Home Trees and shrubs Dynamics of economic development in Australia and Oceania. Geography of Oceania. Population of the country. Demographic situation

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Dynamics of economic development in Australia and Oceania. Geography of Oceania. Population of the country. Demographic situation

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Australia and Oceania

1. General characteristics of Australia: geographical location, natural conditions, population, cultural and historical development

Australia is a state that occupies an entire continent. Tasmania, as well as a number of small islands. Its official name - the Commonwealth of Australia - indicates the federal structure of the country. The Union includes 6 states: New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania, as well as two territories: the Northern Territory and the Capital Territory (in addition, the capital Canberra is part of a special administrative unit). According to many economic indicators (primarily GDP and its size per capita), Australia is one of the most developed countries in the world. Australia is the only state in the world that occupies the territory of an entire continent, so it has only maritime borders. Its territory is isolated from other continents, large markets for raw materials and sales of products. One of the most favorable factors of Australia's geographical location is its relative proximity to the countries of the dynamically developing Asia-Pacific region.

Australia is the flattest continent in the world. Mountains and hills occupy only 5% of the area, the rest of the area is mainly deserts and semi-deserts, overgrown with thorny grass and shrubs. Located primarily in tropical and subtropical latitudes, where the influx of solar radiation is high, the Australian mainland is heating up greatly. Due to the weak indentation of the coastline and the elevation of the marginal parts, the influence of the seas surrounding Australia has little effect in the interior parts of the continent. Therefore, the climate of most of Australia is characterized by extreme aridity. Australia is the driest continent on Earth. Noticeable amounts of precipitation are observed only in the north and northeast of the mainland. The areas of the coastal plains and eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, as well as about. Tasmania.

The hot climate and insignificant and uneven precipitation over most of the continent lead to the fact that almost 60% of its territory is deprived of flow to the ocean and has only a sparse network of temporary watercourses. No other continent has such a poorly developed network of inland waters as Australia.

The comparative uniformity of the natural conditions of the Australian continent, associated with its small size, low contrast of geological structure and relief, as well as the position of most of it within the subequatorial and tropical zones, are the reason for less pronounced natural differentiation in comparison with other inhabited continents.

A distinctive feature of Australian nature is its endemicity. Australia is a refuge country where “fossil” plants and animals are still preserved.

Australia has a variety of mineral resources. This is one of the richest countries in the world in mineral resources. New discoveries of mineral resources made on the continent over the past decades have brought the country to one of the first places in the world in reserves and production of such minerals as coal, uranium, iron, manganese, lead-zinc and copper ores, bauxite, nickel, gold, silver, diamonds, cobalt, tantalum, etc. Geological surveys have established that in the bowels of the Australian continent and on the shelf off its coast there are large deposits of oil and natural gas.

Under the deserts and semi-deserts of the continent, at a depth of 20 to 200 m, huge reserves of highly mineralized warm and hot water have been discovered, which can be used for household and other needs.

About 77% of the modern population of Australia are descendants of settlers from the British Isles, who formed the Anglo-Australian nation. The rest are immigrants from other European countries, and in recent years - from Asian countries. The country is home to over 200 thousand people from the territory of the former USSR, including several tens of thousands of Russians. Indigenous people - Aborigines - make up 1.2% of the total population of Australia. Most of them are in the Northern Territory and the Torres Islands. There they lead a traditional lifestyle of hunters and gatherers, maintaining a mystical, from the point of view of Europeans, attitude towards mother earth.

Of all the major regions of the world, Australia is the least densely populated. At the same time, the contrasts in settlement within the continent are also extremely large. Approximately 1/4 of the country's area, which has the natural prerequisites for this, is populated and developed - the South-East, North-East and South-West. More than 80% of the country's population is concentrated here. The vast majority of Australian cities are also located here, including the largest - Sydney (4 million people), Melbourne (3.5 million), Brisbane (1.4 million), Perth (1.2 million), Adelaide (1. 1 million people). The overall level of urbanization (85%) in Australia is very high.

The hinterlands are very sparsely populated. The population there lives on isolated farms located tens or hundreds of kilometers apart from each other. In some areas there are small towns associated with the primary processing of agricultural products or mineral raw materials.

