Home Fruit trees As it is written, I report the following. Business language. When to put a colon in the title

Fruit trees

As it is written, I report the following. Business language. When to put a colon in the title

Make eight sentences with them.

1. A Pyrrhic victory, or a dubious victory, a victory that does not justify the funds invested in it and the sacrifices made.
Cross the Rubicon, or make an irrevocable step, make an irrevocable decision ..
Reap laurels, or celebrate a victory, receive the fruits of labor.
Sword of Damocles, or constant threat, danger.
Reach the Pillars of Hercules, or reach the limit, the highest point of anything.
2. Pass like a red thread, or represent the main, the main, leading in something.
Burn your ships, or make an irrevocable decision, cut off all escape routes.
To be the first swallow - to bring any message first, to become a harbinger
To accept a battle, or to agree with the enemy to engage in battle (disputes) here and now, on his terms.
Get stumped, or get stuck, confused
Stand with your chest, or defend earnestly
Vouch with your head, or take full responsibility
Agree reluctantly, or agree reluctantly
to achieve at all costs, or to achieve, in spite of any obstacles, sacrifices, etc.
shelter, or postpone a decision, postpone a case, a decision
lie under the cloth, or await a decision, completion (case)

I bet my head, my friend is telling the truth.
Love for Alla Larionova passed through the fate of the artist Nikolai Rybnikov as a red thread.
Our bosses are very fond of sheltering the consideration of orders for bonuses.
Like a sword of Damocles, a report on Old Russian literature hangs over me.
The Soviet people stood up to defend the Motherland from the fascist invaders with their breasts.
"I never loved you!" - she said and realized that with this phrase she burned all the ships, he would never forgive this.
I agreed to go to this party reluctantly, and rightly so: it was sad, boring and everyone quarreled.
The first sign of impending troubles was the message of the class teacher.

By themselves, constructions with these words are not isolated, but other reasons may affect the setting of punctuation marks. For example, if a sentence is complex, then its parts are isolated according to general rules. As well as the presence of adjacent introductory words, addresses, isolated phrases and other reasons.

In response to your letter, I inform you about the impossibility of my arrival.

Difficult sentence:

In response to your letter, I would like to inform you that I am unable to visit you, to my regret.

With an introductory word:

In response to your letter, first of all, I would like to inform you about the impossibility of my arrival.

With reference:

In response to your letter, dear Anna Andreevna, I would like to inform you about the impossibility of my arrival.

2. Colon is placed between parts of a complex sentence in those rare cases when the preceding part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about the subsequent explanation (a long pause is made at this point, and you can also insert the words “ namely»).

In response to your appeal, I would like to inform you the following: Your application has been reviewed and satisfied.

3. With intonation underlining, explanatory subordinate clauses, less often conditional and concessive, with ahead of the main offer, can be separated from it not by a comma, but dash.

Has no opportunity to come - in response to our letter, he informs.

4. In direct speech, punctuation marks are placed according to the general rules.

Palagina A.V.

We all write. One way or another, we have to deal with all kinds of correspondence, ranging from emails to traditional handwritten correspondence. In the frantic pace of modern life, we often do not pay attention to what mistakes we sometimes make in important documents. Of course, many of the mistakes made can be corrected by a computer. Many, but not all, and especially this concerns punctuation marks or, in other words, punctuation. It is necessary to be literate in order to always be at your best and maintain a good reputation. However, how rarely do we open old school notebooks and textbooks! Yes, and it is difficult to imagine a secretary or manager in the workplace with a textbook in his hands. Meanwhile, the unfortunate worker is drowning in a sea of letters and an ocean of commas, quotation marks, brackets, and all he has to do is repeat the signal "three dots - three dashes - three dots" - SOS. Now let's try to look at the variety of punctuation marks not as storm waves, but as a lifeline.

Let's see how to use punctuation “for peaceful purposes”. First of all, it is important to learn: an incorrectly placed sign can distort the very essence of our message, therefore mistakes are extremely undesirable.

For example, let's look at two phrases: 1) "The meeting of shareholders was canceled - the chairman of the board of directors did not come" and

2) "The meeting of shareholders was canceled: the chairman of the board of directors did not come." At first glance, it seems that these two proposals are absolutely the same, they contain the same idea, reflect the same facts: "the meeting was canceled" and "the chairman did not come." Is not it? Or have you already figured out the difference?

In any case, we will return to such examples in the following sections, and now let's find out what is the meaning behind each of the phrases. If we say: "The meeting of shareholders was canceled - the chairman of the board of directors did not come," then we mean that a certain meeting of shareholders was canceled, so the chairman of the board of directors did not come to the office of the company. If we consider the second sentence: "The meeting of shareholders was canceled: the chairman of the board of directors did not come", then we describe the following situation: a certain chairman of the board of directors of the joint-stock company for some reason did not come to the appointed meeting of shareholders, therefore the meeting itself was canceled.

