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BRIEF DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS

Accompaniment(French accompagnement - accompaniment) - musical background to the main melodies, which is of secondary importance in the work.

Chord(Italian accordo, French accord - agreement) - consonance, the sound of several (at least three) musical tones, taken, as a rule, simultaneously. A. are divided into consonant and dissonant (see. consonance And dissonance).

Act(Latin actus - action) - a relatively completed part of a theatrical performance ( operas, ballet etc.), separated from another similar part by a break - intermission. Sometimes A. is divided into paintings.

Ensemble(French ensemble - together) - 1. Name of relatively independent musical episodes V opera, representing the simultaneous singing of two or more singers, vocal parts which are not identical; according to the number of participants A. are divided into duets, trio or terzets, quartets, quintets, sextets etc. 2. Play, intended for joint performance by several musicians, most often instrumentalists. 3. The quality of joint performance, the degree of coherence, unity of the overall sound.

Intermission(French entr'acte - letters, interaction) - 1. Break between acts theatrical performance or departments concert. 2. Orchestral introduction to one of the acts, except the first (see. overture)

Arietta(Italian arietta) - small aria.

Arioso(Italian arioso - like an aria) - a variety arias, characterized by a freer construction, more closely related to the preceding and subsequent musical episodes.

Aria(Italian aria - song) - developed vocal episode in opera, oratorios or cantata sung by one singer accompanied by orchestra, having a wide-chanting melody and completeness of the musical forms. Sometimes A. consists of several contrasting(see) sections. Varieties of A. - Arietta, arioso, Cavatina, cabaletta, canzone, monologue etc.

Ballet(French ballet from Italian ballo - dance, dance) - large musical choreographic(cm.) genre, in which the main artistic means is dance, as well as pantomime, presented on theater stage in a picturesque decorative setting accompanied by orchestral music. B. in the form of independent dance scenes is sometimes part of operas.

Ballad(French ballade, Italian ballare - dance) - originally the name of the Provençal (France) dance songs; then - literary and poetic genre, associated with folk legends or telling about events of the past. From the beginning of the 19th century. - designation vocal and instrumental plays narrative warehouse.

Baritone(Greek barytono - heavy-sounding) - a male voice between bass And tenor register; another name is high bass.

Barcarolle(from Italian barca - boat, barcaruola - boatman's song) - gender songs, common in Venice, also the name vocal and instrumental plays contemplative melodious character with a smooth, swaying accompaniment; size 6/8. Another name for B. is gondolier (from the Italian gondola - Venetian boat).

Bass(Italian basso - low, Greek basis - basis) - 1. The lowest male voice. 2. General name for low orchestral register instruments (cello, double bass, bassoon, etc.).

Bolero(Spanish bolero) - a Spanish dance, known since the end of the 18th century, of moderately fast movement, accompanied by the blows of castanets; size 3/4.

Bylina- a work of Russian folk epic, a story about bygone times, about the exploits of folk heroes and heroes. B. has the character of a leisurely smooth recitative, similar to sing-song speech; sometimes accompanied by playing the harp and other musical instruments.

Waltz(French valse, German Walzer) is a dance descended from Austrian, German and Czech folk dances. V. is danced in pairs in a smooth circular motion; size 3/4 or 3/8, pace various - from very slow to the fastest. Thanks to its special figurative and expressive capabilities, V. became widespread from the middle of the 19th century not only as a dance and concert(cm.) genre, but also as an important part of music operas, ballet, symphonies and even chamber — solo And ensemble(see) works.

Variations(Latin variatio - change) - a piece of music based on a gradual change in what was stated at the beginning Topics, during which the initial image develops and enriches without losing its essential features.

Virtuoso(Italian virtuoso - lit. valiant, courageous) - a performing musician who has perfect command of his instrument or voice, easily and brilliantly overcoming any technical difficulties. Virtuosity is the skill and technical perfection of musical performance. Virtuoso music is music that is replete with technical difficulties and requires brilliant, effective performance.

Vocal music(from Italian vocale - voice) - music for singing - solo, ensemble or choral(see) with accompaniment or without it.

Introduction- the initial section that directly introduces some vocal or instrumental piece, painting or Act musical and theatrical performance.

Gavotte(French gavotte) - an ancient French dance of folk origin; subsequently, from the 17th century, it entered into court use, and in the 18th century it took a place in dance suite. G.'s music is energetic, moderately fast in movement, in 4/4 time signature with a characteristic two-quarter beat.

Harmony(Greek harmonia - proportionality, consistency) - 1. One of the expressive means of musical art, associated with chordal(see) combinations of tones and their sequences accompanying the main melody. 2. Science chords, their movement and connections. 3. The name of individual chord sound combinations when characterizing their expressiveness (“hard harmony”, “light harmony”, etc.). 4. General designation of the range of chordal means characteristic of a particular work, composer, musical style(“Mussorgsky’s harmony”, “romantic harmony”, etc.).

Hymn(Greek hymnos) - a solemn chant of praise.

Grotesque(French grotesque - bizarre, ugly, strange) - an artistic technique associated with deliberate exaggeration or distortion of the real features of the image, which gives it a bizarre, fantastic, often caricature-humorous, sometimes frightening character.

Gusli(from Old Russian gusel - string) is an old Russian folk instrument, which is a hollow flat box on which metal strings are stretched. Playing the G. usually accompanied the performance of epics. The performer in G. is the guslar.

Declamation- artistic reading of poetry or prose in an emotionally uplifting manner. D. musical - correct reproduction in recitative characteristic intonations - rises, falls, accents, etc. - of expressive human speech.

Woodwind instruments- the general name of a group of instruments that includes the flute (with varieties piccolo flute and alto flute), oboe (with the variety alto oboe, or English horn), clarinet (with varieties piccolo clarinet and bass clarinet), bassoon (with a type of contrabassoon). D.d.i. also used in brass bands, various chamber ensembles And How soloing(see) tools. In the orchestral score group D. d. and. occupies the top lines, placed in the order indicated above.

Decimet(from Latin decimus - tenth) - operatic or chamber ensemble ten participants.

Dialogue(Greek dialogos - conversation between two) - scene-conversation between two characters operas; roll call of alternating short musical phrases, as if answering each other.

Divertissement(French divertissement - amusement, entertainment) - a piece of music built like suites, consisting of several different types, mainly dance, numbers. D. also called separate instrumental play of an entertaining nature.

Dynamics(from the Greek dynamikos - power) - 1. Strength, volume of sound. 2. Designation of the degree of tension, effective aspiration of the musical narrative (“dynamics of development”).

Dramaturgy- literature that involves stage embodiment; the science of the laws of constructing a dramatic play. In the 20th century, the term D. began to be applied also to musical and theatrical art, and then to large instrumental and symphonic works not related to the stage. D. musical - a set of principles for the construction and development of music operas, ballet, symphonies etc. for the purpose of the most logical, consistent and effective implementation of the chosen plot, ideological plan.

Duma, Duma- narrative Ukrainian folk song free recitative-improvisational warehouse with instrumental support. Usually the song is devoted to a story about historical events, but sometimes it takes on the features of a sincere, sad song of purely lyrical content.

Brass band— orchestra, consisting of copper And woodwinds And drums tools. Before. It has a powerful, bright sonority.

Wind instruments- instruments, various in shape, size and material, representing a tube or a set of tubes that sound due to the vibrations of the air column enclosed in them. According to the material and method of sound production, D. and. are divided into copper And wooden. To the number of D. and. also belongs organ.

Duet(from Lat. duo - two) - operatic or chamber ensemble two participants.

Duettino(Italian duettino) - small duet.

Genre(French genre - type, manner) - 1. The type of musical work, determined by various criteria: the nature of the theme (for example, epic, comic), the nature of the plot (for example, historical, mythological), the composition of the performers (e.g. F - operatic, ballet, symphonic, vocal(see), instrumental), circumstances of performance (for example, J. concert, chamber(see), household), features of the form (for example, Zh. romance, songs, instrumental or orchestral miniatures) etc. 2. Genre (in music) - associated with the characteristic features of folk everyday musical genres. 3. Genre scene - everyday scene.

Solo- Start choral song, performed by one singer - lead singer.

Singspiel(German Singspiel from singen - sing and Spiel - play) - gender comic opera, which combined conversational dialogues with singing and dancing; Z. received its greatest development in Germany and Austria in the 2nd half of the 18th century and the beginning. XIX centuries.

Improvisation(from Latin improvisus - unforeseen, unexpected) - creativity in the process of execution, without prior preparation, by inspiration; also a characteristic of a certain type of musical work or its individual episodes, characterized by a whimsical freedom of presentation.

Instrumentation- same as orchestration.

Interlude(lat. intermedia - located in the middle) - 1. Small musical play, placed between the more important parts of a larger work. 2. Plug-in episode or scene in a major theatrical work, suspending the development of the action and not having a direct relationship to it. 3. Binder episode between two events Topics V fugue, a passing episode in an instrumental piece in general.

Intermezzo(Italian intermezzo - pause, intermission) - play, connecting more important sections; also the name of individual, mainly instrumental, plays of varying character and content.

Introduction(Latin introductio - introduction) - 1. Small size opera house overture, directly putting into action. 2. Any initial section plays, having his own pace and the nature of the music.

Cabaletta(from Italian cabalare - to fantasize) - a small opera house aria, often of a heroically elevated character.

Cavatina(Italian cavatina) - a type of opera arias, characterized by a freer construction, lyrical melodiousness, lack of tempo(see) contrasts.

Chamber music(from Italian camera - room) - music for soloists(see solo) instruments or voices, small ensembles, intended for performance in small concert halls.

Canon(Greek kanon - rule, sample) - a type of polyphonic music based on the alternate entry of voices from the same melody.

Kant(from Latin cantus - singing) - in Russian, Ukrainian and Polish music of the 17th-18th centuries, lyrical songs for a three-voice choir without accompaniment; in the era of Peter I, greetings from K. vigorously spread march-shaped(cm. march) character, performed on the occasion of official celebrations.

Cantata(from Italian cantare - to sing) - a large work for singers - soloists, choir And orchestra, consisting of a series of numbers - Aryan, recitatives, ensembles, choirs. K. differs from the oratorio in the absence of a detailed and consistently embodied plot.

Cantilena(Latin cantilena - chanting) - wide melodious melody.

Canzona(Italian canzone - song) - the old name of the Italian lyric song songs with instrumental accompaniment; subsequently - the name of the instrumental plays melodious lyrical character.

Canzonetta(Italian canzonetta - song) - small canzone, melodious vocal or instrumental play small size.

Painting— 1. In a musical and theatrical work, part act, not separable intermission, but a short pause during which the curtain is briefly lowered. 2. Designation of instrumental symphonic works, which are characterized by special concreteness and clarity of musical images; sometimes such works belong to genre of program music.

Quartet(from Latin quartus - fourth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental (most often string) ensemble four participants.

