2. Russian scientists, Nobel Prize winners

The first prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901. Among the Nobel Prize winners, Russians (Russians, Soviet citizens) are disproportionately few, much less than representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France or Germany.

Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 27, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of digestion regulation; founder of the largest Russian physiological school.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (May 3, 1845, Ivanovka, now the Kupyansky district of the Kharkov region - July 2, 1916, Paris).

Scientific works of Mechnikov belong to a number of areas of biology and medicine. In 1866-1886. Mechnikov developed questions of comparative and evolutionary embryology. For the work "Immunity in infectious diseases" in 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize.

Nobel laureates in chemistry.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov (April 3, 1896, Saratov - September 25, 1986, Moscow). The main scientific achievements of the scientist include the quantitative theory of chemical chain reactions, the theory of thermal explosion, combustion of gas mixtures. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Cyril Hinshelwood) for his development of the theory of chain reactions.

Ilya Romanovich Prigogine (January 25, 1917, Moscow, Russia - May 28, 2003 Austin, Texas). Most of his works are devoted to nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of irreversible processes. One of the main achievements was that the existence of non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems was shown, which, under certain conditions, by absorbing mass and energy from the surrounding space, can make a qualitative leap towards complication (dissipative structures). Prigogine proved one of the main theorems of thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes - the minimum of entropy production in an open system. In 1977 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Nobel laureates in physics.

Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov (July 28, 1904, Voronezh region - January 6, 1990, Moscow). Cherenkov's main works are devoted to physical optics, nuclear physics, and high-energy particle physics. In 1934, he discovered a specific blue glow of transparent liquids when irradiated with fast charged particles. Cherenkov participated in the creation of synchrotrons. Completed a series of works on the photodecay of helium and other light nuclei.

Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (October 10, 1908, St. Petersburg - June 22, 1990, Moscow) and Igor Evgenievich Tamm (June 26, 1895, Vladivostok - April 12, 1971, Moscow) gave a theoretical description of this effect, which occurs when particles move in a medium with velocities exceeding the speed of light in this medium. This discovery led to the creation of a new method for detecting and measuring the speed of high-energy nuclear particles. This method is of great importance in modern experimental nuclear physics.

Academician Lev Davidovich Landau (January 22, 1908, Baku - April 1, 1968, Moscow) or Dau (that was the name of his close friends and colleagues), is considered a legendary figure in the history of domestic and world science. Quantum mechanics, solid state physics, magnetism, low temperature physics, cosmic ray physics, hydrodynamics, quantum field theory, physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles, plasma physics - this is not a complete list of areas that attracted Landau's attention at different times. For pioneering research in the theory of condensed matter, in particular the theory of liquid helium, Landau was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962.

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (June 26 (July 9), 1894, Kronstadt - April 8, 1984, Moscow). In 1978, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics" (for studies of the superfluidity of helium, carried out as early as 1938).

In 2000, the Nobel Prize in Physics was received by Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (b. March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belarus). For the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components. His research played a big role in computer science.

In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to V. Ginzburg, A. Abrikosov and A. Leggett for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (b. October 4, 1916, Moscow). The main works on the propagation of radio waves, astrophysics, the origin of cosmic rays, Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, plasma physics, crystal optics. He developed the theory of magnetic bremsstrahlung of cosmic radio emission and the radio astronomical theory of the origin of cosmic rays.

Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov (b. June 25, 1928, Moscow). Abrikosov, together with E. Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered a new class of superconductors, superconductors of the second type, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory. This new type of superconductors, in contrast to the superconductors of the first type, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 T).

Nobel laureates in literature.

After physics, this is the most fruitful Nobel Prize for Russia. Over the years, Ivan Bunin (1933), Boris Pasternak (1958, "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel" became laureates of this award. "Personal pressure was also exerted on Pasternak, which, in the end, In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: "Because of the importance that the award awarded to me in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not take it as an insult to my voluntary refusal"), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965, for the novel The Quiet Flows the Don. This, by the way, was the only Soviet writer who received the Nobel Prize with the consent of the USSR authorities), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970, "for outstanding achievements in the field of humanitarian work") and Iosif Brodsky (1987, "for his all-encompassing work, saturated with the purity of thought and the brightness of poetry").

