of the Crimean Tatars (based on archival materials). Simferopol, 1899. P.17.
70. Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T.II. St. Petersburg, 1900. P.18.
71. Ibid. P.19.
72. Ibid. P.37-38.
73. Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Second meeting. Volume XXXI. Section one. 1856. St. Petersburg, 1857. P.226-227.
74. Andreev A.R. History of Crimea. M., 2002. P.255-256.

I don't want to incite hatred and discord. But if someone wants to remember about May 18 and speculate on this topic, then let them remember why it happened. So, in the Sudak region in 1942, a group of self-defense Tatars liquidated a reconnaissance landing of the Red Army, while the self-defenses caught and burned alive 12 Soviet parachutists. On February 4, 1943, Crimean Tatar volunteers from the villages of Beshui and Koush captured four partisans from S.A. Mukovnin’s detachment. Partisans L.S. Chernov, V.F. Gordienko, G.K. Sannikov and Kh.K. Kiyamov were brutally killed: stabbed with bayonets, laid on fires and burned. Particularly disfigured was the corpse of the Kazan Tatar Kh.K. Kiyamov, whom the punishers apparently mistook for their fellow countryman. The Crimean Tatar detachments dealt equally brutally with the civilian population. As noted in the special message of L.P. Beria to the State Defense Committee addressed to I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov and G.M. Malenkov No. 366/b dated April 25, 1944: “Local residents say that they were persecuted more from the Tatars than from the Romanian occupiers.” It got to the point that, fleeing massacres, the Russian-speaking population turned to the German authorities for help - and received protection from them! Here is what Alexander Chudakov writes, for example: “My grandmother in 1943 was almost shot by Crimean Tatar punitive forces in front of my mother - a seven-year-old girl at that time - just because she had the misfortune of being Ukrainian, and her husband was mine grandfather - worked before the war as chairman of the village council and at that time fought in the ranks of the Red Army. Grandmother was saved from a bullet then, by the way... by the Germans, who were amazed at the degree of brutality of their lackeys. All this happened a few kilometers from Crimea, in the village of Novodmitrovka, Kherson region of Ukraine.” Beginning in the spring of 1942, a concentration camp operated on the territory of the Krasny state farm, in which at least 8 thousand residents of Crimea were tortured and shot during the occupation. According to eyewitnesses, the camp was guarded by Crimean Tatars from the 152nd auxiliary police battalion, whom the head of the camp, SS Oberscharführer Speckmann, recruited to perform “the dirtiest work.” After the fall of Sevastopol in July 1942, the Crimean Tatars actively helped their German masters catch the soldiers of the Sevastopol garrison trying to get through to theirs: “In the morning, five small boats of various types (torpedo carriers, and Yaroslavchiki) of the 20th air base of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force left Krugloya Bay heading for Novorossiysk . In the raid area of the 35th battery, they were joined by the sixth boat, which left Cossack Bay on the evening of July 1 at about 11 p.m. In total, these six boats carried about 160 people - almost the entire group of 017 paratroopers of the Special Purpose Group of the Black Sea Fleet (about 30 people) and Red Navy submachine gunners from the security battalion of the 35th battery. Everyone was armed. At sunrise, a group of boats heading into the wake with a distance of 150-200 meters between the boats was discovered by enemy aircraft. Airplane attacks began. The boats' engines overheated and often stalled, as the boats were overloaded. According to the testimony of the commander of group 017, senior lieutenant V.K. Kvariani, group members senior sergeant A.N. Krygin, N. Monastyrsky, sergeant P. Sudak, enemy planes, setting from the direction of the sun, began to bomb them and fire at them with machine guns of their choice. Two boats were immediately sunk by a direct hit from bombs. The boat on which Kvariani and Sudak were located received holes in the hull and began to settle from the water it received. One engine stalled, and the boat had to turn to the shore occupied by the Nazis. All this happened in the coastal area near Alushta. On the shore there was a battle between the paratroopers and an armed group of Tatars. As a result of the unequal battle, all those who survived were captured. The wounded Tatars shot at point-blank range. The Italian soldiers arrived in time and sent some of the prisoners by car and some by boat to Yalta.” “After July 5, the enemy withdrew his troops from the Heraclean Peninsula and left reinforced posts along the entire coast from the Chersonesus lighthouse to the St. George Monastery. On the night of July 6, when Ilyichev’s group was making their way along the shore of the 35th battery towards the lighthouse, they suddenly saw Red Army soldiers and commanders climbing a rope up the cliff wall. As it turned out, it was a group of signalmen from the 25th Chapaev Division. They decided to climb after them. They lay down at the top. A patrol located about forty meters away discovered them, fired rockets and opened fire. Ilyichev and Koshelev ran along the bank towards Balaklava, and Lynchik and another group of signalmen ran to the left along the bank. Many died, but a small group of 6 people, in which Linkik found himself, managed to break through the upper reaches of Cossack Bay and go into the mountains. This group, as it later turned out when we met, was led by the communications chief of the 25th Chapaev Division, Captain Muzhailo. He had a compass and knew the area well. The group also included an assistant prosecutor of the Primorsky Army, a senior sergeant and two Red Army soldiers. The last two later left, and the group of four continued on their way into the mountains. At the end of July, in the mountains, somewhere above Yalta, they were captured