Protecting air from pollution these days has become one of the top priorities of society. After all, if a person can live without water for several days, without food for several weeks, then he cannot live without air for even a few minutes. After all, breathing is a continuous process.
We live at the bottom of the fifth, airy, ocean of the planet, as the atmosphere is often called. If it had not existed, life on Earth could not have arisen.
Air composition
The composition of atmospheric air has been constant since the advent of humanity. We know that 78% of air is nitrogen, 21% is argon and carbon dioxide together is about 1%. And all the other gases in total give us a seemingly insignificant figure of 0.0004%.
What about the other gases? There are many of them: methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, helium, hydrogen sulfide and others. As long as their number in the air does not change, everything is fine. But when the concentration of any of them increases, air pollution occurs. And these gases literally poison our lives.
Consequences of changes in air composition
Air pollution is also dangerous because people develop a variety of allergic reactions. According to doctors, allergies are most often caused by the fact that the human immune system cannot recognize synthetic chemicals created not by nature, but by man. Therefore, protecting air purity plays an important role in the prevention of human allergic diseases.
Every year a huge number of new chemicals appear. They change the composition of the atmosphere in large cities, where as a result the number of people suffering from respiratory diseases increases. No one is surprised that a toxic cloud of smog almost constantly hangs over industrial centers.
But even Antarctica, covered with ice and completely uninhabited, did not remain aloof from the pollution process. And it’s not surprising, because the atmosphere is the most mobile of all the Earth’s shells. And neither borders between states, nor mountain systems, nor oceans can stop the movement of air.
Sources of pollution
Thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical plants are the main air pollutants. Smoke from the chimneys of such enterprises is carried by the wind over vast distances, leading to the spread of harmful substances tens of kilometers from the source.
Large cities are characterized by traffic jams in which thousands of cars are idle with their engines running. contain carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, products of incomplete combustion of fuel and suspended particles. Each of them is dangerous to health in its own way.
Carbon monoxide interferes with the body's supply of oxygen, causing exacerbation of heart and vascular diseases. Particulate matter penetrates the lungs and settles there, causing asthma and allergic diseases. Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide are the source and cause of photochemical smog in cities.
Great and terrible smog
The first serious signal that it was necessary to protect air from pollution was the “great smog” of 1952 in London. As a result of fog stagnating over the city and formed during the combustion of coal in fireplaces, thermal power plants and boiler rooms, the capital of Great Britain was suffocating for three days from a lack of oxygen.
About 4 thousand people became victims of the smog, and another 100 thousand suffered exacerbations of diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. And for the first time, people started talking en masse about the need to protect air in the city.
The result was the adoption of the Clean Air Act in 1956, which banned coal burning. Since then, in most countries, air pollution protection has been enshrined in law.
Russian air protection law
In Russia, the main legal act in this area is the Federal Law “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”.
It established air quality standards (hygienic and sanitary) and harmful emissions standards. The law requires state registration of pollutants and hazardous substances and the need for a special permit for their release. The production and use of fuel is possible only if the fuel is certified for atmospheric safety.
If the degree of danger to humans and nature has not been established, the release of such substances into the atmosphere is prohibited. The activities of economic facilities that do not have installations for purification of emitted gases and control systems are prohibited. Vehicles with excess concentrations of hazardous substances in their emissions are prohibited from being used.
The Air Protection Law also establishes the responsibilities of citizens and businesses. For the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere in volumes exceeding existing standards, they bear legal and financial responsibility. At the same time, payment of imposed fines does not relieve the obligation to install gaseous waste treatment systems.
The dirtiest cities in Russia
Air protection measures are especially important for those settlements that top the list of Russian cities with the most acute environmental situation, including air pollution. These are Azov, Achinsk, Barnaul, Beloyarsky, Blagoveshchensk, Bratsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Dzerzhinsk, Yekaterinburg, Winter, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kurgan, Kyzyl, Lesosibirsk, Magnitogorsk, Minusinsk, Moscow, Naberezhnye Chelny, Neryungri, Nizhnekamsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novokuznetsk , Novocherkassk, Norilsk, Rostov-on-Don, Selenginsk, Solikamsk, Stavropol, Sterlitamak, Tver, Ussuriysk, Chernogorsk, Chita, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
Protecting cities from air pollution
Air protection in the city should begin with eliminating traffic jams, especially during rush hours. Therefore, transport interchanges are built to avoid standing at traffic lights, parallel streets are introduced, etc. To limit the number of vehicles, bypass routes are built past cities. In many large cities around the world, there are days when in central areas it is only possible to travel by public transport, and it is better to leave your personal car in the garage.
In European countries such as Holland, Denmark, Lithuania, local residents consider bicycles to be the best form of urban transport. It is economical, does not require fuel, and does not pollute the air. And he's not afraid of traffic jams. And the benefits of cycling provide an additional plus.
But air quality in cities depends not only on transport. Industrial enterprises are equipped with air purification systems, and pollution levels are constantly monitored. They try to make factory chimneys higher so that the smoke does not dissipate in the city itself, but is carried away beyond its borders. This does not solve the problem as a whole, but it allows us to reduce the concentration of hazardous substances in the atmosphere. For the same purpose, the construction of new “dirty” enterprises in large cities is prohibited.
Fire fighting
Many people remember the summer of 2010, when many cities in Central Russia were captured by smog from burning peat bogs. Residents of some settlements had to be evacuated not only due to the danger of fires, but also due to heavy smoke in the area. Therefore, air protection measures should include the prevention and control of forest and peat fires, as natural air pollutants.
The international cooperation
Protecting air from pollution is not just a matter for Russia or any other individual country. After all, as already mentioned, air movement does not respect state borders. Therefore, international cooperation is simply vital.
The main coordinator of the actions of various countries on environmental policy is the UN General Assembly, which determines the main directions of environmental policy and the principles of relations between countries on environmental protection. It holds international conferences on pressing environmental problems, develops recommendations for protecting nature, including measures to protect air. This helps develop cooperation among many countries of the world for
It was the UN that initiated the signed multilateral agreements on the protection of atmospheric air, the protection of the ozone layer and many other documents on the environmental well-being of the countries of the world. After all, now everyone understands that we have one Earth for all of us, and the same atmosphere.
Trusova Olga Nikolaevna
THE PURPOSE OF THE LESSON:
Introduce students to the importance of air in life on the planet; consider the causes of air pollution and ways to protect it.
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
a) educational: learn to highlight the main thing, apply the acquired knowledge in practice; learn to ask questions, have a good understanding of theory, and be able to present material.
b) developing: develop the skills to observe, compare, analyze, draw conclusions, generalize; develop critical thinking; cognitive interest in the world around us through working with different information sources.
c) educational: develop communication skills (cooperate in a small group, listen to comrades), cultivate a caring attitude towards nature.