We cannot but agree that the correct interpretation of what we are writing about depends on the punctuation mark alone, and the interested reader may form a wrong idea about the events we are describing.

Now let's take a closer look at the most necessary punctuation marks in order. We will dwell on some of them in more detail, while others - the most simple ones - will only touch on slightly.

So, let's start with the signs that end the sentence: this is a period, a question mark and an exclamation mark.

Point

The dot is placed at the end of a sentence, which is commonly called narrative, that is, containing a certain thought. The narrative sentence does not contain a question or emotional uplift that should be shown in the letter. The period limits one statement containing one thought, regardless of whether it is complex, expressed by a complex or complex-subordinate sentence, or simple, said in two words.

Let's compare two excerpts from the conference press release, written in different styles:

1) “After a short but heated discussion between Mr A. and Mr V. over the suggestion made by Ms C, the section ended at 3.35” and 2) “Statement by Ms C . caused a controversy between Mr. A. and B. The meeting ended at 3.35. " Both passages tell about the same event, but in the first case we are dealing with a complex sentence, in the second with two simple ones. It should be noted that the first example is more journalistic in style, the second is academic, which is often more welcome in business correspondence. The point has several additional functions, not all of which, however, are so useful for an office worker to know, because their use is typical for artistic speech and is not suitable for business style. In this case, I mean a point after short abrupt sentences that give the text emotionality and expressiveness.

For example, passage “The chairman of the board of directors was late for the meeting.

Came in quickly. He sat down. Pale. Obviously, evil "is good for a fictional letter to a friend, but not for the minutes of the meeting, where we would rather write:

"The chairman of the board of directors showed up for the meeting with some delay." We must not forget that a period does not always mean the end of a phrase. For example, we should use a period at the end of items to enumerate something if our enumeration comes after a colon, and the items themselves (or enumeration headings) are extended independent sentences, especially if they already use any other punctuation marks. It might look like this.

Example. “After the meeting of the assets of joint-stock company N, the following conclusions were drawn.

1. The work of society N was generally found to be satisfactory.

2. Management decided to increase the amount of the annual bonus payments.

3. From the beginning of the new year, the company will focus not only on the production efficiency of well-known products, but also on the development of new brands. "

Another use of a dot is a dot at the end of a sentence, followed by an extended sentence-description or reflection that continues it in its meaning.

Example. “The car drove up to the house and the passengers saw this. Instead of a friendly house with neat shutters, the building turned into a real fortress, with bars on the windows, narrow metal doors, behind which several dogs barked unfriendly. "

Question mark
If the sentence contains a question, then you must end it with a question mark. Moreover, often several interrogative sentences can follow each other. In this case, each sentence ends with a question mark, and the next one begins with a capital letter. In some cases, especially when it comes to artistic speech, it is possible to use several question marks within one sentence, when the word following the sign is written with a capital letter. As a rule, such punctuation shows that the interrogative sentence contains a listing of similar phenomena or objects, each of which is the subject of the question, but cannot be put into a separate sentence.

Example. “Who should I ask for advice? old teachers? from childhood friends? at your relatives? " Of course, this punctuation is not found in business correspondence.

Exclamation point

If a sentence has a strong emotional coloring and in speech would be pronounced like an exclamation, then in writing it is indicated by a special punctuation mark - an exclamation point. In business correspondence, an exclamation mark is extremely rare and is not placed even after the initial address "Dear" to the addressee of the letter, but we, as literate people, should not forget about its existence, as well as about some of the rules for its use.

Some sentences must always end with an exclamation mark - these are non-subordinate sentences that contain exclamation words: "how", "what", "what for" ... etc. For example, do not put an exclamation mark after the sentence "What a day!" would be a mistake.

It is also necessary to use an exclamation mark after calls, orders and commands, which are expressed in a non-standard form by a verb in the imperative mood ("hurry up", "do it", etc.), and otherwise.

Example. "Hurry!", "This way!", "Follow him!"

Comma

Now we need to focus our attention on one of the most difficult punctuation marks in the Russian language - the comma. The use of the comma is the most difficult, and we make most of the punctuation errors precisely because of the mishandling of this sign. The comma is the same sign that we have to put so often!

And almost always, when deciding whether to use it or not, we rely on residual knowledge, natural literacy or just intuition and put a comma anywhere, and often even think to ourselves: "A lot is not a little" - and put a comma every time, when we doubt whether it really belongs here. Interestingly, if every missing comma can be explained by ignorance of a certain rule, then adding an extra comma is a problem that is difficult to deal with, since, as a rule, most of the extra commas cannot be classified into any category of punctuation errors. So, let's try to figure out how to properly use a small useful squiggle.

A comma is often used when one sentence includes several simpler sentences. These sentences inside one can be independent of each other - then they are called compound, or dependent, that is, when one sentence (subordinate clause) cannot function without another (main) and serves to expand, explain it.

Such sentences are called complex sentences. It must be remembered that in a complex sentence, several clauses can relate to one main clause. So, we need to use a comma in a complex sentence if ...

