In 1971-1973, 1988 V.A. Turaev conducted field research along most of the route of the Moskvit Cossacks. This made it possible to reconstruct the route of Moskvitin’s expedition to the Sea of Okhotsk.
Russia has made a truly enormous contribution to the history of geographical discoveries and exploration of the globe. The geographical horizons of Europeans, based on the ancient geographical tradition, expanded from century to century, but “it was left to the Moscow state to lift the veil that hid the northern Asian lands from the eyes of Europe” (Alekseev M.P.). Russian explorers and sailors of the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries. can rightfully be called the first researchers of Siberia and the Far East, who for the first time turned to the study of the geography, nature and population of these lands.
Ermak's campaign in 1581-1582. laid the foundation for the active resettlement movement of Russians from the Urals to the east “meeting the sun”, to the Pacific Ocean. A special role in this process was played by the Yakutsk fort (Yakutsk), founded by Pyotr Beketov on the river. Lene (since 1642 it became the center of administrative control of the Yakut district).
A detachment of servicemen (50 people) was brought from Tomsk to Yakutsk by Ataman Dmitry Epifanovich Kopylov. From Yakutsk he took him to the river. Aldan and further on the river. Maya. At the mouth of the river Mayi in May 1638, the detachment first met with the aborigines of the Far Eastern lands, the Evens of the Okhotsk coast, who told them about the most convenient route from Aldan to the Sea of Okhotsk.
On July 28, 1638, 100 km from the mouth of the Maya (up the Aldan) in the land of the Evenks of the “Buta” clan, the Cossacks set up the Butalsky fort. (Only in 1989 was it possible to establish that this fort is located next to the modern village of Kutanga). A little later, from the Evenk shaman Tomkoni, the Russians learned about the existence in the south of a large, rich river “Chirkol” (we were talking about the Amur). In its lower reaches, in the land of the Natks, that is, the Lower Amur Nanais, there was a “silver mountain,” obviously the city of Odzhal. This was the earliest information about the Amur region, about its arable land and silver ore.
Due to the acute shortage of silver in Russia, Kopylov decided to send his assistant Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin on reconnaissance. A detachment of 31 people went on a campaign in the spring of 1639. The Even guides showed the Muscovites the easiest crossing through the Dzhugzhdur ridge (Stanovoy ridge) along a tributary of the river. Mayi r. Nudymi on the tributary of the river. Ulya, flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk. This way, in August 1639, the Russians reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, they founded the first Russian settlement in the Far East and on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, the Ust-Ulinsky winter quarters, and began the first collection of yasak from the aborigines of the Far East.
From the accompanying Evens, the Cossacks learned that the Chirkol river is also called “Omur” (a name that arose from the distorted “Momur”, which came from the Nanai “Mongmu”, “Mongou” “big river”, “strong water”). This is how the name “Cupid” appeared, which became widely known throughout the world from the end of the 17th century.
On October 1, 1639, on the day of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, 20 Muscovites set off on a river boat along the sea to the north and already on October 4, 1639, they were the first Russians to reach the river. Hunting, which later played a particularly important role in the history of Russian Pacific navigation.
Near the Ust-Ulyinsky winter quarters at a special raft, which can be called the true cradle of the Russian Pacific Fleet; they are for the winter of 1639-1640. were able to build two large sea kochas "along eight fathoms" about 17 m long. On them the Muscovites decided in 1640 to enter the lower reaches of the Amur along the Sea of Okhotsk. The participants of the sea voyage had the opportunity to be the first Russians to visit the river. Udo, go past the Shantar Islands, and then reach the “islands of the Gilyat horde,” the largest of which was Sakhalin. Having reached the area of the mouth of the Amur, the Muscovites were convinced that their path to the Amur should pass by a relatively large settlement of the Nivkhs, and they did not dare to go further because of their “scarcity of people.” During the voyage in the summer of 1640 and on the way back, the Cossacks collected valuable information about the Amur and its tributaries, as well as about the tribes who lived there: the Daurs, Nanais, Nivkhs and the Sakhalin Ainu.
Having reached the Pacific coast, Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin and his detachment completed the great campaign of Russian explorers “meeting the sun”, begun by Ermak.
Currently, three main sources are known about the campaign of I.Yu. Moskvitina. The earliest of them, “Painting of rivers and names of people on which rivers people live, Tungus clans according to the inquiry of the Tomsk city of service people Ivashka Moskvitin and Family Petrov, interpreter Tunguskov, and his comrades” was compiled in Yakutsk in 1641, immediately after his return Muscovites from the campaign. This is a kind of hiking diary, which lists the rivers that the Cossacks had a chance to visit or about which they heard from local residents. It also contains information about the indigenous peoples, their settlement, numbers, economic activities and customs, and some details of the life of the Cossacks themselves during the campaign.
Moskvitin's expedition (1639-1641) is of great historical significance. As a result, the Russians reached the Pacific coast for the first time, learned about the rivers Amur, Ulya, Okhota, Uda, and about the “islands of the Gilat Horde”; the beginning of Russian Pacific navigation and the development of the Far Eastern lands was laid.
The subsequent Russian geographical discoveries in the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries. in the East became a continuation of the geographical discoveries of Western European countries in the 15th and early 16th centuries. in the West.
In 1979, at the mouth of the river. A monument was erected in Ulya to commemorate the first Russian entry into the Pacific Ocean. The names of 14 participants in the great campaign were given on it. Currently, thanks to painstaking research in the archives of B.P. Polevoy, the names of 25 of its 31 participants became known.
In 1971-1973, 1988 V.A. Turaev conducted field research along most of the route of the Moskvit Cossacks. This made it possible to reconstruct the route of Moskvitin’s expedition to the Sea of Okhotsk, explain many discrepancies in the documents and, on this basis, clarify existing ideas about this page of Russian and world geographical discoveries.