FORM OF WORK: Individual - group.
FORMED UUD: cognitive, communicative, regulatory.
TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF WORK:
Work in small groups;
Reception “Do you believe?” (Technology for the development of critical thinking);
Dialogue and discussion;
Independent work with information;
Addressing student experience.
DURING THE CLASSES:
I. Organizational moment.
Today we have a lesson about the surrounding world. Check your readiness for work.
We will have to work in small groups. Remember the rules for successful group work.
II. Updating knowledge.
Think about how you can prove to me that a person cannot live without air?
Try covering your mouth and nose with your hands. How many minutes can we hold out?
What did we find out from this experiment?
That you can hardly live even five minutes without air.
Please fill out the table:
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No. |
Statement |
Not really |
Not really |
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Do you believe that without an atmosphere our planet would be lifeless? |
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Do you believe that a person needs about 20 kilograms of air per day? |
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Do you believe that air can be sold? |
What are the results of your work?
III. Work on the topic of the lesson.
Read the text. As you read, make notes about what you didn't know, what you knew, and what you thought differently.
We don’t see it, most often we don’t even remember, but our life, the existence of living organisms on the entire planet, depends on it. What is this? Of course, air.
A person needs about 20 kilograms of air per day.
The air that makes up the earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases that contains 27 gaseous substances. Air is necessary for all creatures to breathe.
Clean atmospheric air contains:
Nitrogen is necessary for all living organisms for protein biosynthesis. It is found in large quantities in meat and fish.
Oxygen is the most important component of air.
Carbon dioxide does not accumulate in the atmosphere, because precipitates with precipitation and is absorbed by plants.
Air is one of the most interesting and intriguing elements of the Earth. Scientists never stop studying it and collecting the most interesting facts about air.
Dangerous levels of air pollution can be determined with the help of Arctic birds - penguins. The birds begin to breathe heavily. In zoos, most often during smog they are taken to a room where special filters are installed to purify the air.
Stig Severinsen was able to hold his breath underwater for 20 minutes and 10 seconds on April 1, 2010. However, he would not have been able to set this record if he had not breathed 100% oxygen half an hour before the dive.
Did you know that air under certain conditions and extreme pressure can be liquid? Astronomers suggest that there are planets completely covered with liquid air.
And no matter how much you care about cleanliness, the air indoors is much dirtier than the air outside. This is explained by the fact that surrounding objects emit carbon dioxide, which pollutes the air. You can use plants to clean it. The most famous among us are Aloe and Geranium.
A twentieth of all the oxygen on our planet is produced by the Amazon forests that grow along the entire length of the river. They are called the “lungs of the Earth.”
The Japanese were among the first sellers of air. Today this business has become widespread, and now any resident of the metropolis can afford to breathe clean air by purchasing it in a tin can. And in the Mediterranean Sea, microorganisms were discovered that do not need air. This became a sensation in the scientific world, because they will be able to shed light on the mysteries of the evolution of species, and perhaps even confirm the theory of the existence of life on other planets.
Without an atmosphere, our planet would be as lifeless as the Moon. The sun's rays would heat up the illuminated side of the Earth, and there would be icy cold on the unlit side. Over the course of just one day, the temperature would change by more than 200 degrees: during the day, under the rays of the sun, there would be intense heat and the temperature would be over 100 degrees, and at night there would be severe frost, below 100 degrees. Now during the day it is light not only in the sun, but also in the shade and in rooms where the sun's rays do not penetrate. In the absence of an atmosphere, it would be blindingly light in the direct rays of the sun. In all other places it would be night.
I ask you to complete the tasks in groups. Read the question your group was given. - Find the answer to your question in the text and illustrate it.
Group No. 1
Is the air cleaner outside or inside buildings? Why?
Group No. 2
What would happen to our planet if there was no atmosphere?
Group No. 3
What is air made of?
Group No. 4
How can you determine dangerous levels of air pollution?
Representatives from the groups make a message to the whole team, posters are hung on the board.
V. Physical education minute.
Musical pause.
VI.Continuation of work on the topic of the lesson.
Look at the poster in your blue folder, discuss it and draw a conclusion.
Students are presented with posters with illustrations on the topic of environmental pollution.
What other factors influence environmental pollution?
Student comments:
The car has become the worst enemy of nature and man. It ranks first in terms of emissions of harmful substances into the air. In addition, it raises whole clouds of dust; plants along the roads are contaminated with harmful substances.
About 50 years ago, 4 thousand people died from urban smoke in London. This was a serious warning to residents of cities all over the planet. A law was passed banning fuels that leave smoke. But the problem of urban smoke has not yet been solved. Buildings are darkening, monuments are being destroyed, and harmful substances are accumulating in people’s lungs.
What to do? Wait until our planet turns into a lifeless desert? What measures should a person take to preserve and clean the air on the planet before it’s too late? (children's answers) n e factories and plants emit thousands of tons of soot, ash and harmful substances from their chimneys every day.
Gray clouds of hazardous waste from enterprises and transport hang over large industrial cities. From time to time, a veil of a mixture of smoke and steamy water falls over these cities. This is smog. It can cause suffocation, headaches, and reduce the resistance of a living organism to various diseases.
When settling on the leaves of plants, soot and dust disrupt their life processes and lead to premature death.
Alarming news comes from many cities: “There is not enough air! There is nothing to breathe!” Cars filled the streets and avenues and showered the townspeople with exhaust fumes, which contain a lot of harmful substances.
Show slides on the topic.
Discuss as a group what needs to be done to protect our city from air pollution and protect human health.
Work in groups.
Air protection methods:
- (drawings) filters in factories and factories,
Planting in cities
Use of non-hazardous modes of transport, fuel,
Creation of environmental protection organizations,
Environment Day.
Project protection.
You did a good job. Well done!
6. Reflection.
I ask you to check the effectiveness of your work.
Read the questions and answer them again.
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No. |
Statement |
Not really |
Not really |
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Do you believe that the air outside buildings is cleaner? |
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Do you believe that air pollution levels can be tested using penguins? |
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Do you believe that air can be liquid? |
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|
Do you believe that without an atmosphere our planet would be lifeless. |
|||
|
Do you believe that air can be sold? |
|||
|
Do you believe that a person needs about 20 kilograms of air per day? |
|||
|
Do you believe that air can be sold? |
Exchange your tablets and check each other's work, what do you notice?
VII . Lesson Summary
What did you learn in the lesson?
What new did you learn?
What did you like about the lesson?
What was difficult?
What facts about air surprised you?
VIII. Organized end of the lesson.
You did a good job in class. Well done!
The lesson is over.