The sentences are linked by repeating conjunctions "and ... and", "neither ... nor", "or ... or", etc.

Example. Let's take a look at this excerpt from the response to the letter of inquiry: “We're sorry, but our department has no information on this matter. Contact instance N. Or the manager will give you such a certificate, or the secretary will connect you with a competent person. "

In the sentence “Either the manager will give you such a certificate, or the secretary will connect you with a competent person”, we are faced with a double conjunction “or… or”.

Now let's check ourselves. Where do we put commas in the sentence "Not the mountains can be seen from the window, no fresh wind reaches my house, or even the postman does not look into a small gateway - this new apartment is just disappointment"?

That's right: "You can't see the mountains from the window, neither the fresh wind reaches my house, nor even the postman looks into the little doorway - this new apartment is a disappointment."

The sentences are linked by the conjunctions "and / yes", "yes and", "or", "either", "a", "yes / and" (meaning "but").

Example. "The technical support service has noticed a problem on the company's server, and the correspondence has not been sent out yet."

Now let's check ourselves. Do we put commas between the parts of the sentences:

1) "The windows of the apartment faced west and I could not see the mountains in the east";
2) "The chairman of the board of directors of the company could not make it to the meeting, but no one wanted to start without him"?

Right:
1. "The apartment windows faced west, and I could not see the mountains in the east",
2. "The chairman of the board of directors of the company could not make it to the meeting, but no one wanted to start without him."

It would seem that we know this and it is not so difficult, but this rule has its own secret: we should not put a comma if sentences that connect "and", "or" or "either" have a common subordinate clause or some a word that refers to all sentences being joined.

Example. “A fresh breeze didn’t come into my new apartment and the postman didn’t come”; "When I got home, the wind was blowing harder and it was going to rain."

This rule applies to offers like the ones above. Now let's check ourselves. Is there a need for a comma in the sentence: “After a lengthy discussion, the parties came to a consensus and the results of the meeting were summed up”?

That's right: "After a lengthy discussion, the parties came to a consensus and the results of the meeting were summed up."

Sentences, very closely related in meaning, are connected in writing with each other without the use of alliances or alliances "but", "nevertheless", "however", "nevertheless".

Example. "The meeting of the council ended, but the members of the Special Commission were in no hurry to disperse."

Now let's check ourselves. Will we put commas in the next sentence: "The sun has already risen above the horizon, but the pale moon has not yet descended from the firmament, now they were shining together"?

That's right: "The sun has already risen above the horizon, but the pale moon has not yet descended from the firmament, now they were shining together."

Several subordinate clauses depend on one main one.

Example. "My aunt loved to tell scary stories about how people disappeared in the Taiga, how animals in the swamps" cried "at night."

Now let's check ourselves. Where are the commas needed in the sentence: "I ask you to submit a report, how much money was transferred to the organization's account where the funds were spent, what balance did the accounting department calculate?"

Right:
"I ask you to submit a report on how much money was transferred to the account of the organization, where the funds were spent, what the balance was counted by the accounting department"

However, this rule also has a difficulty: if such sentences are connected by the conjunction "and", then a comma is not put between them.

Example. "Please submit a report on how much money was transferred to the organization's account and where the funds were spent." Now let's check ourselves. Where do we put punctuation marks in the sentence: “Mr. N asked to explain why he needs additional insurance and how much he has to pay to the cashier”?

Correct: "Mr. N asked to explain why he needs additional insurance and how much he has to pay to the cashier."

The subordinate clause is separated by commas or commas. The dependent sentence can come before the main one, after it, or in the middle.

Example. Consider the following excerpts from an ad manager's quarterly performance report:

2) “Training of three new employees who were hired in September ended successfully”;

3) "Since timely payments were not made, the contract with Company X did not enter into force at the appointed time."

As we can see in example 1, the subordinate clause “which were recommended by the head office of the company” appears after the main clause, there is a comma before the subordinate clause, in example 2 the subordinate clause “who were hired in September” is in the middle of the main clause and is separated by commas with both parties, and in example 3 the dependent clause "because timely payments were not made" precedes the next main clause, and therefore a comma is placed after the subordinate clause.

By all means, we must not forget that we must not separate all subordinate clauses with commas. Let's remember which turnovers are not highlighted. These are expressions that we cannot separate, such as: “who got it”, “what got it”, “as if nothing had happened”, “at any cost”.

Example. "We need to warn the brigade of workers about the impending storm at all costs."

Now let's check ourselves - are commas missing in sentences:

1) "The moderator was distracted, and the session of the section turned into a hectic dispute, everyone said who was in what is great."

2) “The director asked the secretary to check the punctuation in the last letter properly”?

Right:
1. “The moderator was distracted, and the section meeting turned into a disorderly dispute, everyone was saying who was good at what”;
2. "The director asked the secretary to check the punctuation in the last letter properly."