at dawn while resting by Tatar traitors in German uniforms and taken to the commandant’s office of Yalta.” With particular pleasure, the future “innocent victims of Stalin’s repressions” mocked the defenseless prisoners. This is what M.A. Smirnov, who participated in the defense of Sevastopol as a military paramedic, recalls: “The new transition to Bakhchisarai turned out to be even more difficult: the sun burned mercilessly, and there was not a drop of water. We walked about thirty-five kilometers. Even now I can’t imagine how I was able to overcome this march. At this crossing we were escorted by Crimean Tatars, dressed entirely in German uniforms. In their cruelty they resembled the Crimean horde of the distant past. And, having mentioned the uniform, I want to emphasize the special disposition of the Germans towards them for their dedicated service. Vlasovites, policemen and other henchmen were given German military uniforms from the First World War, which were lying in the warehouses of the Kaiser’s Germany. In this transition we lost most of our comrades. The Tatars shot those who tried to draw water from the ditch, and those who were at least a little behind or were wounded and could not keep up with everyone else, and the pace of the march was accelerated. There was no need to rely on the local population of the villages to get a piece of bread or a mug of water. Crimean Tatars lived here, they looked at us with contempt, and sometimes threw stones or rotten vegetables. After this stage, our ranks thinned noticeably.” Smirnov’s story is confirmed by other Soviet prisoners of war who were “lucky” to encounter the Crimean Tatars: “On July 4, he was captured,” wrote Red Navy radio operator from the Black Sea Fleet training detachment N.A. Yanchenko. On the way we were escorted by traitors from the Tatars. They beat the medical staff with batons. After prison in Sevastopol, we were escorted through the Belbek Valley, which was mined. A lot of our Red Army and Red Navy soldiers died there. In the Bakhchisarai camp they packed us in, there was nowhere for an apple to fall. Three days later we drove to Simferopol. We were accompanied not only by Germans, but also by traitors from the Crimean Tatars. I once saw a Tatar cut off the head of a Red Navy man.” “V. Mishchenko, who walked in one of the columns of prisoners, testifies that out of three thousand of their column, only half of the prisoners reached the “potato field” camp in Simferopol, the rest were shot along the way by a convoy of Germans and traitors from the Crimean Tatars.” In addition, the Crimean Tatars helped the Germans look for Jews and political workers among prisoners of war: “At Belbek, the German translator announced that the commissars and political officers should go to the indicated place. Then the commanders were called. And at this time, traitors from the Crimean Tatars walked among the prisoners and looked for the named people. If they found someone, they immediately took away another 15-20 people lying nearby.” “All prisoners of war first underwent preliminary filtration at the place of captivity, where commanders, privates, and wounded were separated separately, who were subject to treatment and transportation or destruction. In the field camp near Bakhchisarai, filtration was more thorough. G. Volovik, A. Pochechuev and many others who passed through this camp note that there units of traitors from the Crimean Tatars, dressed in German uniforms, agitated the entire mass of prisoners of war, looking for Jews, trying to find out who would point to the commissar. All those identified were concentrated in a special barbed wire fence measuring 8x10. In the evening they were taken away to be shot. Pochechuev writes that during the six days of his stay in this camp, every day 200 people gathered in this fence were shot.” Akhmed Gabulaev, a volunteer of the 49th watch battalion of the German army, arrested by the NKVD, during interrogation on April 23, 1944, testified as follows: “In the Tatar detachment, which joined the 49 watch battalion, there were Tatar volunteers who dealt especially cruelly with Soviet people. Ibraimov Aziz worked as a guard in a prisoner of war camp in the cities of Kerch, Feodosia and Simferopol, systematically engaged in the execution of Red Army prisoners of war, I personally saw how Ibraimov shot 10 prisoners of war in the Kerch camp. After we were transferred to Simferopol, Ibraimov was specially involved in identifying and searching for hiding Jews; he personally detained 50 Jews and took part in their extermination. The SD platoon commander, Tatar Useinov Osman, and volunteers Mustafaev, Ibraimov Dzhelal and others actively participated in the executions of prisoners of war.” As you know, the Germans widely used our prisoners for mine clearance work in Sevastopol and its environs. And here it could not have happened without Crimean Tatar assistants: “Foreman 1st Article A.M. Voskanov from the 79th Marine Brigade took part in the same demining, but near Balaklava and miraculously survived. There was one peculiarity. Behind them, 50 meters away, was a line of Tatars with sticks, and behind them at a distance were Germans with machine guns.” Such zeal did not go unrewarded. For their service to the Germans, many hundreds of Crimean Tatars were awarded special insignia approved by Hitler - “For courage and special merits shown by the population of the liberated regions who participated in the fight against Bolshevism under the leadership of the German command.” So, according to the report of the Simferopol Muslim Committee for 01. 