Preschool children react very subtly to intrafamily relationships, strive to understand the meaning of family, and try to understand the interpersonal relationships of adults. According to teachers, adults' interest in children's workbooks was increased this week. Both parents and grandparents looked at themselves from the outside, and the folder with questionnaires “lost significantly.” The results were not long in coming: Nastya reported within 2 weeks that she and her grandmother went to the city center, and as confirmation she handed me tickets to St. Isaac’s Cathedral and the Russian Museum.
The teachers of the “Rucheek” group contact me with a request to organize an educational program for grandmothers. Several pupils brought questionnaires in which they wrote stories about their families. These were the first steps of involving adults in the joint process of educating young St. Petersburg residents.
An interesting and useful way of working is organizing the poetry competition “Admit your love for your city.” I developed the Regulations for this competition, which outlined the goals and objectives, timing of the event, evaluation criteria, and composition of the jury. Invitations were posted in each group. And work began on preparing the competition, in which teachers, parents, and children were involved. One of the clauses of the Regulations states “a poetic work is chosen at the discretion of the parents of the pupils.” The group's teachers work on the expressiveness of speech and originality of performance, involving parents in this difficult work.
ATMOSPHERE AS PART OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION
CONSEQUENCES OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION
MEASURES TO PROTECT THE ATMOSPHERE FROM POLLUTION
ATMOSPHERE AS PART OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
The atmosphere (from the Greek atmoc - steam and sphere - ball) is the gas (air) shell of the Earth, rotating with it. Life on Earth is possible as long as the atmosphere exists. All living organisms use atmospheric air for breathing; the atmosphere protects from the harmful effects of cosmic rays and temperatures destructive to living organisms, the cold “breath” of space.
Atmospheric air is a mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. Air is odorless, transparent, its density is 1.2928 g/l, solubility in water is 29.18 cm~/l, and in the liquid state it acquires a bluish color. Human life is impossible without air, without water and food, but if a person can live without food for several weeks, without water - for several days, then death from suffocation occurs after 4 - 5 minutes.
The main components of the atmosphere are: nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. In addition to argon, other inert gases are contained in low concentrations. Atmospheric air always contains water vapor (approximately 3 - 4%) and solid particles - dust.
The Earth's atmosphere is divided into the lower (up to 100 km) homosphere with a homogeneous composition of the surface air and the upper hetosphere with a heterogeneous chemical composition. One of the important properties of the atmosphere is the presence of oxygen. There was no oxygen in the Earth's primary atmosphere. Its appearance and accumulation is associated with the spread of green plants and the process of photosynthesis. As a result of the chemical interaction of substances with oxygen, living organisms receive the energy necessary for their life.
Through the atmosphere, the exchange of substances between the Earth and Space takes place, while the Earth receives cosmic dust and meteorites and loses the lightest gases - hydrogen and helium. The atmosphere is permeated with powerful solar radiation, which determines the thermal regime of the planet's surface, causes the dissociation of molecules of atmospheric gases and the ionization of atoms. The vast, thin upper atmosphere consists primarily of ions.
The physical properties and state of the atmosphere change over time: during the day, seasons, years - and in space, depending on the altitude above sea level, latitude, and distance from the ocean.
STATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere, the total mass of which is 5.15 10" tons, extends upward from the Earth's surface to approximately 3 thousand km. The chemical composition and physical properties of the atmosphere change with altitude, so it is divided into the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere (thermosphere) and exosphere.
The bulk of air in the atmosphere (up to 80%) is located in the lower, ground layer - the troposphere. The thickness of the troposphere is on average 11 - 12 km: 8 - 10 km above the poles, 16 - 18 km above the equator. When moving away from the Earth's surface in the troposphere, the temperature decreases by 6 "C per 1 km (Fig. 8). At an altitude of 18 - 20 km, the smooth decrease in temperature stops, it remains almost constant: - 60... - 70 "C. This part of the atmosphere is called the tropopause. The next layer - the stratosphere - occupies a height of 20 - 50 km from the earth's surface. The rest (20%) of the air is concentrated in it. Here the temperature increases with distance from the Earth's surface by 1 - 2 "C per 1 km and in the stratopause at an altitude of 50 - 55 km it reaches 0 "C. Further on, at an altitude of 55-80 km, the mesosphere is located. When moving away from the Earth, the temperature drops by 2 - 3 "C per 1 km, and at an altitude of 80 km, in the mesopause, it reaches - 75... - 90 "C. The thermosphere and exosphere, occupying altitudes of 80 - 1000 and 1000 - 2000 km, respectively, are the most rarefied parts of the atmosphere. Here only individual molecules, atoms and ions of gases are found, the density of which is millions of times less than that of the Earth's surface. Traces of gases were found up to an altitude of 10 - 20 thousand km.
The thickness of the air shell is relatively small when compared with cosmic distances: it is one-fourth of the radius of the Earth and one ten-thousandth of the distance from the Earth to the Sun. The density of the atmosphere at sea level is 0.001 g/cm~, i.e. a thousand times less than the density of water.
There is a constant exchange of heat, moisture and gases between the atmosphere, the earth's surface and other spheres of the Earth, which, together with the circulation of air masses in the atmosphere, affects the main climate-forming processes. The atmosphere protects living organisms from the powerful flow of cosmic radiation. Every second, a stream of cosmic rays hits the upper layers of the atmosphere: gamma, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared. If they all reached the earth's surface, they would destroy all life within a few moments.
The ozone screen has the most important protective value. It is located in the stratosphere at an altitude of 20 to 50 km from the Earth's surface. The total amount of ozone (Oz) in the atmosphere is estimated at 3.3 billion tons. The thickness of this layer is relatively small: in total it is 2 mm at the equator and 4 mm at the poles under normal conditions. The maximum concentration of ozone - 8 parts per million parts of air - is located at an altitude of 20 - 25 km.
The main significance of the ozone screen is that it protects living organisms from hard ultraviolet radiation. Part of its energy is spent on the reaction: S O2<> S 0z. The ozone screen absorbs ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of about 290 nm or less, so ultraviolet rays, useful for higher animals and humans and harmful to microorganisms, reach the earth's surface. The destruction of the ozone layer, noticed in the early 1980s, is explained by the use of freons in refrigeration units and the release of aerosols used in everyday life into the atmosphere. Emissions of freons in the world then reached 1.4 million tons per year, and the contribution of individual countries to air pollution with freons was: 35% - the USA, 10% each - Japan and Russia, 40% - the EEC countries, 5% - other countries. Coordinated measures have made it possible to reduce the release of freons into the atmosphere. Flights of supersonic aircraft and spacecraft have a devastating impact on the ozone layer.