Please note that in sentences like “The moderator got distracted, and the section meeting turned into a hectic argument, everyone said who was good at what,” the computer will certainly advise you to make corrections, namely: put a comma before the turnover “who is good at what”. But you shouldn't succumb to the provocations of the car, because we remember the rules and can rely on our mind!

Yes, the comma sign is small, but very significant, and it is not so easy to comprehend the intricacies of its functioning. Moreover, in business correspondence, which is more characterized by a simple and clear, concise, rather than lengthy, description of facts, the number of complex sentences is not so great. However, it is absolutely impossible to deny their existence and not to use them. When we have to resort to descriptions, we often think for a long time and do not know how to construct a phrase, often we even refuse beautiful long phrases, break them up into short, sometimes scanty sentences and thereby show those who read our text that we are not enough we speak our native language well. Now we have nothing to be afraid of such situations, because we have managed to figure out the most difficult cases when we should turn to a comma. But we cannot limit ourselves to repeating only complex rules. Let's remember how many mistakes we make when dealing with the simplest things ... Yes, quite a few. We often rely on intuition. Is it worth it?

Better than guessing is to be confident in your own knowledge. Therefore, now we will pay a little attention to the simpler cases when we cannot do without a comma. We will not consider in detail the use of a comma in adverbial phrases, introductory words (“it seems,” “exactly,” “in my opinion,” etc.) or in cases of addresses, since we remember that adverbial phrases, as well as references are always separated by commas. Now let's move on to other situations where we can doubt and think about whether to put a comma or not.

So, we use a comma, listing homogeneous objects or phenomena, as follows.

A comma is put if there are several homogeneous members in the sentence, between which there is no union, or if they are connected
unions "a", "but" or "yes" in the meaning of "but" (example 3). It must be remembered that each member of a sentence can consist of more than one word (example 1), and if we are talking about homogeneous definitions, then we consider them as such, homogeneous, we
we can only if they refer, that is, define, to the same word (example 2).

Examples.

1. "Please provide an estimate of expenses for the last month, an accounting report for the last month, an estimate of expenses for the current month."

3. "Company N is developing, but competitive."

Now let's check ourselves - where to put commas in sentences:

1) "Working part-time, I come to work on Monday Wednesday Thursday";

2) "White fluffy January snow lay on the paths";

3) "Did you come across an interesting and small article on the right topic in the magazine?"

Right:

1) “Working part-time, I come to work on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday”;

2) "White, fluffy January snow lay on the paths";

3) "On the right topic, the article in the magazine came across an interesting, but small".

A comma is put if we use homogeneous objects or phenomena in a sentence and connect them together
double conjunctions, such as "not only ... but also", "if / if not ... then", "though ... but", "how ... so", "not so much ... how much",
"Though ... but." In this case, the comma is used only before the second union word, and not before the first.

1. "The agenda of the pre-New Year meeting contained not so much summing up the results of the outgoing year, as planning business strategies for the next."

2. "I do not respect people who strive even a little, but to pocket them with every financial transaction."

Now let's check ourselves - where to put the missing commas in sentences:

1) "The meeting was attended by both active party members and respected veterans";

2) “The bosses not only did not reprimand their subordinates for the unfulfilled work plan, but also praised them for the quality of the work already done”?

Right:
1) "The meeting was attended by both active party members and respected veterans";

2) "The bosses not only did not reprimand their subordinates for the unfulfilled work plan, but also praised them for the quality of the work already done."

● A comma is used when homogeneous members of a sentence are linked by repeating unions, such as
"And ... and", "whether ... whether", "then ... that", "or ... or".

At the same time, it is not at all necessary that the repeating union will stand in front of each of the listed items - in front of some it may not be. This does not affect the functioning of the rule.

However, there are cases when we should not rush to use a comma, for example, when we are dealing with whole expressions consisting of words of opposite meanings, connected by repeated unions.

Examples.
1. "In order to ensure more active work of the members of the meeting, each of them was provided with schemes of the company's enterprises, and financial schedules, and copies of theses of the speakers."

2. "The car hit the hatch with a wheel, and it stood neither forward nor backward." In this example, unity is represented by the expression "neither forward nor backward." Now let's check ourselves - are there any missing commas in the sentences:

1) “You read a historical novel and, sometimes, you get so carried away that every now and then you hear either the clatter of horse hooves or the rustle of silk clothes or the sounds of old waltzes”;

2) "The boy was very scared of the dog that suddenly jumped out of the doorway and stood neither alive nor dead for a long time"?

Right:
1) “You read a historical novel and it happens that you get so carried away that every now and then you hear either the clatter of horse hooves, or the rustle of silk dresses, or the sounds of old waltzes”;

2) "The boy was very frightened by the unexpectedly jumping out of the doorway of the dog and for a long time stood neither alive nor dead."

Other uses of comma

● Comparative turnovers are separated by commas. Let us remind ourselves that a comparative turnover can start not only with
the words “how”, as well as from such conjunctions as “what”, “exactly”, “if”, “than” or “rather than”.