Quintet(from Latin quintus - fifth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental ensemble five participants.

Klavier(abbr. German Klavierauszug - piano extraction) - processing, arrangement for piano work written for orchestra or ensemble, and operas, cantatas or oratorios(with saving vocal parties).

Koda(Italian coda - tail, end) - the final section of a musical work, usually of an energetic, rapid nature, affirming its main idea, the dominant image.

Coloratura(Italian coloratura - coloring, decoration) - coloring, variation vocal melodies in a variety of flexible, moving passages, virtuoso decorations.

Color(from Latin color - color) in music - the predominant emotional coloring of a particular episode, achieved by using various registers, timbres, harmonic(see) and other means of expression.

Kolyadka- the general name of Slavic folk rituals songs of pagan origin associated with the celebration of Christmas (New Year's Eve).

Composer(Latin compositor - writer, compiler, creator) - author of a musical work.

Composition(Latin compositio - composition, arrangement) - 1. Musical creativity, the process of creating a musical work. 2. The internal structure of a musical work is the same as musical form. 3. A separate piece of music.

Contralto(Italian contralto) - the lowest female voice, the same as in choir alto.

Counterpoint(from Latin punctum contrapunctum - point against point, that is, note against note) - 1. Simultaneous combination of two or more melodically independent voices. 2. The science of the laws of combination of simultaneously sounding melodies, same as polyphony.

Contrast(French contraste - opposite) - a bright expressive means of music, consisting in the rapprochement and direct opposition of dissimilar, sharply different in the nature of musical episodes. Musical figurative-emotional K. is carried out with the help tempo, dynamic, tonal, register, timbral(see) and other oppositions.

Concert(from Latin concertare - compete, Italian concerto - agreement) - 1. Public performance of musical works. 2. A large, usually three-part, work for solo(see) instrument with orchestra, brilliant, spectacular, with developed elements virtuosity, in some cases approaching in richness and significance of ideological and artistic content to symphonies.

Climax(from Latin culmen - top, top) - moment high voltage in music development.

Verse(French couplet - stanza) - repeated part songs.

Banknote(French coupure - cutting, abbreviation) - reduction of a musical work by removing, omitting any episode, V opera — scenes, paintings or act.

Lezginka- a dance common among the peoples of the Caucasus, temperamental, impetuous; size 2/4 or 6/8.

Leitmotif(German: Leitmotiv - leading motive) - musical thought, melody, associated in opera with a certain character, memory, experience, phenomenon or abstract concept, arising in music when it appears or is mentioned during a stage action.

Landler(German Ländler) - German and Austrian folk dance, predecessor waltz, lively, but not fast movement; size 3/4.

Libretto(Italian libretto - notebook, little book) - complete literary text operas, operettas; verbal presentation of content ballet. The author L. is a librettist.

Madrigal(Italian madrigale) - a European polyphonic secular song of the 16th century, of an exquisite character, usually with love content.

Mazurka(from Polish mazur - resident of Mazovia) - Polish dance of folk origin, lively character, with a sharp, sometimes syncopated(cm.) rhythm; size 3/4.

March(French marche - walking, procession) - genre, Related to rhythm walking, characterized by a clear, measured, energetic movement. M. can be marching, solemn, mourning; size 2/4 or 4/4.

Brass instruments— wind instruments, made from copper and other metals, forming a special group in the symphonic orchestra, which includes horns, trumpets (sometimes partially replaced by cornets), trombones and tuba. M.D.I. are the basis brass band. In the symphony score group M.D.I. written under the group woodwind instruments, placed in the above order.

Meistersingers(German Meistersinger - master of singing) - in medieval Germany (XIV-XVII centuries) guild musicians.

Melodeclamation(from Greek melos - song and Latin declamatio - recitation) - expressive reading (most often poetry), accompanied by music.

Melody(Greek melodia - singing a song from melos - song and ode - singing) - the main idea of ​​a musical work, expressed in a monophonic melody, the most important means of musical expressiveness.

Melodrama(from the Greek melos - song and drama - action) - 1. Part of a dramatic work accompanied by music. 2. Negative characteristics of works or episodes characterized by exaggerated sensitivity, sentimentality, and bad taste.

Minuet(French menuet) - an ancient French dance, originally of folk origin, in the 17th century - a court dance, at the end of the 18th century it was introduced into the symphonic dance cycle(cm. symphony). M. is distinguished by smooth and graceful movements; size 3/4.

Mass(French messe, lat. missa) - a large multi-part work for choir with instrumental accompaniment, sometimes with the participation of singers - soloists written in religious Latin text. M. is the same as Catholic mass, liturgy.

Mezzo-soprano(from Italian mezzo - middle and soprano) - a female voice, in register occupying an intermediate position between soprano And contralto. mezzo-soprano in choir- the same as viola.

Miniature(Italian miniatura) - small orchestral, vocal(see) or instrumental piece.

Monologue(from the Greek monos - one, speech pronounced by one person) in music - one of the most effective solo vocal forms V opera, which usually captures a process of intense experience or reflection leading to a decision. M., as a rule, is built from several non-identical, contrasting episodes.

Motive(from Italian motivo - reason, motivation, and lat. motus - movement) - 1. Part melodies, having independent expressive meaning; a group of sounds - a melody, united around one accent - stress. 2. In the common meaning - tune, melody.

Musical drama- originally the same as opera. In a common sense - one of genres opera, which is characterized by the leading role of intense dramatic action unfolding on stage and defining the principles of musical embodiment.

Musical comedy- cm. operetta.

Nocturne(French nocturne - night) - a name that spread in the 19th century for relatively small instrumental (rarely - vocal) plays lyrical-contemplative character with expressive melodious melody.

Number- the smallest, relatively complete, allowing separate, independent execution opera episode, ballet or operettas.

But no(from Latin nonus - ninth) - a relatively rare type of opera or chamber music ensemble for nine participants.

Oh yeah(Greek ode) - the name of a musical work borrowed from literature (more often - vocal) of a solemn laudatory nature.

Octet(from Latin octo - eight) - ensemble eight participants.

Opera(Italian opera - action, work, from Latin opus - work, creation) - synthetic genre musical art, including dramatic action, singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestral music, as well as picturesque and decorative design. An operatic work is composed of solo episodes — Aryan, recitatives, and ensembles, choirs, ballet scenes, independent orchestral numbers (see. overture, intermission, introduction). O. is divided into acts and pictures. As an independent genre, O. spread in Europe in the 17th century, and in Russia - from the middle of the 18th century. Further development led to the formation of various national styles and ideological and artistic types of opera (see. O. large French, O.-buffa, O. comic, O. lyrical-dramatic, O. lyrical French, O. beggars, O.-seria, O. epic, Singspiel, musical drama, operetta). As a result of the diverse historical development, music has become the most democratic genre among the complex monumental genres of musical art.

Grand French Opera(French grandopéra) - a variety that became widespread in the middle of the 19th century, which is characterized by the embodiment of historical themes in a monumental, colorful performance rich in effective moments.

Opera buffa(Italian opera-buffa) - Italian comic opera, which arose in the first half of the 18th century. About. was based on everyday stories, often acquiring a satirical overtones. Developed from the Italian folk “comedy of masks” (comediadelarte), O.-b. reflected the progressive democratic trends of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries.

Opera comic- a general specific name for the opera genre that arose in Europe from the mid-18th century under the influence of democratic ideas as opposed to courtly aristocratic art. O.K. in different countries bore different names: in Italy - opera buffa, in Germany and Austria - Singspiel, in Spain - tonadilla, in England - beggar's opera, or ballad, song opera. O.K. is the generally accepted name for the French variety of this genre, which is characterized by the inclusion of colloquial dialogues.

Lyric-dramatic opera- a variety that developed in the art of opera in the second half of the 19th century. For O. l.-d. characterized by bringing to the fore dramatic, often tragic personal destinies and human relationships, shown against a realistically truthful background of life, in-depth attention composer to the mental life of the characters, their feelings, psychological contradictions and conflicts.

French lyric opera- proper name French lyric-dramatic opera.

Beggar's Opera(eng. beggarsopera) - English variety comic opera, in which folk songs were widely used - ballads.

Opera seria(Italian operaseria - serious opera, as opposed to comic) - Italian opera of the 18th century, associated with the courtly aristocratic environment. Based, as a rule, on mythological and historical-legendary subjects, O.-s. was distinguished by the pomp of its production, virtuoso shine vocal parts, but in its development it was constrained by the conventions of plots, situations and characters.

Opera epic- a type of classical opera, predominantly developed in Russia, characterized by the use of plots from folk epics - tales, legends and samples of folk song creativity. Stage action and music O. e. are maintained in the spirit of a majestic, leisurely narrative. TO genre O. e. there is also an opera-fairy tale attached.

Operetta(Italian operetta - small opera) - a theatrical performance combining singing and dancing accompanied by orchestra with conversational scenes, originating from comic opera XVIII century. European comedy of the 19th century is characterized by an abundance of comedic situations of a satirical or purely entertaining nature. In Soviet musical and theatrical art, O. is more often called musical comedy.

Oratorio(from Latin oratoria - eloquence) - large vocal-symphonic genre musical art, the works of which are intended to be performed in unison, soloists-singers and orchestra. O. is based on a certain plot, which generally tells about historical or legendary events of national life, usually having a sublime, heroic overtones. The plot of O. is embodied in a number of completed solo, choral And orchestral(see) numbers, sometimes divided recitatives.

Organ(from the Greek organon - instrument, instrument) is the largest of the modern musical instruments, which has existed and been improved over many centuries. O, is a system of pipes that sound due to the blowing of a stream of air into them, produced mechanically. The presence of pipes of various sizes and shapes allows you to produce sounds of different heights and timbre. O. control is carried out using keyboards, manual (up to three manuals) and foot (pedal), as well as numerous switches registers. In terms of power and colorful richness of sound, O. competes with symphonic orchestra.

Orchestra(from the Greek orchestra - in the ancient Greek theater, the place in front of the stage on which the choir was located) - a large group of performing musicians, intended for the joint performance of musical works. Unlike ensemble, some parties in O. they are performed simultaneously by several musicians, like a one-voice choir. Based on the composition of the instruments, the orchestras are divided into symphonic, brass, folk instruments, pop, jazz, etc. The operatic orchestra, like the symphonic orchestra, consists of four main groups of instruments - groups woodwinds, brass, drums, strings bowed instruments, and also includes some individual instruments that are not included in any of the groups (harp, occasionally piano, guitar, etc.).

Orchestration- creation of an orchestral scores, the embodiment of musical thought through the means of orchestral expressiveness. O. - the same as instrumentation.

Parody(Greek parodià, from para - against and ode - song, singing, letters, singing in reverse) - imitation for the purpose of distortion, ridicule.

Score(Italian partitura - division, distribution) - musical notation ensemble, orchestral, opera, oratorio-cantata(see) etc. music that requires many performers. The number of lines of a song is determined by the number of parts included in it - instrumental, solo-vocal And choral, which are arranged in a certain order.

