July 22, 1822 - January 6, 1884 Gregor Johann Mendel
JULY 22, 1822 -
JANUARY 6, 1884
900igr.net
1822 in
small
rural town
Heinzdorf
(Austrian
empire, now
Czech Republic) in
peasant
Anton's family and
Rosina Mendel
a boy was born
Johann.
Augustinian Monastery of St. Thomas
AUGUSTINE MONASTERY OF ST. THOMASInterest in nature began
show early. Already
worked as a boy
gardener
After studying for two years at
philosophy class
Olmutz Institute, in
In 1843 he took monastic vows
Augustinian monks
Monastery of St. Thomas in
Brunne (now Brno,
Czech Republic) and took the name Gregor
University of Vienna, where Mendel taught
From 1844 to1848 Mendel
studied at Brunn
theological
Institute.
On one's own
studied many sciences.
Replaced
teachers
Greek language,
mathematics in one
from schools.
UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, WHERE MENDEL TEACHED
Taking exams to become a teacher, I received a “failure” in biology and geology. In 1856, he made two more attempts to pass the biology exam, but they
BECAME A PRIEST IN 1847ABBEY COAT OF ARMS OF GREGOR MENDEL
WHEN PASSING THE TEACHER EXAMINATIONS, I RECEIVED A “FAIL” IN BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY.
IN 1856 MADE TWO ANOTHER ATTEMPTES TO PASS THE BIOLOGY EXAM, BUT THEY FAILED
FAILURE.
GREGOR MENDEL REMAINED A MONK AND THEN BECAME THE ABBOT OF THE AUGUSTINE MONASTERY.
Mendelian hybridological method
EXPERIMENTALMONASTERY GARDEN
FROM 1856 TO 1863 MENDEL CONDUCT
EXPERIMENTS ON PEAS IN THE MONASTERY GARDEN
MENDEL'S HYBRIDOLOGICAL METHOD
Mendel chose for experiments organisms belonging to pure lines (no segregation was observed during self-pollination) and observed the succession
MENDEL CHOOSE ORGANISMS FOR EXPERIMENTS RELATING TOPURE LINES (NO CLEAVATION OBSERVED IN SELF-POLLINATION) AND
OBSERVED THE INHERITANCE OF ALTERNATIVE (MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE)
SIGNS. Mendel was persistent
observant and very
patient. Studying the form
plant seeds,
received in a row
crossbreeding, for the sake of
clarification
patterns
transmission of only one
subjected to the “smooth wrinkled” sign
analyzed 7324 peas. March 8, 1865
Mendel reported
results of their
Brunnsky's experiments
To society
naturalists,
which at the end
next year
published a summary
his report under
title "Experiments
over vegetation
hybrids." But work
did not arouse interest
contemporaries.
Mendel's laws
LAWSMENDEL
Mendel undertook
a number of attempts to confirm
opening its laws on
other biological species.
He spent a series
crossing experiments
species of hawkweed,
then - bees.
In both cases it
tragic things awaited
disappointment. Great
the scientist himself lost faith in
that he made a discovery.
In 1868, Mendel was elected abbot of the monastery and was no longer engaged in biological research.
IN 1868, MENDEL WAS ELECTED AS REPRESENTATIVEMONASTERY AND MORE BIOLOGICAL
DID NOT DO RESEARCH.
1900 IS CONSIDERED THE YEAR OF THE BIRTH OF GENETICS
Since 1900, after almost simultaneous publicationarticles by three scientists - geneticist G. de Vries (Holland), botany
K. Corrensa (Germany), genetics E. Chermak (Austria), independent
who confirmed Mendel's data with their own experiments, there was
an instant explosion of recognition for his work. It was found that the laws
Mendel's principles are universal in nature and are valid for allelic genes,
located on different homologous chromosomes.
1900 IS CONSIDERED A YEAR
THE BIRTH OF GENETICS
Mendel's services to biological science
MENDEL'S SERVICES TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCECreated scientific principles
descriptions and studies
hybrids and their offspring.
Developed and applied
algebraic system
symbols and designations
signs.
Formulated two main
principle or law
inheritance of characters in a series
generations that allow you to do
predictions.
at the Mendel Museum
ON THE PLACE OF THE MONASTERY IN THE CITY OF BRNO, THE MENDEL MUSEUM IS NOW CREATED,A SPECIAL MAGAZINE “FOLIA MENDELIANA” IS PUBLISHED
IN THE MENDEL MUSEUM
“My time will come” inscription on the monument
THE MONUMENT TO MENDEL IN FRONT OF THE MEMORIAL MUSEUM IN BRNO WAS BUILT IN1910 WITH FUNDS COLLECTED BY SCIENTISTS AROUND THE WORLD.