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that there are comparisons that are well entrenched in the language and are stable expressions, we do not separate them with commas.

Examples. Match pairs of sentences containing comparisons:

1) “From embarrassment, the young man turned red like roses in his hands” and “From embarrassment, the young man turned red like a cancer”;

2) "Overwhelmed, she was pale as a rainy morning" and "Overwhelmed, she was pale as death."

Note. We should not confuse comparative phrases beginning with the words “like”, “like”, etc., with cases when nominal parts in complex predicates begin with the same words (example 1), as well as with cases when such phrases, like “no / earlier than”, “no more than”, etc., are not used to show a comparison (example 2).

1. "Among all the workers, only Natalia is like a Cinderella, the rest are looking for opportunities to cheat."

Now let's check ourselves - is it necessary to put a comma in sentences:

2) "New ATMs complete all transactions in no more than five seconds"?

Right:

1) "Her own father is like a stranger to her"

2) "New ATMs complete all transactions in no more than five seconds"

Commas are needed to highlight expressions, turns, clarify or expand the meanings of any words - for example, commas are used to highlight participles and adjectives that are after the word to which they refer, and, moreover, they themselves have explanatory words (example 1) or serve in order to highlight the word being defined, to give it autonomy (example 2). A special case is the allocation of commas to turns related to personal pronouns - they are always isolated.

Examples.
1. "I like mountains covered with sparkling snow."

2. "Tomorrow there will be a team building training, interesting."

The commas mark applications that are not closely related in meaning to the word being defined, that is, if such applications are removed, the meaning of the whole statement will not change.

Example. "The girl, father's favorite, ran in boldly, hugged him and, laughing, hung around his neck." (L. N. Tolstoy)

Brackets

Of course, everyone knows that brackets are used to draw emoticons: "), but few people realize that brackets, as a punctuation mark, have another use.

After reading the next paragraph, you will become one of those few. So what can parentheses be for? Briefly, the basic rule for using brackets can be formulated as follows: if you want to insert an addition or explanation of a thought or part of it expressed by you (on paper) into a sentence, this addition (and this can be one word or a whole sentence) is enclosed in brackets. Explanations and additions can be as follows.

You want to clarify your thought, enter additional information without syntactically linking it to the entire sentence, that is, not "embedding" it into the sentence.

1. "Due to force majeure (strong storm), the delivery time has been changed."

2. "Our family used the services of this hairdressing salon rather out of habit (a new one was opened a long time ago), and also out of respect for its owner."

You want to add an additional comment to your proposal, a comment that is also syntactically unrelated to the entire proposal. Such additions can also express a question or exclamation.

1. "Since the beginning of the month, the management has introduced (to the general indignation of employees) fines for being late without a good reason."

2. “When she noticed that the bill was counterfeit (what a horror!), She was simply confused.”

3. "Someday (who knows?) Robots will become as faithful friends and helpers of humans as, for example, dogs."

Note. The use of such syntactic constructions in business correspondence is extremely undesirable, since it gives speech an expressive shade that does not fit well with the style of business communication.

You enter into your sentence a comment that is syntactically related to the entire sentence, but has an additional, secondary clarifying meaning.

1. "At this moment everyone's attention was riveted to the new dress of the mistress of the house (who was sitting badly on her)."

2. “Every time, leaving the house (which was already turning into a system), he remembered that he hadn’t turned off the light in the hallway again .;

3. "Clarifications and additions (which can be found in Appendix 1) will be included in the second edition of the third volume."

Note. As in the previous paragraph, it should be noted that such syntactic constructions are not very suitable for business correspondence - they are, rather, suitable for a less formal style of communication and artistic speech.

Brackets are used to convey the attitude of listeners to someone's speech, for example, when keeping minutes of a meeting, meeting.

1. “The introduction of new technologies this year will lead our company to unprecedented success! (Applause in the hall) ".

2. “Today, as never before, I am glad to announce the names of the winners, because they are our compatriots! (Loud applause, turning into a standing ovation) ".

If you use a quotation, the author's surname and the title of the work from which this quotation was taken are indicated in brackets behind it, and the dot denoting the end of the sentence will be placed after the closing parenthesis.

Example. "Moral rules should not interfere with instinctive happiness" (Russell B., "Why I Am Not a Christian").

It is also useful to know that in a dramatic text, the author's remarks are enclosed in brackets.

Example. “Yau El. You have renounced! Emperor. Not really. (Angrily). Didn't you give the order to shoot me?

Yau Spruce. You never know what! What can not be said in the heat of the moment "(B. Brecht," Turandot, or the Whitewash Congress ")

Now let's check ourselves - we will place the punctuation marks correctly (missing commas, periods and brackets) in the passage:

“In the current circumstances, stormy wind and severe frost seemed to be the most prudent to return to the base. However, heading towards the camp, we found the horror! that the bridge was destroyed Throwing our loaded backpacks behind our backs, already aching from overloads, we walked along the river. "

That's right: “Under the circumstances (stormy wind and severe frost), it seemed most prudent to return to base. Heading towards the camp, we found (what a horror!) That the bridge was destroyed.