CHERNAVSKAYA Valentina Nikolaevna, Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior researcher in the sector of problems of the history of the Far East of the pre-October period of the Institute of History and Archeology of the Peoples of the Far East, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
CHERNAVSKAYA Valentina Nikolaevna
Job type: 1
Topic: Main idea and theme of the text
Condition
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey HOME information contained in the text.
Text:
Show text
(1) (2) (3) < ... >
Answer options
Task 2
Job type: 2
Condition
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should stand in place of the gap in the third (3) text sentence?
Text:
Show text
(1) In the old days, Russian people believed that a residential building had its own patron, the guardian of the house - the brownie, who lived behind the stove. (2) If the brownie got angry, the owners would get into trouble: things would disappear, the stove would smoke, and quarrels would arise. (3) < ... > When moving to a new house, the first thing the owner did was invite the brownie there.
Answer options
Task 3
Job type: 3
Topic: Lexical meaning of a word
Condition
Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word HOUSE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) text sentence. Indicate the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
HOUSE, -A; m.
Text:
Show text
(1) In the old days, Russian people believed that a residential building had its own patron, the guardian of the house - the brownie, who lived behind the stove. (2) If the brownie got angry, the owners would get into trouble: things would disappear, the stove would smoke, and quarrels would arise. (3) < ... > When moving to a new house, the first thing the owner did was invite the brownie there.
Answer options
Task 4
Job type: 4
Topic: Setting stress (spelling)
Condition
In one of the words below there is an error in the emphasis: WRONG The letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted. Enter this word.
Answer options
Task 5
Job type: 5
Topic: Use of paronyms (lexicology)
Condition
In one of the sentences below WRONG The highlighted word is used. Correct a lexical error, choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
The ideas of ancient carvers about evil and omnipotent spirits were embodied in BONE figurines of animals.
Only true professionals can carry out industrial HIGH ALTITUDE work.
The clerk read the ROYAL decree.
The starting materials for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water.
EQUESTRIAN sport is one of the most expensive sports.
Task 6
Job type: 7
Topic: Formation of word forms (morphology)
Condition
In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
competent ACCOUNTANTS
FIFTY rubles
less AVAILABLE
THE BRIGHTEST example
FOUR cubs
Task 7
Job type: 8
Topic: Syntactic norms. Approval standards. Governance standards
Condition
Match the sentences with the grammatical errors made in them. Grammatical errors are indicated by letters, sentences by numbers.
Grammar mistake:
A) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech
B) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate
IN) violation in the construction of sentences with a participial phrase
G) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases
Offer:
1) Insulted and rejected by people, Gerasim became attached with all his soul to the puppy he had saved.
2) Grinev said that I gave Pugachev a hare sheepskin coat.
3) The story told in Mumu was based on reliable facts.
4) While in exile, the writer had a daughter.
5) The writer not only pities his hero, but also emphasizes his spiritual superiority over those who occupy a higher position in society.
6) Reading today Pushkin and Lermontov, Gogol and Shchedrin, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Chekhov, we, people of a completely different time, cannot help but think about the path of life that we choose.
7) Davydov’s detachment returned to the camp and brought with it French prisoners.
8) The reader is interested not only in the feelings of the characters in the novel, but also in their actions.
9) Vera Ignatievna Mukhina, a famous Soviet sculptor, created the monument “Worker and Collective Farm Woman”.
Record your results in a table.
Answers
Task 8
Job type: 9
Topic: Spelling roots
Condition
Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
mechanical engineering
shed..throw
Task 9
Job type: 10
Topic: Spelling of prefixes
Condition
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter. Write the words without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
ra..give, and..attempt
pr..wonderful, pr..lusty
pr..neglect, pr..bite
delay, s..shot
from..take, n..cut
Task 10
Job type: 11
Topic: Spelling of suffixes (except “N” and “NN”)
Condition
AND.
Answer options
Task 11
Job type: 12
Topic: Spelling personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes
Condition
Indicate the word in which a letter is written in place of the blank AND.
Answer options
Task 12
Job type: 13
Topic: Spelling “NOT” and “NOR”
Condition
Identify the sentence in which NOT is written with the word FULL. Open the brackets and write down this word.
You are my song, not yet (NOT) SONG.
Squinting their eyes (NOT)accustomed to the sun, people left the basement.
Stepan was (NOT) TRAINED to listen to women's advice.
Loud speech is by no means (NOT) ALWAYS a sign of intelligence.
The (UN)DEFEATED Leningraders became a symbol of perseverance and desire for life.
Task 13
Job type: 14
Topic: Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words
Condition
Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written FULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
(DURING) his voyages around the world, the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl, like his famous predecessors, more than once found himself in difficult situations.
No matter how hard you try, you still won’t understand WHY this ball stands still.
(TRULY) to tell you, I don’t (AT) ALL like you.
(DURING) FOR an hour, the clowns entertained the audience, and (DURING) the performance there was applause every now and then.
(B) IN FRONT Chelkash smiled at a solid income, and he dreamed of how he would go on a spree tomorrow (IN) MORNING.
Task 14
Job type: 15
Topic: Spelling “N” and “NN”
Condition
Indicate all the numbers that are replaced by one letter N. Write the numbers in a row without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Former partisan, Olga Grigorievna, a fragile woman with a dot (1) profile, was shell-shocked twice (2) ah, earlier (3) ah, but never left her convinced (4) The trouble is that it is impossible to sit in the rear while the Nazis trample Russian soil.
Task 15
Job type: 16
Topic: Punctuation marks in a complex sentence and in a sentence with homogeneous members
Condition
Place punctuation marks. Specify two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
Answer options
Task 16
Job type: 17
Topic: Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members
Condition
Poets (1) trying to convey the incomprehensible beauty of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (2) compare it to a sail (3) carried away into the distance along the boundless waves of time (4) liken (5) floating into the infinity of the universe (6) radiant silent star.