“MY TIME WILL COME” INscription ON THE MONUMENT
Gregor Johann Mendel is a biologist and botanist who played a huge role in the development of the concept of heredity. Mendel's laws lie at the basis of modern genetics.
A little history
Gregor Mendel discovered the basic laws of inheritance of traits as a result of research conducted on peas (crossed 22 different varieties of peas and performed 287 experiments with 10,000 plants) in 1856-1863.
He reported the results in 1865 “Experiments on plant hybrids”.
The main merit of G. Mendel is that to describe the nature of segregation, he was the first to use quantitative methods based on the accurate counting of a large number of descendants with contrasting variants of characters. G. Mendel put forward and experimentally substantiated the hypothesis about the hereditary transmission of discrete hereditary factors.
Mendel's methods and progress of work
Mendel studied how individual traits are inherited.
Mendel chose from all the characteristics only alternative ones - those that had two clearly different options in his varieties (the seeds are either smooth or wrinkled; there are no intermediate options). Such a conscious narrowing of the research problem made it possible to clearly establish the general patterns of inheritance.
Mendel planned and carried out a large-scale experiment. He received 34 varieties of peas from seed-growing companies, from which he selected 22 “pure” varieties (not producing segregation according to the studied characteristics during self-pollination) varieties. Then he carried out artificial hybridization of the varieties, and crossed the resulting hybrids with each other. He studied the inheritance of seven traits, studying a total of about 20,000 second-generation hybrids. The experiment was facilitated by a successful choice of object: peas are normally self-pollinating, but artificial hybridization is easy to carry out.
Mendel was one of the first in biology to use precise quantitative methods to analyze data. Based on his knowledge of probability theory, he realized the need to analyze a large number of crosses to eliminate the role of random deviations.
Mendel's laws are a set of basic provisions concerning the mechanisms of transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their descendants; these principles underlie classical genetics.
Depending on the number of alternative characteristics, crossing can be divided:
-monohybrid (one)
-dihybrid (two)
-polyhybrid (many)
Hybridization is the crossing of two organisms; hybrids-offspring;
hybrid is a separate individual.
Main concepts
Heredity- this is the sacredness of living organisms to preserve and transmit in a series of generations the characteristic features of the structure, functioning and development of the species.
Inheritance- the process of transferring hereditary information from one generation of organisms to another.
Genotype- a set of hereditary inclinations (genes).
Phenotype– the totality of all signs and properties of an organism.
Variability – the ability of organisms to acquire new and lose old characteristics under the influence of various factors. Due to variability, individuals within a species differ from each other.
Example of variability
within my family
If it weren't for variability, you can imagine, we would be clones of our parents, parents of our parents, etc.
Genetics is the science that studies heredity and variability
Hybridological- a system of crossing organisms that differ from each other.
Cytological- study of chromosome morphology.
Biochemical- soda research. Nucleic acids, proteins and other substances in the cells of organisms)
Ontogenetic-studying the manifestation of the action of genes in ontogenesis (development of the organism from fertilization to death).
Main conclusions
Mendel laid the foundation for genetics.
Heredity ensures the constancy and diversity of life forms and underlies the transmission of hereditary factors.
Variation is a major determinant of phenotypic diversity.
On March 8, 1865, Mendel reported the results of his experiments to the Brunn Society of Natural Scientists, which at the end of the next year published a summary of his report entitled “Experiments on plant hybrids.” But the work did not arouse interest among his contemporaries.
Mendel made a number of attempts to confirm the discovery of his laws in other biological species. He conducted a series of experiments on crossing varieties of hawkweed, and then bees. In both cases he was met with tragic disappointment. The great scientist himself lost faith in his discovery.
Since 1900, after the almost simultaneous publication of articles by three scientists - geneticist G. de Vries (Holland), botanist K. Correns (Germany), geneticist E. Chermak (Austria), who independently confirmed Mendel’s data with their own experiments, there was an instant explosion of recognition of his work . It was found that Mendel's laws are universal and valid for allelic genes located on different homologous chromosomes.
He created scientific principles for the description and study of hybrids and their offspring. Developed and applied an algebraic system of symbols and notation of features. Formulated two basic principles, or laws of inheritance of characteristics over a series of generations, allowing predictions to be made.