The consignment(from Latin pars - part) - part of the music ensemble, operas etc., performed by one or a group of musicians or singers.

Pastoral(from Latin pastoralis - shepherd) - music, musical play or theatrical scene, expressed in gentle, lyrically soft contemplative tones, painting calm pictures of nature and an idealized serene rural life (cf. idyll).

Song- basic vocal genre folk music and the related genre of vocal music in general. P. is characterized by the presence of a clear, convex, expressive and slender melodies, which has a generalized figurative and emotional content, embodying the feelings and thoughts not of an individual, but of a people. The combination of these features is included in the concept of songfulness as a special means of musical expressiveness, a special way of musical thinking. Folk music, reflecting in an innumerable variety of varieties and genres the most diverse aspects of the life of the people, is the main source of musical art. In the development of folk art and the highly artistic refraction of its national characteristics, the greatest merit belongs to the Russians classical composers. In their works, singing is widely represented as an everyday genre; at the same time, songfulness, the song principle was the leading one for them artistic device. In the narrow sense, a song is a small vocal piece with or without accompaniment, characterized by simplicity and melodically expressive melodiousness, usually in verse form, as well as an instrumental piece of similar size and character.

Undervoice- more or less independent melody, accompanying the main melody in polyphonic music. The presence of developed P. is a characteristic feature of Russian folk choral(see) music.

Polyphony(from the Greek poly - many and phone - voice, letters, polyphony) - 1. Simultaneous combination of two or more independent melodies having independent expressive meaning. 2. The science of music of a polyphonic nature, the same as counterpoint.

Prelude, foreplay(from Latin prae - before and ludus - play) - 1. Introduction, introduction to a play or completed musical episode, opera stage, ballet etc. 2. A common name for small instrumental pieces of varying content, character and structure.

Premiere- first performance operas, ballet, operettas at the theater stage; the first public performance of a musical work (applies to major works only).

Chorus- Part songs, invariably, together with the same verbal text, repeated after each of its verse.

Lamentations, lamentations— song-crying, one of the most common in pre-revolutionary Russia genres folk songs; usually has the character of a mournful-excited recitative.

Prologue(from Latin prae - before and Greek logos - word, speech) - the introductory part in a drama, novel, opera etc., introducing the narrative; sometimes P. introduces the events that preceded those depicted.

Musical development- the movement of musical images, their changes, collisions, mutual transitions, reflecting the processes that take place in the mental life of a person or the hero of a musical theater performance, as well as in the surrounding reality. R. m. - important factor musical dramaturgy, directing the listener's attention to the most significant parts of the story. R. m. is carried out using a variety of compositional and expressive techniques; all means of musical expression participate in it.

Requiem(from Latin requiem - peace) - a monumental work for choir, soloists-singers and orchestra. Initially, R. is a funeral Catholic mass. Subsequently, in the works of Mozart, Berlioz, Verdi, R. lost its ritual-religious character, turning into a dramatic, philosophically significant musical genre, animated by deep universal feelings and great thoughts.

Recitative(from Latin recitare - read, recite) - musical speech, the most flexible solo form singing in opera, characterized by great rhythmic(see) diversity and freedom of construction. Usually R. introduces aria, emphasizing its melodious melody. Often in R. the characteristic intonations of living human speech are reproduced, thanks to which it turns out to be an indispensable tool in creating a musical portrait of a character. The main varieties of R. are R.-secco (“dry”, accompanied by rare jerky orchestra chords or cymbal), R.-accompagnato (“accompanied”, sounding against the background of a coherent chord accompaniment) and R.-obligato (“obligatory”, which indicates the need for an independent melodic thought in the orchestral accompaniment).

Rigodon(French rigodon, rigaudon) - an ancient Provençal (France) dance of the 17th-18th centuries, with lively, vigorous movement; time signature 4/4 or 2/3 with one-quarter time.

Rhythm(from the Greek rythmos - measured flow) - the organization of musical movement in time, periodic alternation and the ratio of strong and weak beats. A periodically repeated group of strong and weak beats is called a beat. The number of beats in a measure is called the time signature. R. is an important expressive means of musical art, achieving particular richness and diversity in dance music associated with the plastic movement of the human body.

Romance(French romance) - solo lyrical song with instrumental accompaniment, characterized by an intimate structure of feelings, individualized content, special subtlety and expressive variety accompaniment. Vocal melody R. often includes elements recitative.

Rondo(French rondeau from ronde - round, the name of an old French choral song) - form building a musical plays, consisting of several (at least three) contrasting episodes, separated by a periodically returning first episode (refrain).

Sarabande(Spanish: zarabanda) - an ancient Spanish dance in the nature of a slow, majestic procession; size 3/4. Genre S. was often used to create images of deep mournful reflection and a funeral procession.

Seguidilla(Spanish seguidilla) - a fast Spanish dance accompanied by a whimsical rhythm castanets; size 3/4 or 3/8.

Sextet(from Latin sextus - sixth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental ensemble seven participants.

Serenade(from Italian sera - evening, lit. "evening song") - originally in Spain and Italy a love song sung with accompaniment guitars or mandolins under your beloved's window. Then - works of a welcoming nature for instrumental ensembles And orchestra. Subsequently, S. is the name of lyrical solo songs with instrumental accompaniment, stylized in the spirit of a guitar accompaniment, as well as the name of the lyrical instrumental or orchestral cycle.

Symphony(from the Greek symphonia - consonance) - a monumental work for orchestra, genre which took shape in the 2nd half of the 18th century. S., as a rule, consists of four large, different, contrasting parts, which reflect a wide range of life phenomena and embody a wealth of moods and conflicts. The first part of the story usually has a conflict-dramatic character and is designed in fast movement; sometimes it is preceded by a slow introduction. The second is a lyrical chant, imbued with moods of reflection. Third - minuet, scherzo or waltz- in a lively dance movement. Fourth - the final, the fastest, often of a festive, upbeat nature. However, there are other principles of construction. The set of parts, united by a common poetic idea, forms a symphonic cycle.

Scherzo(Italian scherzo - joke) - a small instrumental or orchestral work of a lively, perky character, with a sharp, clear rhythm, sometimes acquiring dramatic overtones. From the beginning of the 19th century, S. entered the symphony cycle, taking a place in it minuet.

Buffoons- bearers of Russian folk art in the 11th-17th centuries, wandering actors, musicians and dancers.

Solo(Italian solo - one, only) - an independent performance of one performer with a whole play or in a separate one episode, if the play is written for ensemble or orchestra. Performer S. - soloist.

Sonata(from Italian sonare - to sound) - 1. In the 17th century - the name of any instrumental work, as opposed to vocal. 2. From the 18th century - the name of a work for one or two instruments, consisting of three or four parts of a certain character, which form a sonata cycle, in general terms similar to the symphonic one (see. symphony).

Sonata allegro- the form in which the first parts are written sonatas And symphonies, - kept in fast (allegro) pace. Form S. a. consists of three large sections: exposition, development and recapitulation. An exposition is a presentation of two central, contrasting musical images created in the main and secondary parties; development - development those the main and secondary parties, the clash and struggle of their images; reprise - repetition of an exposition with a new ratio of images of the main and secondary parties, achieved as a result of their struggle in development. Form S. a. it is the most effective, dynamic, it creates ample opportunities for a realistic reflection of the phenomena of objective reality and the mental life of a person in their internal inconsistency and continuous development. Form S. a. developed by the middle of the 18th century and soon became widespread not only in the first parts symphonies, sonatas, quartets, instrumental concerts, but also in one-part symphonic poems, concert and opera overtures, and in some cases in extended opera arias (for example, Ruslan’s aria in Glinka’s opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”).

Soprano(from Italian sopra - above, above) - the highest female voice. S. is divided into coloratura, lyrical and dramatic.

Style(in music) - a set of features that characterize the work of composers of a certain country, historical period, or individual composer.

Stringed instruments- instruments in which sound arises as a result of vibration (oscillation) of stretched strings. According to the method of sound production S. and. divided into bowed instruments (violin, viola, cello, double bass), keyboards ( piano and his predecessors, see hammer) and plucked instruments (harp, mandolin, guitar, balalaika, etc.).

Scene(Latin scena from Greek skene - tent, tent). — 1. Theatrical stage on which the performance takes place. 2. Part of a theatrical performance, separate episode act or paintings.

Scenario(Italian scenario) - a more or less detailed description of the course of action unfolding on stage in opera, ballet And operetta, a schematic retelling of their plot. Based on S. it is created libretto operas.

Suite(French suite - series, sequence) - the name of a multi-part cyclic work in which the parts are compared according to the principle contrast and have a less close internal ideological and artistic connection than in the symphonic cycle (see. symphony). Usually the song is a series of dances or descriptive and illustrative plays of a programmatic nature, and sometimes an extract from a major musical and dramatic work ( operas, ballet, operettas, movie).

Tarantella(Italian tarantella) - a very fast, temperamental Italian folk dance; size 6/8.

Musical theme(Greek theme - subject of the story) - main, subject development a musical idea expressed in a relatively small, complete, relief, clearly expressive and memorable melody (see also leitmotif).

Timbre(French timbre) - a specific quality, characteristic coloring of the sound of a voice or instrument.

Pace(from Italian tempo - time) - the speed of performance and the nature of movement in a piece of music. T. is indicated by the words: very slowly - largo (largo), slowly - adagio (adagio), calmly, smoothly - andante (andante), moderately fast - moderato (moderato), quickly - allegro (allegro), very quickly - presto (presto ). Sometimes T. is defined by reference to the well-known nature of movement: “at the pace waltz", "at pace march" Since the mid-19th century, T. has also been indicated by a metronome, where the number corresponds to the number of indicated durations per minute. The verbal designation T. often serves as the name of a piece or its individual parts that do not have a title (for example, the names of parts in a sonata cycle- allegro, andante, etc., ballet adagio, etc.).

Tenor(from Lat. tenere - to hold, to guide) - a high male voice. T, divided into lyrical and dramatic.

Tercet(from Latin tertius - third) - operatic vocal ensemble three participants. Another name for T. is trio, also used to denote instrumental ensembles with the same number of performers.

Trio(Italian trio from tre - three) - 1. In vocal music the same as tercet. 2. Instrumental ensemble of three performers. 3. Middle section in march, waltz, minuet, scherzo more smooth and melodious character; this meaning of the term arose in ancient instrumental music, in the works of which the middle section was performed by three instruments.

Troubadours, trouvères- knights-poets and singers in medieval France.

Overture(French ouverture - opening, beginning) - 1. An orchestral piece performed before the start operas or ballet, usually based on the themes of the work it precedes and concisely embodying its main idea. 2. The name of an independent one-movement orchestral work, often related to program music.