12.1943 - 01.31.1944: “For services to the Tatar people, the German command awarded: a badge with swords of the 2nd degree, issued for the liberated eastern regions, the Chairman of the Simferopol Tatar Committee, Mr. Dzhemil Abdureshid, a badge of the 2nd degree, the Chairman of the Department of Religion, Mr. Abdul- Aziz Gafar, employee of the religion department Mr. Fazil Sadiq and Chairman of the Tatar table Mr. Tahsin Cemil. Mr. Cemil Abdureshid took an active part in the creation of the Simferopol Committee at the end of 1941 and, as the first chairman of the committee, was active in attracting volunteers into the ranks of the German army. Abdul-Aziz Gafar and Fazil Sadyk, despite their advanced years, worked among volunteers and did significant work to establish religious affairs in the [Simferopol] region. Mr. Tahsin Cemil organized the Tatar Table in 1942 and, working as its chairman until the end of 1943, provided systematic assistance to needy Tatars and volunteer families.” In addition, the personnel of the Crimean Tatar formations were provided with all sorts of material benefits and privileges. According to one of the resolutions of the Wehrmacht High Command (OKB), “every person who actively fought or is fighting against the partisans and Bolsheviks” could submit a petition for “allotment of land or payment of a monetary reward of up to 1000 rubles.” At the same time, his family had to receive a monthly subsidy from the social security departments of the city or district administration in the amount of 75 to 250 rubles. [Photo: Crimean Tatar “volunteer”; In the photo: a guy in a new military uniform and a skullcap, showing off a bandage on his right hand] After the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Regions published the “Law on the New Agrarian Order” on February 15, 1942, all Tatars who joined volunteer formations and their families began to be given full property of 2 hectares of land. The Germans provided them with the best plots, taking land from peasants who did not join these formations. As noted in the already cited memorandum of the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, State Security Major Karanadze, to the NKVD of the USSR “On the political and moral state of the population of Crimea”: “Persons included in volunteer detachments are in a particularly privileged position. All of them receive wages, food, are exempt from taxes, received the best plots of fruit and grape gardens, tobacco plantations, taken away from the rest of the non-Tatar population. Volunteers are given items looted from the Jewish population. The vineyards, orchards, and livestock that previously belonged to them are returned to the kulaks at the expense of the collective farms, and they estimate how many offspring this kulak would have had during the collective farm system, and are given back from the collective farm herd.” It is very interesting to leaf through the file of the newspaper “Azat Krym” (“Free Crimea”), published from January 11, 1942 until the very end of the occupation. This publication was the organ of the Simferopol Muslim Committee and was published twice a week in the Tatar language. At first, the newspaper's circulation was small, but due to the directives of the German command to strengthen the propaganda impact on the local population in the summer of 1943, it reached 15 thousand copies. Here are some typical quotes: March 3, 1942: “After our German brothers crossed the historical ditch at the gates of Perekop, the great sun of freedom and happiness rose for the peoples of Crimea.” March 10, 1942: “Alushta. At a meeting organized by the Muslim Committee, Muslims expressed their gratitude to the Great Fuhrer Adolf Hitler Effendi for the free life he had given to the Muslim people. Then they held a service for the preservation of the life and health of Adolf Hitler Effendi for many years.” In the same issue: “To the Great Hitler - liberator of all peoples and religions! 2 thousand Tatar village. Kokkoz and the surrounding area gathered for a prayer service...in honor of the German soldiers. We made a prayer to the German martyrs of the war... The entire Tatar people prays every minute and asks Allah to grant the Germans victory over the whole world. Oh, great leader, we tell you with all our hearts, with all our being, believe us! We, Tatars, give our word to fight the herd of Jews and Bolsheviks together with German soldiers in the same ranks!.. May God thank you, our great Master Hitler!” March 20, 1942: “Together with the glorious German brothers who arrived in time to liberate the world of the East, we, the Crimean Tatars, declare to the whole world that we have not forgotten the solemn promises of Churchill in Washington, his desire to revive the Jewish power in Palestine, his desire to destroy Turkey, capture Istanbul and the Dardanelles, raise an uprising in Turkey and Afghanistan, etc. and so on. The East is waiting for its liberator not from lying democrats and swindlers, but from the National Socialist Party and from the liberator Adolf Hitler. We took an oath to make sacrifices for such a sacred and brilliant task." April 10, 1942. From a message to Adolf Hitler, received at a prayer service by more than 500 Muslims in the city. Karasu-bazara: “Our liberator! It is only thanks to you, your help and thanks to the courage and dedication of your troops that we were able to open our houses of worship and perform prayer services in them. Now there is not and cannot be such a force that would separate us from the German people and from you. The Tatar people swore and gave their word, having signed up as volunteers in the ranks of the German troops, hand in hand with your troops to fight against the enemy to the last drop of blood. Your victory is a victory for the entire Muslim world. We pray to God for the health of your troops and ask God to give you, the great liberator of nations, long life. You are now a liberator, the leader of the Muslim world - gases Adolf Hitler." And here is a congratulation from the members of the Simferopol Muslim Committee to Hitler in honor of his birthday on April 20, 1942: “To the liberator of oppressed peoples, the faithful son of the German people, Adolf Hitler. To you, the great leader of the German people, the liberated Crimean Tatar people turn their eyes today from the threshold of the Muslim East and send their heartfelt greetings on your birthday. We remember our history, we also remember that our peoples will continue

