Question 1.
To maintain normal life, the body needs nutrients (minerals, water, organic compounds) and oxygen. Usually, these substances move through the vessels (along the vessels of wood and bast in plants and through the blood vessels in animals). In cells, substances move from organoid to organoid. Substances are transported into the cell from the intercellular substance. Waste and unnecessary substances are removed from the cells and, then, through the excretory organs from the body. Thus, the transport of substances in the body is necessary for normal metabolism and energy.
Question 2.
In unicellular organisms, substances are carried by the movement of the cytoplasm. So, in an amoeba, the cytoplasm flows from one part of the body to another. The nutrients it contains are transported and carried throughout the body. In the ciliate shoe - a unicellular organism with a constant body shape - the movement of the digestive vesicle and the distribution of nutrients throughout the cell is achieved by a continuous circular movement of the cytoplasm.
Question 3.
Cardiovascular the system provides a continuous flow of blood, which is necessary for all organs and tissues. Through this system, organs and tissues receive oxygen, nutrients, water, mineral salts, hormones that regulate the body's work are supplied to the organs with blood. Carbon dioxide, decay products, enter the blood from the organs. In addition, the circulatory system maintains a constant body temperature, ensures the constancy of the internal environment of the body ( homeostasis), the interconnection of organs, provides gas exchange in tissues and organs. The circulatory system also performs a protective function, since the blood contains antibodies and antitoxins.
Question 4.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It consists of plasma and corpuscles. Plasma is a liquid intercellular substance, the formed elements are blood cells. Plasma makes up 50-60% of the blood volume and is 90% water. The rest is organic (about 9.1%) and inorganic (about 0.9%) plasma substances. Organic substances include proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), fats, glucose, urea. Due to the presence of fibrinogen in plasma, the blood is capable of clotting - an important protective reaction that saves the body from blood loss.
Question 5.
Blood consists of plasma and corpuscles. Plasma is a liquid intercellular substance, the formed elements are blood cells. Plasma makes up 50-60% of the blood volume and is 90% water. The rest is organic (about 9.1%) and inorganic
(about 0.9%) of plasma substance. Organic substances include proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), fats, glucose, urea. Due to the presence of fibrinogen in plasma, the blood is capable of clotting - an important protective reaction that saves the body from blood loss.
The blood cells are erythrocytes - red blood cells, leukocytes - white blood cells and platelets - platelets.
Question 6.
Stomata represent a gap that is located between two bean-shaped (guard) cells. The trailing cells are located above the large intercellular space in loose leaf tissue. The stomata are usually located on the lower side of the leaf blade, and in aquatic plants (water lily, egg capsule) - only on the upper side. A number of plants (cereals, cabbage) have stomata on both sides of the leaf.
Question 7.
To maintain normal life, the plant absorbs CO2 (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere by leaves and water with mineral salts dissolved in it from the roots.
The roots of plants are covered, like a fluff, with root hairs that absorb the soil solution. Thanks to them, the suction surface increases tens and even hundreds of times.
The movement of water and minerals in plants is carried out by two forces: root pressure and evaporation of water from leaves. Root pressure is the force that causes a one-way supply of moisture from the roots to the shoots. Evaporation of water by leaves is a process that occurs through the stomata of leaves and maintains a continuous flow of water with dissolved minerals in it through the plant in an ascending direction.
Question 8.
Organic substances synthesized in the leaves flow into all plant organs through the sieve tubes of the bast and form a descending current. In woody plants, the movement of nutrients in the horizontal plane occurs with the participation of core rays.
Question 9.
With the help of root hairs, water and minerals are absorbed from soil solutions. The cell membrane of the root hairs is thin, which facilitates absorption.
Root pressure- the force causing a one-sided supply of moisture from the roots to the shoots. Root pressure develops when the osmotic pressure in the root vessels exceeds the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Root pressure, along with evaporation, is involved in the movement of water in the body of the plant.
Question 10.
The evaporation of water by a plant is called transpiration... Water evaporates through the entire surface of the plant's body, but especially intensively through the stomata in the leaves. The meaning of evaporation: it takes part in the movement of water and solutes through the body of the plant; promotes carbohydrate nutrition of plants; protects plants from overheating.
In multicellular organisms, cells of different tissues are distant from each other. Therefore, they have formed a transport system that provides the flow of gases and nutrients to all organs and tissues.
Movement of substances in a plant
To find out how the transport system of plants works, we will conduct two experiments.
Test 1... Place the shoots of poplar (maple, willow) in a vessel with water tinted with red ink. After two days, we will make several longitudinal and transverse sections of the stem. On all the cuts, we will see that only the wood is colored. The bark and core remained unpainted. This means that water with dissolved substances rises through the wood of the stem, through the vessels.
