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There are 6 tenses in German (1 present, 3 past and 2 future):

Present tense (Präsens):

This is the simplest tense in German. To build the present tense, you just need to put the verb in the correct conjugation:

Example: machen - to do

Examples:
Hans geht zur Arbeit. - Hans goes to work.
Der Computer arbeitet nicht. - Computer does not work.

Past tenses:

There are 3 past tenses in German. However, in fact, 2 times will be enough for you. The first is called "Präteritum" and the second "Perfekt". In most cases, both times are translated in the same way into Russian. In official correspondence and in books "Präteritum" is commonly used. In spoken language, "Perfekt" is usually used. However, in German there is no such strictness with tenses as, for example, in English. In fact, you can almost always use any past tense.

Prateritum:

Here we first encounter the concept of regular (strong) and irregular (weak) verbs. The forms of regular verbs change according to a certain pattern. Forms of irregular verbs need to be memorized. For a complete list of irregular verbs, see.

Change of regular (weak) verb in time "Präteritum": machen (Infinitiv) -> machte (Präteritum)
Conjugations of the verb machen in Präteritum:

Examples:
"Du machtest die Hausaufgabe!" - "You did your homework!"
"Du spieltest Fussball" - "You played football"

Irregular verb in "Präteritum": gehen (Infinitiv) -> ging (Präteritum)

Example:
"Du gingst nach Hause!" - "You were going home!"

Perfect

The second commonly used past tense in German is "Perfekt". It is very often used in ordinary speech. To build a sentence in "Perfekt", you need to use the auxiliary verb "haben" or "sein" (Auxiliary verb is a verb that does not carry a semantic load. It only indicates time). The sentence is built in "Perfekt" as follows:

Subject -> auxiliary verb "haben" or "sein" -> everything else -> semantic verb in the form "Partizip 2".

Conjugations of the verb "sein" and "haben":

sein	haben
ich bin	ich habe
du bist	du hast
er/sie/es ist	er/sie/es hat
wir sind	wir haben
ihr seid	ihr habt
sie sind	sie haben
Sie sind	Sie haben

When should the verb "sein" be used, and when should "haben" be used?
The answer is simple: If the semantic verb expresses movement in space (run, ride, swim, ...), then the auxiliary verb "sein" is used. Also "sein" is used when the verb expresses a change of state (fall asleep, get up, die, ...).
In all other cases, the auxiliary verb "haben" is used.

Building the form "Partizip 2":
For regular verbs, "Partizip 2" is constructed as follows: the prefix "ge" and the suffix "t" are added to the root (machen -> ge mach t).
For irregular verbs, the form "Partizip 2" must be learned by heart! All forms of irregular verbs can be found in.

Examples:
"Ich bin nach Hause gegangen." - "I was walking home."
"Ich habe die Arbeit gemacht." - "I did the job."

Future tenses:

In German, the future tense is "Futur l" and "Futur ll". "Futur ll" is not used at all in Germany, and "Futur l" is usually replaced by the present tense (Präsens) with a future specification.

Example: "Morgen gehen wir ins Kino." - "Tomorrow we're going to the cinema."

If you indicate the circumstance of the future tense (tomorrow, soon, next week, etc.), then you can safely use the present tense to express plans for the future.

If we still consider the time "Futur 1", then it is constructed as follows:

Subject -> auxiliary verb "werden" -> everything else -> semantic verb in the form "Infinitiv".

Example: "Wir werden ins Kino gehen." - "We'll go to the cinema."(verbatim: "we'll go to the cinema.")

Conjugations of the verb "werden"

Verbs (verbs) in German change in person, number and tense. Changing verbs according to persons is called their conjugation. Verb. can be conjugated in all tenses, but in this article we will consider in detail the conjugation of German verbs in the present tense and briefly talk about the formation of personal forms in the past and future tenses.

Almost all the verbs that we find in the dictionary (the infinitive, or the initial form (f-ma)) end in -en: machen, leben, spielen, wohnen, heißen… Accordingly, the part of the word without an ending is the basis of the verb. , to which personal endings are attached.

Now let's figure out what a face is and how it is expressed. A person is a grammatical category that expresses the relation or non-relationship of an action, event or state to the participants in a speech situation. Verb. the first person expresses the relation of the action to the speaker (or speakers), the second - to his interlocutor (or interlocutors), the third person refers to objects or subjects not participating in the conversation (speech situation). Those. the first person corresponds to the pronouns I (ich) and we (wir), the second - you (du) and you (ihr), the third - he (er), she (sie), it (es) and they (sie). Each of these f-m (in this case, pronouns) corresponds to a special verbal f-ma.