The Crimean Tatars began to provide assistance to the Anglo-French-Turkish interventionists from the very moment they appeared in Yevpatoria. The Allies landed a fairly large army without a convoy, but they could not advance without having a sufficient number of horses and carts. The Crimean Tatars almost immediately provided assistance to the invaders in this matter. Immediately after the landing of the first small detachment in Yevpatoria, British officers saw several hundred horses and 350 Tatar carts on the pier. Someone warned the Tatars and organized the collection of vehicles in advance. Apparently they were Turkish agents. Then the Crimean Tatars began to drive dozens and hundreds of carts and horses into the Evpatoria area every day.

The Crimean War allowed the predatory instincts of the Crimean Tatars to manifest themselves in all their glory. The new Tatar leadership immediately allowed the plunder of all non-Muslim peasants. The Crimean Tatars immediately began to make up for the opportunities lost during “Russian slavery”. The Russian and other Christian populations were plundered.

At the end of 1854, the leader of the nobility of the Evpatoria district informed Governor Pestel that during the indignation of the Tatars, most of the noble economies were ruined, draft animals were taken away, horses and camels were stolen. For example, Popova’s Karadzha estate was completely plundered, the losses amounted to 17 thousand rubles. The Tatars took all the livestock and crops, destroyed the grapevines and orchards, the fish factory, and plundered all property, including furniture. Other estates were robbed in a similar manner.

Another type of activity of the Crimean Tatars was the extradition of Russian officials to the occupiers. Tokarsky ordered to catch all officials and Cossacks, promising promotion and monetary reward. Under the pretext of searching for Cossacks, Hussein's gang conducted searches in the houses of peasants, robbing them along the way. Fleeing from the Tatar atrocities, many surviving landowners were forced to buy themselves safe-conduct with the signature of Ibrahim Pasha. They had to pay significant money for them.