Percussion instruments- musical instruments from which sound is produced by striking. U. and. There are: 1) with a certain pitch of sound - timpani, bells and bells, celesta, xylophone and 2) with a sound of indefinite pitch - tom-tom, big and small drums, tambourine, cymbals, triangle, castanets, etc.

Texture(lat. factura - lit. division, processing) - the structure of the sound fabric of a musical work, including melody accompanying her echoes or polyphonic vote, accompaniment etc.

Fandango(Spanish fandango - Spanish folk dance of moderate movement, accompanied by playing castanets; size 3/4.

Fantasy(Greek phantasia - imagination, generally fiction, fiction) - virtuoso free work forms. 1. In the 17th century improvisational character introduction to fugue or sonata. 2. Virtuoso composition on Topics any operas, the same as transcription (Latin transcriptio - rewriting) or paraphrase (from Greek paraphrasis - description, retelling, paraphrasing). 3. An instrumental work characterized by a bizarre, fantastic character of the music.

Fanfare(Italian fanfara) - a trumpet signal, usually of a festive, solemn nature.

The final(Italian finale - final) - the final part of a multi-part work, operas or ballet.

Folklore(from English folk - people and lore - teaching, science) - a set of works of oral literary and musical folk art.

Musical form(Latin forma - appearance, outline) - 1. Means of embodying ideological and figurative content, including melody, harmony, polyphony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, invoice, as well as compositional principles of construction or f. in the narrow sense. 2. F. in a narrow sense - historically established and developed patterns of the structure of musical works, layout patterns and relationships of parts and sections that determine the general contours of a musical work. The most common are F. tripartite, verse, variational, rondo, sonata, as well as F. construction suite, sonata And symphonic(cm.) cycles.

Piano(from Italian forte-piano - loud-quiet) - the general name of a keyboard string instrument (grand piano, upright piano), which allows, unlike its predecessors - the harpsichord, hammer, clavichord, receive sounds of varying strengths. Audio range and speakers, expressiveness and colorful variety of sound, great virtuoso-technical capabilities made F. predominantly solo and concertgoers (see concert) instrument, as well as a participant in many chamber instrumental ensembles.

Fragment(from lat. fragmentum - fragment, piece) - a fragment of something.

Phrase(Greek phrasis - figure of speech, expression) - in music a short relatively complete passage, part melodies, framed by pauses (caesuras).

Fugue(Italian and Latin fuga - running) - a one-part work, which is polyphonic(see) presentation and subsequent development one melodies, Topics.

Fugato(from fuga) - polyphonic episode in instrumental or vocal play, built like fugues, but not finished and turning into music of an ordinary, non-polyphonic type.

Fuguetta(Italian fugetta - small fugue) - fugue small in size, with a reduced development section.

Furiant(Czech, lit. - proud, arrogant) - fast-paced, temperamental Czech folk dance; variable size - 2/4, 3/4.

Habanera(Spanish habanera - lit., Havana, from Havana) - Spanish folk song-dance, characterized by a discreet clear rhythm; size 2/4.

Choir(from Greek choros) - 1. A large singing group, consisting of several groups, each of which performs its own party. 2. Works for choir, independent or included in an operatic work, in which they are one of the most important forms, often used in the creation of mass folk songs. scenes.

Chorale(from Greek choros) - 1. Church choral singing to a religious text, common in the Middle Ages. 2. Choral or other work or episode based on uniform, leisurely movement chords, characterized by a sublimely contemplative character.

Khota(Spanish jota) - Spanish folk dance of temperamental live movement, accompanied by song; size 3/4.

Musical cycle(from the Greek kyklos - circle, circuit) - a set of parts of a multi-part work, following each other in a certain order. Color is based on the principle of contrast. The main varieties are sonata-symphonic music, suite music (see. symphony, suite); The cyclic forms also include masses And requiem.

Cembalo(Italian cembalo, claviecembalo) is the Italian name for the harpsichord, the predecessor of the modern piano. In the 17th–18th centuries, Ch. was part of operatic or oratorio orchestra, accompanying the execution recitatives.

Ecosez(French écossaise - “tartan”) - Scottish folk dance of fast movement; size 2/4.

Expression(from Latin expressio - expression) in music - increased expressiveness.

Elegy(Greek elegia from elegos - complaint) - play sad, thoughtful character.

Epigraph(Greek epigraphe - lit. inscription on a monument) - a figurative name for the initial musical phrase borrowed from literature, Topics or a passage that determines the predominant character, the leading thought of the entire work.

Episode(Greek epeisodion - incident, event) - a small part of the musical and theatrical action; sometimes a section introduced into a piece of music that has the character of a digression.

Epilogue(Greek epilogos from epi - after and logos - word, speech) - the final part of the work, summing up the events, sometimes telling about events that happened after some time.

Epitaph(Greek epitaphios) - funeral word.