Singular (singular)					plural (plural)
1. Person (face)		leb-e	leb-en
		spiel-e	spil-en
		wohn-e	wohn-en
2. Person (face)		leb-st	leb-t
		spiel-st	spiel-t
		wohn-st	wohn-t
3. Person (face)		leb-t	leb-en
		spiel-t	spiel-en
		wohn-t	wohn-en

ATTENTION! In German, as a form of polite address to one person, the pronoun of the third person singular is used - Sie.

If the stem of the infinitive ends in -d or –t, then when forming a third person f-we singular. between the stem of the verb. and the ending t appears as an intermediate vowel e. For example: schneiden, baden, arbeiten, bieten - er, sie, es, man schneid-e-t, bad-e-t, arbeit-e-t, biet-e-t.

Also, an intermediate vowel can appear after a stem ending in -n (in some words, especially if n is preceded by a consonant): segnen (bless) - er segnet, begegnen (meet) - er begegnet.

Pay special attention to the conjugation of German verbs. you need to pay attention to those whose stem ends in consonants -s, -ß, -x or –z: heißen, küssen, kratzen, wachsen (grow), etc. In them, we have second and third person singulars. match:

	heisse		heissen
	kusse		kussen
	kratze		kratzen
	wachse		wachsen
	mixen		mixen
	heist		heist
	kusst		kusst
	kratzt		kratzt
	wachst		wachst
	mixt		mixt
	heist		heissen
	kusst		kussen
	kratzt		kratzen
	wachst		wachsen
	mixt		mixen

Irregular verbs are of particular difficulty, since in the formation of personal functions of the second and third person singular. in the root there is an alternation of vowels: sehen - du siehst, er sieht; wachsen - du wächst, er wächst; wissen-du weißt, er weißt. These verbs. you can find in a special table, and on our website, of course, too.

We must not forget that when conjugating the verb. with detachable prefixes, the prefix stands after the personal f-we v. (the verb itself is conjugated as usual). Aufmachen, einkaufen:

er, sie, es, man

Consider now the conjugation of auxiliary verbs. haben, sein, werden, since their personal functions are used to form future and past tenses. In addition, they can be used as full-valued verbs.

sein
er, sie, es, man ist

haben
er, sie, es, man hat

werden
er, sie, es, man wird

Conjugation of German verbs. in the past time

1. I. Pra teritum, or imperfect. In this past tense, the same personal verb endings are used as in the present tense, only they are attached to the stem of the imperfect (you can also read how this stem is formed on our website):

ich machte	Wir machten
du machtest	ihr machtet
er, sie, es, machte	sie/Sie machten

2. II. Perfect. To form the perfect, the above personal functions of the verb haben + past participle (Partizip II) are used:

Ich habe gemacht.

Du hast gespielt.

Wie haben eingekauft.

Conjugation of German verbs. in future tense

1. I. Futurum I.

To form future tense functions, the personal functions of the verb werden + infinitive are used:

Ich werde Jura studieren.

Du wirst den film sehen.

Ihr werdet das Zimmer aufraumen.

2. II. Futurum II. To form this tense, the personal functions of the verb werden are also used, but with the so-called. perfect infinitive:

Ich werde Jura studiert haben.

Duwirst den Film gesehen haben.

Ihr werdet das Zimmer aufgeräumt haben.

Pronouns (die Pronomen) in German, as in any other, are a part of speech that indicates an object, feature, quality or person and can replace them without naming them.
Pronouns are personal, interrogative, indefinite and negative. In this lesson we will look at the system of personal pronouns in German.

Personal pronouns: rules, pronunciation

As in Russian, German has three persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and two numbers (singular and plural) of pronouns. It is important to note that the German language also has a case system - there are four in total. The table below shows pronouns in the nominative (Nominativ) case.

Note that the pronoun "ihr" (you) is used when referring to "you" to a group of people. If you want to address someone formally or to show politeness, then you should use the pronoun “Sie” (you), which, like in Russian, is always capitalized.

Remember! The personal pronouns ich, du, wir, ihr, Sie always denote persons. The personal pronouns er, sie (she), es, sie (they) can denote both persons and objects.

To know which pronoun to replace a particular noun, you must know the gender of the noun. We will look at the topic of noun gender in one of the next lessons, but for now let's talk about another important part of speech - the verb.