Task 17
Job type: 18
Topic: Punctuation marks for words and constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence
Condition
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences. Write the numbers in a row without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Strength of will (1) as is known (2) one of the main character traits of a person. Often even (3) They say (4) “character” instead of “willpower”, and this is not accidental. After all (5) How much willpower is developed in a person determines how he can realize his other qualities.
Task 18
Job type: 19
Topic: Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
Condition
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence. Write the numbers in a row without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Returning from a victorious campaign against the Volga Bulgars, Andrei Bogolyubsky (1) grieved for his son killed by enemies (2) in memory (3) about which (4) he built the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
Task 19
Job Type: 20
Topic: Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with different types of connections
Condition
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence. Write the numbers in a row without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
The Swedes constantly devastated the lake Russian North (1) And (2) when in the Northern War military happiness smiled on the troops of Peter the Great (3) That (4) to commemorate deliverance from the ever-present threat (5) The Church of the Transfiguration was built.
Task 20
Job type: 22
Topic: Text as a speech work. Semantic and compositional integrity of the text
Condition
Which of the statements do NOT correspond to the content of the text? Write down the answer numbers without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Sayings:
1) During battles with the Nazis, especially such bloody ones as the Battle of Stalingrad, there was no talk of any humanity.
2) The fierce ideas of maddened maniacs are capable of eradicating everything human in people, making them irreconcilable enemies.
3) A Tatar soldier died saving a wounded German.
4) No force can destroy the reserves of humanity and compassion in people.
5) Russian soldiers were indifferent spectators of the unfolding tragedy - a fire in a German hospital.
Text:
Show text
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5) (6)
(7) (8) It burned along with the wounded. (9) (10) (11)
(12) And many managed to get out. (13)
(14) (15) (16)
(17) (18) (19)
(20) (21) (22) (23) And then... (24) (25) (26)
(27) (28) The crowd watched impotently. (29) (30)
(31) (32)
(33)
(34) (35) (36) (37) (38) History is made by people.
(According to V. Tendryakov)
Vladimir Fedorovich Tendryakov
Task 21
Job type: 23
Topic: Functional and semantic types of speech
Condition
Which of the following statements are true? Write down the answer numbers without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Statements:
1) Sentences 14-15 of the text contain a descriptive fragment.
2) Proposition 31 contains the rationale for the judgment expressed in sentence 19.
3) Sentences 20-26 contain the narrative.
4) Sentences 1-4 contain a description with elements of reasoning.
5) Sentences 27-29 contain examples to clarify the statement formulated in sentence 4.
Text:
Show text
(1) It was the first quiet night in the broken Stalingrad. (2) The quiet moon rose over the ruins, over the snow-covered ashes. (3) And I couldn’t believe that there was no longer any need to be afraid of the silence that had flooded the long-suffering city to the brim. (4) This is not a lull, peace has come here - deep, deep in the rear, guns are thundering somewhere hundreds of kilometers away.
(5) And that night, not far from the basement where their regimental headquarters was located, a fire broke out. (6) Yesterday no one would have paid attention to him - the battles were going on, the earth was burning - but now the fire was disturbing the peace, everyone rushed to him.
(7) The German hospital, a four-story wooden building, was on fire. (8) It burned along with the wounded. (9) The dazzling golden, trembling walls burned in the distance and crowded the crowd. (10) She, frozen, fascinated, dejectedly watched how inside, outside the windows, in the hot depths, from time to time something was weighed down - dark pieces. (11) And every time this happened, a sad and strangled sigh swept through the crowd from end to end - the German wounded fell along with their beds from those lying down, who could not get up and get out.
(12) And many managed to get out. (13) Now they were lost among the Russian soldiers, together with them, frozen, they watched, together they let out a single sigh.
(14) A German stood close, shoulder to shoulder with Arkady Kirillovich, his head and half of his face hidden by a bandage, only his sharp nose sticking out and his only eye quietly smoldering with doomed horror. (15) He is in a marsh-colored, tight cotton uniform with narrow shoulder straps, trembling slightly with fear and cold. (16) His trembling is involuntarily transmitted to Arkady Kirillovich, hidden in a warm sheepskin coat.
(17) He tore himself away from the shining conflagration and began to look around - brick-hot faces, Russians and Germans mixed together. (18) Everyone has the same smoldering eyes, like the eye of a neighbor, the same expression of pain and resigned helplessness. (19) The tragedy taking place in plain sight was not alien to anyone.
(20) In these seconds, Arkady Kirillovich understood a simple thing: neither the dislocations of history, nor the fierce ideas of maddened maniacs, nor epidemic madness - nothing will erase the humanity in people. (21) It can be suppressed, but not destroyed. (22) There are unspent reserves of kindness hidden in everyone - open them, let them come out! (23) And then... (24) Dislocations of history - peoples killing each other, rivers of blood, cities swept off the face of the earth, trampled fields... (25) But history is not created by God - it is made by people! (26) To release the humanity from a person does not mean to curb the merciless history?
(27) The walls of the house glowed hotly with gold, the crimson smoke carried sparks to the cold moon and enveloped it. (28) The crowd watched impotently. (29) And a German with his head wrapped in bands was trembling near his shoulder, his only eye smoldering from under the bandages. (30) Arkady Kirillovich pulled off his sheepskin coat in the dark and threw it over the shoulders of the trembling German.
(31) Arkady Kirillovich did not see the tragedy to the end, but later found out that some German on crutches, screaming, rushed from the crowd into the fire, and a Tatar soldier rushed to save him. (32) The burning walls collapsed, burying both.
(33) Everyone has unspent reserves of humanity.