Nobel Laureates in Economics.

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (January 6, 1912, St. Petersburg - April 7, 1986, Moscow), Nobel Prize in Economics in 1975 "for his contribution to the theory of optimal allocation of resources" (together with T. Koopmans).

Nobel laureates in the field of peace.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist. Since the late 1960s, he has been one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. In 1968, he wrote the pamphlet On Peaceful Coexistence, Progress, and Intellectual Freedom, which was published in many countries. In 1975 he wrote the book "On the Country and the World". In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, Stavropol Territory) - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (March 11, 1985 - August 23, 1991), President of the USSR (March 15, 1990 - December 25, 1991). President of the Gorbachev Foundation. Gorbachev's activities as head of state are associated with a large-scale attempt at reform and democratization in the USSR - Perestroika, which ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the end of the Cold War. The period of Gorbachev's rule is ambiguous.

"In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community," on October 15, 1990, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

The first Russian Nobel laureate was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.

Amur question

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Great Migration of Nations. Eastern Slavs on the threshold of the formation of the state of the VI-IX centuries.

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Nobel Prize

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Nobel Prize

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Nobel Prize

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Every year, for many years, the Nobel Prize has been awarded in Stockholm (Sweden) and Oslo (Norway).

The award is very prestigious and is awarded only to the most deserving representatives who have achieved significant achievements and play an important role in the development of all mankind. In the article we have grouped Nobel Prize winners from Russia and the USSR by fields of science.

History of the Nobel Prize

The prize was invented by Alfred Nobel, after whom it is called. He was also the first laureate to receive the award for the invention of dynamite in 1867. In 1890, the Nobel Foundation was founded, designed to pay prizes to awarded laureates. His initial capital was the savings of Alfred Nobel, accumulated by him throughout his life.

The size of the Nobel Prize is quite high, for example, in 2010 it was about one and a half billion dollars. Prizes are awarded in the following areas: medicine and physiology, physics, chemistry and literature.

In addition, a peace prize is awarded - for active actions in establishing peace throughout the world. Our compatriots have been nominated more than once for the Nobel Prize, which is prestigious in all respects, and often become laureates.

Nobel Prize Winners in Physics

1958 - Igor Tamm, Ilya Frank and Pavel Cherenkov were the first to receive the Nobel Prize. The award was presented for collective research into the field of gamma radiation and its effects on various liquids.

During the experiments, a blue glow was discovered, later called the "Cherenkov effect". The discovery made it possible to use new techniques in measuring and detecting the velocities of nuclear, high-energy particles. This was a huge breakthrough for experimental nuclear physics.

In 1962 - Lev Landau. A legendary figure in the history of the development of physics. He conducted a lot of research in various fields of physics and mechanics. He made a huge contribution to the development of many branches of science.

He received his prize for the creation and detailed description of the theory of quantum fluid, as well as for experimental studies of various condensed matter. The main experiments were carried out with liquid helium.

In 1964 - Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai Basov. The award was received for joint developments in the field of radiophysics and quantum electronics. These studies made it possible to invent molecular generators - masers, as well as special amplifiers that concentrate radiation into one powerful beam.

1978 -, In 1978, using the example of helium, he discovered the phenomenon of superfluidity - the ability of a substance that is in the state of a quantum liquid and in temperature conditions close to absolute zero to penetrate without any friction through the smallest holes.

2000 - Zhores Alferov- awarded for the development of fundamentally new semiconductors that can withstand huge energy flows and are used in the creation of ultra-fast computers. In DVD drives, which are equipped with all modern computers, laser recording to disc uses just these technologies.

2003 - trio: Vitaly Ginzburg, American Anthony Leggett and Alexei Abrikosov- for the theory explaining two phenomena of quantum physics - superfluidity and superconductivity of various materials.

In modern science, they are used to create superconductors used in ultra-precise diagnostic medical equipment, in scientific equipment involved in research related to particle acceleration and many other physical phenomena.

2010 - Andrey Game and Konstantin Novoselov(former citizens of Russia, now subjects of the Kingdom of Great Britain) received an award for the discovery of graphene and the study of its properties. It captures and converts light into electrical energy 20 times more than anything previously discovered and increases the speed of the Internet connection.

Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry

1956 - Nikolai Semenov author of many scientific achievements. However, his most famous work, for which he received this prestigious award, was the study of various chain reactions occurring at high temperatures. This discovery made it possible to gain control over all ongoing processes and to predict the final outcome of each process.

1977 - Ilya Prigozhy n (a native of Russia, lives in Belgium) received a prize for the theory of dispassive structures and for research on non-equilibrium thermodynamics, which made it possible to close many gaps between biological, chemical and social research fields.

Nobel laureates in medicine and physiology

1904 - Ivan Pavlov, the first Russian academician - physiologist who received the Nobel Prize. He was engaged in the study of the physiology of digestion and the nervous regulation of the processes occurring during this. Awarded by the Nobel Committee for the study of the main digestive glands and their functions.

It was he who divided all the reflexes of the digestive tract into conditional and unconditioned. Thanks to these data, a clearer understanding of the vital aspects of what is happening in the human body has been obtained.

1908 - Ilya Mechnikov- made many outstanding discoveries that allowed the development of experimental medicine and biology of the twentieth century to continue. I. Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize jointly with the German biologist P. Ehrlich for developing the theory of immunity.

Research in this area and the creation of the theory took the academician 25 years. But it is thanks to these studies that the phenomena by which the human body becomes immune to many diseases have become clear.

Nobel Laureates in Economics

1975 - Leonid Kantorovich- the only Soviet economist and mathematician who deserved the highest rating for his economic activity. It was he who put mathematics at the service of production and thereby simplified the organization and planning of all production processes. Received an award for his great contribution to the theory of optimal allocation of resources.

Winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature

1933 - Ivan Bunin- received the title of laureate for two books: "The Life of Arseniev" and "The Gentleman from San Francisco." And, of course, for his contribution to the development of traditional Russian culture. The artistic talent of the author, artistry and truthfulness, made it possible to recreate a typically Russian multifaceted character in lyrical prose.

1958 - Boris Pasternak- many times claimed the role of the Nobel Prize winner, even before the release of his world-famous novel "Doctor Zhivago", which became the decisive argument in choosing the winner.

The prize was awarded with the wording: "for the greatest achievements in poetry and for maintaining the traditions of the great, mighty Russian novel."

However, Pasternak, being recognized in his homeland as an "anti-Soviet" element, being under heavy pressure from the Soviet authorities, was forced to refuse. The son of the great writer received the medal and diploma 30 years later.

1965 - Mikhail Sholokhov- unlike Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn, he was actively supported by the government of his native country, his stories describing the life and way of life of the settlers of the small homeland of the writer - the Don Cossacks, were repeatedly published in all popular publications.

M. Sholokhov's books were popular among Soviet readers. In addition to the "Cossack" theme, the author repeatedly wrote about the Great Patriotic War, the echoes of which were still alive in the memory of the entire Soviet people. However, he received recognition from foreign colleagues by writing the novel Quiet Don, which tells about the Don Cossacks in a difficult period of life, full of revolutions and wars. For this novel, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

1970 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn, before the collapse of Soviet power was a banned author. He spent time in prison for criticizing the leadership of the USSR. His works were considered openly anti-Soviet and were not published on the territory of the USSR countries. The most famous works, such as "In the First Circle", "The Gulag Archipelago" and "The Cancer Ward", were published in the West and enjoyed very high popularity there.

For his contribution to the development of the traditions of Russian literature and the highly moral force of his works, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize. However, he was not released for the presentation, forbidding him to leave the territory of the USSR. Representatives of the committee, who tried to present the award to the laureate at home, were also denied entry.

After 4 years, Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country, and only then, with a great delay, was he able to be awarded a well-deserved award. Return to Russia, the writer was able after the collapse of Soviet power.

1987 - Joseph Brodsky, who was an outcast in the USSR and, under pressure from the authorities, deprived of citizenship, received the Nobel Prize, being a US citizen. With the wording: "for clarity of thought, for intense poetic and literary creativity." After receiving the award, the poet's works were no longer boycotted at home. For the first time, in the USSR, they were published in the popular publication Novy Mir.