Australia is a member of the Commonwealth, the head of state is the British monarch, who is represented by the Governor-General, appointed on the advice of the Australian government. According to the strict rule underlying the parliamentary system, this nominal head of state acts only with the knowledge of the government, in particular the prime minister. The Prime Minister is traditionally the leader of the parliamentary majority party.

The key role in the country's economy belongs to the mining industry and agriculture, which significantly distinguishes Australia from other industrialized countries and somehow brings it closer to Canada. The country ranks first in the world in the mining of bauxite, zinc, and diamonds, second in the mining of iron ore, uranium and lead, and third in the mining of nickel and gold. It is also one of the world leaders in the production of coal, manganese, silver, copper, and tin. Australian fuels and raw materials are sent primarily to Japan, the USA and Western Europe. Oil and natural gas resources meet the country's internal needs.

Australia also occupies a leading place in the world in the mining of precious stones such as sapphire and opal.

Agriculture is highly commercial, diversified, technically well-equipped, and has a pronounced export character. In terms of total value of agricultural exports, Australia is second only to the United States, and in terms of its value per capita it is unrivaled. The country exports wheat, meat, sugar, and sheep wool, the number of which it ranks first in the world. The most important and specific branch of Australian livestock farming is sheep breeding.

Australia's main trade ties are developing with countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Leading trading partners include Japan, the USA, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea. Economic relations with Russia occupy an insignificant place.

australia oceania geographical population

2. General characteristics of Oceania: geographical location, natural conditions, population, cultural and historical development

Oceania is the world's largest collection of islands, concentrated in the central and western parts of the Pacific Ocean between 28° N. latitude. and 52°S, 130°E. and 105°W The total area of the region is over 800 thousand km2, which is only 0.7% of the Pacific Ocean where they are located. Therefore, the distance between the islands often exceeds many thousands of kilometers. The total population of the region exceeds 12 million people.

The division of Oceania into Melanesia (Black Islands), Polynesia (Multi-Island) and Micronesia (Small Islands) is due to the proposal of the French explorer Dumont-D'Urville in 1832, who previously based his differentiation on racial characteristics. Micronesians (Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Gilbert Islands and Nauru) and Polynesians (Marquesas Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Cook Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Easter Islands) have many of the characteristics of the Mongoloid race. Melanesians (New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Fiji) are close to the aborigines of Australia.

The European exploration of Oceania began with the Portuguese and Spanish conquistadors during the era of great geographical discoveries. The process of sovereignization in Oceania began in the 60s. XX century The states of the region are among the smallest and smallest. Even such a “giant” on the scale of Oceania as Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a population of 5.3 million people, and the next largest Republic of Fiji has less than 1 million. Among the developing countries of Oceania, there are also states with a population of several thousand people.

Island states are distinguished by exceptionally small populations (the exception is Papua New Guinea, where the population exceeds 5.5 million people). The ethnic composition of the islands' population is diverse. Local languages are divided into two groups - Papuan and Austronesian (or Malayo-Polynesian). The Papuans are settled more compactly, making up the majority of the population of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago. As for the Austronesians (their number in Oceania reaches 500!), the inhabitants of the Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia belong to the Melanesian group of peoples; residents of the Caroline, Marshall Islands, Gilbert Islands, Nauru belong to the Micronesian group of peoples; inhabitants of the islands of Tonga, Samoa, Tokelau, Cook (Maori, Hawaiians, Tahitians, Tongans, etc.) - to the Polynesian group. The population of the Fiji Islands is Hindi speaking. On some islands there are colonies of Chinese, Filipinos, Javanese, etc.