Test 2... We place two shoots in a vessel with water and expose them to the light. Previously, one of
they will remove the ring of bark (3 cm wide), stepping back from the end of the shoot 8-10 cm. After 3-4 weeks, the shoots will develop adventitious roots. In an intact shoot, roots are formed at the lower end. In a shoot with an annular cut, adventitious roots will develop over the bare section of the stem. There will be no roots under the annular cut, since by removing the bark ring, we damaged the sieve tubes. Organic matter from the leaves, moving along the bast, reached the cut site and accumulated here. This contributed to the development of adventitious roots.
Thus, experience proves that organic substances move along the bark of the stem, the sieve tubes of the bast. They move to all organs of the plant - roots, underground shoots, tops of aerial shoots, flowers, fruits, seeds.
Transport of substances in animals
Just as the transport of substances along the conducting system of a plant occurs, the circulatory system provides the transfer of oxygen and nutrients to all organs and tissues of animals. Carbon dioxide and harmful substances enter the blood from the tissues. The release of blood from carbon dioxide occurs in the respiratory organs, and from harmful substances in the excretory organs.
The main organ of the circulatory system, providing its transport function, is the heart. It acts as a pump that circulates blood. The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels.
Warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals
In frogs, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, the blood mixes in one of the parts of the heart. As a result, oxygen-poor blood is supplied to all organs. Such animals are cold-blooded. Their body temperature depends on the environment. In birds and mammals, oxygenated blood does not mix with blood, which carries carbon dioxide and harmful substances. An increase in the oxygen content in the blood provides the release of a large amount of energy, due to which these animals have a constant body temperature and are warm-blooded. This allows them to more easily tolerate adverse environmental conditions and widely disperse around the planet.
1. All leaves have veins. What structures are they formed from? What is their role in the transport of substances through the plant?
The veins are formed by vascular-fibrous bundles that permeate the entire plant, connecting its parts - shoots, roots, flowers and fruits. They are based on conductive tissues, which carry out active movement of substances, and mechanical ones. Water and mineral substances dissolved in it move in the plant from the roots to the aboveground parts along the vessels of the wood, and organic substances move along the sieve tubes of the bast from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
In addition to the conductive tissue, the vein includes a mechanical tissue: fibers that give the sheet plate strength and elasticity.
2. What is the role of the circulatory system?
Blood carries nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, carries out carbon dioxide and other decay products. Thus, the blood has a respiratory function. White blood cells have a protective function: they destroy pathogens that have entered the body.
3. What is blood made of?
Blood consists of a colorless liquid - plasma and blood cells. Distinguish between red and white blood cells. Red blood cells give the blood a red color, since they contain a special substance - the pigment hemoglobin.
4. Suggest simple diagrams of closed and open circulatory systems. Point to them the heart, blood vessels and body cavity.
Diagram of an open circulatory system
5. Offer an experience proving the movement of substances through the body.
Let us prove that substances move through the body using the example of a plant. We put in water, tinted with red ink, a young shoot of a tree. After 2-4 days, we will pull the shoot out of the water, wash off the ink from it and cut off a piece of the lower part. Consider first a cross-section of the shoot. The cut shows that the wood is colored red.
Then we cut along the rest of the shoot. Red stripes appeared in places of colored vessels that are part of the wood.
6. Gardeners propagate some plants with cut twigs. They plant twigs in the ground and cover with a jar until they are fully rooted. Explain the meaning of the can.
High constant humidity is formed under the can due to evaporation. Therefore, the plant evaporates less moisture and will not wither.
7. Why do cut flowers wither sooner or later? How can you prevent their early withering? Make a diagram of the transport of substances in cut flowers.
Cut flowers are not a full-fledged plant, since they have removed the equine system, which provided adequate (conceived by nature) absorption of water and minerals, as well as a part of the leaves that ensured photosynthesis.
The flower withers mainly because the cut plant or flower lacks moisture due to increased evaporation. It starts from the moment of cutting, and especially when the flower and leaves are without water for a long time, have a large evaporation surface (cut lilac, cut hydrangea). Many cut greenhouse flowers find it difficult to tolerate the difference in temperature and humidity of the place where they were grown, with the dryness and warmth of living rooms.
But the flower can fade, or grow old, this process is natural and irreversible.
To avoid wilting and extend the life of flowers, a bouquet of flowers should be in a special package, which serves to protect it from creasing, penetration of sunlight, and warm hands. On the street, it is advisable to carry the bouquet with the flowers down (moisture will always flow directly to the buds during the transfer of flowers).