Nobel Peace Prize Laureates

1975 - Andrey Sakharov Russian physicist, fighter for human rights. As one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb, he actively fought for the signing of a moratorium on a ban on nuclear weapons testing, which provokes an arms race. In addition to his many other merits, Sakharov is the author of the draft constitution of the USSR.

Being the leader of the human rights movement defending human rights and freedoms, he was recognized as a dissident and was deprived of all awards and prizes previously awarded for his active work.

For the same activity he received the title of laureate in the Peace Prize category.

1990 - Mikhail Gorbachev - the first and only president of the USSR. During his activity, the following large-scale events were produced that affected the whole world:

• The so-called "Perestroika" is an attempt to reform the Soviet system, to introduce the leading signs of democracy into the USSR: freedom of speech and the press, publicity, the possibility of free democratic elections, reforming the socialist economy in the direction of a market economy model.
• End of the Cold War.
• The withdrawal of Soviet troops from the territory of Afghanistan.
• Rejection of all communist ideologies and further persecution of all dissidents.
• The collapse of the USSR as a result of its transition to democracy.

For all these merits, Mikhail Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording: "for the leading role in peace processes that make up an important part of the life of the entire international society." Today, the personality of Mikhail Gorbachev is perceived by Russian society very ambiguously, and his activities during the collapse of the USSR cause a lot of heated debate. Whereas in the West his authority was and continues to be undeniable. He received recognition as a Nobel Peace Prize winner precisely in Western society, but not in Russia.

• The Main Directorate of Camps (GULAG) was formed by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of April 7, 1930 on corrective labor camps.
• Participants in the human rights movement in the USSR advocated the observance of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The prizes established by the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel are considered the most honorable in the world. They are awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding work in the field of medicine or physiology, physics, chemistry, for literary works, for contribution to the strengthening of peace, economics (since 1969). The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a gold medal with the profile of A. Nobel and a cash prize. The award ceremony takes place in the capital of Sweden - Stockholm. Only the Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, the capital of Norway, as it is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

RUSSIA AND ALFRED NOBEL

The Nobel family of famous Swedish industrialists has been associated with Russia since the middle of the 19th century. They founded an engineering plant in St. Petersburg (now "Russian Diesel"), owned oil fields in Baku. However, the Nobels became famous not only as successful entrepreneurs, but also as talented inventors. Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) himself created dynamite. The decision to establish the prize was not a random whim of a rich man for him - Nobel was interested in science from his youth. He considered one of his teachers the outstanding Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin (1812-1880). Alfred Nobel highly valued the work of the physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and therefore included the word "physiology" in the name of the prize in medicine.

In the scientific circles of Russia, the Nobel Prizes were treated with great interest, and in 1901 the Charter of the Nobel Committee was translated into Russian. One of the first laureates was I.P. Pavlov (1904).

RUSSIA AND THE NOBEL PRIZES

By 1991, Russians had received 18 Nobel Prizes, much less than representatives of the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany. The lag in the field of science is especially striking. Here, Russian scientists own only 8 awards, American - 138, English - 58, German - 55. In the field of literature, the gap is not so large: Russians have 5 awards, the French - 12, the Americans - 10, the British - 8.

There are several reasons for this. First, the well-known subjectivity of the choice of laureates, even for such an authoritative award. Suffice it to recall that the Russian writers Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy and Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov were not awarded the Nobel Prize; economist Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratiev. Secondly, from the Soviet Union, a country largely "closed", information about scientific discoveries and new literary works came to the West with a great delay. Science does not tolerate isolation, and Russian scientists had practically no access to foreign scientific literature; only a few could go abroad for a conference and tell their foreign colleagues about their discoveries. In addition, the USSR lagged behind the leading Western countries in terms of the technical equipment of laboratories and the development of computer technology.

SCIENCE PRIZES

Our country has always been rich in talents. In pre-revolutionary Russia, physiology reached a high level of development, and therefore the list of the first Nobel laureates includes the names of physiologists I. P. Pavlov and I. I. Mechnikov. However, then the prizes in science were not awarded to Russians for more than 50 years! Only in 1956 was the "chain of failures" interrupted. The third Russian and the first Soviet scientist to receive a high international award was Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov. He received the prize for research in the field of the mechanism of chemical reactions. In the late 50s - early 60s. Soviet physicists achieve success - four awards! Achievements are partly explained by the fact that the Soviet government allocated large funds for the development of physics: without modern research in this area, it is impossible to increase the country's defense capability.