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In Italian terms, language affiliation is not indicated.
AUTHENTIC - 1) authentic cadence in the major-minor system: sequence of dominant and tonic chords; 2) in the medieval modal system - a mode, the range of which is built from the fundamental tone an octave upward.
Adagio (adagio) - 1) tempo designation: slow (slower than andante, but more agile than largo); 2) part of a work or a separate piece at a given tempo.
Adagissimo (adagissimo) - tempo designation: very slow.
Ad libitum (ad libitum) - “at will”: an indication that allows the performer to freely vary the tempo or phrasing, as well as skip or play part of a passage (or other fragment of musical text); abbreviated ad. lib.
Agitato (agitato) - a designation of expressiveness: “excitedly.”
A cappella is a term referring to choral music intended to be performed without instrumental accompaniment.
ACCOLADE - a curly brace that combines several musical staves.
CHORD - the combined sound of several interconnected tones.
CHORD SEQUENCE - The movement of chords according to certain principles.
Aleatorics is a modern method of composition based on introducing elements of chance into the structure of a work.
Alla breve (alla breve) - designation of time signature (): fast performance of two-beat meters, in which the counting is not in quarters, but in half notes.
Allargando (allargando) - “expanding”. A designation that refers both to tempo (some slowing down) and to expressiveness (emphasizing each sound).
Allegretto (allegretto) - 1) tempo designation: slower than allegro, and faster than andante; 2) a fairly moving small piece or part of a cycle.
Allegro (allegro) - “fun, joyful”; 1) tempo designation: soon; 2) a piece in allegro tempo, part of a cycle, the first part of a classical sonata-symphonic cycle (sonata allegro).
HALLELUJAH (Hebrew - “praise God”) is an expression often found in sacred music and psalms; sometimes - an independent part of music in the liturgical cycle;
ALBERTIAN BASS - an accompaniment to a melody, consisting of “broken”, “decomposed” chords, i.e. chords in which the sounds are not played simultaneously, but in turn. The technique is typical for clavier music of the late 18th century.
ALTO - 1) the second voice from the top in a four-voice choral or instrumental score. The alto was originally performed by a male falsetto - hence the name, which literally means “high”; 2) a low female voice, often called “contralto”; 3) an instrument that corresponds in height to the position of the viola in the score - for example, a string instrument viola, alto saxophone, alto flute, etc.
EMBUCHURE - the position of the lips when playing wind instruments.
CORN anglais - an alto oboe pitched a fifth lower than a regular oboe.
Andante (andante) - 1) tempo designation: moderate; 2) a piece in andante tempo or part of a cycle.
Andantino (andantino) - 1) tempo designation: more agile than andante; 2) a short piece in andante tempo or part of a cycle.
Animato (animato) - a designation of expressiveness: “animately”.
ENSEMBLE - 1) a combination of voices or instruments (antonym - solo); 2) in opera - a fragment for two or more soloists or for a soloist (soloists) with a choir.
Anticipation (English) - 1) a sound performed slightly earlier than the rhythmic beat to which it belongs; 2) playing one of the chord tones a little earlier than the chord itself.
ANTIPHON - a form that provides for the alternate participation of two groups of performers. The term goes back to the name of one of the genres of ancient liturgical singing - the antiphon, which was performed alternately by two choirs.
Appoggiatura is an embellishment or unprepared suspension, usually dissonant in relation to the main chord and resolving into one of its constituent tones. The long appoggiatura falls on the strong beat of the bar and resolves on the weak beat. A short appoggiatura (Italian acccaciatura, accachatura; in Russian the term “foreshlag” is used) is performed briefly before the downbeat (in the music of Bach’s era - also briefly, but on the downbeat).
ARRANGEMENT (arrangement, processing) - adaptation of a musical composition for a cast of performers other than the original (or than intended by the author).
ARIOSO - small aria; the adjective "ariot" refers to a vocal style that is more melodically rich than recitative but less developed than aria.
Arco (arco) - literally "bow": the instruction coll "arco for performers on string instruments is to play with a bow, not pizzicato.
ARPEGGIO - a chord in which the tones are not played simultaneously, but sequentially.
ARTICULATION - the way sound is presented when playing instruments or singing, similar to pronunciation in speech communication.
Assai (assai) - “very”; for example, adagio assai - very slowly.
Attacca (attack) - 1) an indication at the end of a part, ordering the next part to begin without interruption; 2) distinctness, clarity with which the soloist takes the tone, or precision, clarity of the simultaneous entry of members of the ensemble, orchestra, choir.
A tempo (a tempo) - returning to the original tempo after changing it.
ATONALITY - the term is applied to music in which there is no specific tonal center and the associated relationships of consonances.
Affettuoso (affettuoso) - a designation of expressiveness: “with feeling.”
AEROPHONE, wind instrument - an instrument in which the sound arises as a result of vibration of the air column in the tube.
BARITONE - 1) male voice of middle register, between tenor and bass; 2) an instrument from the group of saxophones with a baritone range.
BAS 1) the lower voice of an instrumental or vocal score; 2) male voice of low register; 3) a low-range musical instrument (for example, a bass viol).
Basso continuo (basso continuo) (also general bass, digital bass) - “continuous, general bass”: a tradition of Baroque music, according to which the lower voice in the ensemble was performed by a melodic instrument of the appropriate range (viola da gamba, cello, bassoon) , while another instrument (keyboard or lute) duplicated this line along with chords, which were indicated in the notes by conventional digital notation, implying an element of improvisation.
Basso ostinato (basso ostinato) - literally “constant bass”: a short musical phrase in the bass, repeated throughout the entire composition or any section of it, with free variation of the upper voices; in early music this technique is especially typical for the chaconne and passacaglia.
BEKAR - a sign indicating that a given tone does not rise or fall; often used as an indication of the cancellation of a previously made increase or decrease in tone in a given measure; bekar is only a random sign and is never placed with the key.
Bel canto (bel canto) is a style of singing associated with Italian opera; the beauty of sound production and technical perfection prevail in it over dramatic expressiveness.
FLATT (and double-flat) - signs indicating a decrease in sound by a semitone or two semitones, i.e. a whole tone.
Burden (English) - a refrain or a separate choral piece sung in meaningless syllables.
Beat (English) - rhythmic pulsation, rhythmic emphasis.
Blue note (English) - in jazz, the performance of the third or seventh degree in a major scale with a slight decrease (the term is associated with the blues genre).
Bop (English) is a jazz style: associated with a small ensemble, it was popular in the late 1940s.
BREVIS - note duration, mainly in ancient music: equal to two whole notes.
Battery (English) - strike group in a symphony or brass band.
Variation is a composition technique consisting in a modified repetition of previously presented material.
LEADING TONE is the seventh step in the scales of major, harmonic and melodic (with an upward movement) minor: a semitone is formed here, which gravitates towards the tonic located a semitone above (for example, in C major, the sound B gravitates towards the higher C).
VIBRATO is a slight oscillatory change in the pitch or volume of a sustained tone in order to create an additional colorful effect.
Vivace (vivache) - a designation of tempo and expressiveness: fast, lively.
A virtuoso is a performer with outstanding abilities and brilliant technique.
VOCALISIS - 1) singing to vowel sounds (exercise); 2) a piece for voice (without words) and accompaniment.
VOCAL CYCLE is a concept similar to a poetic cycle: a group of romances or songs united by a common idea, as well as musical themes. Pitch is the relative pitch of a tone, determined by the number of vibrations per second.
GAMMA, SOUND SERIES - a set of sounds belonging to one or another modal system and arranged in a certain order (usually in a progressive ascending or descending movement - in the form of a scale). In everyday use, the terms "scale" and "scale" are used interchangeably, but the scale does not have to be written in scale form.
HARMONIC RHYTHM - the speed at which chords change each other.
HARMONY - 1) simultaneous sound - consonance of several tones (chord); 2) connections within chord progressions; 3) the science of the laws of chord relationships; 4) the “vertical” (harmonic) aspect of a musical composition, interacting with its “horizontal” (melodic) aspect.
Gebrauchsmusik (German) - 1) a direction in music (mainly German) of the 20th century, which consciously focused on the performance and taste needs of amateur music-making; 2) applied, functional music (for example, dance music, theater music, film music, etc.).
Gesammtkunstwerk (German) - “total work of art”: a term proposed by R. Wagner and implying the unity of stage action, music and decoration in his musical drama.
Hexachord - a diatonic scale of six tones; used in the theory of Guido d'Arezzo.
HETEROPHONY - a type of polyphony in which the same melody is performed by two or more voices with slight differences. This ancient type of polyphony is characteristic of a number of Asian and African cultures, as well as some genres of Russian folklore and the folklore of other European peoples.
Glissando (glissando) is a performing technique when playing instruments, which consists of lightly sliding a finger along a string along the neck of string instruments, sliding one or more fingers along the keyboard (most often along the white keys), etc. GOKET - a type of polyphonic technique in medieval music, consisting of the distribution of individual sounds or segments of a melodic line among different voices.
HEAD REGISTER is the highest register of the human voice; when used, the cranium serves as a resonator.
VOICE - 1) sounds produced by the human vocal cords; 2) a melodic line or part of the texture of a given composition, instrumental or vocal.
HOMOPHONY is a type of musical writing in which there is a melodic line and its harmonic accompaniment.
Grave (grave) - a designation of tempo and expressiveness: slowly, solemnly.
Grand opera (French) - “big opera”: a genre of French opera of the 19th century, distinguished by its large scale, vivid drama, and entertainment.
GREGORIAN CHANT - liturgical monodic (one-voice) singing of the Western Christian Church; was named after Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604), who regulated church singing.
NECK - in a violin and similar instruments - a wooden (or plastic) plate over which the strings are stretched and on which the performer's fingers are located during playing.
CHEST SOUND - the use of the lower register of the voice, when the chest serves as a resonator for the extracted sound.
GRUPPETTO is a type of melisma (decoration) in vocal or instrumental music, consisting of surrounding, singing the main tone from below and above: for example, with the main tone to C, the groupetto will look like re - do - si - do. Denoted as (da capo) - “from the beginning”; an instruction requiring a fragment or an entire part of a work to be repeated from the beginning; abbreviated as D.C.
Dal segno (dal seño) - “starting from the sign”; an instruction instructing to repeat a fragment from a sign; abbreviated as D.S.
DOUBLE TRILL - simultaneous trill at two high levels.
DOUBLE METER - a meter for which two main stresses per measure are typical - a stronger and a weaker one. For example, in 6/8 there are two accents: the first eighth is strong, the fourth is weak.
DOUBLE TONG is a sound production technique on some wind instruments (for example, trumpet, horn, flute), in which double sounds are produced by a quick movement of the performer's tongue (similar to the rapid pronunciation of the sounds "t-k").
DOUBLE NOTES - the simultaneous combination of two or more sounds on stringed instruments (for example, a violin).
JAZZ is one of the musical styles of the 20th century that originated in the USA; Jazz is characterized by a large role of improvisation and complexity of rhythm.
Giocoso (jocoso) - fun, playful.
RANGE - 1) in medieval music theory - octave; 2) the name of one of the organ’s flute pipes; 3) volume of sound of a voice, instrument, etc.
Diatonic is a seven-tone scale within an octave that does not have altered tones.
Divisi (divisi) - an instruction for ensemble members, warning about the division of the party into several independent voices.
SHARP (and double-sharp () - signs indicating an increase in tone by a semitone or two semitones, i.e. by a whole tone.
Diminuendo (diminuendo) is a dynamic indication similar to decrescendo.
Dynamic symbols are words (for example, forte), letter abbreviations (for example, f or p), and symbols (for example, forks) that indicate the dynamic level of performance and its changes.
DISCANT - 1) a type of polyphony 12-15 centuries; 2) the highest voice in a choir or in a group of instruments (in Russia - in a choral score for a boys’ choir, sometimes together with a male choir, mainly in sacred music).
DISSONANCE - discordant, unmerged sound of two or more tones. Dissonance often resolves into consonance. Dissonance, like consonance, is a historically changing concept.
ADDITIONAL RULERS - Short rulers that are placed above or below the staff to indicate sounds that are above or below the range covered by the staff.
Doloroso (doloroso) - indication of expressiveness: “sorrowful.”
Dolce (dolce) - an indication of expressiveness: “gently”, “affectionately”.
Dominant is the fifth degree of a major or minor scale (for example, G in C major).
Decrescendo (decrescendo) - dynamic indication: gradual weakening of the volume. Also indicated by a fork.
HOLDING - one or more sounds of a chord that are sustained while other voices move into a new chord; arrests are usually dissonant with a new chord and then resolved into it.
ZATKT - one or more sounds at the beginning of a phrase, which are written before the first bar line of the composition. The beat always falls on the weak beat and precedes the strong beat of the first full measure.
SOUND NOTE - a direct associative connection between music and text in vocal music; for example, an ascending scale movement on the words “and ascended into heaven.”
Idee fixe (French) - literally “obsession”: a term associated primarily with the symphonic music of G. Berlioz and denoting the presence in a work of a cross-cutting theme associated with extra-musical concepts (for example, the lover’s theme in the Symphony Fantastique, Harold’s theme in the Harold Symphony in Italy).
IDIOPHONE - an instrument in which the source of sound is a vibrating body (for example, a gong, a triangle).
IMITATION - repetition of a musical idea, exact or slightly modified, in different voices of polyphonic texture.
IMPRESSIONISM is an artistic movement in the visual arts and music that arose at the end of the 19th century; What is typical for him is an appeal primarily to feelings, and not to the intellect, a desire for colorfulness, for the embodiment of fleeting impressions, for spiritual landscapes. In music, the most prominent representative of impressionism is C. Debussy, as well as authors who were influenced by his style.
IMPROVISATION is the art of spontaneously creating or interpreting music (as opposed to strictly following pre-recorded text).
INVERSION, reversal - 1) in a melodic sense, the presentation of a motive or theme in reverse motion: for example, instead of do - re - mi * mi - re - do; 2) in a harmonic sense, the construction of a particular chord not from the first (lower) degree, but from some other: for example, the first inversion of the triad do - mi - sol is the sixth chord mi - sol - do.
Instrumentation, orchestration - the art of distributing the voices of the musical texture between the members of the ensemble, see ORCHESTRATION.
INTERVAL - musical and mathematical (acoustic) distance between two tones. Intervals can be melodic, when the tones are taken one after the other, or harmonic, when the tones are played simultaneously.
INTONATION - 1) the degree of relative acoustic accuracy with which sounds are reproduced by a soloist or ensemble (vocal or instrumental); 2) the initial melodic motive of medieval formulas for psalmody (singing psalms with melodic recitative).
CABALETTA - 1) a small virtuoso opera aria; 2) the final fast section of the operatic aria.
CAVATINA is a short lyrical aria of song type.
CADANCE is a harmonic sequence that ends a musical phrase. The main types of cadence are authentic (dominant - tonic), plagal (subdominant - tonic).
CADENZA - in an instrumental concerto for soloist and orchestra - a virtuoso solo section, usually placed towards the end of the movement; cadenzas were sometimes composed by composers, but were often left to the discretion of the performer.
Chamber music is instrumental or vocal ensemble music intended for performance primarily in small halls. A common chamber instrumental genre is the string quartet. Cantabile (cantabile) - a melodious, coherent style of performance.
CANTILEN - a vocal or instrumental melody of a lyrical, melodious nature.
Cantus firmus (lat.) (cantus firmus) - literally "strong tune": a leading melody, often borrowed, which forms the basis of a polyphonic composition.
Cantus planus (lat.) (cantus planus) - rhythmically smooth monophonic singing, characteristic of Gregorian chant.
CASTRATO - male voice, soprano or alto, used in Italian opera, mainly of the Baroque era.
Quasi (quasi) - like, similar; quasi marcia - like a march.