(34) The former guard captain became a teacher. (35) Arkady Kirillovich did not for a moment forget the mixed crowd of former enemies in front of the burning hospital, a crowd overwhelmed by common suffering. (36) And I also remembered the unknown soldier who rushed to save the recent enemy. (37) He believed that each of his students would become a fuse, exploding the ice of ill will and indifference around him, freeing moral forces. (38) History is made by people.
(According to V. Tendryakov)
Vladimir Fedorovich Tendryakov (1923-1984) - Russian Soviet writer, author of acute conflict stories about the spiritual and moral problems of life.
Task 22
Job type: 24
Topic: Lexicology. Synonyms. Antonyms. Homonyms. Phraseological phrases. Origin and use of words in speech
Condition
From sentences 17-19, write down contextual antonyms. Write the words in a row without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Text:
Show text
(1) It was the first quiet night in the broken Stalingrad. (2) The quiet moon rose over the ruins, over the snow-covered ashes. (3) And I couldn’t believe that there was no longer any need to be afraid of the silence that had flooded the long-suffering city to the brim. (4) This is not a lull, peace has come here - deep, deep in the rear, guns are thundering somewhere hundreds of kilometers away.
(5) And that night, not far from the basement where their regimental headquarters was located, a fire broke out. (6) Yesterday no one would have paid attention to him - the battles were going on, the earth was burning - but now the fire was disturbing the peace, everyone rushed to him.
(7) The German hospital, a four-story wooden building, was on fire. (8) It burned along with the wounded. (9) The dazzling golden, trembling walls burned in the distance and crowded the crowd. (10) She, frozen, fascinated, dejectedly watched how inside, outside the windows, in the hot depths, from time to time something was weighed down - dark pieces. (11) And every time this happened, a sad and strangled sigh swept through the crowd from end to end - the German wounded fell along with their beds from those lying down, who could not get up and get out.
(12) And many managed to get out. (13) Now they were lost among the Russian soldiers, together with them, frozen, they watched, together they let out a single sigh.
(14) A German stood close, shoulder to shoulder with Arkady Kirillovich, his head and half of his face hidden by a bandage, only his sharp nose sticking out and his only eye quietly smoldering with doomed horror. (15) He is in a marsh-colored, tight cotton uniform with narrow shoulder straps, trembling slightly with fear and cold. (16) His trembling is involuntarily transmitted to Arkady Kirillovich, hidden in a warm sheepskin coat.
(17) He tore himself away from the shining conflagration and began to look around - brick-hot faces, Russians and Germans mixed together. (18) Everyone has the same smoldering eyes, like the eye of a neighbor, the same expression of pain and resigned helplessness. (19) The tragedy taking place in plain sight was not alien to anyone.
(20) In these seconds, Arkady Kirillovich understood a simple thing: neither the dislocations of history, nor the fierce ideas of maddened maniacs, nor epidemic madness - nothing will erase the humanity in people. (21) It can be suppressed, but not destroyed. (22) There are unspent reserves of kindness hidden in everyone - open them, let them come out! (23) And then... (24) Dislocations of history - peoples killing each other, rivers of blood, cities swept off the face of the earth, trampled fields... (25) But history is not created by God - it is made by people! (26) To release the humanity from a person does not mean to curb the merciless history?
(27) The walls of the house glowed hotly with gold, the crimson smoke carried sparks to the cold moon and enveloped it. (28) The crowd watched impotently. (29) And a German with his head wrapped in bands was trembling near his shoulder, his only eye smoldering from under the bandages. (30) Arkady Kirillovich pulled off his sheepskin coat in the dark and threw it over the shoulders of the trembling German.
(31) Arkady Kirillovich did not see the tragedy to the end, but later found out that some German on crutches, screaming, rushed from the crowd into the fire, and a Tatar soldier rushed to save him. (32) The burning walls collapsed, burying both.
(33) Everyone has unspent reserves of humanity.
(34) The former guard captain became a teacher. (35) Arkady Kirillovich did not for a moment forget the mixed crowd of former enemies in front of the burning hospital, a crowd overwhelmed by common suffering. (36) And I also remembered the unknown soldier who rushed to save the recent enemy. (37) He believed that each of his students would become a fuse, exploding the ice of ill will and indifference around him, freeing moral forces. (38) History is made by people.
(According to V. Tendryakov)
Vladimir Fedorovich Tendryakov (1923-1984) - Russian Soviet writer, author of acute conflict stories about the spiritual and moral problems of life.
Task 23
Job type: 25
Topic: Means of communication of sentences in the text
Condition
Among sentences 12-16, find one that is related to the previous one using a possessive pronoun and a cognate word. Write the number of this offer.
Text:
Show text
(1) It was the first quiet night in the broken Stalingrad. (2) The quiet moon rose over the ruins, over the snow-covered ashes. (3) And I couldn’t believe that there was no longer any need to be afraid of the silence that had flooded the long-suffering city to the brim. (4) This is not a lull, peace has come here - deep, deep in the rear, guns are thundering somewhere hundreds of kilometers away.
(5) And that night, not far from the basement where their regimental headquarters was located, a fire broke out. (6) Yesterday no one would have paid attention to him - the battles were going on, the earth was burning - but now the fire was disturbing the peace, everyone rushed to him.
(7) The German hospital, a four-story wooden building, was on fire. (8) It burned along with the wounded. (9) The dazzling golden, trembling walls burned in the distance and crowded the crowd. (10) She, frozen, fascinated, dejectedly watched how inside, outside the windows, in the hot depths, from time to time something was weighed down - dark pieces. (11) And every time this happened, a sad and strangled sigh swept through the crowd from end to end - the German wounded fell along with their beds from those lying down, who could not get up and get out.
(12) And many managed to get out. (13) Now they were lost among the Russian soldiers, together with them, frozen, they watched, together they let out a single sigh.