Throwing our loaded backpacks behind our backs (already aching from overloads), we walked along the river. "

Brackets plus other punctuation marks

It is important to remember that punctuation marks must be correctly combined with each other. This concerns brackets in the first place, since they are more often than other signs appear in combination with periods, commas, colons and their other "colleagues". There are several very simple rules governing the relationship of punctuation marks within one sentence.

The comma, semicolon, colon, and dash are not placed before the opening or closing parenthesis, they are placed after the closing parenthesis.

Let us explain with examples:
Examples.
1. "The detachment moved in complete darkness (it was a new moon), but the pace did not slow down."

2. “By that time, everything was ready for departure (I must say, we got together fabulously quickly); suitcases are packed; waiting
Us The most expensive car in the world was humming at the entrance. "

3. "Everything in this room was familiar to me to the smallest detail (how many years I lived here!): The shabby rug by the bed, and the invariable ficus tree on the windowsill, and faded curtains."

4. "In relations with subordinates, he demanded only one thing (apparently, the most important thing in his understanding) - iron discipline."

Punctuation marks such as period, question mark, exclamation mark, and ellipsis should be positioned:
- before the closing parenthesis, if they relate only to words enclosed in parentheses;

Example. “Running up to the building where our office was located in the morning, 15 minutes late, I noted to myself (hurray, hurray!) That the boss’s car was not there yet.”

After the closing parenthesis, if referring to the entire sentence as a whole.

Example. "And why did you bring this mongrel here (and her fleas at the same time)?"

Quotes

Very often in speech we use the words "in quotation marks". For example, when they talk about "successes in quotation marks", they mean something opposite in meaning - failure, failure, etc.

We will try to figure out where, when and what the quotes are used for, but let us make a reservation right away that quotes are rare in business correspondence.

If you want to use a quotation in your text, it must be enclosed in quotation marks.

Example. “Looking at the dusty showcase of the sideboard, I involuntarily recalled the words of Bulgakov:“ There is only one freshness - the first, it is the last. And if the sturgeon is of the second freshness, it means that it is rotten! "

Note: If you are "embedding" a quote in a sentence, then you do not need to put a colon in front of it.

Example. “Even Mikhail Bulgakov in his“ Heart of a Dog ”said that“ the devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads ”.

It is necessary to enclose words in quotation marks if you do not use them in their direct meaning, but ironically and figuratively.

Example. "The last 'achievement' of my son completely upset me - it was necessary to think of putting a button on the chair of the math teacher."

Note: irony is atypical for the official style of communication, and this must be borne in mind.

Do not forget to put in quotation marks and all "unusual" words - obsolete and no longer used in ordinary speech, or, on the contrary, the words proposed for the first time.

1. "As the name of the picture suggests, the creature depicted on it was called a toad - a monstrous cross between a frog and a dog."

2. “In the morning, grandmother will get up before everyone else, put on her“ zapon ”and go to the kitchen to fiddle. And soon it will smell so delicious from there that you can't go to bed anymore.

All kinds of names, be it the name of a hamburger in McDonald's, your favorite novel, or a submarine, too
are enclosed in quotation marks.

Examples.
1. “I am re-reading Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina and again I am horrified at her absurd and cruel death”.

2. "Representatives of the Phoenix company showed up for negotiations exactly at the appointed time."

Note: quotes are not put if the name includes the words "name ...", "memory ...".

Example. Saratov State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky.

Use quotation marks for direct speech, if it does not start with a paragraph, but continues a line.

Example. “Following the little boy down the street, without making out the road, an overweight man ran and shouted:“ Stop! Wait, let's talk! "

Note: direct speech is not used in business correspondence.

Now let's check ourselves by correctly placing punctuation marks (quotes missing).

1. The new film adaptation of War and Peace raises many questions.

2. And then Little Red Riding Hood asked: Grandma, why do you have such big ears?

4. Komsomolskaya Pravda is my favorite newspaper.

Right:
1. The new film adaptation of "War and Peace" raises many questions.

2. And then Little Red Riding Hood asked: "Grandma, why do you have such big ears?"

4. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" is my favorite newspaper.

Quotes plus other punctuation marks

As with parentheses, there are a number of simple rules to help you organize the placement of various punctuation marks in combination with quotation marks in the same sentence.

Period, comma, semicolon, colon, and dash cannot appear before closing quotation marks. Only put them after the quotation marks.

Example. “After such a grandiose failure, he decided, as they say,“ to lay low ”.

Example. “Representatives of Kristall, having carefully considered all the arguments, decided to refuse the offer.”