The stolen cattle were driven to Yevpatoria, where the interventionists bought them, generously paying with counterfeit Turkish banknotes. According to S. Babovich’s calculations, the Crimean Tatars managed to transfer up to 50 thousand sheep and up to 15 thousand heads of cattle to the enemy. The Crimean Tatars acted as foragers for the interventionists. The Crimean Tatar elite immediately forgot about the oaths of allegiance and good deeds from Russia and almost completely began to serve the occupiers. Thus, the head of Dzhaminsky brought a detachment of 200 people with him to Yevpatoria and announced his desire to join the military formations being formed by the invaders. The volost elder of the Kerkulag region took the government money from the volost government and arrived in Yevpatoria, swearing allegiance to Ibrahim Pasha. The entire volost followed his example. From almost all the volosts, collectors brought Ibrahim Pasha up to 100 thousand rubles in silver. At the same time, Ibrahim Pasha quickly assumed the role of “khan”: he treated the local Tatars with arrogance and contempt, beat them and demanded gifts.

Such agility surprised and alarmed even the French and British. They wanted to raise a Tatar uprising, and not breed a gang of thieves nearby. Therefore, Ibrahim Pasha and the “Tatar administration” were placed under the strict control of the English and French military governors. It should be noted that the very idea of using the Tatars in hostilities was born among the French, who had extensive experience in creating native troops. The Ottoman command had neither a plan nor even thoughts regarding the political future of the Crimean Tatars and the Crimean Peninsula in the event of victory. The French turned out to be more far-sighted than the Ottomans in this matter.

The Crimean Tatars not only became informers, foragers and robbers, but also guides and scouts for the invaders. So, in September 1854, enemy troops landed in Yalta. At the direction of the Tatars, the robbery of state and private property began. Russian authorities detained many Crimean Tatars who served the enemy as guides and scouts. Crimean Tatars were actively used for fortification work. Through their efforts, Evpatoria was fortified, the streets were covered with barricades.

In addition, under the leadership of British, French and Turkish officers, special detachments of “askers” from Tatar volunteers began to be formed in Yevpatoria. Armed with pikes, sabers, pistols and partly guns and led by the Evpatoria mullah, they were used for patrol duty around the city and as a garrison. By the end of 1854, the garrison of Yevpatoria already numbered up to 10 thousand Turkish infantry, 300 horsemen and about 5 thousand Tatars. There were no more than 700 British and French people there. At the same time, Tatar gangs numbering up to 200-300 people wandered around the district, plundered estates, and robbed the population. In a short time, the wave of violence spread all the way to Perekop. Tatar gangs did not pose a threat to Russian regular troops. However, the Tatars, together with the interventionist landings, greatly irritated the Russian command, which could not feel free in Crimea.

The total number of Crimean Tatar units in the service of the interventionists exceeded 10 thousand people. In his order to the commander of the reserve battalion of the Volyn and Minsk regiments dated September 10, 1854, Prince Menshikov pointed out the need to take special care while moving in order to avoid attacks by both the enemy and local residents.

However, the betrayal soon had to be paid for. On September 29, 1854, the Uhlan division of Lieutenant General Korf approached the city. She established a tight blockade of the city, cutting off its ties with the district. Food supplies in the city were insignificant; the British and French cared primarily about their own, and were not going to supply the Tatars. They were given a handful of crackers per day. Bread prices soared, becoming unaffordable for ordinary Tatars. Hunger began. Crimean Tatars died in hundreds. At the same time, the authorities forbade leaving the city under pain of execution. They assured people that the Russians would hang all returning Tatars. However, every day people fled to the Russians, not really believing the tales of the new authorities. They knew about the traditional gentleness and humanity of the Russian imperial authorities.

The “victims of Russian colonialism” also distinguished themselves in Kerch, which enemy troops occupied in May 1855. The local population, abandoning all their property, fled under the protection of Russian troops. Not everyone managed to escape. Dubrovin noted in “The Crimean War: “... the traitorous Tatars rushed in pursuit, robbed, killed, and committed terrible atrocities against young girls. The violence of the Tatars forced the settlers to forget about fatigue and rush after the troops who protected them from danger.” Of the 12 thousand population, no more than 2 thousand people remained in the city. The Crimean Tatars did not hesitate to plunder Christian churches.