One of the main reasons for the wilting of flowers in a vase is a decrease in the sugar content in the tissues and dehydration of the plant. This happens most often due to the blockage of blood vessels by air bubbles. To avoid this, the end of the stem is immersed in water and an oblique cut is made with a sharp knife or pruner. After that, the flower is no longer removed from the water. If such a need arises, then the operation is repeated again.
Before putting the cut flowers in water, remove all the lower leaves from the stems, and from roses - also thorns. This will reduce moisture evaporation and prevent the proliferation of bacteria in the water.
8. What is the role of root hairs? What is Root Pressure?
Water enters the plant through the root hairs. Covered with mucus, in close contact with the soil, they suck in water with minerals dissolved in it.
Root pressure is the force that causes the one-way movement of water from roots to shoots.
9. What is the significance of the evaporation of water from leaves?
Once in the leaves, water evaporates from the surface of the cells and in the form of vapor through the stomata is released into the atmosphere. This process provides a continuous upward flow of water through the plant: having given up water, the cells of the leaf pulp, like a pump, begin to intensively absorb it from the vessels surrounding them, where water flows along the stem from the root.
10. In the spring, a gardener discovered two damaged trees. In one mouse, the bark was partially damaged, in another, the hares gnawed the trunk with a ring. Which tree can die?
A tree in which the hares gnawed the trunk with a ring may die. As a result of this, the inner layer of the bark, which is called bast, will be destroyed. Solutions of organic substances move along it. Without their influx, cells below the damage will die.
The cambium lies between the bark and the wood. In spring and summer, the cambium vigorously divides, and as a result, new bast cells are deposited towards the bark, and new wood cells towards the wood. Therefore, the life of the tree will depend on whether the cambium is damaged.
Question 1.
To maintain normal life, the body needs nutrients (minerals, water, organic compounds) and oxygen. Usually, these substances move through the vessels (along the vessels of wood and bast in plants and through the blood vessels in animals). In cells, substances move from organoid to organoid. Substances are transported into the cell from the intercellular substance. Waste and unnecessary substances are removed from the cells and, then, through the excretory organs from the body. Thus, the transport of substances in the body is necessary for normal metabolism and energy.
Question 2.
In unicellular organisms, substances are carried by the movement of the cytoplasm. So, in an amoeba, the cytoplasm flows from one part of the body to another. The nutrients it contains are transported and carried throughout the body. In the ciliate shoe - a unicellular organism with a constant body shape - the movement of the digestive vesicle and the distribution of nutrients throughout the cell is achieved by a continuous circular movement of the cytoplasm.
Question 3.
Cardiovascular the system provides a continuous flow of blood, which is necessary for all organs and tissues. Through this system, organs and tissues receive oxygen, nutrients, water, mineral salts, hormones that regulate the body's work are supplied to the organs with blood. Carbon dioxide, decay products, enter the blood from the organs. In addition, the circulatory system maintains a constant body temperature, ensures the constancy of the internal environment of the body ( homeostasis), the interconnection of organs, provides gas exchange in tissues and organs. The circulatory system also performs a protective function, since the blood contains antibodies and antitoxins.
Question 4.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It consists of plasma and corpuscles. Plasma is a liquid intercellular substance, the formed elements are blood cells. Plasma makes up 50-60% of the blood volume and is 90% water. The rest is organic (about 9.1%) and inorganic (about 0.9%) plasma substances. Organic substances include proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), fats, glucose, urea. Due to the presence of fibrinogen in plasma, the blood is capable of clotting - an important protective reaction that saves the body from blood loss.
Question 5.
Blood consists of plasma and corpuscles. Plasma is a liquid intercellular substance, the formed elements are blood cells. Plasma makes up 50-60% of the blood volume and is 90% water. The rest is organic (about 9.1%) and inorganic
(about 0.9%) of plasma substance. Organic substances include proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), fats, glucose, urea. Due to the presence of fibrinogen in plasma, the blood is capable of clotting - an important protective reaction that saves the body from blood loss.
The blood cells are erythrocytes - red blood cells, leukocytes - white blood cells and platelets - platelets.
Question 6.
Stomata represent a gap that is located between two bean-shaped (guard) cells. The trailing cells are located above the large intercellular space in loose leaf tissue. The stomata are usually located on the lower side of the leaf blade, and in aquatic plants (water lily, egg capsule) - only on the upper side. A number of plants (cereals, cabbage) have stomata on both sides of the leaf.
Question 7.
To maintain normal life, the plant absorbs CO2 (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere by leaves and water with mineral salts dissolved in it from the roots.
The roots of plants are covered, like a fluff, with root hairs that absorb the soil solution. Thanks to them, the suction surface increases tens and even hundreds of times.
The movement of water and minerals in plants is carried out by two forces: root pressure and evaporation of water from leaves. Root pressure is the force that causes a one-way supply of moisture from the roots to the shoots. Evaporation of water by leaves is a process that occurs through the stomata of leaves and maintains a continuous flow of water with dissolved minerals in it through the plant in an ascending direction.