Example. “Outside the gates, the Zhiguli engine rumbled; doors slammed; the car drove off. "

Question mark, exclamation mark and ellipsis must be used:

Before the closing quotation marks, if referring only to words enclosed in quotation marks;

Example. "To my question" What are we going to do now? " nobody answered".
- after the closing quotation marks, if they refer to the entire sentence as a whole.

Example. “And these are all your so-called“ facts ”? Unconvincing. "

Note: if you need to put either a question mark, or an exclamation mark, or an ellipsis in front of the closing quotation marks, then you do not need to put the same mark after the quotation marks, but if the characters are not repeated, then both are put.

Example. “Doesn't this remind you of the dreams of Vera Pavlovna from Chernyshevsky’s novel“ What is to be done? ”

Example. "It was decided to change the title of the article" At any cost to victory! "

Semicolon

The punctuation mark "semicolon" occurs most often in long sentences that are typical of official communication styles. The semicolon helps to highlight the semantic parts in such sentences, that is, it makes it easier to understand the text.

If a complex sentence consists of several sentences, often with commas inside, then a semicolon is placed between them. These proposals can be independent of each other, or they can obey one main thing.

Sentences within one complex can be connected in different ways: - without the help of unions;

Example. “The need to introduce a new payroll system was caused by the discontent of the staff with the old payroll system; disciplinary sanctions, introduced in parallel with the new principles of remuneration, increased the level of responsibility of the employees of the enterprise; innovations have increased the profit of the enterprise in a short time ”. - with the help of various unions: "however", "nevertheless", "nevertheless", etc.

Example. “The introduction of the newest forms of management at the enterprise contributed to the increase in profits; however, it entailed the need to retrain a larger number of workers who do not have the appropriate skills; nevertheless it was
new technologies have allowed the company to become one of the leaders in its market segment ”.

Note: in the case when inside a complex sentence the simple ones are connected using the conjunction "a", great care is required. The semicolon is applicable here only if the sentences it associates are common and have commas within them.

Note: the conjunctions "and", "yes" (meaning "and") can only be used to connect sentences that would be separated by a dot without them.

If you use common homogeneous members in a sentence, there may also be a semicolon between them.

Example. “At first, the collective was a motley heterogeneous gathering: high-class specialists gathered here who believed in the success of a new undertaking; enthusiasts without special talents, but infecting everyone with their energy and faith in victory; and just random people, too, gradually catching up with a common idea. "

The semicolon is used when building a list if the enumeration headings are not independent sentences, and especially in cases where there are commas inside them.

3) instruct AI Ivanova, the head of the personnel department, to control the timely arrival of employees to work. "

Dash

The dash among other punctuation marks occupies a special place, because it is the only punctuation mark in the setting of which the writer is given some free will. Sometimes the dash is called the "author's mark", but let's make a reservation right away, only if we are talking about a literary text, a friendly message. In these and similar cases, the dash helps to make speech more expressive and colorful, to place semantic shades more subtly, to emphasize emotions. As far as official letters are concerned, the setting of the dash is, of course, strictly regulated, because we are not talking about any intonation nuances or any expressive coloring here. Let's consider the main cases when setting a dash is necessary.

A dash is placed in a sentence between the subject and the predicate if: - both the subject and the predicate are expressed by the noun in the nominative case and there is no link between them;

Example. "Knowledge is power. Birch is a tree. The Colorado potato beetle is a pest. The secretary is the leader's right hand. The marketing department is an important link in the company. "

Note: if there is a negation “not” in front of the predicate, you do not need to put a dash. Example. “Banana is not a tree. Dolphin is not a fish. ”- the subject is a noun or a verb in an indefinite form, and a predicate is expressed by a verb in an indefinite form and there is no link between them;

Example. "Living life is not a field to cross." - the subject joins the predicate with the words “this”, “this is”, “this means”, “here”.

Examples.
1. "Computerization is the key to the success of an enterprise."

2. "Being responsible means thinking about others."

3. "Mom is the first word children usually say."

If, after listing a number of subjects, you summarize them in one word, you must put a dash in front of it.

Example. "Computerization of workplaces, organization of advanced training courses for personnel - all proposals to improve labor efficiency deserve attention."

If at the end of a sentence you enter some addition, explanation, application, it is attached to the main sentence with a dash.

Example. “He did not forget to mention an alternative to wire communication - the Altai trunking system.

Example. "Some people find it pointless to keep these little furry predators - cats in a city apartment."

If sentences as part of one complex are connected without the help of unions, a dash is put between them in cases where the second sentence in its meaning is a consequence or conclusion from the first.

Example. "The meeting of shareholders was canceled - the chairman of the board of directors did not come." (“The meeting was canceled, so the chairman did not come.”)

Example. "The offer is tempting - it is impossible to resist."

Example. "The technical base has been updated - we work without interruptions."

When denoting temporal, spatial or quantitative limits, a dash replaces the words "from ... to".

Example. Flight Chicago - Moscow.

Example. "Russian athletes took part in the famous Paris - Dakkar race."

Example. "Household items of French feudal lords of the 9th-10th centuries."