Within Oceania, the following physiographic regions are more or less clearly distinguished:

1. New Guinea and adjacent islands (the natural specificity of one of the largest islands in the world - New Guinea, as well as the adjacent Solomon Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago and others is determined primarily by its equatorial position; the dominant type of vegetation is forests, including tropical rainforests ; strips of mangroves stretch along the low banks (especially in New Guinea);

2. New Caledonia, New Hebrides and Fiji (the area is further from the equator than New Guinea, and is under the predominant influence of the southeast trade winds);

3. Micronesia, which is a group of islands (Mariana, Caroline, Marshall, Palau, Anson, Gilbert) of coral or volcanic origin;

4. Central and Southern Polynesia, which includes the archipelagos of Samoa, Cook, Society, Tubuai, Marquesas, Line and others, stretching, as a rule, from northwest to southeast along fault lines that cross the bottom of the Pacific Ocean;

5. Northern Polynesia, represented by the Hawaiian Islands, located in the central Pacific Ocean (south of the Tropic of the North);

6. New Zealand is the only physical-geographical region of Oceania lying in subtropical and temperate latitudes.

Before the arrival of Europeans, the indigenous inhabitants of Oceania were engaged in hunting, fishing, and primitive agriculture. Colonizers, using favorable natural conditions and free labor, began to plant plantation farms specialized in export crops, such as coconut palms, sugar cane, rubber plants, pineapples, bananas, coffee, and cocoa. Valuable wood species were widely exported. As a result, the economy of the islands acquired an export monocultural character.

Oceania includes 26 territories, 10 of which (including New Zealand) are independent states (Table 11.2), and some are possessions of developed countries. Most of the non-sovereign territories are essentially US colonial possessions (American Samoa, Guam, Marshall Islands, Midway Island, Micronesia, Palau, Northern Mariana Islands, Wake Island), having the status of “non-aligned US territories”, “freely associated with USA" or "Commonwealth in political union with the USA".

There are also paradoxes. Thus, the independent state of Papua New Guinea, located in the eastern part of the island, belongs to Oceania, and the western part of the island is the territory of Indonesia and, therefore, is part of Southeast Asia. The Hawaiian Islands occupy a special place in Oceania. Geographically, they belong to the Oceania region, but are a territory (50th state) of the United States.

New Zealand (belonging to the countries of Oceania) is also a state with a developed market economy, located mainly on two islands - North and South, separated by Cook Strait.

A common feature for states and possessions in Oceania is limited resources (labor, land, minerals), which, along with the difficulties of inter-island communication, hinders the independent development of the economy. The main sphere of activity of the population is agriculture, which includes an export monoculture sector (coconut palm, sugar cane, pineapples, bananas, coffee, cocoa). At the turn of the XX - XXI centuries. In the countries of the region, deposits of many types of minerals have been discovered, including chromite, bauxite, and oil. The largest of these have been explored in Papua New Guinea, which can seriously rely on the use of mineral resources for economic growth. Already now this state is becoming one of the prominent exporters of copper concentrate and gold.

The export of agricultural or mineral raw materials is the main, and sometimes the only, source of foreign exchange necessary for socio-economic growth. The vast majority of the employed population works in agriculture. Oceania accounts for about 10% of the world's copra exports and 90% of the world's pineapple harvest. Industry is represented only by small enterprises for the primary processing of export crops, timber and mining.

All countries of Oceania have significant marine biological resources. The total area of the maritime economic zone of the states of Oceania exceeds 12 million km2. Fisheries are expanding (the annual catch reaches 300 thousand tons, which is less than 0.25% of the world catch). International tourism is developing. All major sectors of the export economy are run by international monopolies. At the same time, mass unemployment is an extremely acute social problem in the region.

The Republic of Nauru occupies a special place among the young states of Oceania. The island of the same name on which it is located is a tiny piece of land 53 km south of the equator. Independent since 1968*, the republic with a population of 12 thousand people (almost half of them are foreigners) has its own president, parliament, cabinet of ministers, several departments, including foreign affairs. The road network, which is about 20 km long, is overloaded with vehicles. This creates difficulties not only for pedestrians, but also for the national airline, which uses part of the highway for takeoff and landing of several of its aircraft. The main thing that the republic is famous for is phosphorites. Thanks to the unusually low cost of their extraction, carried out by a state-owned company, the country receives significant income by selling phosphorites on the foreign market. Currently, the Republic of Nauru is the richest state in the region.