The atmosphere protects the Earth from numerous meteorites. Every second, up to 200 million meteorites enter the atmosphere, visible to the naked eye, but they burn up in the atmosphere. Small particles of cosmic dust slow down their movement in the atmosphere. About 10" small meteorites fall to the Earth every day. This leads to an increase in the Earth's mass by 1 thousand tons per year. The atmosphere is a heat-insulating filter. Without the atmosphere, the temperature difference on Earth per day would reach 200" C (from 100 "C in the afternoon to - 100"C at night).
BALANCE OF GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
The relatively constant composition of atmospheric air in the troposphere is of greatest importance for all living organisms. The balance of gases in the atmosphere is maintained due to the constantly ongoing processes of their use by living organisms and the release of gases into the atmosphere. Nitrogen is released during powerful geological processes (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes) and during the decomposition of organic compounds. Nitrogen is removed from the air due to the activity of nodule bacteria.
However, in recent years there has been a change in the balance of nitrogen in the atmosphere due to human economic activities. Nitrogen fixation during the production of nitrogen fertilizers has significantly increased. It is assumed that the volume of industrial nitrogen fixation will increase significantly in the near future and exceed its release into the atmosphere. Nitrogen fertilizer production is projected to double every 6 years. This meets the growing agricultural needs for nitrogen fertilizers. However, the issue of compensating for nitrogen removal from atmospheric air remains unresolved. However, due to the huge total amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere, this problem is not as serious as the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
About 3.5 - 4 billion years ago, the oxygen content in the atmosphere was 1000 times less than now, since there were no main oxygen producers - green plants. The current ratio of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained by the vital activity of living organisms. As a result of photosynthesis, green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen. It is used for respiration by all living organisms. The natural processes of consumption of CO3 and O2 and their release into the atmosphere are well balanced.
With the development of industry and transport, oxygen is used in combustion processes in ever increasing quantities. For example, during one transatlantic flight, a jet plane burns 35 tons of oxygen. For 1.5 thousand kilometers, a passenger car consumes the daily oxygen requirement of one person (on average, a person consumes 500 liters of oxygen per day, passing 12 tons of air through the lungs). According to experts, the combustion of various types of fuel now requires from 10 to 25% of the oxygen produced by green plants. The supply of oxygen into the atmosphere is decreasing due to a reduction in the areas of forests, savannas, steppes and an increase in desert areas, the growth of cities, and transport highways. The number of oxygen producers among aquatic plants is decreasing due to pollution of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. It is believed that in the next 150 - 180 years the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere will be reduced by a third compared to its current content.
The use of oxygen reserves is increasing at the same time as an equivalent increase in the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. According to the UN, over the past 100 years the amount of CO~ in the Earth's atmosphere has increased by 10 - 15%. If the intended trend continues, then in the third millennium the amount of CO~ in the atmosphere may increase by 25%, i.e. from 0.0324 to 0.04% of the volume of dry atmospheric air. A slight increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a positive effect on the productivity of agricultural plants. Thus, when the air in greenhouses is saturated with carbon dioxide, the yield of vegetables increases due to the intensification of the process of photosynthesis. However, with increasing COz in the atmosphere, complex global problems arise, which will be discussed below.
The atmosphere is one of the main meteorological and climate-forming factors. The climate-forming system includes the atmosphere, ocean, land surface, cryosphere and biosphere. The mobility and inertial characteristics of these components are different; they have different reaction times to external disturbances in adjacent systems. Thus, for the atmosphere and land surface, the response time is several weeks or months. The atmosphere is associated with circulation processes of moisture and heat transfer and cyclonic activity.
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
AIR POLLUTION
Sources of air pollution can be natural and artificial. Natural sources atmospheric pollution - volcanic eruptions, forest fires, dust storms, weathering processes, decomposition of organic matter. TO artificial (anthropogenic) Sources of air pollution include industrial and thermal power enterprises, transport, home heating systems, agriculture, and household waste.
Natural sources of air pollution include such severe natural phenomena as volcanic eruptions and dust storms. Usually they are catastrophic. When volcanoes erupt, huge amounts of gases, water vapor, solid particles, ash and dust are released into the atmosphere. After the subsidence of volcanic activity, the overall balance of gases in the atmosphere is gradually restored. Thus, as a result of the eruption of the Krakatoa volcano in 1883, about 150 billion tons of dust and ash were released into the atmosphere. Fine dust particles remained in the upper atmosphere for several years. “A black cloud about 27 km high rose above Krakatoa. The explosions continued all night and were heard at a distance of 160 km from the volcano. Gases, vapors, debris, sand and dust rose to a height of 70 - 80 km and dispersed over an area of over 827,000 km" (Vlodavets, 1973).
During the eruptions of the Katmai volcano in Alaska in 1912, about 20 billion tons of dust were thrown into the air, which remained in the atmosphere for a long time. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 was accompanied by emissions of sulfur dioxide into the air. Its amount was more than 20 million tons. During volcanic eruptions, thermal pollution of the atmosphere occurs, as highly heated substances are released into the air. Their temperature, including vapors and gases, is such that they burn everything in their path.
Large forest fires significantly pollute the atmosphere. Most often they occur in dry years. In Russia, the most dangerous forest fires are in Siberia, the Far East, the Urals, and the Komi Republic. On average, the area covered by fires per year is about 700 thousand hectares. In dry years, for example, in 1915, it reached 1 - 1.5 million hectares. Smoke from forest fires spreads over vast areas - about 6 million km. The summer of 1972 remains memorable for residents of the Moscow region, when the air throughout the summer was bluish from the smoke of fires, visibility on the roads did not exceed 20 - 30 m. Forests and peat bogs were burning. Direct damage from forest fires averages 200 - 250 million dollars.
On average, up to 20-25 million m3 of wood is burned and damaged in a year.
Dust storms arise in connection with the transfer of tiny soil particles raised from the earth's surface by strong winds. Strong winds - tornadoes and hurricanes - also lift large rock fragments into the air, but they do not stay in the air for long. During strong storms, up to 50 million tons of dust rise into the atmospheric air. The causes of dust storms are drought, hot winds; They are provoked by intensive plowing, grazing, clearing of forests and shrubs. Dust storms are most common in steppe, semi-desert and desert areas. In Russia, catastrophic dust storms were observed in 1928, 1960, 1969, etc.
Catastrophic events associated with volcanic eruptions, forest fires and dust storms lead to the appearance of a light shield around the Earth, which somewhat changes the thermal balance of the planet. Overall, these phenomena have a noticeable but localized effect on air pollution. And air pollution associated with weathering and decomposition of organic matter is of a very minor local nature. Artificial sources of pollution most dangerous for the atmosphere. According to their state of aggregation, all pollutants of anthropogenic origin are divided into solid liquid and gaseous, the latter accounting for about 90% of the total mass of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere (Fig. 9).