(14) A German stood close, shoulder to shoulder with Arkady Kirillovich, his head and half of his face hidden by a bandage, only his sharp nose sticking out and his only eye quietly smoldering with doomed horror. (15) He is in a marsh-colored, tight cotton uniform with narrow shoulder straps, trembling slightly with fear and cold. (16) His trembling is involuntarily transmitted to Arkady Kirillovich, hidden in a warm sheepskin coat.
(17) He tore himself away from the shining conflagration and began to look around - brick-hot faces, Russians and Germans mixed together. (18) Everyone has the same smoldering eyes, like the eye of a neighbor, the same expression of pain and resigned helplessness. (19) The tragedy taking place in plain sight was not alien to anyone.
(20) In these seconds, Arkady Kirillovich understood a simple thing: neither the dislocations of history, nor the fierce ideas of maddened maniacs, nor epidemic madness - nothing will erase the humanity in people. (21) It can be suppressed, but not destroyed. (22) There are unspent reserves of kindness hidden in everyone - open them, let them come out! (23) And then... (24) Dislocations of history - peoples killing each other, rivers of blood, cities swept off the face of the earth, trampled fields... (25) But history is not created by God - it is made by people! (26) To release the humanity from a person does not mean to curb the merciless history?
(27) The walls of the house glowed hotly with gold, the crimson smoke carried sparks to the cold moon and enveloped it. (28) The crowd watched impotently. (29) And a German with his head wrapped in bands was trembling near his shoulder, his only eye smoldering from under the bandages. (30) Arkady Kirillovich pulled off his sheepskin coat in the dark and threw it over the shoulders of the trembling German.
(31) Arkady Kirillovich did not see the tragedy to the end, but later found out that some German on crutches, screaming, rushed from the crowd into the fire, and a Tatar soldier rushed to save him. (32) The burning walls collapsed, burying both.
(33) Everyone has unspent reserves of humanity.
(34) The former guard captain became a teacher. (35) Arkady Kirillovich did not for a moment forget the mixed crowd of former enemies in front of the burning hospital, a crowd overwhelmed by common suffering. (36) And I also remembered the unknown soldier who rushed to save the recent enemy. (37) He believed that each of his students would become a fuse, exploding the ice of ill will and indifference around him, freeing moral forces. (38) History is made by people.
(According to V. Tendryakov)
Vladimir Fedorovich Tendryakov (1923-1984) - Russian Soviet writer, author of acute conflict stories about the spiritual and moral problems of life.
Task 24
Job type: 26
Topic: Language means of expression
Condition
Read a fragment of a review based on the text. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with the necessary terms from the list. Gaps are indicated by letters, terms by numbers.
Review fragment:
“Describing the tragedy that took place in a German hospital, V. Tendryakov uses such a syntactic device as (A) __________ (sentences 7-8), and the trope is (B) __________ ("dazzling golden, trembling walls" in sentence 9) helps the reader to imagine a picture of what is happening. A syntactic device like (IN) __________ (“she, frozen, bewitched” in sentence 10, "a sad and choked sigh" in sentence 11) conveys the state and feelings of the people who witnessed the terrible spectacle. At that moment they ceased to be enemies, and such a trope as (G) __________ (sentence 20), helps the author emphasize the main thing: nothing can destroy the human in a person.”
List of terms:
1) contextual antonyms
2) epiphora
3) phraseological unit
4) inversion
5) extended metaphor
6) epithet
7) rhetorical appeal
8) parcellation
9) comparative turnover
Text:
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(1) It was the first quiet night in the broken Stalingrad. (2) The quiet moon rose over the ruins, over the snow-covered ashes. (3) And I couldn’t believe that there was no longer any need to be afraid of the silence that had flooded the long-suffering city to the brim. (4) This is not a lull, peace has come here - deep, deep in the rear, guns are thundering somewhere hundreds of kilometers away.
(5) And that night, not far from the basement where their regimental headquarters was located, a fire broke out. (6) Yesterday no one would have paid attention to him - the battles were going on, the earth was burning - but now the fire was disturbing the peace, everyone rushed to him.
(7) The German hospital, a four-story wooden building, was on fire. (8) It burned along with the wounded. (9) The dazzling golden, trembling walls burned in the distance and crowded the crowd. (10) She, frozen, fascinated, dejectedly watched how inside, outside the windows, in the hot depths, from time to time something was weighed down - dark pieces. (11) And every time this happened, a sad and strangled sigh swept through the crowd from end to end - the German wounded fell along with their beds from those lying down, who could not get up and get out.
(12) And many managed to get out. (13) Now they were lost among the Russian soldiers, together with them, frozen, they watched, together they let out a single sigh.
(14) A German stood close, shoulder to shoulder with Arkady Kirillovich, his head and half of his face hidden by a bandage, only his sharp nose sticking out and his only eye quietly smoldering with doomed horror. (15) He is in a marsh-colored, tight cotton uniform with narrow shoulder straps, trembling slightly with fear and cold. (16) His trembling is involuntarily transmitted to Arkady Kirillovich, hidden in a warm sheepskin coat.
(17) He tore himself away from the shining conflagration and began to look around - brick-hot faces, Russians and Germans mixed together. (18) Everyone has the same smoldering eyes, like the eye of a neighbor, the same expression of pain and resigned helplessness. (19) The tragedy taking place in plain sight was not alien to anyone.
(20) In these seconds, Arkady Kirillovich understood a simple thing: neither the dislocations of history, nor the fierce ideas of maddened maniacs, nor epidemic madness - nothing will erase the humanity in people. (21) It can be suppressed, but not destroyed. (22) There are unspent reserves of kindness hidden in everyone - open them, let them come out! (23) And then... (24) Dislocations of history - peoples killing each other, rivers of blood, cities swept off the face of the earth, trampled fields... (25) But history is not created by God - it is made by people! (26) To release the humanity from a person does not mean to curb the merciless history?