Phosphorite deposits are almost exhausted. However, due to the income from their export, a large fund of money was formed in the republic and investments were made in real estate abroad (mainly in Australia) so that in the future, after the complete depletion of phosphorites, the country could exist on interest and dividends. In recent years, offshore financial activity has also been actively developing in Nauru. There are about 400 offshore banks in the country. Opening a bank in Nauru is very easy, which gives the island a reputation as a dubious offshore center.

In general, the countries of Oceania, in terms of the level of well-being of the local population, can be divided into at least four groups:

1. the tiny state of Nauru is the only country in Oceania (without New Zealand) where GDP per capita in some years (thanks to income from the development of phosphorites) reached $15 thousand or more. It is easy to see that in terms of the type of economy, Nauru is closest to Bahrain, Qatar, Brunei, etc.;

2. The second group includes Fiji with a GDP per capita of about 6 thousand US dollars. For many years, this former English colony was a model of a plantation economy, specializing in the cultivation of sugar cane. Today, the previous specialization has been supplemented by the tourism industry and the manufacturing industry;

3. Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Samoa and Vanuatu are countries where per capita GDP is approximately 2-6 thousand US dollars. They are characterized by the preservation of traditional ways of life, weak development of commodity-money relations, and the predominance of agriculture. Along with this, the mining industry is developing in Papua New Guinea, the fish processing industry in the Solomon Islands, and the service sector in Vanuatu;

4. small island states - Tonga, Kiribati and Tuvalu with GDP per capita from 1 to 2 thousand US dollars and economic specialization in agriculture (production of copra and other tropical agricultural products).

At the same time, all countries of Oceania have many common strategic aspects of economic development, associated, for example, with the development of marine biological resources and seabed resources, the development of high-value tropical agriculture, etc.

When analyzing the current socio-economic situation, one should keep in mind the fact that the reasons for the seizure of the islands of Oceania were not economic, but military-strategic. Very often the islands “changed” their owners, passed from hand to hand. Some states, having achieved independence, adopted various forms of organization. The former colonies of Great Britain remained part of the Commonwealth, a number of territories declared free association with the United States, French Polynesia has the status of an “overseas territory” of France, etc.

At the beginning of the 21st century. The countries of Oceania are characterized by territorial disunity, small-scale government and small population, relative poverty of the natural resource base, the predominance of the consumer agricultural sector, economic specialization in the development of recreational and tourism industries, transit and transport, etc.

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General features of economic development in Oceania

Oceania is a geographical, often geopolitical, region of the world consisting primarily of hundreds of small islands and atolls in the central and western Pacific Ocean. The total area is 8.52 million km², the population is 32.6 million people. Geographically, Oceania is divided into Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia; New Zealand is sometimes singled out.

Due to the long period of colonial rule and some other factors, the economy has not received significant development in the vast majority of Oceania countries. These are mainly agricultural countries, the basis of which is tropical agriculture - the cultivation of various vegetables and fruits and partly animal husbandry. Those types of agricultural production in which the colonial powers were interested (for example, the cultivation of coconut palms - their fruits in the form of dried pulp - copra are used to produce various products) received preferential development. Only in some countries (New Caledonia, Nauru), where mineral resources were available, was the mining industry created.

A significant hindrance to socio-economic development was the geographical disunity of most island territories, their distance from each other, and their position on the periphery of the world capitalist market. All these factors taken together contributed to the social and economic conservation of the Oceanic countries.

As a result of the rule of the colonialists, the countries of Oceania over time turned into raw materials appendages of the metropolises, exporting agricultural and industrial raw materials from there. And although, as mentioned above, many countries have now gained independence or achieved self-government, their economic and social enslavement continues, but in the form of neo-colonialism.

By controlling the economy of the countries of Oceania, the imperialist powers also direct their social life, establishing orders and norms inherent in the bourgeois social system. The modern economy of Oceania is characterized by the presence of different social structures. In addition to tropical agriculture, animal husbandry—breeding large and small cattle, pigs, and poultry—has developed little in the Oceanic countries.

The economic development of the states of Oceania largely depends on the energy availability of their economy. It should be said that the energy resources of the countries are small. Significant reserves of coal, oil and gas have not yet been found here. Oceania is also not rich in hydropower resources. Only a few islands have the capacity to produce hydroelectric power. Such opportunities exist, for example, in Papua New Guinea, but the construction of hydroelectric power plants there is difficult due to a lack of financial resources and technical experience.