QUARTET - string quartet: ensemble of two violins, viola and cello; piano quartet: an ensemble of violin, viola, cello and piano.
QUARTER - dividing a rhythmic beat into four equal parts.
Quintet - string quintet: an ensemble usually consisting of two violins, two violas and a cello. Some works by Boccherini and Schubert are written for two violins, a viola and two cellos; piano quintet: an ensemble consisting of a string quartet (two violins, viola, cello) and piano; Schubert's Trout Quintet is a rare exception to the rule, as it is composed of violin, viola, cello, double bass and piano.
QUINTOL - dividing a rhythmic beat into five equal parts.
Quodlibet is a comic musical piece that combines several well-known melodies, often borrowed from folk or popular songs.
The harpsichord is a stringed keyboard instrument from the 16th to 18th centuries, in which small plectrums engage the strings when the keys are pressed.
CLAVICHORD - A small keyboard instrument from the Renaissance and Baroque eras, in which small metal pins struck the strings when the keys were pressed, producing a low, gentle sound.
CLAVIER is the general name for stringed keyboard instruments (clavichord, harpsichord, piano, etc.).
Klangfarbenmelodie (German) is a concept related to the field of dodecaphony, in particular to the work of A. Schoenberg and his followers: each note or each short motive in the score is intended for different instruments.
CLUSTER - dissonant consonance, consisting of several sounds adjacent to each other.
KEY - 1) the main scale of a particular composition, named after its main pillar - the tonic and indicated by signs at the key; 2) a sign at the beginning of the staff that determines the pitch position of the subsequent musical notation (for example, bass, violin, alto, etc.); 3) a device in some keyboards and wind instruments for tuning the instrument.
KEY SIGNS - flats and sharps, placed at the beginning of each staff on which music is recorded, and indicating the key: for example, one sharp at the key refers to the keys G major and E minor, one flat indicates the keys F major and D minor
CODA - the final section of a musical composition, sometimes developing a final cadence. The coda contributes to the completeness of the essay; in some cases it reaches its main culmination.
Coloratura is a virtuoso style of singing, usually including fast scales, arpeggios, and embellishments; Typically, coloratura is associated with a high, light soprano voice, especially in opera.
Con brio (con brio) - a designation of expressiveness: “lively”.
Con moto (con moto) - a designation of tempo and expressiveness: “with movement.”
Con fuoco (con fuoco) - a designation of expressiveness: “with fire.”
CONSONANCE - consonance, consonant sound of two or more tones; the concepts of consonance vary in music of different eras and styles.
CONTRALTO is the lowest register female voice.
Counterpoint is a type of musical writing in which voices (two or more) move with relative independence.
CONTRA BASSOGON - A large bassoon that plays an octave lower than a regular bassoon.
A countertenor is a very high male voice (above a tenor).
Concertino - in a baroque instrumental concert (concerto grosso) a group of soloists, usually two viols and a basso continuo.
CONCERTMAIST - 1) first violin in the orchestra: this performer plays solo fragments of the score and, if necessary, replaces the conductor; 2) a musician leading a group of orchestra instruments; 3) a pianist who studies a piece (part) with vocalists, instrumentalists, ballet dancers and performs with them at concerts.
Concertato (concertato) - a style characteristic of Baroque music and implying “competition” between orchestra groups, choirs, etc.
Cornetto (cornetto), zinc - a woodwind or brass instrument of the late Renaissance and Baroque era, the predecessor of the cornet; It has a conical barrel, a bowl-shaped mouthpiece, and a chromatic scale.
Crescendo (crescendo) - designation of dynamics: gradual increase in volume. Also indicated by a fork.
MODES - 1) scales such as major or minor; 2) in the Middle Ages, a system of diatonic (“white keys”) modes (modes, scales), originating from ancient Greek modes and forming the basis of medieval church singing and the genres that developed on its basis; in this regard, medieval modes are often called church modes. Each medieval mode has an octave range and can be represented in two forms - authentic and plagal. The four main authentic modes are Dorian from D, Phrygian from E, Lydian from F and Mixolydian from G. The parallel plagal modes have the same fundamental tone, but the range is usually a fourth lower. During the Renaissance, the following modes were added to the described modes: the Aeolian mode from A and the Ionian mode from C with corresponding plagal forms. See Frets; 4) vein, bone or wooden plates located on the neck of a lute, guitar and other similar instruments and marking the location of certain sounds for the performer.
Larghetto (larghetto) - 1) designation of tempo: slow, but somewhat more agile than largo; 2) a piece or part of a cycle at a given tempo.
Largo (largo) - literally “wide”: 1) designation of tempo; in the generally accepted sense, the slowest possible tempo; 2) a piece or part of a cycle at a given tempo.
Legato (legato) - a designation of expressiveness: coherently, without breaks between sounds.
Leggiero (leggiero) - a designation of expressiveness: easily, gracefully.
Leitmotif - in the operas of Richard Wagner (and other authors who use the leitmotif technique in works of different genres) is a melodic, rhythmic, harmonic motif associated with a character, subject, time and place of action, as well as with certain emotions and abstract ideas. See LEITMOTHIO.
Lento (lento) - tempo designation: slow.
Libretto is the text of an opera and oratorio, often in poetic form.
League - a curved line under or above the notes that links them into a phrase; if a league connects two notes of the same pitch, then the second note is not played, and its duration is added to the duration of the first note.
Lied (German "song") is a term referring to the romance lyrics of German composers of the 19th century.
Lyric opera (opera lyrique) is a term referring to 19th century French opera. and denoting a type of genre, located, as it were, between “grand opera” and “comic opera” (opera comique).
L "istesso tempo (listesso tempo) - “at the same tempo": the designation indicates that the tempo is maintained, even if other note durations are used in the future.
Lute is a plucked string instrument. See LUTNE.
Ma non troppo (ma non troppo) - not too much; allegro ma non troppo - not too fast.
MADRIGAL - 1) secular vocal two- or three-voice genre in Italian music of the 14th century; 2) secular polyphonic choral play in Italy and England in the 16th and early 17th centuries.
MAJOR and MINOR - the terms are used: 1) to designate the quality of certain intervals (seconds, thirds, sixths, sevenths) - for example, there may be two thirds: major, or major (C - E) and minor, or minor (C - E- flat), i.e. the major interval is a semitone wider than the corresponding minor interval; 2) to designate two main types of triads and chords built on them: a triad, the first interval of which is a major third - major (C - E - G), a triad with a minor third at the base - minor (C - E-flat - G); 3) to designate the two most common scales in European music after 1700 - major (with a major third between the I and III degrees) and minor (with a minor third between the I and III degrees). The major scale from note C looks like: do - re - mi - fa - sol - la - si - do. The minor scale has three forms: natural minor, in which semitone relationships are formed between II and III and between V and VI degrees, as well as harmonic and melodic minors, in which the VI and VII degrees change (alter).
See MUSICAL SCALES.
MANUAL - keyboard; in Russian usually refers to organ and harpsichord keyboards.
Marcato (marcato) - a designation of expressiveness: clearly, with emphasis.
MEDIANTA - III degree of the scale: for example, E in C major.
MELISM (decoration) - 1) melodic passages or entire melodies performed on one syllable of the text. The melismatic style is characteristic of ancient church singing of various traditions (Byzantine, Gregorian, Old Russian, etc.); 2) small melodic decorations in vocal and instrumental music, indicated by special conventional signs or small notes.
SMALL NOTE - a note (or group of notes) written smaller than the rest. Such a notation can have two meanings: 1) in music created before the 19th century, and sometimes later, a “small note” was an ornament that did not have its own rhythmic duration, but borrowed, “subtracted” it from the subsequent duration; in Russian in this case the borrowed term “foreshlag” is used; 2) in 19th-century music, especially in the works of Liszt, Chopin and Anton Rubinstein, a series of “small notes” are often used in cadences and phrases similar in style, and the passage as a whole has some designated length (for example, a bar or two bars and etc.), and the duration of each of the “small notes” is determined by the performer (usually such passages are performed rubato, i.e. “freely”).
MELODY is a musical thought expressed monophonically and having a certain pitch and rhythmic contour.
Meno (meno) - “less”; meno mosso (meno mosso) - designation of tempo: calmer, not so fast.
METER - a rhythmic form consisting of alternating stressed and unstressed (strong and weaker) beats, like a foot in poetry. The main types are: bi-beat meter (with one stressed and one unstressed beat per bar) and tri-beat meter (with one stressed and two unstressed beats per bar).
Meter and size designation - the meter is usually indicated by two numbers set at the beginning of the musical notation: the upper number indicates the number of beats in a bar, the lower one - the rhythmic unit of counting. So, the 2/4 time signature shows that the measure has two beats, each with a quarter.
METRONOME - a mechanical device for determining the tempo of a piece, invented in the 19th century.
Mezza voce (mezza voce) - in a low voice.
Mezzo forte (mezzo forte) - not very loud.
Mezzo-Soprano is a female voice of medium height, between soprano and contralto.
MICROTONE - an interval less than a semitone (in tempered scale).
MINIMALISM is a musical style of the second half of the 20th century, based on the long repetition, perhaps with minor changes, of very laconic musical material.
MODALITY is a method of pitch organization, which is based on the principle of scale - in contrast to the tonal major-minor principle. The term applies to ancient church monodic music of various traditions, as well as to Eastern and folk cultures (in this case, the term “modality” may correspond to the term “mode”).
Moderato (moderato) - designation of tempo: moderate, between andante and allegro.
MODULATION - in the major-minor system, a change in key.
Molto (molto) - very; tempo designation: molto adagio - tempo designation: very slow.
MONODY - 1) solo or one-voice choral singing without accompaniment; 2) the style of Italian music of the early 17th century, which is characterized by the predominance of melody over simple chord accompaniment.
MORDENT - decoration (melisma), designated as () or () and consisting of a rapid movement one step up or down and immediate return; double mordent up and down is also possible.
MOTIVE is a short melodic-rhythmic figure, the smallest independent unit of the musical form of a work.
Musica ficta (ficta music), musica falsa (false music) - a practice widespread in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, following which, during performance, chromatic alterations were introduced into the music that were absent in the written musical text - in order to avoid the dissonant interval of the tritone or increase the VII step (introductory tone).
See MUSICAL SCALES.
Musique concrete (French) is one of the trends in music of the 20th century, which originated in France: here, both musical and natural sounds are used as the main material, recorded on film and then subjected to various kinds acoustic and other transformations.
TUNING - the process of adjusting the pitch of different instruments (for example, strings or piano), in which the sound acquires the pitch characteristic of a given temperament system, and the sound of this instrument is consistent with the tuning of other instruments.
NON-CHORD SOUND - a sound that is not part of a given chord, but sounds along with it.
NEUMATIC STYLE - in medieval art, a method of vocal writing in which there are several tones for each syllable of the text - in contrast to the syllabic style, where each syllable corresponds to one tone, and the melismatic style, where each syllable corresponds to a more extended chant.
NEUMS - signs of ancient notations, similar to hieroglyphs; nevma can mean either a single tone or a fairly long melodic structure. Old Russian neumas are called hooks.
Neoclassicism is one of the trends in music of the 20th century, which is characterized by the use of genres, forms, melodic models, etc., rethought in a modern spirit. eras of Baroque and Classicism.
Non troppo (non troppo) - not too much; allegro ma non troppo - tempo designation: not too fast.
NOTE is a graphic designation of a musical sound, as well as the sound itself.
NOTE STAVE - a set of five horizontal lines in musical notation.
OVERTONES are overtones that are included in the spectrum of sound produced by a vibrating object, a vibrator (for example, a string or a column of air), and are located above the fundamental tone. Overtones are formed as a result of vibrations of parts of the vibrator (its halves, thirds, quarters, etc.), each of them has its own height. Thus, the sound produced by the vibrator is complex and consists of a fundamental tone and a set of overtones.
Obligato (obbligato) - 1) in music of the 17th and 18th centuries. the term refers to those instrument parts in a piece that cannot be omitted and must be performed; 2) fully written accompaniment in a musical work for voice or solo instrument and clavier.
OCTAVE - the interval between two sounds, the frequency ratio of which is 1: 2.
OCTET is an ensemble of eight performers, as well as a chamber instrumental work for this composition.
Opus (Latin opus, “work”; abbreviated as op.): the designation has been used by composers since the Baroque era and usually refers to the serial number of a given work in the list (most often chronological) of the works of a given author.
ORGAN POINT, PEDAL - a sound (or several sounds) sustained in the bass, against which other voices move freely; This technique is often used in organ music; in the classical style, organ points usually appear before the final cadence.
ORGANUM - a form of early Western polyphony (from the 9th century), which uses melodies borrowed from church monody.
The fundamental tone is the main (most often lower) sound within a given group of sounds (intervals, chords, modes, etc.).
Ostinato (ostinato) - repeated repetition of a melodic or rhythmic figure, harmonic turn, or individual sound (especially often in bass voices).
PANDIATONICA is a style of harmonic writing in which diatonic harmonies are used freely, often outside the rules of traditional harmony.
Parallel movement is an ascending or descending parallel movement of two or more voices, in which the same intervallic distance is maintained between these voices (for example, movement in parallel thirds or parallel fourths).
PARALLEL CHORDS - ascending or descending movement of chords of the same or similar structure, without the resolutions prescribed by traditional harmony.
PARALLEL MAJOR and MINOR - major and minor having the same key signs and spaced apart by a minor third (for example, C major and A minor).
Patter song (English) - a humorous song in which the words are set to a simple melody consisting of repeated repetition of the same sounds; words must be pronounced quickly and clearly.
PAUSE - the term is used to designate both the pause itself - a break in the sound, and the signs that prescribe it.
Pesante (pesante) - a designation of expressiveness: hard.
Pentatonic scale - five-step scales; the main type is a half-tone pentatonic scale (“on black keys”); Similar modes are often found in the music of the Far East; they are also typical for a number of European folk traditions, in particular Russian.
CROSS RHYTHM - the simultaneous use of different meters (rhythmic patterns) in different voices, for example, bipartite and tribeat.
VERIFICATION - close proximity (or simultaneous sound) in the score of a tone and its altered form - for example, B and B-flat. In some styles, talking is strictly prohibited.
Perpetuum mobile (Latin for “perpetual motion”): a piece built on continuous fast rhythmic movement from beginning to end.
Pianissimo (pianissimo) - very quiet; abbreviated: pp.
Piano (piano) - quiet; abbreviated: p.
Piu (piu) - more; piu allegro - tempo designation: faster.
Pizzicato - plucking: a way of playing stringed instruments by plucking the strings with your fingers.
PLAGAL - 1) in music based on the major-minor system, a cadence in which the subdominant chord resolves to the tonic (movement from degree IV to I, or from the triad F - F - C to the triad C - E - G in C major) ; 2) in medieval church singing - a mode located a fourth lower than the corresponding authentic mode and having a common fundamental tone with it.
POLYMODALITY - the simultaneous use of several (for example, major and minor) scales (modes) in a work.
POLYRHYTHM - the simultaneous use of distinctly contrasting rhythmic patterns in different voices.
POLYTONALITY - the simultaneous sound of two or more tones.
POLYPHONY - a type of writing that involves the independent movement of each of two or more voices. See POLYPHONY.
A semitone is half a tone, or 1/12 of an octave.
Portamento (portamento) is a sliding transition from one sound to another, used in singing and playing the strings.
Portato (portato) is a method of sound production, between legato and staccato.
Postlude - an instrumental piece performed after the end of the service in a Western Christian church (usually on the organ), as well as an independent instrumental or orchestral piece, reminiscent of an "afterword".
DRIMA DONNA is the leading performer of female roles in the opera house.