(27) The walls of the house glowed hotly with gold, the crimson smoke carried sparks to the cold moon and enveloped it. (28) The crowd watched impotently. (29) And a German with his head wrapped in bands was trembling near his shoulder, his only eye smoldering from under the bandages. (30) Arkady Kirillovich pulled off his sheepskin coat in the dark and threw it over the shoulders of the trembling German.
(31) Arkady Kirillovich did not see the tragedy to the end, but later found out that some German on crutches, screaming, rushed from the crowd into the fire, and a Tatar soldier rushed to save him. (32) The burning walls collapsed, burying both.
(33) Everyone has unspent reserves of humanity.
(34) The former guard captain became a teacher. (35) Arkady Kirillovich did not for a moment forget the mixed crowd of former enemies in front of the burning hospital, a crowd overwhelmed by common suffering. (36)
Task 25
Job type: 27
Topic: Essay
Condition
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
Text:
Show text
(1) It was the first quiet night in the broken Stalingrad. (2) The quiet moon rose over the ruins, over the snow-covered ashes. (3) And I couldn’t believe that there was no longer any need to be afraid of the silence that had flooded the long-suffering city to the brim. (4) This is not a lull, peace has come here - deep, deep in the rear, guns are thundering somewhere hundreds of kilometers away.
(5) And that night, not far from the basement where their regimental headquarters was located, a fire broke out. (6) Yesterday no one would have paid attention to him - the battles were going on, the earth was burning - but now the fire was disturbing the peace, everyone rushed to him.
(7) The German hospital, a four-story wooden building, was on fire. (8) It burned along with the wounded. (9) The dazzling golden, trembling walls burned in the distance and crowded the crowd. (10) She, frozen, fascinated, dejectedly watched how inside, outside the windows, in the hot depths, from time to time something was weighed down - dark pieces. (11) And every time this happened, a sad and strangled sigh swept through the crowd from end to end - the German wounded fell along with their beds from those lying down, who could not get up and get out.
(12) And many managed to get out. (13) Now they were lost among the Russian soldiers, together with them, frozen, they watched, together they let out a single sigh.
(14) A German stood close, shoulder to shoulder with Arkady Kirillovich, his head and half of his face hidden by a bandage, only his sharp nose sticking out and his only eye quietly smoldering with doomed horror. (15) He is in a marsh-colored, tight cotton uniform with narrow shoulder straps, trembling slightly with fear and cold. (16) His trembling is involuntarily transmitted to Arkady Kirillovich, hidden in a warm sheepskin coat.
(17) He tore himself away from the shining conflagration and began to look around - brick-hot faces, Russians and Germans mixed together. (18) Everyone has the same smoldering eyes, like the eye of a neighbor, the same expression of pain and resigned helplessness. (19) The tragedy taking place in plain sight was not alien to anyone.
(20) In these seconds, Arkady Kirillovich understood a simple thing: neither the dislocations of history, nor the fierce ideas of maddened maniacs, nor epidemic madness - nothing will erase the humanity in people. (21) It can be suppressed, but not destroyed. (22) There are unspent reserves of kindness hidden in everyone - open them, let them come out! (23) And then... (24) Dislocations of history - peoples killing each other, rivers of blood, cities swept off the face of the earth, trampled fields... (25) But history is not created by God - it is made by people! (26) To release the humanity from a person does not mean to curb the merciless history?
(27) The walls of the house glowed hotly with gold, the crimson smoke carried sparks to the cold moon and enveloped it. (28) The crowd watched impotently. (29) And a German with his head wrapped in bands was trembling near his shoulder, his only eye smoldering from under the bandages. (30) Arkady Kirillovich pulled off his sheepskin coat in the dark and threw it over the shoulders of the trembling German.
(31) Arkady Kirillovich did not see the tragedy to the end, but later found out that some German on crutches, screaming, rushed from the crowd into the fire, and a Tatar soldier rushed to save him. (32) The burning walls collapsed, burying both.
(33) Everyone has unspent reserves of humanity.
(34) The former guard captain became a teacher. (35) Arkady Kirillovich did not for a moment forget the mixed crowd of former enemies in front of the burning hospital, a crowd overwhelmed by common suffering. (36) And I also remembered the unknown soldier who rushed to save the recent enemy. (37) He believed that each of his students would become a fuse, exploding the ice of ill will and indifference around him, freeing moral forces. (38) History is made by people.
(According to V. Tendryakov)
Vladimir Fedorovich Tendryakov (1923-1984) - Russian Soviet writer, author of acute conflict stories about the spiritual and moral problems of life.
Without Russian discoverers, the world map would be completely different. Our compatriots - travelers and sailors - made discoveries that enriched world science. About the eight most noticeable ones - in our material.
Bellingshausen's first Antarctic expedition
In 1819, the navigator, captain of the 2nd rank, Thaddeus Bellingshausen led the first round-the-world Antarctic expedition. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, as well as to prove or disprove the existence of the sixth continent - Antarctica. Having equipped two sloops - "Mirny" and "Vostok" (under the command), Bellingshausen's detachment went to sea.
The expedition lasted 751 days and wrote many bright pages in the history of geographical discoveries. The main one was made on January 28, 1820.
By the way, attempts to open the white continent had been made before, but did not bring the desired success: a little luck was missing, and perhaps Russian perseverance.
Thus, the navigator James Cook, summing up the results of his second voyage around the world, wrote: “I went around the ocean of the southern hemisphere in high latitudes and rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent, which, if it could be discovered, would only be near the pole in places inaccessible to navigation.”
During Bellingshausen's Antarctic expedition, more than 20 islands were discovered and mapped, sketches of Antarctic species and the animals living there were made, and the navigator himself went down in history as a great discoverer.
“The name of Bellingshausen can be directly placed alongside the names of Columbus and Magellan, with the names of those people who did not retreat in the face of difficulties and imaginary impossibilities created by their predecessors, with the names of people who followed their own independent path, and therefore were destroyers of barriers to discovery, which designate epochs,” wrote the German geographer August Petermann.