Industry in most countries is poorly developed and does not meet the needs of the domestic market. A significant part of industrial enterprises is engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials. Small factories produce coconut oil, tobacco, tea, canned fruits and juices, etc. There are mills, sawmills, clothing, footwear, and other consumer goods. Traditional crafts are developed: weaving baskets, mats, etc., making artistic products from wood and other materials, jewelry, souvenirs intended for tourists and export.

The presence of mineral resources in some countries has contributed to the creation of the mining industry. Phosphorite mining is carried out on the island of Nauru, and mainly nickel is mined on New Caledonia. The industry's products are entirely exported, which provides these countries (for example, Nauru) with significant cash flows. But the economies of such countries are characterized by the dominant position of the mining industry among other sectors of the economy, while manufacturing and agriculture are much less developed.

Important sectors of the economy of the Oceanic states are fishing and related fish processing. Coastal fishing has always played a big role in the life of the local population. However, now fishing is becoming commercial and export oriented. Growing and promising sectors of the economy of some countries are the forestry and wood processing industries. Raw wood, wood chips, pulp and other wood products are exported on a large scale to Japan, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. The exploitation of the forest resources of island states, deforestation, destruction of valuable tree species, etc. lead to a sharp disruption of the ecological balance in nature, which has a negative impact on the living conditions of island peoples.

In the economy of many countries, the “tourism industry” has occupied an important place, which is a source of foreign currency. Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, French Polynesia and some other countries receive 20-30% of their total currency from tourism. The development of tourism is accompanied by the construction of roads, airfields, trade and communication enterprises, etc. Tourism has caused an increase in demand for traditional handicrafts. A significant part of the local population was drawn into the tourist service industry.

Oceanic countries conduct foreign trade mainly with Australia, New Zealand, USA, Japan, Great Britain, Canada, and France. As mentioned above, these states export mineral raw materials, timber, and various agricultural products from Oceania, and import industrial and food products there. Thus, foreign trade remains one of the channels of economic expansion of major capitalist powers.

Most countries in Oceania have a very weak economy, which is due to several reasons: limited natural resources, remoteness from world markets for products, and a shortage of highly qualified specialists. Many states depend on financial assistance from other countries.

The basis of the economy of most countries in Oceania is agriculture (copra and palm oil production) and fishing. Among the most important agricultural crops are the coconut palm, bananas, and breadfruit. Possessing huge exclusive economic zones and not having a large fishing fleet, the governments of the countries of Oceania issue licenses for the right to catch fish to ships of other countries (mainly Japan, Taiwan, the USA), which significantly replenishes the state budget. The mining industry is most developed in Papua New Guinea, Nauru, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. oceania production farming trade

A significant part of the population is employed in the public sector. Recently, measures have been taken to develop the tourism sector of the economy.

Name of region, countries and country flag	Area (km²)	Population	Population density (persons/km²)
Australia
Australia				Canberra	AUD (Australian Dollar)
Cocos Islands				West Island	AUD (Australian Dollar)
Norfolk Island				Kingston	AUD (Australian Dollar)
Christmas Island				Flying Fish Cove	AUD (Australian Dollar)
Melanesia
				Port Vila
Irian Jaya (Indonesia)				Jayapura, Manokwari
New Caledonia (France)					XPF (French Pacific Franc)

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		Port Moresby
Solomon islands				SBD (Solomon Islands Dollar)
				FJD (Fiji Dollar)
Micronesia
Guam (USA)				USD (USA Dollar)
Kiribati			South Tarawa	AUD (Australian Dollar)
Marshall Islands

			Melekeok
Northern Mariana Islands (USA)
Wake Atoll (USA)
Micronesia
Polynesia
American Samoa (USA)			Pago Pago, Fagatogo
Baker Island (USA)	uninhabited
Hawaii (USA)			Honolulu
Johnston Atoll (USA)
Kingman Reef (USA)	uninhabited
Midway Islands (USA)
Niue (New Zealand)
New Zealand			Wellington	NZD (New Zealand Dollar)
Cook Islands (New Zealand)
Palmyra Atoll (USA)
Easter Island (Chile)			Hanga Roa
Pitcairn Islands (UK)			Adamstown
				WST (Samoan tala)
Tokelau (New Zealand)
			Nuku'alofa	TOP (Tongan pa"anga)
			Funafuti
Wallis and Futuna (France)
French Polynesia (France)
Howland Island (USA)	uninhabited

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA.

