gerund- a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions what are you doing? having done what?
As a form of the verb, the participle has some of its grammatical features. There are gerunds perfect and imperfect kind. They retain the form of the verb from which they are formed.
The gerund retains the verb sign - transitivity.
Note.
A gerund, like a verb, can be returnable and irrevocable.
The participle, like the verb, can be determined by the adverb.
In a sentence, the participle is a circumstance.
Note.
Some scientists consider gerunds to be an independent part of speech, since they do not have many of the grammatical features characteristic of the verb.
Imperfect participles.
Imperfect participles denote pending additional action, which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb - predicate.
Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem present tense of the verb with a suffix -and I).
After the hissing suffix is used -a, and in other cases - -I.
From the verb to be, the imperfect participle is formed using the suffix - teach.
Notes.
- From imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- in an indefinite form (give, recognize, get up, etc.), the gerund participle is formed from the basis of an indefinite form: give out (give out) - giving out.
- Imperfect participles are not formed from some verbs:
- from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
beat - beat, tear - tear, sew - sew, burn - tourniquet, etc.
Exception:
rush - rush - rush; - from verbs with the stem of the present tense in r, k, x: cherish - cherish, able - can, etc .;
- from most verbs with the stem of the present tense to hissing: write - write, whip - whip, etc .;
- from verbs with the suffix -nu-: fade - fade, get wet - get wet, pull - pull, go out - go out, etc.
- from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
Perfect participles.
Perfective gerunds denote completed extra action, which is usually completed before the action begins. expressed by the verb predicate.
Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the indefinite form or the past tense (which, as a rule, coincide) with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi. From reflexive verbs, perfect participles are formed with the suffix -lice (s), -shi (s). The participles with a consonant stem are formed with the suffix -shi.
Notes.
- From some verbs, the formation of double forms is possible: from the stem of the indefinite form and from the stem of the past tense (when they do not match).
- To suffix -to reflexive suffix -sya does not join.
In some verbs, the perfective participles are formed with the help of the suffix -and I) from the basis of the future tense.
Notes.
- From some verbs, forms with suffixes have been preserved -in, -lice, -shi(having returned, having tuned in, having come, having brought, having brought, having said goodbye, having acquired, having seen, having seen, having heard, having heard). if there are double forms, gerunds with a suffix are more often used -and I) as less cumbersome.
- Sometimes gerunds with suffixes -in, -lice imperfective verbs are formed, but they are rarely used (former, ate, not having).
Morphological analysis of the participle.
I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
Initial form (indefinite form of the verb)
2.
View.
3.
Immutability.
III. syntactic role.
1. As already noted (see paragraph 3.1. Parts of speech. The word and its forms), the participle is characterized differently in linguistics.
Some linguists consider gerunds as a special form of the verb, others as an independent part of speech. In this guide, we adhere to the latter point of view.
gerund- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of the verb and adverb and shows how, why, when the action caused by the verb-predicate is performed.
The participle answers questions doing what? having done what? There may also be questions as? why? how? when? and etc.
Leaving, waiting, seeing.
A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.
Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.
The main signs of the participle
| A) General grammatical meaning | Examples |
| This is the designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the verb-predicate is performed. | Standing at the window, he carefully read the note given to him. |
| B) Morphological features | Examples |
| A combination of the features of a verb and an adverb in one word. | |
| Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following features of verbs: |
Wed: think(imperfect aspect, irrevocable) - thinking; think(perfect form, irrevocable) - thinking; ponder(perfect form, reversible) - in thought |
| The participles are distributed like verbs. | Thinking about mother - thinking about mother; think about the future - think about the future; quarrel with mother - having quarreled with mother.. |
| The participles have the following signs of adverbs: | |
|
|
Reading, reading, deciding. |
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After handing over the note, he stepped aside. |
| B) Syntactic signs | Examples |
| In a sentence, the participle depends on the verb-predicate. | |
| In the sentence, the participle and the adverbial turnover play the role of a circumstance. | [When?] Passing a note, he stepped aside. |
2. Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes - -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:
- gerunds imperfect form are formed from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:
be silent: be silent - at → silently;
decide: decide - ut → deciding; - gerunds perfect look are formed from the base of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up - be → hushed up;
solve : solve - be → deciding;
to do: busy - be-sya → taking up;
bring: brought - ti → bringing.
3. Single gerunds may lose the signs of a verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? having done what?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.
For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov).
Closing- gerund, as it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).
Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened to and was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened to).
4. Morphological analysis of gerunds:
Parsing plan for participles
| I | Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. | ||
| II | Initial form. Morphological features: | ||
| A | Permanent morphological features: | ||
| 1 | view; | ||
| 2 | recurrence. | ||
| B | Variable morphological characters(invariant word). | ||
| III | Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the participle in this sentence). | ||
He hurt himself by falling off his horse.(Turgenev).
having fallen
- The participle, as it denotes an additional action; answers the questions when? having done what?
- N. f. - having fallen. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) perfect appearance;
2) irrevocable.
B) Non-permanent morphological features (unchangeable word). - Forms a participial phrase with the form of a noun from a horse; in the sentence, the adverbial turnover is a circumstance of time.
Like the participle, the participle can be considered as an independent part of speech or as a special form of the verb. We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verb form.
gerund is a special form of the verb that has the following features:
1. Denotesadditional action , answers the questions what by doing? or doing what?
2–3. It hasgrammatical features of the verb and adverb .