Discoveries of Semenov Tien-Shansky
Central Asia at the beginning of the 19th century was one of the least studied areas of the globe. An undeniable contribution to the study of the “unknown land” - as geographers called Central Asia - was made by Pyotr Semenov.
In 1856, the researcher’s main dream came true - he went on an expedition to the Tien Shan.
“My work on Asian geography led me to a thorough acquaintance with everything that was known about inner Asia. I was especially attracted to the most central of the Asian mountain ranges - the Tien Shan, which had not yet been touched by a European traveler and was known only from scanty Chinese sources.
Semenov's research in Central Asia lasted two years. During this time, the sources of the Chu, Syr Darya and Sary-Jaz rivers, the peaks of Khan Tengri and others were mapped.
The traveler established the location of the Tien Shan ridges, the height of the snow line in this area and discovered the huge Tien Shan glaciers.
In 1906, by decree of the emperor, for the merits of the discoverer, the prefix began to be added to his surname - Tien Shan.
Asia Przhevalsky
In the 70−80s. XIX century Nikolai Przhevalsky led four expeditions to Central Asia. This little-studied area has always attracted the researcher, and traveling to Central Asia has been his long-time dream.
Over the years of research, mountain systems have been studied Kun-Lun , ridges of Northern Tibet, sources of the Yellow River and Yangtze, basins Kuku-nora and Lob-nora.
Przhevalsky was the second person after Marco Polo to reach lakes-swamps Lob-nora!
In addition, the traveler discovered dozens of species of plants and animals that are named after him.
“Happy fate made it possible to make a feasible exploration of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia,” Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote in his diary.
Kruzenshtern's circumnavigation
The names of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became known after the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
For three years, from 1803 to 1806. - that’s how long the first circumnavigation of the world lasted - the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, having passed through the Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, and then through the waters of the Pacific Ocean reached Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The expedition clarified the map of the Pacific Ocean and collected information about the nature and inhabitants of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.
During the voyage, Russian sailors crossed the equator for the first time. This event was celebrated, according to tradition, with the participation of Neptune.
The sailor, dressed as the lord of the seas, asked Krusenstern why he came here with his ships, because the Russian flag had not been seen in these places before. To which the expedition commander replied: “For the glory of science and our fatherland!”
Nevelsky Expedition
Admiral Gennady Nevelskoy is rightfully considered one of the outstanding navigators of the 19th century. In 1849, on the transport ship “Baikal”, he went on an expedition to the Far East.
The Amur expedition lasted until 1855, during which time Nevelskoy made several major discoveries in the area of the lower reaches of the Amur and the northern shores of the Sea of Japan, and annexed the vast expanses of the Amur and Primorye regions to Russia.
Thanks to the navigator, it became known that Sakhalin is an island that is separated by the navigable Tatar Strait, and the mouth of the Amur is accessible for ships to enter from the sea.
In 1850, Nevelsky’s detachment founded the Nikolaev post, which today is known as Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
“The discoveries made by Nevelsky are invaluable for Russia,” wrote Count Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky “Many previous expeditions to these regions could have achieved European glory, but none of them achieved domestic benefit, at least to the extent that Nevelskoy accomplished this.”
North of Vilkitsky
The purpose of the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. was the development of the Northern Sea Route. By chance, captain 2nd rank Boris Vilkitsky took over the duties of the voyage leader. Icebreaking steamships "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" went to sea.
Vilkitsky moved through the northern waters from east to west, and during his voyage he was able to compile a true description of the northern coast of Eastern Siberia and many islands, received the most important information about currents and climate, and also became the first to make a through voyage from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk.
The expedition members discovered the Land of Emperor Nicholas I., known today as Novaya Zemlya - this discovery is considered the last significant one on the globe.
In addition, thanks to Vilkitsky, the islands of Maly Taimyr, Starokadomsky and Zhokhov were put on the map.
At the end of the expedition, the First World War began. The traveler Roald Amundsen, having learned about the success of Vilkitsky’s voyage, could not resist exclaiming to him:
“In peacetime, this expedition would excite the whole world!”
Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov
The second quarter of the 18th century was rich in geographical discoveries. All of them were made during the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which immortalized the names of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov.
During the First Kamchatka Campaign, Bering, the leader of the expedition, and his assistant Chirikov explored and mapped the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and Northeast Asia. Two peninsulas were discovered - Kamchatsky and Ozerny, Kamchatka Bay, Karaginsky Bay, Cross Bay, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island, as well as the strait, which today bears the name of Vitus Bering.
Companions - Bering and Chirikov - also led the Second Kamchatka Expedition. The goal of the campaign was to find a route to North America and explore the Pacific Islands.
In Avachinskaya Bay, the expedition members founded the Petropavlovsk fort - in honor of the ships "St. Peter" and "St. Paul" - which was later renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
When the ships set sail to the shores of America, by the will of an evil fate, Bering and Chirikov began to act alone - due to fog, their ships lost each other.
"St. Peter" under the command of Bering reached the west coast of America.
And on the way back, the expedition members, who had to endure many difficulties, were thrown onto a small island by a storm. This is where Vitus Bering’s life ended, and the island where the expedition members stopped for the winter was named after Bering.
Chirikov’s “Saint Paul” also reached the shores of America, but for him the voyage ended more happily - on the way back he discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge and safely returned to the Peter and Paul prison.
“Unclear Earthlings” by Ivan Moskvitin
Little is known about the life of Ivan Moskvitin, but this man nevertheless went down in history, and the reason for this was the new lands he discovered.