The problem of air pollution is not new. For more than two centuries, air pollution has been a serious concern in large industrial centers in many European countries. However, for a long time these pollutions were of a local nature. Smoke and soot polluted relatively small areas of the atmosphere and were easily diluted by a mass of clean air at a time when there were few factories. Rapid growth of industry and transport in the 20th century. led to the fact that such amounts of substances released into the air can no longer dissipate. Their concentration increases, which entails dangerous and even fatal consequences for the biosphere.
Air pollution in industrial cities and urban agglomerations is much higher than in adjacent areas. Thus, according to American scientists, the concentration of various substances in cities relates to the average (background) indicators of these substances in the troposphere (in parts per million): SO3 - 0.3/0.0002-0.0004; NO2 - 0.05/0.001-0.003;
Oz - during smog - up to 0.5/0.01-0.03; CO - 4/0, 1; NНз - 2/1-1.5;
dust (in µg/m3) - 100/1 -30.
In 1970 in cities USA was released into the air (in million tons): dust - 26.2; SOD - 34.1; NOD - 22.8; CO - 149; NS - 34.9. At 1 km" in New York 17 tons of soot fall monthly, in Tokyo - 34 tons.
A special place among the sources of air pollution is occupied by chemical industry . It supplies sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), hydrocarbons ( WITH x N y ) halogens (F2, Cl 2 ) etc. The chemical industry is characterized by a high concentration of enterprises, which creates increased environmental pollution. Substances released into the atmosphere can enter into chemical reactions with each other, forming highly toxic compounds. Together With fog and some other natural phenomena, photochemical smog occurs in places with high concentrations of chemicals. Often, ozone concentrations are many times higher than its normal level in the air at the surface of the Earth, which is dangerous for the life of plants, animals and humans.
Every year the role of road transport in air pollution from exhaust gases is increasing. In the United States, motor vehicles account for 60% of total air pollution. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, lead and its compounds enter the air with exhaust gases. The entry of lead and its compounds into the air is due to the fact that tetraethyl lead is added to diesel fuel and gasoline to reduce detonation and increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines [TES - Pb(C~H~)4]. As a result, when 1 liter of such gasoline is burned, 200 - 400 mg of lead enters the air. Since the beginning of the 30s, when thermal power plants began to be added to the fuel of motor vehicles, aviation, automobile, ship and diesel engines began to emit lead in ever-increasing quantities. 70 - 80% of it consists of particles less than 1 micron. It is known that city air contains 20 times more lead than country air, and 2000 times more than sea air.
An increase in the concentration of lead ions in human blood to 0.80 ppm causes severe lead poisoning: anemia, headache and muscle pain, and loss of consciousness. The average level of lead in the blood of Americans is 0.25, and up to 0.34 - 0.40 among gas station workers. The highest concentration of lead (0.40 - 0.60 ppm) appears in the blood of children playing on the pavement in urban areas, since exhaust gases are heavier than air and accumulate in its ground layer, which children breathe (Bondarev, 1976) . High concentrations of exhaust gases near transport routes negatively affect plants, causing yellowing of leaves and early leaf fall, and ultimately their death.
Air pollution with chlorofluoromethanes, or freons, has serious consequences. The widespread use of freons in refrigeration units and in the production of aerosol cans is associated with their appearance at high altitudes, in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Concerns have been raised regarding the possible interaction of ozone with halogens, which are released from freons under the influence of ultraviolet radiation (Fig. 10). According to experts, a decrease in the ozone layer layer by only 7 - 12% will increase 10-fold (in temperate latitudes) the intensity of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 297 nm, and in connection with this, the number of people with skin cancer increases several times. The reduction of the ozone layer is facilitated by gases emitted by turbojet aircraft, rocket flights, and various experiments conducted in the atmosphere: the removal of copper filings, needles, NaC1 crystals, etc. into the stratosphere.
On average, more than 400 million tons of major pollutants (pollutants): sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides and particulate matter are emitted into the Earth's atmosphere annually. The “contribution” of industrialized countries to air pollution is distributed as follows: for sulfur dioxide - 12% (Russia), 21% (USA); for nitrogen oxides - 6% (Russia), 20% (USA); for carbon monoxide - 10% (Russia), 70% (USA).
Industrialization of Russia emits an average of 19.5 million tons of pollutants into the atmosphere per year. According to the degree of toxicity of emissions into the atmosphere, industries can be arranged as follows: non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical, ferrous metallurgy, woodworking and pulp and paper.
Each resident of Russia accounts for about 342 kg of atmospheric emissions per year. In 84 Russian cities, air pollution is more than 10 times the MPC. Of the 148 million Russians, 109 million live in unfavorable environmental conditions in terms of air pollution, including 60 million people who constantly exceed the maximum permissible concentration of toxic substances in the air. In this regard, the number of people, especially children, suffering from respiratory diseases, circulatory diseases, allergies, bronchial asthma, etc., is increasing.
An increase in the amount of sulfur dioxide in the air is detrimental to forests; The area of damaged forests has been increasing over the years: 1000 hectares (1860), 150 thousand hectares (1906), 50 million hectares (1994).
One of the most dangerous sources of air pollution is automobile transport. In 1900, there were 11 thousand cars in the world, in 1950 - 48 million, in 1970 - 181 million, in 1982 - 330 million, currently - about 500 million cars. They burn hundreds of millions of tons of non-renewable reserves of petroleum products. In particular, only in Western Europe do cars (with internal combustion engines) consume near 45% of all oil consumed. It is estimated that one car emits 600 - 800 kg of carbon monoxide, about 200 kg of unburned hydrocarbons and about 40 kg of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere per year. Car exhaust gases contain about 280 harmful components, some of which have carcinogenic properties. Road transport is becoming one of the main sources of environmental pollution. In a number of foreign countries (France, USA, Germany) road transport accounts for more than 50–60% of all air pollution.
In Russia, the amount of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air from transport is 16.5 million tons per year (about 47% of the total emissions), including 13.5 million tons from motor vehicles (about 82% of the total emissions). In a number of regions, transport accounts for more than half of emissions: Primorsky Territory - 55%, Tver Region - 63%; Penza
region - 70%. There are 650 thousand cars in the Rostov region, and in 1995 alone their number increased by 75 thousand. In 1995, motor vehicles emitted 543 thousand tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere of the region (61% of total emissions).
Structure of vehicle emissions in Russia: 84% - by CO, 33% - for nitrogen oxides, 73% - for hydrocarbons, etc. practically does not differ from the structure of vehicle emissions in other countries. In particular, in 1995 in France, vehicle emissions into the atmosphere amounted to: 90% - according to CO, 75% - for nitrogen oxides, 1/3 - for volatile organic compounds and solid particles.