Australia, New Zealand and numerous islands in the central and southwest Pacific form a special region - Australia and Oceania.

Australia and Oceania do not represent a single whole, either naturally, culturally or socio-economically. Oceania is formed by several thousand islands located over a vast area (an area of 60 million sq. km) in the central and southwestern parts of the Pacific Ocean, between 29 * northern latitude. and 53* S. and 130* E. and 109* W. The total land area of Oceania is relatively small and is only about 1.3 million square kilometers (six times less than the area of Australia). At the same time, its two largest islands - New Guinea (area 829 thousand sq. km) and New Zealand (265 thousand sq. km) occupy almost 90% of its land area and only 10% (i.e. approximately 200 thousand sq. km) .km) - the remaining several thousand islands.

The islands of Oceania, being in the tropical and subtropical zone of the Southern Hemisphere, have a warm, mild climate (one of the most comfortable on the globe) with a temperature regime and the amount of precipitation sufficient for growing crops cultivated in these latitudes - coconut palms, bananas , cocoa, coffee, tea, tobacco, sugar cane, cotton, tubers (taro, sweet potato, yams, cassava), etc. Natural conditions make it possible to harvest several crops per year.

Oceania is also rich in various mineral resources: deposits of coal (New Zealand), combustible gas, iron ore, copper and manganese ores, platinum, silver (New Guinea), nickel (New Caledonia), gold (Fiji), phosphate raw materials (Nauru) have been discovered. ) and etc.

Oceania- the area of settlement of Papuans, Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians, was discovered by Europeans at the beginning of the 16th century. (Mariana Islands in 1521, during the circumnavigation of Ferdinand Magellan in 1519 - 1522). The most numerous groups of the modern population are formed by aborigines (Papuan peoples and peoples speaking languages of the Austronesian family) and immigrants and their descendants (Anglo-New Zealanders, Americans, English, Indians, French, Anglo-Australians, Chinese, Croes, Vietnamese, etc.). Most countries in Oceania are characterized by high fertility, natural increase and low mortality. In most countries, men outnumber women, the proportion of young people is high, and the majority of residents are employed in agriculture, mining, and the service sector (services for tourists). There are significant migration flows of people between countries. In terms of average population density (8.1 people per 1 sq. km), Oceania is almost four times larger than Australia. The population is distributed unevenly - along with the densely populated islands (Tuvaku, Nauru, Mbau, etc.), there are also uninhabited islands.

In socio-economic terms, all countries of Oceania are developing, mainly agricultural, with economic specialization - tropical agriculture (growing various vegetables and fruits, cotton, coffee, cocoa, etc.) and livestock farming (raising cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry ). The industry is characterized by the dominant position of mining industries (on the island of Nauru - mining of phosphorites, in New Caledonia - nickel, etc.) and industries processing agricultural products (production of coconut oil, tea, tobacco products, sugar, juices, fruit canning, fish processing industry, etc.). The products of these industries and agriculture also determine the nature of the participation of most oceanic states in foreign trade. According to the average per capita GDP, the countries of Oceania are differentiated into states where this indicator reaches 15 thousand dollars (Nauru), 1500 dollars (Fiji), 900 dollars (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu), from 400 to 600 dollars (Western Samoa, Tonga, Kiribati, Tuvaku).

Australia was "discovered" by Europeans twice - the first time at the beginning of the 17th century. by the Dutch navigator W. Janszoon (its northern coast), and somewhat later, in the second half of the same century, by the English navigator James Cook (eastern coast). At first, this continent was a place of convict settlement (criminals from England) and only in the second half of the 19th century, after the discovery of rich gold deposits, did it become an area of mass free immigration.

AUSTRALIA (Australian Union)

Australia is a federal state that is part of the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain.