Often Nobel Prizes are awarded to works completed many years ago. This is natural, since the scientific world must understand and appreciate the discovery made. In the case of the Soviet laureates, the "lateness" is especially great. P. A. Cherenkov, I. E. Tamm, and I. M. Frank became laureates in 1958, and Cherenkov radiation was discovered and explained as early as the late 1930s. L. D. Landau received the prize in 1962 for research carried out in the 1930s. A kind of record was set by P. L. Kapitsa: the Nobel Prize in 1978 was awarded to him mainly for research in the field of experimental physics, which the scientist conducted back in the 30s. The gap was more than 40 years! Such "lateness" is the result of the closed nature of science in the USSR. However, there is another reason. Each scientist applying for the prize speaks on his own behalf - these are the conditions of the Nobel Committee. But in the Soviet Union until 1988, candidates for the award were nominated by the Academy of Sciences after agreement with the party and state bodies. This approach forced the Nobel Committee to take a stricter approach to candidates from the USSR, and therefore Soviet scientists waited for the award, sometimes for many years.

Some Russians shared the Nobel Prize with foreign colleagues. Science is an international process. Scientists often come to the same conclusions without knowing anything about each other's discoveries. So, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov shared the prize with the German doctor, bacteriologist and biochemist Paul Ehrlich, the chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov - with the Englishman Cyril Hinshelwood. The inventors of the laser, Nikolai Gennadievich Basov and Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, conducted research in parallel with the American physicist Charles Townes, so all three were awarded the same Nobel Prize. Linear programming and the theory of the optimal distribution of resources in the economy were also developed by two scientists at the same time - Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich in the USSR and Tjalling Koopmans in the USA. Both became in 1975 laureates of the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.

PRIZES FOR LITERATURE

Russian laureates in literature are people with different, sometimes opposing views. I. A. Bunin and A. I. Solzhenitsyn are staunch opponents of Soviet power, and M. A. Sholokhov, on the contrary, is a communist. However, the main thing they have in common is their undoubted talent, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prizes. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of the famous artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Maybe that's why in childhood the future poet dreamed of becoming a composer and even studied music with Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin. However, the love of poetry won. Glory to B. L. Pasternak was brought by his poetry, and bitter trials - "Doctor Zhivago", a novel about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia. The editors of the literary magazine, to which Pasternak offered the manuscript, considered the work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then the writer sent the novel abroad, to Italy, where in 1957 it was published. The very fact of publication in the West was sharply condemned by Soviet colleagues in the creative workshop, and Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union. However, it was Doctor Zhivago that made Boris Pasternak a Nobel laureate. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize starting in 1946, but was awarded it only in 1958, after the release of the novel. The conclusion of the Nobel Committee says: "... for significant achievements both in modern lyric poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."

In his homeland, the award of such an honorary prize to an "anti-Soviet novel" aroused the indignation of the authorities, and under the threat of expulsion from the country, the writer was forced to refuse the award. Only 30 years later, his son, Yevgeny Borisovich Pasternak, received a diploma and a Nobel laureate medal for his father.

The fate of another Nobel laureate, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, is no less dramatic. He was born in 1918 in Kislovodsk, and his childhood and youth were spent in Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University, A. I. Solzhenitsyn taught and at the same time studied in absentia at a literary institute in Moscow. When the Great Patriotic War began, the future writer went to the front.

Shortly before the end of the war, Solzhenitsyn was arrested. The reason for the arrest was the critical remarks about Stalin found by military censorship in Solzhenitsyn's letters. He was released after Stalin's death (1953). In 1962, the Novy Mir magazine published the first story, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which tells about the life of prisoners in the camp. Literary magazines refused to print most of the subsequent works. There was only one explanation: anti-Soviet orientation. However, the writer did not back down and sent the manuscripts abroad, where they were published. Alexander Isaevich was not limited to literary activity - he fought for the freedom of political prisoners in the USSR, spoke out with sharp criticism of the Soviet system.