The “contribution” of motor transport to air pollution in large cities is especially large. Thus, in Moscow it makes up more than 75% of emissions. In a number of cities, the share of vehicle emissions against the backdrop of reduced emissions from industrial enterprises is even higher: Bataysk - 86%, Rostov-on-Don - 88%, Azov - 39%. The decisive share of emissions comes from trucks and individual passenger cars.
Radioactive pollution of the atmosphere. Radioactive substances include To especially dangerous for people, animals and plants. Sources of radioactive contamination are mainly of technogenic origin. These are experimental explosions of atomic, hydrogen and neutron bombs, various industries related to the manufacture of thermonuclear weapons, nuclear reactors and power plants; enterprises where radioactive substances are used; radioactive waste decontamination stations; waste storage facilities from nuclear enterprises and installations; accidents or leaks at enterprises where nuclear fuel is produced and used. Natural sources of radioactive contamination are mainly associated with the release to the surface of uranium ores and rocks with increased natural radioactivity (granites, granodiorites, pegmatites).
Nuclear weapons tests, accidents and leaks at enterprises where nuclear fuel is used pose a great danger to people, plants and animals.
Radioactive pollution of the atmosphere is extremely dangerous, since radionuclides enter the body with the air and affect vital human organs. Its influence affects not only living generations, but also their descendants due to the appearance of numerous mutations. Not There is such a small dose of ionizing radiation that would be safe for humans, plants and animals. Even in areas of moderate radioactive contamination, the number of people developing leukemia is increasing.
Currently, radioactive pollution of atmospheric air over the territory of Russia is determined by the global increased radiation background, which was created as a result of previously conducted nuclear tests, radioactive contamination after catastrophic accidents that occurred in 1957 at the Mayak military production association (PO) and in 1986 city on Chernobyl NPP. IN As a result of the accident at the Mayak production facility, there was a leak of radioactive waste dumped and stored in a “drainless” lake. In 1957, the radioactive background of the lake was 120 million curies, which is 24 times more than the background of the destroyed Chernobyl reactor. NPP. After the accident at the Mayak Production Association, an area of 23 thousand km~ was contaminated with radioactive substances. Atmospheric pollution also occurred as a result of wind transfer of radioactive dust from the shores and bottom of the lake, exposed after the drought.
Various types of leaks and uncontrolled emissions at enterprises somewhat change the radiological situation and are usually local in nature.
14 subjects of the Russian Federation are classified as radioactive contamination zones: Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kaluga, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Oryol, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Tula, Ulyanovsk regions, and the Republic of Mordovia.
The greatest pollution of the atmosphere occurs during explosions of thermonuclear devices. The resulting isotopes become a source of radioactive decay over a long period of time. The most dangerous isotopes are strontium-90 (half-life 25 years) and cesium-137 (half-life 33 years).
Radioactive substances are not only distributed by air. Food chains play an important role in the migration of radioactive elements: these elements are absorbed from the water by plankton, which serves as food for fish; they, in turn, are eaten by predatory fish, fish-eating birds and animals (see Fig. 16).
Radioactive radiation is dangerous for humans, causing radiation sickness with damage to the genetic apparatus of cells. This leads to the appearance of malignant tumors in people, hereditary diseases and deformities in the offspring.
CONSEQUENCES OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION
Air pollution has a harmful effect on the human body, animals and vegetation, damages the national economy, and causes profound changes in the biosphere.
The impact of air pollution on humans can be both direct and indirect. Direct influence is expressed in the fact that pollutants in the form of gases and dust enter the body along with the inhaled air and have a direct effect on it, causing poisoning and various kinds of diseases. Among sulfur compounds, its dioxide is the most toxic to the human body. (SOz). As the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the ambient air increases, the likelihood of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases increases. Bronchial asthma is the most common disease associated with increased levels of sulfur dioxide in the air. In areas with its increased concentration, increased mortality from bronchitis has been established.
Carbon monoxide (CO), connecting with hemoglobin in the blood, it causes poisoning of the body; its small concentrations contribute to the deposition of lipids on the walls of blood vessels, impairing their conductivity. Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) negatively affect the epithelium of the respiratory system and cause swelling. With prolonged exposure to these pollutants in the human body, the functioning of the central nervous system is disrupted. Lead compounds also have a negative effect on the nervous system. Penetrating through the skin and accumulating in the blood, lead reduces the activity of enzymes involved in oxygen saturation of the blood. This, in turn, disrupts the course of metabolic processes necessary for normal life.
The list of harmful substances that appear in the atmospheric air that we breathe and their negative impact on human health could be continued. However, the above is enough to understand that anthropogenic air pollution is not at all harmless to humans. This requires each of us to have a civic responsibility to follow rules that help protect the atmosphere.
TO The direct effect on the human body should include exposure to air saturated with dust of various origins - particles of rocks, soil, soot, ash. The total amount of dust entering the atmosphere annually is estimated at 2 billion tons, of which anthropogenic aerosols account for 10 - 20%.
With prolonged inhalation of dusty air, people and domestic animals develop a disease called dust pneumonia.
Air pollution can be harmful indirect influence. WITH An increase in atmospheric dustiness over large cities reduces direct solar radiation; in their centers the total solar radiation is 20 - 50% lower than in the suburbs. Essentially the flow of ultraviolet rays decreases, so the number of pathogenic bacteria in the air increases. In dusty air, the number of water condensation nuclei increases sharply. As a result, there are several times more foggy and cloudy days in major cities than outside them.
Air pollution negatively affects the vegetation of cities and their surroundings. Especially big harm to plants bring the presence in the air of sulfur dioxide, fluorine, chlorine, their compounds, other oxidizing agents, carbon monoxide, etc. Industrial gases affect the assimilative apparatus of green plants. They destroy the cytoplasm and chloroplasts in leaf cells, inhibit the activity of stomata, reducing the intensity of transpiration and photosynthesis by 1.5 - 2 times, and destroy the root system. Coniferous trees are especially susceptible to the harmful effects of air pollutants: pine, spruce, fir, cedar. They are the first to die from air pollution near large industrial areas. Emissions from non-ferrous metallurgy and acid production enterprises have a negative impact on plants. In the vicinity of factories producing sulfuric acid and aluminum, orchards and vineyards are dying; Fruit trees and shrubs are dying near cement factories; crops are dying near lead-zinc plants, etc.
Air pollution is accompanied by the formation of persistent anomalies of pollutants in water, soils, and plants. The parameters of such sources of pollution are different. In Canada, around the Sudbury metallurgical complex, the air emissions of which contain sulfur dioxide, an area of 60 km ~ has been destroyed by all vegetation. Toxic gas and dust emissions from industrial enterprises in the central part of Great Britain, the Ruhr Basin and some other areas of Central Europe reach the Scandinavian countries. Acid rain causes, especially in southern Norway, the degradation of forest vegetation over large areas and, more recently, the death of fish in many lakes. In our country, the Norilsk Metallurgical Plant has a powerful depressing effect on vegetation.