The Commonwealth of Australia includes six states: New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania, as well as two territories - the Northern Territory and the Capital Territory.

The country is located in the Southern Hemisphere and occupies the territory of the entire Australian continent and the adjacent islands (Tasmania, King, Kangaroo, Flinders, Barrow, etc.).

Square Australia 7 ,7 million kv. km, population - 18 ,2 million Human. The capital is Canberra. The official language is English. The majority of the population professes Christianity.

Australia is one of the economically developed countries of the world, but its economy is mainly characterized by a raw material orientation. In the international division of labor, Australia plays a leading role in the production and export of wheat, meat, sugar, wool, various types of mineral raw materials (bauxite, polymetals, iron ore, coal, etc.).

Geographical position. A distinctive feature of Australia's geographic location is its significant distance from other continents. The country is surrounded on all sides by the waters of the World Ocean, its northern and eastern shores are washed by the Pacific Ocean, its western and southern shores by the Indian Ocean.

Population. The main core of Australia's population consists of Anglo-Australians (descendants of immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland) and immigrants from around the world. Aboriginal Australians make up less than 1% of the country's population.

Australia is characterized by significant immigration, which accounts for up to 20% of population growth. The average population density of Australia is 2 people per 1 sq. km. Most of the population (over 2/3 of the country's inhabitants) is concentrated on the eastern and southeastern coasts, which are naturally favorable (here the density in some places reaches 10-50 people per 1 sq. km). The rest of the territory is sparsely populated.

Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world: more than 85% of its population are city dwellers. The largest cities are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Newcastle. Almost all of them are ports.

Natural conditions, their economic grade.

The relief of Australia is predominantly flat. Mountains occupy less than 5% of the territory of this continent. The Watershed Range stretching along its eastern edge (the highest point is Mount Kostsyushko - 2230 m) does not pose an insurmountable obstacle to economic development. The climate in most of Australia is unfavorable for agriculture. Sufficient precipitation (500 mm per year) falls only on the elevated eastern and southeastern edges of the continent. The vast desert areas (they occupy 2/5 of the country's area) of Central and Western Australia have insufficient moisture and can only be used as pasture for sheep.

The river network is poorly developed. The only high-water Murray River with a Darling tributary.

Farm. Among the industries, the most important to the Australian economy are the mining, metals and food processing industries. The products of these industries are not only widely used within the country, but are also exported in large quantities.

Australia occupies a prominent place in the world in reserves and production of bauxite, iron, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, tungsten and uranium ores, and coal. Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy is closely connected with the mining industry, the main branches of which are the aluminum industry, smelting of copper, tin, lead and zinc, special steels and alloys.

Leading branches of the food industry - meat, dairy, flour milling, sugar, fruit and vegetable canning - process local agricultural raw materials. Enterprises in these industries are mainly located in port cities in the southeast of the country (Melbourne, Sydney, Newcastle, Adelaide).

Mechanical engineering (production of trucks and cars, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, various instruments, etc.), oil refining, chemical (production of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, plastics and chemical fibers, etc.) and light (production of footwear, fabrics and knitwear) industries in are mainly of local importance.

Agriculture Australia has a livestock-raising bias. Leading industries livestock farming- sheep breeding and cattle breeding for meat and dairy purposes. The country ranks first in the world in the number of sheep, production and export of wool, lamb, beef and veal. Horse breeding, camel breeding and poultry farming are developed. In connection with the livestock-raising orientation of agriculture in general, the cultivation of fodder crops is important in crop production (up to 49% of the arable land area is occupied). Australia's main export crops are wheat, sugar cane, and cotton. The main area of their cultivation is the east and southeast of the country. Australia ranks among the first in the world in the production and export of wheat. Important branches of crop production are horticulture, viticulture, and vegetable growing.

Transport. In the transportation of goods, a large role (up to half of the cargo turnover) is played by sea transport, passengers - automobile and aviation. The length of the railways is not great. There is almost no inland water transport.

The main export items are mineral raw materials (iron ore, coal, bauxite, etc.) and agricultural products (wool, wheat, meat, sugar). Australia imports mainly industrial goods.