Verb conjugation: rules, examples

A verb (das Verb) is a part of speech denoting an action, state or process. The verbs of the German language are conjugated, that is, they change in persons and numbers, tenses, moods, and have a voice. Conjugated (changing) forms of the verb are called personal forms of the verb.

1. Person and number. Verbs have three persons and two numbers - in each person and number the verb has its own endings. Verbs that are used in all three persons are called personal. However, in German there are verbs that are used only in the 3rd person, singular (for example: regnen - to talk about rain). Such verbs are called impersonal.
2. Time. Verbs denote actions in three tenses: present, future and past. For their expression in German, there are six aspectual-temporal forms.
3. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker to the statement. There are indicative (der Indikativ), imperative (der Imperative) and subjunctive (der Konjunktiv) moods.
4. Pledge shows the direction of action. Whether the subject performed the action on his own, or whether the action was performed on him.

The German verb also has three basic forms: the infinitive (Infinitiv), the preteritum (Präteritum) and the participle II (Partizip II). The verb consists of a stem and the ending "en": geh-en, schlaf-en, hab-en.

According to the type of conjugation, verbs in German are divided into:

1. Strong verbs. They form three forms by changing the root vowel: gehen - ging - gegangen.
2. Weak verbs. Do not change the vowel in the root during conjugation: machen - machte - gemacht.
3. Verbs of mixed type (verbs that, when conjugated, exhibit both the characteristics of weak and the characteristics of strong verbs).
4. Irregular and modal.

In this lesson we will look at the conjugation of weak and strong verbs. All weak verbs are conjugated the same way. This is the largest group of verbs in German. Strong verbs change according to special rules. This is a small group of verbs - it should be learned by heart (all three main forms). You can find tables of verbs in the dictionary or in any grammar book.

So, weak verbs are verbs that:

• have the suffix -(e)te- in Imperfekt;
• have the suffix -(e)t in Partizip II;
• do not change the vowel in the root: machen - machte - gemacht.

We conjugate the weak verb machen (to do).

Singular
ich	mach e
du	mach st
er	mach t
sie
es

If the stem of the verb ends in -t, -d, -dm, -tm, -dn, -tn, -chn, -gn, -ffn - then in the 2nd and 3rd person singular and in the 2nd person plural, the connecting vowel "e" is added to the stem of the verb.

We conjugate the verb baden (to wash).

When conjugating strong verbs, the vowel changes radically in the 2nd and 3rd person singular:

1. a changes to ä (except for the verb schaffen - to create);
2. au changes to au;
3. e changes to i, ie(except for the verbs gehen - to go, heben - to raise).

Conjugate the verb schlafen (to sleep). This is a strong verb, which means that the root vowel in the 2nd and 3rd person will change.

Important! For verbs whose stem ends in — s, —ss-ß, — z, —tz in the 2nd person singular, the final consonant of the stem merges with the personal ending.

Sie

Tasks for the lesson

To reinforce what you have learned, try doing some exercises on your own.

Exercise 1. Conjugate weak verbs:

fragen (to ask), lernen (to teach), glauben (to believe), leben (to live), kosten (to cost).

Exercise 2. Conjugate strong verbs:

geben (give), fahren (ride), laufen (jump), stoßen (push), tragen (carry, carry).

Answers to exercise 1:

Answers to exercise 2.

German verbs have three forms. These three forms are very important as they are used to form different tenses:

1st form: infinitiv, or indefinite form. Example: machen (to do)

2nd form: Prateritum, or simple past tense. Example: machte

3rd form: Partizip II, or past participle. Example: gemacht

(s) next to a verb that may appear in the dictionary indicates that this verb forms Perfekt, Plusquamperfekt with the auxiliary verb sein .

With a few exceptions, all verbs in German end in -en, so the 1st form of the verb (infinitive) is its stem + ending -en: mach en, sag en, lach en, lieb en...

Second form (Präteritum) in weak verbs usually formed by adding - te to the base of the verb. That is, we remove the ending -en and add the ending -te: mach te, sag te, lach te, lieb te...

Third form (Partizip II) in weak verbsusually formed by adding a prefix ge- and endings - t to the base of the verb. For example: ge mach t, ge sag t, ge lach t, ge lieb t...

Not so difficult at first glance. BUT those were the rules for weak verbs, and in German there are a lot strong (or irregular) verbs, whose forms formed out of order. Need them memorize. For this you need a table and a lot of patience. Print it out and memorize a little every day.

Table of Irregular German Verbs

Now let's take a quick look at what each form of the verb is used for.