Now let's check ourselves by correctly placing punctuation marks (commas, periods and brackets are missing).

1. You can't get tickets for the Saratov Berlin train.

2. Personnel appearance is an important part of the company's image.

3. Watermelon berry.

4. Amanita is a poisonous mushroom.

5. Poverty is not a vice.

6. Sister, aunt, and both cousins all came to wish Emma a happy birthday.

Right:

7. You can't get tickets for the Saratov - Berlin train.

8. Personnel appearance is an important part of the company's image.

9. Watermelon is a berry.

10. Amanita - a poisonous mushroom.

11. Poverty is not a vice.

12. Sister, aunt and both cousins all came to wish Emma a happy birthday.

Other cases of setting a dash in a sentence relate mainly to artistic speech, where they serve to make it more expressive. Let's comment on some of these cases using examples.

Example 1. “I wanted to do a thousand things in the morning - by the evening I realized that I hadn't really mastered a single one. I tried to stand on my hands - I fell. "
Example 2. "I wanted to speak - the language did not obey."

In this case, the dash connects either two predicates (example 1) or two independent sentences (example 2) and is used to oppose one to the other.

Example 3. "The girl brushed aside a tear, twirled the ring in her hands for a minute and flung it into the river with a flourish." In artistic speech, with the help of a dash, any part of the sentence can be separated, at the request of the author, to enhance the desired effect.

Example 4. “Losing a friend is easy - difficult to find.

Example 5. “You are ice - you are a flame. You fluff - you are a stone. "

In this case, a dash between two sentences (example 5) or between homogeneous members (example 4) expresses their sharp opposition.

Example 6. "Vera Ivanovna - to the bank, and Marya Petrovna - report for tomorrow".

A dash can be used in place of the missing member of the sentence. In this case, the predicate is missing. Otherwise, the proposal might look like this: "We are sending Vera Ivanovna to the bank, and Marya Petrovna is preparing a report for tomorrow."

Example 7. “Car - to shine, tomorrow - without delay. (Wash the car to a shine, arrive tomorrow without delay) ”.

Example 8. “At this moment - I could not believe my happiness! - the door finally opened. "

Example 9. "Only once - and even then I vaguely remember - I saw this strange person."

In these examples, a dash is used to highlight an explanation, a comment in the middle of a sentence.

Example 10. "As a rule, all incoming and outgoing documentation - orders, letters, telephone messages, protocols, requests - is duplicated for reliability on the server."

In example 10, a dash marks a group of homogeneous members in the middle of a sentence after a generalizing word.

Colon

The colon is used mainly in enumerations and in the design of direct speech, but it also has other functions. Let's take a closer look at the different uses of the colon.

If a listing is expected at the end of your sentence, then you need to put a colon in front of it, especially if there is a generalizing word or words "somehow", "namely".

Example. "In connection with the expansion, the construction company is hiring workers of the following specialties: bricklayer, roofer, crane operator."

Example. "To receive a foreign delegation, it is necessary to put in order a number of premises, namely: a hall, a conference hall, a dining room."

If the enumeration is in the middle of a sentence after a generalizing word or the words “somehow”, “namely,” a colon is placed before it.

Example. "All kinds of small details, such as flowers on the tables, fresh fruit, well-sharpened pencils, have a positive effect on the overall impression of the meeting."

Note: in this case, a dash is placed after the listing.

If sentences in the composition of one complex are connected without the help of unions, a colon is put between them in cases where the second sentence clarifies the meaning of the first or contains a reason, the basis of what is discussed in the first sentence.

Example. "Now I am absolutely convinced that recruiting is very important."

Example. "The meeting of shareholders was canceled: the chairman of the board of directors did not come." ("The meeting was canceled because the chairman did not come.")

If sentences in the composition of one complex are connected without the help of conjunctions, a colon is put between them in cases where the verbs “see”, “look”, “hear”, “know”, “feel”, etc. are the main ones in the first sentence. NS.

Example. "Ivan Tsarevich walked for a long time through the forest and suddenly sees: there is a hut in the middle of the swamp on chicken legs."

Example. "The garden was sickly, as if it had a presentiment of its fate: two years later a new village with straight asphalt streets, playgrounds and a parking lot appeared in its place."

With the help of a colon, direct speech is entered if it does not begin with a paragraph, but continues a line.

Example. “The saleswoman in the sausage department did not differ in politeness and only muttered from behind the counter:“ What do you want? ”.

Example. “I asked the old man on the bench:“ What time is it? ”. And he answered me: "Very little." I did not understand and asked again: "What does it mean - very little time?" The old man sadly said: "I have very little time to enjoy life."

Dd! Tell me before telling if a comma is needed? Ltd., in response to your instructions from ___ No. ___ on the implementation of the plan for ___ year within its competence, reports the following.

The comma is not included.


	Question No. 297895

How is it written correctly "In response to your proposal to conclude a lease agreement for heat supply facilities, which are or are in municipal ownership ..."