The literary works and political position of AI Solzhenitsyn were well known abroad, and in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The writer did not go to Stockholm for the award ceremony: he was not allowed to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who wanted to present the prize to the laureate at home, were not allowed into the USSR.

In 1974 A. I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. He first lived in Switzerland, then moved to the United States, where he was, with a considerable delay, awarded the Nobel Prize. In the West, such works as "In the First Circle", "The Gulag Archipelago", "August 1914", "The Cancer Ward" were printed. In 1994, A. Solzhenitsyn returned to his homeland, having traveled through all of Russia, from Vladivostok to Moscow.

The fate of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, the only one of the Russian Nobel Prize winners in literature, who was supported by government agencies, turned out differently. M. A. Sholokhov (1905-1980) was born in the south of Russia, on the Don - in the center of the Russian Cossacks. He later described his small homeland - the farm Kruzhilin of the village of Vyoshenskaya - in many works. Sholokhov graduated from only four classes of the gymnasium. He actively participated in the events of the civil war, led the food detachment, which selected the so-called surplus grain from wealthy Cossacks. Already in his youth, the future writer felt a penchant for literary creativity. In 1922, Sholokhov arrived in Moscow, and in 1923 he began to publish his first stories in newspapers and magazines. In 1926, the collections "Don Stories" and "Azure Steppe" were published. Work on "Quiet Don" - a novel about the life of the Don Cossacks in the era of the Great Break (World War I, revolutions and civil war) - began in 1925. In 1928, the first part of the novel was published, and Sholokhov finished it in the 30s . "Quiet Flows the Don" became the pinnacle of the writer's work, and in 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the artistic strength and completeness with which he depicted a historical phase in the life of the Russian people in his epic work about the Don." "Quiet Flows the Don" has been translated into several dozen languages ​​in 45 countries.

WORLD PRIZES

The winners of the Nobel Peace Prizes are often people of various political views. So it happened with the Russians. On the one hand, A. D. Sakharov, a defender of democratic freedoms and human rights in the USSR, a harsh critic of the political and economic structure of the country. On the other hand, M. S. Gorbachev, the last leader of the USSR, a staunch supporter of the state system that Sakharov fought against.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921 - 1989) - nuclear physicist, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb (1953). He was born in Moscow in the family of a professor of physics. Sakharov showed his talent as a scientist very early. In 1942, he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics of Moscow University, at the age of 26 he became a doctor of science, and at 32 - an academician. A, D. Sakharov developed a general doctrine of the Universe, conducted theoretical studies of elementary particles and gravity (attraction). Many of his works are still unknown to the general reader: they are classified, since the scientist worked for the defense of the country.

Back in the late 50s. Sakharov began to advocate an end to nuclear testing. In the book Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom (1968), the scientist argued that the confrontation between the capitalist and socialist systems could turn into a tragedy for humanity. Nuclear war, famine, ecological and demographic catastrophes, racism, the growth of violence are, according to Sakharov, a real threat. He saw the way out in the democratization of society, scientific, technical and social progress, which should lead to a peaceful convergence of the two political systems. After the publication of the book in the West, A. D. Sakharov was removed from secret work.

At the end of the 60s. an outstanding physicist became one of the leaders of the human rights movement in Russia.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. However, her wife Sakharova received it: the scientist was not allowed to leave the country.

In 1980, Andrei Dmitrievich spoke out against the invasion of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. He was deprived of all state awards (and he was three times Hero of Socialist Labor!) and exiled to the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), which is "closed" to foreigners. The scientist was returned from exile in 1986 by MS Gorbachev. A kind of political testament of the great physicist and citizen was the draft of the new constitution of the country.

Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev - the first and last president of the USSR - a country that is no longer on the world map. He was born in 1931 in the south of Russia, in the Stavropol Territory. After graduating from the law faculty of Moscow State University until 1970, he was engaged in Komsomol and party work in the Stavropol Territory. In 1971 he became a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and in 1985 he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The era of Gorbachev was called perestroika for a reason: Mikhail Sergeevich, a staunch supporter of socialism, wanted to carry out political and economic reforms without changing the foundations of the existing system "Thanks to Gorbachev, the arms race between the USSR and the United States stopped, relations between our country and the countries of the West improved. In 1990, M. S. Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. At the end of 1991, with the collapse of the USSR, Gorbachev was forced to resign from all government posts ., Later he created his own public foundation, which is engaged in scientific research, publishes books and a socio-political magazine.