In the vicinity of chemical plants Many animal species are disappearing and the concentration of toxic substances in the animal’s body exceeds their concentration in the surrounding air by tens of times.
MEASURES FOR OXPAHE AIR
The main ways to reduce and completely eliminate air pollution are as follows: the development and implementation of purification filters, the use of environmentally friendly energy sources, waste-free production technology, the fight against vehicle exhaust gases, and landscaping.
Cleaning filters are the main means of combating industrial air pollution. The purification of emissions into the atmosphere is carried out by passing them through various filters (mechanical, electrical, magnetic, sound, etc.), water and chemically active liquids. All of them are designed to capture dust, vapors and gases.
The efficiency of treatment facilities varies and depends both on the physico-chemical properties of pollutants and on the perfection of the methods and apparatus used. Coarse purification of emissions eliminates from 70 to 84% of pollutants, medium purification - up to 95 - 98%, and fine purification - 99% and higher.
Purification of industrial waste not only protects the atmosphere from pollution, but also provides additional raw materials and profits for enterprises. The recovery of sulfur from gas waste from the Magnitogorsk plant provides sanitary cleaning and the production of additional many thousands of tons of cheap sulfuric acid. At the Angarsk cement plant, treatment facilities capture up to 98% of cement dust emissions, and the filters of one aluminum plant capture 98% of previously lost fluorine, which gives a profit of $300 thousand per year.
It is impossible to solve the problem of atmospheric protection only with the help of treatment facilities. It is necessary to use a set of measures, and above all, the introduction of waste-free technologies.
Waste-free technology It is effective if it is built by analogy with the processes occurring in the biosphere: waste from one link in the ecosystem is used by other links. Cyclic, waste-free production, comparable to cyclical processes in the biosphere, is the future of industry, an ideal way to preserve a clean environment.
One of the ways to protect the atmosphere from pollution - transition to the use of new environmentally friendly energy sources. For example, the construction of stations that use the energy of tides, the use of solar power plants and wind engines. In the 1980s Nuclear power plants were considered a promising source of energy (NPP). After the Chernobyl disaster, the number of supporters of wider use of nuclear energy decreased. This accident showed that nuclear energy sources require increased attention to their safety systems. Academician A.L. Yanshin, for example, considers gas to be an alternative source of energy, of which about 300 trillion m3/year can be produced in Russia in the future.
As private solutions air protection from vehicle exhaust gases You can point to the installation of filters and afterburning devices, replacement of additives containing lead, organization of traffic, which will reduce and eliminate frequent changes in engine operating modes (road junctions, widening of the roadway, construction of crossings, etc.). The problem can be radically solved by replacing internal combustion engines with electric ones. To reduce toxic substances in car exhaust gases, it is proposed to replace gasoline with other types of fuel, for example, a mixture of various alcohols. Gas-cylinder cars are promising. Greening cities and industrial centers: green spaces, through photosynthesis, free the air from carbon dioxide and enrich it with oxygen. Up to 72% of suspended dust particles and up to 60% of sulfur dioxide settle on the leaves of trees and shrubs. Therefore, in parks, squares and gardens the air contains tens of times less dust than in open streets and squares. Many types of trees and shrubs produce phytoncides that kill bacteria. Green spaces largely regulate the city's microclimate and dampen city noise, which causes enormous harm to people's health. To maintain clean air, it is important breading the city. Factories and plants, transport routes should be separated from residential areas by a buffer zone consisting of green spaces. It is necessary to take into account the direction of the main winds (wind rose), the terrain and the presence of reservoirs, and locate residential areas on the leeward side and on elevated areas. Industrial zones are best located away from residential areas or outside the city.
Legal protection of the atmosphere - the implementation of the constitutional rights of the population and norms in the environmental sphere has led to a significant expansion of the base of legislative regulation in the field of atmospheric air protection. The main legislative and other regulatory legal acts regulating environmental issues are as follows.
· Air Code of the Russian Federation (March 19, 1997). 3, special requirements are imposed on the condition of flight equipment and the regulation of engine operation to reduce atmospheric pollution.
· Federal Law “On the Destruction of Chemical Weapons” (May 2, 1997) establishes the legal basis for carrying out a set of works to ensure environmental protection.
· The Criminal Code (January 1997) has a number of articles relating to the nuclear industry and contains a definition of “environmental crimes”.
· Federal Law “On Radiation Safety of the Population” (January 9, 1996). In order to implement it, the Government RF A number of resolutions were adopted that relate to the right to dispose of radioactive substances and radioactive waste, their storage and transportation.
· Federal Law “On the Use of Atomic Energy” (November 21, 1995; amendments and additions were made in February 1997).
· The State Committee for Ecology of Russia reviewed and approved several regulatory documents related to the protection of the atmosphere, in particular on the methodology for calculating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.
· GOST (1986) “Nature conservation. Atmosphere. Standards and methods for determining emissions of harmful substances from exhaust gases of diesel engines, tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines.”
LIST OF REFERENCES USED
Bogolyubov S.A. Protection of environmental rights: A manual for citizens and public organizations. - M., 1996.
Air Code. - M., 1997.
Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” (1991). Künzel D. Human organism. - Berlin, 1988.
Malakhov V.M., Senin V.N. Thermal pollution of the environment by industrial enterprises // Series “Ecology”. - M., 1996.
Municipal educational budgetary institution
basic secondary school No. 22, Zorka village
municipal formation Novokubansky district
Subject: “The atmosphere is the air envelope of the Earth. Air composition. The importance of the atmosphere and air protection."
Geography teacher:
Samoilenko Yulia Sergeevna
Lesson topic: “The atmosphere is the air envelope of the Earth. Air composition. The importance of the atmosphere and air protection."
The purpose of the lesson: study the structure of the atmosphere, its composition and significance for human life.
Tasks:
Consolidate students’ knowledge on the topic studied, repeating key terms and concepts of the topic;
Develop the ability to analyze, highlight the cause-and-effect relationships of dialectical thinking, correct and expressive oral speech of students, and the ability to work in a group;
Equipment: atlas, textbook, lesson presentation.
Lesson type: learning new material.
During the classes.
1. Orientation-motivational stage.
Hello guys! So, we begin to study the third shell of our planet - the atmosphere. Today we are going to get acquainted with the concept of atmosphere, its composition and the layers that form the atmosphere.
2 . Operational and executive stage.