PROGRAM MUSIC - instrumental and orchestral music associated with the embodiment of ideas borrowed from the extra-musical sphere (literature, painting, natural phenomena, etc.). The name comes from the program - the text with which composers often accompanied works of this type.
PASSING SOUND - a sound that is not part of the chord structure, but linearly connects two consonant harmonies (usually appears on the weak beat of a bar).
Prestissimo (prestissimo) - designation of tempo: extremely fast; faster than presto.
Presto (presto) - tempo designation: very fast.
Psalm tones are relatively simple melodic formulas - models according to which psalms and other liturgical texts were performed in the medieval Western Christian church.
DOTTED RHYTHM - a rhythmic pattern formed by increasing a beat by half the duration by halving the next weaker beat. Indicated by a dot to the right of the note.
DEVELOPMENT - development of a musical idea by isolating fragments of themes, changing the keys of themes, expanding them, various combinations with each other, etc. Development is also called the second, developing section of the sonata form (sonata allegro).
RESOLUTION - movement from dissonance to consonance.
ROCKWALK - a reversible movement of a theme from end to beginning.
Rallentando (rallentando) - designation of tempo: gradually slowing down.
RASPEV, ROSPEV - a system of monodic vocal music, mainly church singing of different denominations.
REGISTER - 1) a group of organ pipes that create a certain timbre; 2) a certain section of the range of a voice or instrument that has distinct coloristic and timbre qualities (for example, the “head register” - falsetto).
REPRISE - the final section of a work in sonata form, where the themes of the exposition are repeated; reprise also refers to the repetition of musical material in the final section of various forms - for example, three-part.
RESPONSORY - a chant of the Western Church, in which the singing of the soloist and the choral refrain alternate; the definition "responsor" can refer to a similar technique in music of different styles.
REFRAIN - 1) in the form of a rondo - unchangeable musical material that appears after contrasting sections; 2) chorus - the second, unchangeable half of the verse in verse form (for example, in a song).
Ripieno (ripieno) - in instrumental music of the Baroque era, the designation of the playing of the entire orchestra; same as tutti.
Ritardando (ritardando) - designation of tempo: gradually slowing down.
Ritenuto (ritenuto) - a designation of tempo: gradually reducing the tempo, but over a shorter period than ritardando.
RHYTHM - temporary organization of music; specifically, a sequence of sound durations.
RITURNELLE - literally "return". In early opera, the term referred to repeated returns of a melody (such as a refrain); in a Baroque concert, the ritornello was the periodic return of variations of the first theme, which were performed by the entire orchestra (as opposed to the intermediate sections performed by solo instruments).
ROCOCO - style of art of the first half of the 18th century, including music; Rococo is characterized by an abundance of ornamental motifs and whimsical lines.
Rubato (rubato) is a flexible interpretation of the tempo-rhythmic side of the work, deviations from a uniform tempo in order to achieve greater expressiveness.
ROW, SERIES - the main structure in dodecaphony (12-tone composition technique); in its pure form, the series consists of 12 non-repeating sounds that appear in the order determined by the composer; in practice, a series can consist of a different number of non-repeating sounds.
SWING is a style of jazz dance music for big band orchestra, popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
LINK - a fragment of secondary content, often modulating, which serves as a transition from one section of the musical form to another.
SEQUENCE - repetition of a motive or phrase at a different pitch level.
SEXTET - an ensemble of six performers or a composition for this composition.
SEXTOL - dividing a rhythmic beat into six equal parts.
SEPTET - an ensemble of seven performers (each has their own part) or a composition for this composition.
SERIALISM, SERIALISM - a composition technique in which a set of non-repeating sounds is used as a basis (the classic version is 12 sounds, but there may be less) and the entire composition consists of a continuous repetition of this set - a series or several series; Rhythm, dynamics, timbre, etc. are organized according to the same principle. The simplest, original version of seriality is dodecaphony, in which only the pitch factor is taken into account.
SYLLABIC - a style of vocal writing in which there is one sound per syllable (without intrasyllabic chants).
STRONG BEAT - the main metrical stress in a measure, usually on its first beat.
SYNCOPA - shifting emphasis from a stressed beat to an unstressed beat.
SYNTHESIZER is an electronic musical instrument.
A scherzo is a piece or part of a cycle at a fast tempo.
Warehouse, writing - a type of interaction of voices in the musical fabric. Main types: monody (single voice); polyphony, or counterpoint (several freely interacting lines); homophony (melody with accompaniment).
Scordatura (scordatura) is a temporary change to the usual tuning of a string instrument.
Scherzando (scherzando) - playfully.
RANDOM SIGNS - signs used to indicate a rise or fall in tone. The sharp () sign gives an increase of a semitone; flat sign () - lowered by a semitone. The double-sharp () sign raises the sound by two semitones, the double-flat () sign lowers the sound by two semitones. The bekar () sign cancels the previous random sign. The random sign is valid for the note before which it is placed and for all its repetitions within the boundaries of a given measure.
Solo (solo) - a composition or a fragment thereof for one performer or for a soloist from an ensemble, orchestra, etc.
SOLMISATION - a system of syllabic naming of notes: do, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si.
SOLFEGIO - 1) vocal exercises sung on vowels or syllables; 2) one of the disciplines of the music theory course.
SOPRANO - 1) the top part in the choral score; 2) the highest register female voice (or boy’s voice); 3) a variety of certain instruments - for example, a soprano saxophone.
Composite bipartite meter is a meter (size) characterized by a grouping of metric beats in threes (6/4 or 6/8).
COMPOSITE TRIPLE METER - a meter (size) characterized by three groups of three metric beats each (9/6 or 9/8).
Sostenuto (sostenuto) - a designation of expressiveness: restrained; sometimes the designation can also refer to tempo.
Sotto voce (sotto voce) - a designation of expressiveness: “in a low voice,” muffled.
SOUL is one of the styles of American popular music, based on black folklore and spiritual singing.
SPINET - in the 17th and 18th centuries. a type of harpsichord of small size, as well as a small piano.
Spiritoso (spiritoso) - with enthusiasm.
Staccato (staccato) - abruptly: a manner of sound production in which each sound is, as it were, separated by a pause from the other; the opposite way of sound production is legato (legato), coherently. Staccato is indicated by a dot above the note.
Stile rappresentativo (style rappresentativo) is an opera style of the early 17th century, the main principle of which is that the musical principle should be subordinated to the expression of dramatic ideas or reflect the content of the text.
STRETTA - 1) in a fugue, especially in its final section, a presentation of a polyphonic theme in the form of a simple or canonical imitation, in which the imitating voice enters before the end of the theme in the beginning voice; 2) acceleration of the tempo of action and the tempo of music in the finales of Italian operas.
SUBDOMINANT - literally “below the dominant”: IV degree in major or minor (for example, F in C major).
SUBMEDIANTA - literally “below the mediant”: VI degree in major or minor (for example, A in C major).
Sul ponticello - literally "on a stand": an instruction for a stringed instrument player to play close to the stand to produce a stronger, more brilliant sound.
Sul tasto (sul tasto) - literally "on the fretboard": an instruction for a stringed instrument performer to play near the fretboard to produce a softer, covered sound.
MURDE - a device that allows you to muffle and soften the sound of some instruments.
Sforzando (sforzando) - sudden emphasis on a sound or chord; abbreviated as sf.
Segue (segue) - continue as before: an instruction that, firstly, replaces the attacca instruction (i.e., orders the next part to be performed without interruption), and, secondly, orders the performance to continue in the same manner as before (in this case the designation sempre is more often used).
Semibreve (semibreve) - a whole note.
Semplice (sample) - a designation of expressiveness: simple.
Sempre (sempre) - constantly, always; sempre pianissimo - very quiet all the time.
Senza (senza) - without; senza sordino - remove the mute.
TABULATURE - common Renaissance and Baroque notation systems for instruments such as the organ, harpsichord, lute and guitar; Tablatures do not use five-line notation, but a variety of characters - numbers, letters, etc.
TACT is a unit of musical meter, which is formed from the alternation of stresses of different strengths and begins with the strongest of them. Measures are separated from each other by a vertical line on the staff.
THEATER MUSIC - music to be performed during the performance of a dramatic play; in the 19th century Usually an overture and intermission were composed.
THEME - the main melodic idea of ​​the work; the term is often used to designate the main theme of a fugue and other polyphonic works, as well as the main part in sonata form.
TIMBRE is a specific color characteristic of a particular voice or instrument.
TEMP - the speed of movement in music.
TEMPERATION - equalization of interval relationships in a musical structure, in which some intervals differ from their pure acoustic values. Nowadays the most common is the so-called equal temperament, in which the octave is divided into 12 equal semitones. Characteristic of the second half of the 20th century. the movement towards the revival of ancient music led to the revival of different methods of temperament belonging to the Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, etc.).
TENOR - 1) the second part from the bottom in a four-voice letter; 2) high male voice; 3) a variety of instruments of the corresponding register - for example, a tenor saxophone; 4) in medieval polyphony, a tenor was a voice in which the main (often borrowed) theme of the composition (cantus firmus) was stated in large durations.
CLOSE LOCATION - the arrangement of a chord in which its constituent tones are as close to each other as possible.
TESSITURA - the main range of a voice or instrument (without the extreme registers).
TETRACHORD - a four-step scale in the range of fourths.
TONE - 1) a single sound of a certain height and duration; 2) an interval consisting of two semitones (for example, major second C - D).
TONALITY - 1) pitch position of the fret - for example, C major; 2) a system of high-altitude connections centralized around the main consonance - the tonic. The term "key" is used as an antonym of the term "modality", associated with modes other than classical major and minor.
Tonic is the basic foundation of a mode or key, expressed in the form of one sound (for example, C in C major) or chord (for example, the triad C - E - G in C major).
TRANSCRIPTION, PROCESSING, ARRANGEMENT - adaptation of a work for another instrument or for a different cast of performers than in the original - for example, transcription of a choral work for an instrumental ensemble. Transcription can also be called the processing of a work for the same instrument as in the original - for example, in order to give it greater virtuosity.
TRANSPOSITION, TRANSPOSITION - transfer of an entire work or its fragment into another key.
TREESON - a chord consisting of three sounds arranged in thirds, for example do - mi - sol.
TRILL - very rapid alternation of two adjacent sounds; abbreviated: tr.
TREMOLO - rapid repetition of a tone, sometimes in a range of two steps, sometimes at one pitch level.
TRIPLE METER, SIZE - a size for which it is typical to have one strong beat and two weak ones in each measure (3/4, 3/2).
TRIO - string trio: ensemble of violin, viola and cello; piano trio: ensemble of piano, violin and cello.
TRIPLE - dividing a rhythmic beat into three equal parts.
TRITON - an interval consisting of three whole tones and formed in the diatonic scale between degrees IV and VII; in the Middle Ages, the tritone was considered a forbidden interval.
TRIPLE REED - a sound production technique on some wind instruments (trumpet, horn, flute), similar to a double reed, but similar to the pronunciation of “t-k-t” sounds in fast triplet passages.
TROUBADOUR - in Southern France 12th and 13th centuries. court poet-musician.
TRUVER - in Northern France 12th and 13th centuries. court poet-musician.
Tutti (tutti) - all together; in baroque ensemble music the term refers to all performers, including solo parts; in later orchestral music, the term refers to sections performed by the entire orchestra.
Tempus perfectum, tempus imperfectum (lat.) - designations of trilobed and bilobed sizes in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Tenuto (tenuto) - sustained: the designation prescribes maintaining the full duration of the note; Sometimes this means a slight excess of duration.
Terraced dynamics (English) - sudden changes in dynamic level, typical of Baroque music.
INCREASE - the presentation of a motive or theme when they are repeated in larger durations.
DECORATIONS - one note or group of notes, which are written in small print and added to the main melody for the purpose of “coloring” it, “decorating it”.
DECREASE - a reduction, usually by half, of durations when repeating a motive or theme.
UNISON - 1) theoretically - zero interval, the distance between two tones of the same height; 2) practically - the performance of a sound or melody by all performers at the same height.
Falsetto is the highest register of the male voice, which uses a head resonator and is located above the main range.
FANFARA - 1) a more or less extended melody performed by trumpets or other instruments of the same type; in fanfare, moves on triads are usually used; 2) brass instrument.
FERMATA - a free pause or delay of a sound or chord; Fermata is indicated by the symbol or.
FINAL - the last part of a multi-part instrumental cycle (in the classical tradition - fast and lively) or the final ensemble section of the entire opera or its individual act.
Fine - end (traditional designation in the score).
Forte (forte) - a designation of expressiveness: loud; abbreviated f.
Piano is the name of the most common modern keyboard string instrument, referring to its varieties - piano and grand piano.
See PIANO.
Fortissimo (fortissimo) - very loud; abbreviated as ff.
FORSHLAG - a decoration consisting of the performance of a very short additional sound before the main sound.
PHRASE - a fragment of a melody, which in meaning can be compared with a speech sentence (or with a subordinate clause in a complex sentence).
PHRASING - clear, expressive performance of a musical phrase and all elements that determine the meaning of musical speech, using flexible changes in tempo, dynamics, placement of accents, etc.
FUGUED - using some fugue techniques, most often imitations, for example fugue allegro.
CHEMIOLA - a rhythmic technique in which a three-beat meter changes to a two-beat one by shifting accents in the beat. This technique was widespread in the 15th century and was used later, especially to enlarge the rhythmic movement in the final sections, before the final cadence.
CHORUS - 1) an ensemble of singers, usually divided into four parts (sopranos, altos, tenors, basses); 2) a group of instruments in a symphony or brass orchestra, combining instruments of the same type (for example, a “string choir”).
CHORDOPHONE, string instrument - an instrument in which sound arises as a result of string vibration.
CHROMATISM - the use of altered (not belonging to the main scale) sounds.
CHROMATIC GAMMA - a scale consisting only of semitones (12 in an octave).
WHOLE TONE GAMMA - a scale consisting of whole tones, i.e. representing an octave divided into six equal parts.
CYCLE - a musical composition consisting of several parts, where the parts are combined dramaturgically and thematically.
DIGITAL BASS - an abbreviated recording of chord accompaniment adopted in the Baroque era using numbers that were placed above or below the notes of the bass voice. A performer on harmonic type instruments (harpsichord, organ, lute) could reproduce the full harmonic texture of the work using digital recording.
Chantey, shanty (English) - work songs of English and American sailors, performed in a certain rhythm to make work easier.
PART - a relatively independent section of a large musical form, usually with a clearly defined beginning and ending.
QUARTER TONE - an interval equal to half a semitone.
Shape-note notation is an early American type of notation that used four different shapes of notes: triangle, circle, oval and asterisk.
Sprechstimme (German) - “reciting”, Sprechgesang - “declamatory singing” - a vocal writing technique developed by A. Schoenberg and his followers and consisting in the fact that the singer does not reproduce sounds of an exact height, but seems to glide, glissand from one sound to another; when notating on stems, notes are placed instead of “heads” - “crosses” ().
EXPOSITION - the first section of a number of forms, primarily fugue and sonata form, in which the thematic material of the entire composition is presented (exhibited).
EXPRESSIONISM is a style of visual art of the first decades of the 20th century, which is usually associated with atonal and dodecaphonic music.
ELECTRONIC MUSIC - music whose sound material is created using a synthesizer.
Empfindsamer Stil (German) - a style of performing Baroque music that ignores the conventions inherent in this era and whose goal is to directly and freely convey the emotional content of the work. Wikipedia