It must be said that the enlightened Europeans (the British and the French) were no better than the Crimean Tatars, who lived according to the concepts of primitive times. They robbed no less. (By the way, the Tatars attacked only civilians. There is no data on attacks on the military).

To be fair, it must be said that not all Crimean Tatars turned out to be traitors. Among the representatives of the nobility and local administration there were people who remained loyal to Russia. And the Life Guards Crimean Tatar squadron fought against the allied forces. This elite unit included representatives of noble families such as the Shirins, Argins, Mansurs and others.

Believing that unrest in the Evpatoria district could have a negative impact on military operations and lead to the expansion of unrest among the Tatars, Prince A. S. Menshikov ordered the Tauride governor V. I. Pestel to evict from the Crimean peninsula to the Melitopol district all Tatars who lived along the sea coast from Sevastopol to Perekop. Menshikov informed Minister of War V.A. Dolgorukov that this measure would be useful, since “the Tatars will consider this a punishment,” and will show them that the presence of enemies on the peninsula does not bother the government at all.

Emperor Nicholas approved Menshikov's plan. However, I made a few comments. He called for due attention to be paid so that this measure does not cause the death of innocents, that is, women and children, and does not become a reason for abuses by officials. He also proposed limiting the area of eviction of Tatars to Evpatoria and Perekop districts, without affecting the southern regions, especially if they were not affected by treason. It was also proposed not to carry out this measure in the mountains, due to the difficulties of the terrain and the possibility of a large-scale uprising.

However, this plan, even in a shortened form, was never implemented. On March 2, 1855, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich died. Before this, Menshikov was removed from command; he was unable to achieve success in the fight against enemy troops. Alexander II Nikolaevich, who ascended the throne, was distinguished by his liberalism and weakened control over the outskirts, which led to a dangerous uprising in Poland in 1863. The Crimean Tatars were forgiven for their betrayal. No measures were taken against the criminals.

In addition, according to Article 5 of the Treaty of Paris signed on March 18, 1856, all warring powers were to grant full forgiveness to those subjects who fought alongside the enemy and were in his service. Thus, the Crimean Tatars were spared any fair retribution for their betrayal. Emperor Alexander II declared an amnesty for the Crimean Tatars who assisted the allies.

It should be noted that after the end of the Eastern War, Muslim clergy and Turkish agents launched a wide campaign in Crimea to resettle them in the Ottoman Empire. Under the influence of this agitation, in the late 1850s and early 1860s, a new wave of mass voluntary emigration of Crimean Tatars to Turkey took place. The Crimean Tatars were afraid of retribution from the Russian government and did not want to accept a new defeat. According to the local statistical committee, by 1863 more than 140 thousand people had moved to the Ottoman Empire. Those who remained never reconciled and harbored anger until “better times.”

Unfortunately, in the USSR, the principle of “proletarian internationalism” prevailed in historical science, therefore the treacherous and unseemly role of the Crimean Tatars during the Eastern (Crimean) War of 1853-1856. was carefully kept silent. The Crimean Tatars did not suffer any punishment; moreover, they chose to forget the truth about their betrayal. However, you cannot hide your predatory nature. The next time she will show herself during the revolution of 1917 and the Civil War.

Sources:
Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T. 1. St. Petersburg. 1900 // http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3087/.
Crimean Tatars // Pykhalov I. Why Stalin evicted peoples. M., 2013.
Masayev M.V. Crimean Tatars in the Russian army (1827-1874): from the formation of the Life Guards of the Crimean Tatar squadron to the introduction of universal conscription // http://uchebilka.ru/voennoe/127226/index.html.
Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. 2004. No. 52. T. 1.
Nadinsky P. N. Essays on the history of Crimea. Part 1. Simferopol, 1951.

Participation of the Crimean Tatars in the Great Patriotic War

In total, 60 thousand people participated;
36.6% of them died on the battlefield;
17 thousand activists of the partisan movement;
7 thousand underground workers;
More than 20 thousand were stolen to Germany
The Germans burned 127 Crimean villages with a Crimean Tatar population.

Twice Hero

Soviet Union

Colonel

Amet Khan Sultan.

Awarded 3 orders

Lenin, 5 orders

Red Banner,

Order of Alexander

Nevsky, Patriotic War 1st degree, Red Star, Badge of Honor and numerous medals.