GEOGRAPHY OF THE WINNERS

Most of the famous Russians - Nobel Prize winners were born, spent their childhood and youth in the south of Russia. In the North Caucasus - M. A. Sholokhov, A. I. Solzhenitsyn and M. S. Gorbachev, and the homeland of I. A. Bunin, P. A. Cherenkov and N. G. Basov is the Russian Chernozem region. Also in the Black Earth, but in the Ukrainian (near Kharkov), I. I. Mechnikov was born. The physicist N. N. Semyonov was born in the Volga region and spent his childhood and youth.

Economists V. V. Leontiev and L. V. Kantorovich, physicists P. L. Kapitsa and I. M. Frank, poet I. A. Brodsky come from the former capital of Russia, St. Petersburg. However, many Russian laureates worked in the capitals - Moscow and St. Petersburg (leading scientific institutes were concentrated here); some moved to the US and France.

On December 10, 1933, King Gustav V of Sweden presented the Nobel Prize in Literature to the writer Ivan Bunin, who became the first Russian writer to receive this high award. In total, the award, established by the inventor of dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel in 1833, was received by 21 natives of Russia and the USSR, five of them in the field of literature. True, historically, the Nobel Prize was fraught with big problems for Russian poets and writers.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin handed out the Nobel Prize to friends

In December 1933, the Paris press wrote: Without a doubt, I.A. Bunin - in recent years - the most powerful figure in Russian fiction and poetry», « the king of literature confidently and equally shook hands with the crowned monarch". The Russian emigration applauded. In Russia, however, the news that a Russian emigrant received the Nobel Prize was treated very caustically. After all, Bunin negatively perceived the events of 1917 and emigrated to France. Ivan Alekseevich himself experienced emigration very hard, was actively interested in the fate of his abandoned homeland, and during the Second World War he categorically refused all contacts with the Nazis, having moved to the Maritime Alps in 1939, returning from where to Paris only in 1945.

It is known that Nobel laureates have the right to decide for themselves how to spend the money they receive. Someone invests in the development of science, someone in charity, someone in their own business. Bunin, a creative person and devoid of "practical ingenuity", disposed of his bonus, which amounted to 170,331 crowns, completely irrationally. The poet and literary critic Zinaida Shakhovskaya recalled: “ Returning to France, Ivan Alekseevich ... apart from money, began to arrange feasts, distribute "allowances" to emigrants, and donate funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invested the remaining amount in some kind of “win-win business” and was left with nothing.».

Ivan Bunin is the first émigré writer to be published in Russia. True, the first publications of his stories appeared already in the 1950s, after the death of the writer. Some of his novels and poems were published in his homeland only in the 1990s.

Dear God, what are you for?
He gave us passions, thoughts and worries,
Thirst for business, glory and comfort?
Joyful cripples, idiots,
The leper is the happiest of all.
(I. Bunin. September, 1917)

Boris Pasternak refused the Nobel Prize

Boris Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel" annually from 1946 to 1950. In 1958, last year's Nobel laureate Albert Camus again proposed his candidacy, and on October 23, Pasternak became the second Russian writer to be awarded this prize.

The writers' environment in the poet's homeland took this news extremely negatively, and already on October 27, Pasternak was unanimously expelled from the Writers' Union of the USSR, at the same time submitting a petition to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. In the USSR, Pasternak was associated with receiving the award only with his novel Doctor Zhivago. The Literary Gazette wrote: “Pasternak received “thirty pieces of silver”, for which the Nobel Prize was used. He was rewarded for agreeing to play the role of bait on the rusty hook of anti-Soviet propaganda ... An inglorious end awaits the resurrected Judas, Doctor Zhivago, and his author, whose lot will be popular contempt ".

The mass campaign launched against Pasternak forced him to refuse the Nobel Prize. The poet sent a telegram to the Swedish Academy, in which he wrote: Because of the significance that the award awarded to me has received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not take my voluntary refusal as an insult».