First form of the German verb (infinitive):

• is in the dictionary
• used with modal verbs: Ich kann lesen. - I can read.
• used in infinitives: Es ist zu kalt, so weit in den Wald zu gehen. - It's too cold to go so far into the woods.
• to form the future tense Futurum : Ich werde viel arbeiten. - I will work hard.
• when adding the article das, the first form sometimes becomes a noun: das Lesen- reading

When conjugating the infinitive, the form for the present is formed Präsens: Ich mache die Hausaufgabe. - I'm doing my homework.

The second form of the German verb (Präteritum):

• to form the past simple Präteritum (used in writing and books): Ich sagte das nothing. - I did not say that.

The third form of the German verb (Partizip II):

• to form the complex past tense Perfect (used in conversation): Ich habe so viel gelacht. - I laughed so much.
• to form the past tense Plusquamperfekt (very rarely used): Ich hatte so viel gelacht. - I laughed so much. (the difference with the previous one is that here the action happened even earlier)
• for education Passiv (passive): Das Buch wird verkauft. - The book is on sale.

By describing the functions of the three forms of the German verb, it becomes clear that the most important forms are the first and third. They need to be learned first. But it is best to learn the three forms together, with a counting rhyme.

Valeria Zakharova,

When studying the German (German) language, great attention has to be paid to verbs (verb), since the verb. is the center of any suggestions. He is often compared to a conductor in an orchestra, since the presence or absence of additional members and their place in the sentence depend on him.

For those who have recently started learning German, it may seem complicated and confusing, and its verb system - the invention of a rare misanthrope. For example, three forms (f-we) of German verbs. Many are perplexed why instead of one verb. (the infinitive given in the dictionary) you have to learn 3 forms at once. We hope our article will help you figure it out.

So, everyone is dumb. vb. has three functions: infinitive, imperfect (Präteritum) and participle (Partizip II). Strictly speaking, every verb. has many more forms than these three, but they will be discussed. Those who are familiar with English grammar will find it a little easier, since these forms are similar in the two languages.

Everything is more or less clear with the infinitive, this function is in the dictionary, all functions of the present and future tense are formed from it: machen, spielen, studieren, verkaufen, einkaufen.

Imperfect (Präteritum) is the past tense commonly used in written German. From the basis of the imperfect (the second f-we), personal f-we of verbs are formed in this past tense (with the help of personal verb endings).

It is also formed from the infinitive with the help of a special suffix -t- and endings. If the word has a separable prefix (adj.), then it is taken out separately.

However, this is only true for weak verbs. As for strong verbs. and verb. mixed conjugation (irregular), then for them the f-mu of the imperfect must be looked at in a special table (see below).

Mach-en - mach-t-e, spiel-en - spiel-t-e, studieren - studier-t-e, verkauf-en - verkauf-t-e, ein-kauf-en - kauf-t-e ein,

Accordingly, the 2nd form of these verbs: machte, spielte, studierte, verkaufte, kaufte ein.

Past participles (Partizip II) are used as independent parts of speech (passive participles), as well as for the formation of the passive voice, the past tenses of Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt and the future tense of Futurum II.

These participles are also formed from the infinitive, with the help of adjectives. ge- and the -t suffix.

Mach-en - ge-mach-t, spiel-en - ge-spiel-t.

NOTES!!!

• These f-we do not have verbal endings.
• If in vb. there is a suffix -ier-, then adj. ge- is not added. Stud-ier-en - studier-t, buchstab-ier-en - buchstab-ier-t.
• If verb. begin with inseparable prefix (be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-,miss and some others), then adj. ge- not added. Ver kauf-en - verkauf-t, be suchen - besuch-t.
• If verb. begins with a separable prefix, then the prefix. ge- is placed between adj. and root. Ein-kauf-en - ein-ge -kauf-t, auf-räum-en - auf-ge -räum-t.

Accordingly, the third f-ma verb: gemacht, gespielt, studiert, verkauft, eingekauft.

That's all you need to know to form three f-we it. verbs. Of course, a little more practice will not hurt, but you already have the theory.

As for strong and irregular (irregular) verbs, they are easier to learn in the table. You can find a table with only 3 functions, or a table with 4. Don't be alarmed, this is not some new confusing form. In fact, in such tables, the f-ma of the 3rd sheet is placed in a separate column. singular (i.e. f-ma for he/she/it). Just in the roots of some German verbs. there is an alternation, so it is easier for beginners to learn ready-made f-we.

Since two verbs are used as auxiliary in the past tense Perfekt. haben and sein (for the verb movement, change of state and the verb bleiben), then we recommend learning the third function together with the auxiliary verb. All this is reflected in our table.