603 combat sorties.

152 air combat,

30 downed enemy aircraft and

19 in the group, while his plane burned twice.

Hero of the Soviet Union

Anatoly Abilovich Abilov. Born in the village of Jadra Sheikh Eli (Udarnoe-Dzhankoy district)

in a peasant family.

For the courage and courage of the guard, Colonel Abilov was awarded the Orders of Lenin, Kutuzov, Suvorov, the Red Star, the Patriotic War, 4 Orders of the Red Banner, and medals.

Abilov's grave at the Bykovskoye cemetery in Zhukovsky.

Hero of the Soviet Union

Teyfuk Amitovich Abdul. Awarded the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st and 2nd degree.

For skillful command of the battalion in battles during the consolidation of the bridgehead on the right bank of the Dnieper and personal courage, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 20, 1943, Teyfuku Abdul was awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin.

On March 18, 1945, Guard Major Abdul Teyfuk died, almost a month and a half before the Great Victory. On March 24, 1945 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (posthumously).

Hero of the Soviet Union

Uzeir Abduramanovich Abduramanov. Awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and medals.

Hero of the Soviet Union

Reshidov Abdraim Izmailovich, awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of Alexander Nevsky, three Orders of the Red Banner, the Orders of Suvorov, Kutuzov, two Orders of the Patriotic War, the Cross of the Czechoslovak Republic, 7 military medals.

Hero of the Soviet Union

Seytnafe

Seitveliev. Senior sergeant, 45 mm crew commander. guns of the anti-tank battery of the 350th rifle regiment

Hero of the Soviet Union

Ibragim Belyalovich Berkutov. Awarded the Order of Lenin.

Hero of the Soviet Union Sergeant Seit-Ibraim (Saadul Isaevich) Musaev.

For the courage shown in battle, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated March 16, 1944, Seit-Ibraim Musaev was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Alime Abdenanova

On September 1, 2014, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin “for heroism, courage and bravery shown during the Great Patriotic War,” Alima Abdenanova was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation. Thus, she became the first Muslim woman to receive this award.

CRIMEAN TATARS - WISHERS OF THE ORDER OF GLORY 3 DEGREES, EQUALIZED TO HEROES OF THE SOVIET UNION

Abduramanov Seit Nebi. Knight of the Order of the Red Star, Order of Glory 1st, 2nd, 3rd degrees, medal for courage.

Velilyaev Leonid Abibulaevich. Guard senior sergeant, reconnaissance group commander. For military exploits on the fronts of the Second World War, he was awarded the Order of Glory of 3 degrees, the Order of the Red Banner, the Red Star and 6 medals.

BAKHIY SETTAROV

Recipient of the Order of Glory 3 degrees, the Red Star and medals for courage.

Captain DIED AKMOLLA ADAMANOV - Hero of the Polish Republic. The partisan nickname is “Tatar Bear”. Commander of the Soviet-Polish partisan detachment named after. Kotovsky, who acted in Poland during the Great Patriotic War. Posthumously awarded the Order of the Cross of Grunwald.

Emir Usein Chalbash Soviet military leader. Military test pilot 1st class (since 1954). Colonel (since 1956).

CRIMEAN TATARS – Generals of the Red Army.

Ismail Bulatov (1902-1975)

General, participant in the Great Patriotic War. The homeland noted his merits with high awards: the Order of the Red Banner of Battle, the Order of Kutuzov, 1st degree, the Order of B. Khmelnitsky, 2nd degree, military medals, orders and medals of foreign countries.

ISAEV MAMUT MAMUTOVICH - Major General of Counterintelligence. Repressed in 1949, rehabilitated.

The biography of Maxim Maksimovich Isaev, the hero of Yu. Semenov’s novel “Seventeen Moments of Spring,” published in 1970, largely coincides with the biography of the Crimean Tatar Mamut Mamutovich Isaev.”

Crimean Tatar - Stirlitz?

GAFAROV ABLYAKIM - Lieutenant General.

For services to the Motherland in the development and strengthening of its heavy industry and defense power, he received a number of government awards, including 4 Orders of Lenin.

SEFEROV IZZEDIN.

For his services shown in the war, Izedin Seferov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Red Star, the Order of the Patriotic War, II degree, as well as many medals.