Solving a genetic problem requires a certain sequence. First, a cytological scheme is drawn up for crossing parental forms (phenotypes are indicated), their gametes, and then a Punnett grid for calculating possible types of zygotes (descendants) and their phenotypes. When recording gametes, students must remember that: Each gamete receives a haploid (single) set of chromosomes (genes); All genes are present in gametes; Each gamete contains only one homologous chromosome from each pair, that is, only one gene from each alley; The offspring receives one homologous chromosome (one allelic gene) from the father, and another allelic gene from the mother; Heterozygous organisms with complete dominance always exhibit a dominant trait, and organisms with a recessive trait are always homozygous. In the Punnett grid, female gametes are arranged horizontally, and male gametes are arranged vertically. The resulting gametzygote combinations are inscribed in the lattice cell. The phenotypes of the offspring are then recorded.
Class: 9
MENDEL Gregor Johann (1822 - 1884)
MENDEL (1822-1884) - outstanding Czech scientist. Founder of genetics. First discovered the existence of hereditary factors, later called genes.
Johann Mendel was born on July 22, 1822 in the Austrian city of Heisendorf into the family of a poor peasant. He was unable to complete his education at the expense of his sick father, and after two years of study at the Institute of Philosophy in Olmütz, Mendel decided to enter a monastery. During the rite of tonsure as a monk, he was given the name Gregor, and in 1843 he became a monk of the Augustinian monastery in Brünn, Austrian Empire (now Brno, Czechoslovakia). The life of a clergyman consists not only of prayers, and Mendel managed to devote a lot of time to study and science. In 1850, he decided to take the exams to become a teacher, but failed, receiving a “D” in biology and geology. Mendel spent 1851-1853 at the University of Vienna, where he studied physics, chemistry, zoology, botany and mathematics. Upon returning to Brunn, Father Gregor began teaching at school, although he never passed the exam to become a teacher. In 1868, Mendel became abbot.
Mendel fulfilled his religious duties regularly, but at the same time he enjoyed teaching physics and natural history at a real school and on a tiny plot of land (only 7x35 m) under the windows of his cell he conducted mysterious experiments on plants. He did this not for gastronomic reasons, but to study the laws of heredity. Mendel had two very important qualities for a scientist: the ability to ask nature the right question and the ability to correctly interpret nature’s answer. In addition, he was extremely hardworking and careful. Although these qualities do not in themselves create a good scientist, without them even a person of outstanding mental abilities rarely achieves great scientific success. Mendel carried out his scientific work for 8 years and during this time he grew and studied in detail about 10,000 pea plants before he decided to publish his data in Izvestia of the local scientific society. This happened on February 8, 1865, but it took another 35 years for the scientific world to understand the significance of Mendel's discovery. Now this day is considered the birthday of modern genetics, and the experimental site where the great Mendel worked is considered a shrine by all geneticists.
Based on his experiments, Mendel created the theory of heredity and for the first time formulated its basic laws. He believed that in the cells of organisms there are some particles, rudiments, that determine the characteristics of the organism and are inherited. Mendel called them "factors" (later they were called genes). These “factors” - genes individually enter the germ cells, are combined during fertilization (when the future organism receives one gene from the father, another from the mother) and diverge when this organism forms the germ cells.
A thorough quantitative (statistical) analysis of the results of numerous crossing experiments led to Mendel’s discovery of three laws of heredity (the law of dominance or uniformity of first-generation hybrids; the law of character segregation in the second generation of hybrids and the law of independent distribution and combination of genes).
Mendel's theory was so far ahead of the then level of knowledge about the structure of the cell and about fertilization that geneticists of our day have to marvel at the exceptional power of Mendel's mind, who managed to advance so deeply and so boldly into a completely unknown area. It is not surprising, therefore, that Mendel's discovery was completely ignored by his contemporaries. Only after Mendel’s death, in 1900, his theory was “rediscovered” simultaneously by three botanists K.E. Correns, E. Cermak and G. De Vries.
After an unsuccessful attempt to demonstrate on the hawkweed the patterns he discovered on the pea, Mendel stopped experiments on plant hybridization, but continued other activities. He was interested in beekeeping, gardening and meteorology, and was involved in mouse hybridization. And in each of these areas I received interesting scientific data.
Task "Smuggler"
In the small state of Lisland, foxes have been bred for several centuries. The fur is exported, and the money from its sale contributes to the country's economy. Silver foxes are especially prized. They are considered a national treasure, and transporting them across the border is strictly prohibited. A cunning smuggler who did well in school wants to deceive customs. He knows the basics of genetics and suggests that the silver coloration of foxes is determined by two recessive alleles of the coat color gene. Foxes with at least one dominant allele are usually red. What needs to be done to get silver foxes in the Smuggler’s Homeland without violating the laws of Foxland.