In 1639, Moskvitin, leading a detachment of Cossacks, set sail to the Far East. The main goal of the travelers was to “find new unknown lands” and collect furs and fish. The Cossacks crossed the Aldan, Mayu and Yudoma rivers, discovered the Dzhugdzhur ridge, separating the rivers of the Lena basin from the rivers flowing into the sea, and along the Ulya River they reached the “Lamskoye”, or Sea of Okhotsk. Having explored the coast, the Cossacks discovered the Taui Bay and entered the Sakhalin Bay, rounding the Shantar Islands.
One of the Cossacks reported that the rivers in the open lands “are sable, there are a lot of all kinds of animals, and fish, and the fish are big, there are no such fish in Siberia... there are so many of them - you just need to launch a net and you can’t drag them out with fish...”.
Geographic data collected by Ivan Moskvitin formed the basis of the first map of the Far East.
RUSSIAN TRAVELERS AND PIONEERS of the 17th century. 7th grade
Basic questions of studying the material
1) Settlement of the lands of Siberia.
2) Semyon Dezhnev.
3) Hiking to the Far East.
4) Development of Siberia
Lesson type Learning new material
Lesson Resources Textbook, map
Basic concepts and terms
Prison. Colonization. Aboriginal. Amanat. Koch
Key dates
1648-1649 - S. Dezhnev’s campaigns.
1643-1646 - Vasily Poyarkov’s campaign to the Amur.
1649-1653 - campaigns of Erofey Khabarov
Personalities Semyon Dezhnev. Vasily Poyarkov. Erofey Khabarov. Vladimir Atlasov
Homework § 25 of the textbook. The task of the rubric “Thinking, comparing, reflecting.
Moduleslesson
Learning Objectives
for organization
educational process
Main activities
student (at the educational level
actions)
Assessment
educational
results
Motivational
target
What significance did the campaigns of Russian travelers and explorers, carried out in the 17th century, have for the future of Russia?
Assess the consequences of a historical event or process
Conversation
Orientation
(updating/
repetitions)
Consider a map of modern Russia. Is it always her territory?
was that huge? What lands were annexed to Russia and developed by the beginning of the 17th century?
Extract information from the map in the context of studying the topic
Working with the map.
Conversation
Content-
operating
Explain the meaning of the term pioneer. What goals did the pioneers pursue? What united them? What economic interests encouraged people to explore new territories, Siberia? Using the map, trace the travel routes of Dezhnev, Poyarkov and Khabarov. Determine the achievements of travelers based on the criteria you choose.
Complete the sentences:
1) The first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean was...
2) The first campaign of Yakut servicemen and “hunting people” to the Amur
headed...
3) I visited the Amur twice...
4) In 1643 he went to Lake Baikal... Which modern cities were founded by the pioneers of the 17th century?
Determine the meaning of the term, the goals of people’s activities.
Determine cause-and-effect relationships of events and processes. Identify historical sites on the map.
Reveal the results of people's activities
Conversation.
Working with the map
Control and evaluation
(including reflective)
Plot the expeditions of explorers and travelers on a contour map. Which of these routes was longer? Which one do you think was more difficult? Explain the criteria you used to evaluate the route's difficulty. List the pros and cons of the interaction of local tribes with Russian settlers and the results of colonization. Come up with your own tasks on the topic of the lesson.
Assess the consequences of a historical event or process.
Express an informed opinion.
Evaluate assignments written
classmates
Working with the map.
Conversation.
Creative task
Additional material
The territory of Russia in the 17th century. expanded not only due to the inclusion of Left Bank Ukraine, but also due to the inclusion of new lands of Siberia, the development of which began in the 16th century. In the 17th century The Russian advance into Siberia acquired even greater proportions.
Siberia attracted people with its fur riches, new lands, and minerals. The composition of the settlers was quite varied: Cossacks, service people, often sent to Siberia “by sovereign decree”; the peasantry, who hoped to get rid of oppression in the new lands; fishermen. The state was interested in developing rich lands that promised replenishment of the treasury. Therefore, the government encouraged settlement with loans and tax benefits, often turning a blind eye to the departure of former serfs to Siberia.
Advancement in the 17th century to Eastern Siberia was carried out in two directions. One route lay along the northern seas. Developing the lands, the Russians reached the northeastern tip of the continent. In 1648, a CossackSemyon Dezhnev with his comrades on small ships he discovered the strait separating Asia from North America. Another route to the east went along the southern borders of Siberia. In 1643-1646. An expedition went along the Amur to the Sea of OkhotskVasily Poyarkova , and in 1649-1653. made his trip to Dauria and the AmurErofey Khabarov . Thus, during the 17th century. The territory of Russia expanded to the shores of the Pacific Ocean and the Kuril Islands.
Russian pioneers of Siberia
Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673) - made a major geographical discovery: in 1648 he sailed along the Chukotka Peninsula and discovered the strait separating Asia from North America.
Vasily Poyarkov - in 1643-1646. at the head of a detachment of Cossacks, he walked from Yakutsk along the Lena and Aldan rivers, went along the Amur to the Sea of Okhotsk, and then returned to Yakutsk.
Erofey Khabarov (1610-1667) - in 1649-1650 carried out a campaign in Dauria, developed the lands along the Amur River and compiled their maps (drawings).
Vladimir Atlasov - in 1696-1697 organized an expedition to Kamchatka, as a result of which it was annexed to Russia.
EASTERN DIRECTION OF FOREIGN POLICY
Development of Siberia
1) Annexation of Western Siberia (conquest of the Siberian Khanate at the end of the 16th century)
2) Penetration of explorers and industrialists, as well as representatives of the tsarist government, into Siberia
3)Foundation of settlements and fortresses:
- Yenisei (1618)
- Krasnoyarsk (1628)
- Ilimsky (1630) forts - Yakutsky (1632)
- Irkutsk (1652)
- Seleginsky (1665)
- Creation of the Siberian order. Division of Siberia into 19 districts, which were ruled by voivodes appointed from Moscow (1637)