It is worth noting that in the USSR until 1989, even in the school curriculum on literature about Pasternak's work, there was no mention. The director Eldar Ryazanov was the first to decide to massively acquaint the Soviet people with the creative work of Pasternak. In his comedy "The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!" (1976) he included the poem "There Will Be No One in the House", transforming it into an urban romance, performed by the bard Sergei Nikitin. Later, Ryazanov included in his film "Office Romance" an excerpt from another poem by Pasternak - "To love others is a heavy cross ..." (1931). True, he sounded in a farcical context. But it is worth noting that at that time the very mention of Pasternak's poems was a very bold step.

Easy to wake up and see
Shake verbal rubbish from the heart
And live without clogging in the future,
All this is not a big trick.
(B. Pasternak, 1931)

Mikhail Sholokhov, receiving the Nobel Prize, did not bow to the monarch

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965 for his novel The Quiet Flows the Flows Flows the Flows Flows and went down in history as the only Soviet writer to receive this award with the consent of the Soviet leadership. The diploma of the laureate says "in recognition of the artistic strength and honesty that he showed in his Don epic about the historical phases of the life of the Russian people."

Gustav Adolf VI, who presented the award to the Soviet writer, called him "one of the most outstanding writers of our time." Sholokhov did not bow to the king, as prescribed by the rules of etiquette. Some sources claim that he did it intentionally with the words: “We, the Cossacks, do not bow to anyone. Here in front of the people - please, but I will not be in front of the king ... "

Alexander Solzhenitsyn was deprived of Soviet citizenship because of the Nobel Prize

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, the commander of the sound intelligence battery, who rose to the rank of captain during the war years and was awarded two military orders, was arrested in 1945 by front-line counterintelligence for anti-Sovietism. Sentence - 8 years in camps and life exile. He went through a camp in New Jerusalem near Moscow, Marfinskaya "sharashka" and the Special Ekibastuz camp in Kazakhstan. In 1956, Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated, and since 1964 Alexander Solzhenitsyn devoted himself to literature. At the same time, he worked immediately on 4 major works: The Gulag Archipelago, The Cancer Ward, The Red Wheel and In the First Circle. In the USSR in 1964 they published the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", and in 1966 the story "Zakhar-Kalita".

On October 8, 1970, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature." This was the reason for the persecution of Solzhenitsyn in the USSR. In 1971, all the writer's manuscripts were confiscated, and in the next 2 years, all his publications were destroyed. In 1974, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued, which, for the systematic commission of actions that are incompatible with belonging to the citizenship of the USSR and detrimental to the USSR, ”Alexander Solzhenitsyn was deprived of Soviet citizenship and deported from the USSR.

Citizenship was returned to the writer only in 1990, and in 1994 he and his family returned to Russia and became actively involved in public life.

Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky in Russia was convicted of parasitism

Iosif Alexandrovich Brodsky began to write poetry at the age of 16. Anna Akhmatova predicted a hard life for him and a glorious creative destiny. In 1964, in Leningrad, a criminal case was opened against the poet on charges of parasitism. He was arrested and sent into exile in the Arkhangelsk region, where he spent a year.

In 1972, Brodsky turned to Secretary General Brezhnev with a request to work in his homeland as a translator, but his request remained unanswered, and he was forced to emigrate. Brodsky first lives in Vienna, in London, and then moves to the United States, where he becomes a professor at New York, Michigan and other universities in the country.

On December 10, 1987, Joseph Brosky was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive work, imbued with the clarity of thought and the passion of poetry." It is worth saying that Brodsky, after Vladimir Nabokov, is the second Russian writer who writes in English as his native language.

The sea was not visible. In the white mist
swaddled on all sides of us, absurd
it was thought that the ship was going to land -
if it was a ship at all,
and not a clot of fog, as if poured
who whitened in milk.
(B. Brodsky, 1972)

Interesting fact
At various times, such famous personalities as Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Franklin Roosevelt, Nicholas Roerich and Leo Tolstoy were nominated for the Nobel Prize, but never received it.

Literature lovers will definitely be interested - a book that is written with disappearing ink.