Question 8.
Organic substances synthesized in the leaves flow into all plant organs through the sieve tubes of the bast and form a descending current. In woody plants, the movement of nutrients in the horizontal plane occurs with the participation of core rays.
Question 9.
With the help of root hairs, water and minerals are absorbed from soil solutions. The cell membrane of the root hairs is thin, which facilitates absorption.
Root pressure- the force causing a one-sided supply of moisture from the roots to the shoots. Root pressure develops when the osmotic pressure in the root vessels exceeds the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Root pressure, along with evaporation, is involved in the movement of water in the body of the plant.
Question 10.
The evaporation of water by a plant is called transpiration... Water evaporates through the entire surface of the plant's body, but especially intensively through the stomata in the leaves. The meaning of evaporation: it takes part in the movement of water and solutes through the body of the plant; promotes carbohydrate nutrition of plants; protects plants from overheating.
Topic: "Transport of substances in the body of animals"
Lesson type: Lesson in learning new material and primary reinforcement.
Goals: the formation of UUD through the provision of conditions for fostering a positive interest in the studied subject, the development of skills of independent work.
Tasks:
Cognitive UUD: ability to work with new information on a topic; the ability to compare, highlight the main thing, generalize, establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Communicative UUD: the ability to express your thoughts orally; the ability to interact with each other - to hear and understand others.
Personal UUD: educational and cognitive interest in new material.
Didactic and technical support: Presentation "Transport of substances in an animal organism", individual cards with tasks for checking the passed material "Transport of substances in a plant organism", a cluster template for filling on the topic "Blood cells"; handouts in the form of texts:
- "Blood cells"
Organization of space: frontal work, individual work, work in pairs.
Lesson structure
Activitypupils
Activity
teachers
Student assignments that will lead to achievement of planned results
Planned
results and ECD
I ... Motivation for learning
activities
(2 minutes)
Greets students, determines readiness for the lesson.
Guides students in assessing the effectiveness of their work during the lesson
II ... Knowledge update
(10 min)
Students carry out independent work with further mutual checking according to the standard
Provides self-test of work according to the proposed standard
Students are encouraged to insert missing words and phrases into the text (Appendix 1)
Comprehend the results of their activities. Structure their knowledge; establish causal relationships
III ... Creation of a problematic situation. Goal setting
(3 min)
Students cooperate with the teacher and with each other, develop a joint solution
Provides a problem situation that allows you to go to the formulation of the lesson topic and goals
Creating a problem situation:
What substances are discussed in the topic TRANSPORT? "
What organ system will this process be associated with?
Why is blood so important? "
Will the structure of the circulatory system be different in invertebrates and vertebrates?
Know: substances that are transported in the body through the circulatory system.During the discussion, students come to an awareness of the problem and independently formulate ways to solve it,formulate the topic and objectives of the lesson,are aware of the upcoming activities
IV ... Learning new (blood)
(8 minutes)
Acquaintance with new material through the proposed text (Appendix 2)
Provides "Blood Cells" text, an illustrated slide on the question, and a cluster template to fill out.
Students learn new material from the text and fill out the "Blood cells" cluster (Appendix 2)
IV ... Learning new things (circulatory system)
(10 min)
Students work in pairs according to texts (Appendix 3):
- “The circulatory system of worms”, “The circulatory system of mollusks”, The circulatory system of fish ”,“ The circulatory system of the frog ”,“ The circulatory system of mammals ”.
(each pair studies only one text and prepares a short message for the class)
Organizes the activities of students, advises if necessary
Students learn new material from the text and discuss in pairs and prepare short messages from their own text
Active actions of students with learning content, maximum use of independence in acquiring knowledge and mastering methods of action.
Ability to work with information, highlighting the main thing, analysis and structuring.
V ... Generalization and systematization (7 minutes)
Speeches of groups on the topic "Types of the circulatory system, heart", filling in the comparative table (Appendix 4)
Guides students to fill out the table (Appendix 4)
What conclusions can be drawn from the table?
Who first got a real heart?
How did the heart of animals become more complex in the course of evolution?
Students engage in dialogue (passively or actively), prove their point of view
Form the ability to draw conclusions
VI ... Reflection of educational activities in the lesson (5 minutes)
Self-analysis of activities
Invites students to comment on the lesson
It is suggested to complete the sentence:
Today in the lesson I learned (Xia) ...
Today it was a surprise to me that ...
It was especially interesting ...
Today in the lesson I understood ...
I still need to practice in
Students independently record personal results and are guided by the need for further development on a given topic
The handout for the lesson is located in the Applications folder