The features of the verb areview ( reading - NSV,having read - SW),transitivity ( reading book - transitional,sitting on a chair - intransitive.) andrecurrence ( washing - irrevocable,washing your face - return). In addition, the participle is characterized by the samecontrol , as well as other verb forms:reading / reading / reading / reading a book, but reading a book.
Adverbial signs of adverbial participles includeimmutability (germs do not have morphological signs of mood, tense, person, gender, number, characteristic of conjugated forms of the verb, and do not decline, unlike participles); syntactic function of the participle -circumstance ; in a sentence, the participle depends on the verb.
Imperfect gerunds kind answer the question what do you do? and denote an action simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate):Standing on a stool, he pulled books from the top shelf.
The gerunds NSV are formed from the verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense with the help of the formative suffix -а(-я).
In the verb to be, the gerund participle is formed with the help of the suffix -learn from the basis of the future tense:bud-learn . The same suffix is used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs:game-i - game-yuchi .
Imperfect participles are not present in all NSV verbs; so, gerunds NSV are not formed:
- from verbs in -ch:bake - baking ( oven );
- from verbs in -nut:wither - wilting ,;
- from some verbs into sibilant in the stem of the present tense:write , write - writing , lick - licking (but the adverb is lying);
- from verbs with the stem of the present tense, consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them:drink , drink (pj-ut) -pb I.
At the verbgive the gerund is formed from a special stem:Giving (come on j-a).
Participles of the perfect kind of answer the question what did they do? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb:Standing on a stool, he took a book from the top shelf.
The gerunds SV are formed from the verbs SV from the stem of the past tense with the help of suffixes
In from verbs with a stem to a vowel:done-in ,
Lice from reflexive verbs with a vowel stem (or obsolete, stylistically non-neutral gerunds likeseeing, looking etc.): mind-lice,
Shi from verbs with stem to consonant: baked-shi .
Some verbs have variant forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other is formed by adding the suffix -а(-я) to the stem of the future tense:frown-lice-s - frown-I-s .
Verbsread, acquire do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which gerunds are usedread, find , formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the suffix -я.
Two aspect verbs may have two gerunds formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and CB, for example:
promise: promise-i - NSV,promise-in - SW,
marry: wives - NSV,marry-in - SW.
The participle must indicate the action of the object (person) that is called the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the participle. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like:
? Leaving the house gave me a headache (the gerund and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).
? Lost, the puppy was soon found by the owners (the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).
The adverb can calladditional action related to the main member one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence expressed by the infinitive, participle or other participle. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example:When crossing the street, you should look around.
Morphological analysis of the participle
Morphological analysis of the participle will be carried out according to the following plan:
I.Part of speech (a special form of the verb). General value. What verb is it derived from
II.Morphological features: a) species, b) recurrence, c) transitivity.
III.Syntactic role
Sample morphological parsing of a gerund
Sipping the sour wine, squinting from the smoke of his pipe, he listened gloomily to what Zoya was telling him. When she finished, she cracked her fingers (A. N. Tolstoy).
I.Sipping (what are you doing?) - gerund;
II.Fast. signs: NSV, non-returnable, transitional, unchangeable;
non-post. signs: no;
III.Listened to (how?) sipping (circumstance)
I.(what are you doing?) - gerund;
II.Fast. signs: NSV, return, non-transition., unchangeable;
non-post. signs: no;
III.Listened (how?) squinting (circumstance)
I.Having finished (what doing?) - gerund;
II. signs: ST, non-return, transition, unchangeable;
non-post. signs: no;
III.Cracked (when?) ending (circumstance)
Some linguists consider gerunds as a special form of the verb, others as an independent part of speech. We will adhere to the latter point of view.
gerund- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of the verb and adverb and shows how, why, when the action caused by the verb-predicate is performed.
The gerund answers the questions what do you do? having done what?
There are also questions like how? why? how? when? and etc.
Leaving, waiting, seeing.
A gerund with words dependent on it is called a participle turnover.
Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.
MAIN SIGNS OF THE GENERAL PARTICIPLE
1. General grammatical meaning
This is the designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the verb-predicate is performed. Standing at the window, he carefully read the note given to him.
2. Morphological features
A combination of the features of a verb and an adverb in one word.
Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following features of verbs:
view,
transitivity,
recurrence.
think (imperfect, irrevocable) - thinking;
to think (perfect form, irrevocable) - thinking;
think (perfect, reflexive) - thinking
The participles are distributed like verbs.
Thinking about mother - thinking about mother;
think about the future - think about the future;
quarrel with mother - quarrel with mother.
The participles have the following features of adverbs:
gerunds - unchangeable words; Reading, reading, deciding.
the gerund depends on the verb-predicate. Having handed over the note, he stepped aside.
3.Syntactic signs
In a sentence, the participle depends on the verb-predicate.
In the sentence, the participle and the adverbial turnover play the role of a circumstance.
[When?] After handing over the note, he stepped aside.
Formation of gerunds - gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes - -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi, -uch, -yuchi:
imperfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:
be silent: be silent? silently;
decide: decide? deciding;
perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of the suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up? shut up;
decide: decide? deciding;
get busy: get busy? preoccupied;
bring: brought-ti? brought.
Single gerunds may lose the signs of the verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions what are you doing? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.
Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov).
Closing is a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).
Silently is an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it how ?; the question is what is it doing? It is impossible to ask); in this context, it cannot be compared as equal actions: she listened and was silent (silence accompanied the only action - she listened).