We open the notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson: Atmosphere - the air envelope of the Earth. Air composition. The importance of the atmosphere and air protection (slide 2.3)
Lesson plan: (slide 4)
1. The concept of atmosphere.
2. Composition of the atmosphere.
3. The structure of the atmosphere.
4. Atmospheric phenomena.
5. The importance of the atmosphere and air protection.
6. Consolidation of new material.
3. Checking homework.( slide 5, 6,7 )
In order to start a new topic, let's talk about the material we covered.
1.Choose the correct answer.
1. The waters of the World Ocean cover... the earth's surface.
2 . Largest ocean by area
1) Indian
3) Arctic
4)Atlantic
3. A continent washed by the waters of 3 oceans
1) Eurasia
2) North America
4) South America
4. Salinity of water is measured in
1) percent
4) ppm
5. Inland sea
1) Arabian
3) Beringovo
4)Kara
4. Learning new material:
1). The concept of atmosphere.( slide 8 )
As the epigraph of our lesson, I want to take this statement:
"The atmosphere that we conditionally
divided into layers, physically united.”
A.L. Chizhevsky
Our planet Earth is surrounded by a shell of air that we breathe. (slide 9) The air shell of the Earth is called atmosphere. It is held by the gravitational force of our planet and therefore does not dissipate in space. The atmosphere participates in the rotation of the Earth. Air concentrates near the earth's surface, and as it rises, temperature, pressure and density decrease.
2).Composition of the atmosphere .(slide 10)
In addition to nitrogen and oxygen, the air of the atmosphere contains argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, hydrogen, ozone, helium, other gases, as well as solid and liquid suspended particles.
What impurities are present in the air? Tiny particles of salt (splash of sea waves, in a strong wind), in the forest we feel a resinous smell, in the steppe - the aroma of dry herbs. These substances are beneficial to human health.
Clean air is the most important condition for human life and all living things.
And in cities, due to emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles, the air contains large amounts of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, soot, lead, but most of all dust. This air negatively affects human health.
3). The structure of the atmosphere. (slide 11)
Our air envelope does not have a clear upper boundary, and therefore the thickness of the atmosphere is approximately 3000 km. The properties of air change with altitude, so layers are distinguished in the atmosphere.
The troposphere is the lowest dense layer of the atmosphere. It contains most of the total air mass (80%). Above the troposphere, there is the stratosphere - here the air is rarefied and very dry (there is almost no water vapor). Located in the lower layer of the stratosphere ozone layer, where gas is contained in small concentrations ozone- a type of oxygen. Behind the stratosphere are the upper rarefied layers of the atmosphere, which gradually transform into airless space.
4). Atmospheric phenomena .(slide 12)
There is an optical phenomenon that few can observe, one of which is the aurora - an unusually beautiful phenomenon. It is observed in the ionosphere, in the polar latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Under the influence of charged particles moving towards the Earth from the direction of the Sun, the rarefied air itself becomes charged with electricity and begins to glow. The aurora, shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow, can last from several minutes to several days.
5). The importance of the atmosphere and air protection .(slide 13)
Almost all terrestrial organisms need air for breathing. A person can live without air for several minutes.
Most meteoroids burn up in the air.
The atmosphere protects the Earth from extreme heating during the day and cooling at night.
Without the atmosphere, life on Earth would be impossible.
6. Consolidation of knowledge on the topic. (slide 14, 15)
1. Finish the phrase: “the gaseous shell of the Earth is called ....”
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
2. The amount of oxygen in the air is
3. Write down the phenomena in three columns:
7. Grading for the lesson.
8. Homework . p., Question No. 7 (written in a notebook) (slide 16)
Write down the phenomena in three columns:Rainbow, halo, mirage, twilight, dawn, auroras, lightning, signs of the Brocken, St. Elmo's fire, green rays, Fanta Morgana, belt of Venus.
| What phenomena were observed | What phenomena have you read about or know from stories? | What phenomena have you never heard of? |
Insert the correct words:
Air envelope of the Earth
called ………………………., it consists of a mixture of ………………….., which contains nitrogen ….…..%, oxygen…….% and other gases.
The science that studies……………………..,
called meteorology. The science that makes up …………………
weather, called weather forecaster.
The objects of legal protection in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” are climatic resources, atmospheric air including the ozone layer, land, its subsoil and soil, water (surface, underground), flora and fauna in their species diversity in all areas of growth and habitats, typical and rare landscapes, as well as other areas.
Thus, atmospheric air is one of the objects of environmental legal relations. Air is the most important component of the human environment. It is the basis of life on Earth, including human life. The atmosphere serves as a reliable protection against harmful cosmic radiation, determines the climate of a given area and the planet as a whole, and has a decisive impact on people’s health, their ability to work, and the vital activity of flora and fauna. Atmospheric air also performs geological, environmental, thermoregulatory, protective, energy, economic and other functions. Likewise, it directly or indirectly serves as a necessary condition for production. Air pollution, those changes in its natural composition due to dust, exhaust gases or odorous substances, can, depending on the type of pollution, the concentration of impurities and the period of their exposure, have a harmful effect on the working and living conditions of people, affect their lives and health, and cause harm environment and national economy. The main sources of anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere by chemical substances entering the air in gaseous, liquid or solid states are industry and transport. In addition, pollutants of natural origin are constantly entering the atmosphere, consisting mainly of components such as sea salt, smoke and gas from forest or steppe fires and volcanic eruptions, dust arising from soil erosion, as well as plant, animal and of cosmic origin.
Atmospheric air, like all nature, is under state protection. It is carried out in various directions. This:
- - ensuring the optimal quality of the atmospheric pool for life by protecting it from various types of pollution (natural and artificial origin);
- - preservation of the gas composition of the atmosphere that is optimal for life and, above all, its oxygen resources;
- - maintaining the optimal natural state of the air environment by preventing and limiting physical impacts;
- - prevention of destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena that adversely affect the weather and climate, human health, flora and fauna.
Legal relations regarding the protection of atmospheric air in the Russian Federation are regulated by a special law “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”. This Law is aimed at preserving and improving the quality of atmospheric air, its restoration to ensure the environmental safety of human life, as well as preventing harmful effects on the environment. The law establishes the legal and organizational basis for the norms of economic and other activities in the field of use and protection of atmospheric air.
In accordance with Art. 1 of the Law, atmospheric air is a protected natural object, which is the gaseous envelope of our planet. Atmospheric air protection is a set of organizational, economic, technical, legal and other measures aimed at preventing atmospheric air pollution, carried out by government agencies, legal entities and individuals.
The main objectives of this Law are:
- - regulation of relations in the field of atmospheric air protection in order to ensure a favorable human environment, preserve, improve and restore the state of atmospheric air;
- - prevention and reduction of levels of harmful chemical, physical, biological and other effects on atmospheric air;
- - ensuring the rational use of atmospheric air for production needs;
- - strengthening law and order and legality in the field of atmospheric air protection.