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY

Section 5
REGIONS OF THE WORLD

5.5. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA COUNTRIES

5.5.6.Economy of Oceania

The only developed country in Oceania is New Zealand. It has a lot in common with Australia. It is an industrial country with developed agriculture and a major supplier of livestock products to the world market. New Zealand has fewer mineral reserves than Australia, and it is also inferior to Australia in terms of industrial development.

The economy of other countries in Oceania is dominated by tropical agriculture and fishing. They grow coconut palms, root crops (yams, taro, cassava), sugar cane, breadfruit, bananas, vegetables and fruits. They raise pigs, cattle and goats. In some countries, for example, in Papua New Guinea, copper and gold are mined, and in New Caledonia, nickel is mined.

The economies of Oceania countries are still poorly developed. The standard of living of the local population is extremely low. The economy depends on the former and current metropolises. Oceania's environment has been damaged by nuclear weapons testing and deforestation.

The countries of Oceania are poor, few in number and scattered over considerable distances from each other in the Pacific Ocean. For the rest of the world, they are of interest due to their tourism, strategic and transport and communication significance. Perhaps the countries of this region will someday be able to overcome poverty and backwardness, but this, apparently, will not happen soon.

Control questions

1. Or the favorable natural and climatic features of Europe for economic activity?

2. The essence of the confederation.

3. The main problems of foreigners - workers in Europe.

4. Patterns of the spread of religions in Europe.

5. Is it possible to get from the Black Sea to the North Sea by European inland waterways?

6. Is transport the main one in Europe in terms of traffic volume?

7. Leading industry in Europe.

8. Second largest industry in Europe.

9. Which power plants in Europe produce the bulk of electricity?

10. Regions of Europe where intensive dairy farming is common.

11. In which European countries is the role of maritime transport especially noticeable?

12. Which region of Europe does Ukraine belong to?

13. Expand the concept of “New World”.

15. Explain who mulattoes, mestizos, Sambos, and Creoles are.

17. Where are the southern and northern borders of Central America?

18. What industrial and agricultural products of the American countries are exportable?

19. In which countries of America and why is international tourism developed?

20. When did Canada become an industrial-agrarian state?

21. What is the leading industry in South America?

22. What is the major grain crop in the United States? And in Canada?

23. Or favorable conditions in Latin America for the development of inland water transport?

24. What mineral resources in Asia do you know?

25. Name the most numerous Asian peoples.

26. What world religions do you know, where did they originate?

27. Which sector of the economy predominates in the economies of most Asian countries?

28. The concept of the “golden triangle”.

29. The main export agricultural crops of Asia.

30. Economically developed and economically backward countries of Asia.

31. Favorable and unfavorable for economic activity in countries

32. In which Asian countries is pipeline transport widespread?

33. Export agricultural crops of Asian countries.

34. To which Asian countries can the concept of “new industrial states”, “tigers”, “dragons”, etc. be applied?

35. Are African rivers suitable for navigation? Justify from-..............................................

36. Are there trees growing on top of Kilimanjaro?

37. What mineral resources are African countries rich in?

38. How did the Green Revolution affect the African economy?

39. What do you know about ethnic conflicts in Africa?

40. What is unique about the population of Madagascar?

41. Does Egyptian speech exist?

42. Which industries are the most developed on the African continent?

44. Main features of African foreign trade.

45. Describe the current state of transport in Africa.

46. When was the Commonwealth of Australia formed?

47. Which region of Australia has the most fertile soils?

48. Are earthquakes possible in Australia?

49. Or is Australia rich in natural resources?

50. Where is Oceania located?

51. How were the islands of Oceania formed?

52. The proportion of Anglo-Saxons in the population of present-day Australia.

53. Who are considered the aborigines of Oceania?

54. Describe the structure of the Australian economy.

55. Which branch of agriculture is the leading in Australia - crop farming or livestock farming?

56. Main exports and imports of Australia.

58. Similar and distinctive features of the economies of Australia and New Zealand.

What anthropogenic factors have influenced the Oceanian environment?

Dynamics of economic development in Australia and Oceania. Geography of Oceania. Population of the country. Demographic situation

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