Accompaniment- instrumental or vocal accompaniment of one or more solo voices.
Chord- a consonance consisting of at least three sounds that are or can be located in thirds.
Accent- forceful selection of a separate sound. In musical notation, accent is marked with special signs.
Alto-1. Low female voice (in choir). 2. A bowed string instrument, similar in appearance to a violin, but slightly larger and lower in sound.
Alto clef- one of the types of keys up. Placed on the third line of the staff and indicates that the note up to the first octave is on this line. Notes for a bowed viola are written in the alto clef.
Ensemble- playing or singing together (for example, duet, terzetto or trio, quartet, quintet, etc.). An orchestra is also a type of ensemble.
Fingering- the most convenient choice of fingers when playing musical instruments. Indicated by a number above or below the note.
Aria- a musical work for voice with orchestral accompaniment, which is part of an opera, oratorio or cantata.
Arpeggio- playing the sounds of a chord not simultaneously, but sequentially, one sound after another. It is indicated by a special sign placed in front of the chord.
Baritone-1. Average male voice. For baritone, for example, the roles of Ruslan in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by M. Glinka, Igor in the opera “Prince Igor” by A. Borodin, Onegin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. A brass instrument that is part of a brass band.
Bass-1. Low male voice. For example, the roles of Susanin in the opera “Ivan Susanin” by MGlinka, Pimen in the opera “Boris Godunov” by M. Mussorgsky, and Gremin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the bass. 2. Low voice in a polyphonic piece of music.
Bass clef- a sign that indicates that the note F of the small octave is on the fourth line of the staff.
Natural-refusal is a sign that cancels the effect of a sharp or flat.
Flat(b) - a sign that lowers the sound by a semitone.
Variations- an instrumental piece based on a song and dance theme. What follows is a series of repetitions of the theme with various changes and complications.
Introductory sounds-sounds surrounding the tonic of the mode (Vlhn II degree).
Introductory seventh chords- seventh chords built on the VII degree of the mode (introductory tone). Depending on the seventh, the introductory seventh chords are minor (if the seventh is minor) and diminished (if the seventh is diminished).
Leading tone- one of the sounds adjacent to the tonic of the mode; the upper introductory tone is stage II, the lower introductory tone is stage VII.
Vocal music- music for singing. Vocal music includes songs, romances, arias, and choral works. In opera, vocal music occupies a leading place.
Volta- a sign indicating the repetition of a part of a musical work with a different ending. Indicated by numbers 1,2
Gamma- sounds of a scale located in height up or down from the tonic to its octave repetition.
Harmonic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken simultaneously.
Harmonic major- major with a lowered VI degree.
Harmonic minor- minor with an increased VII degree.
Harmony- 1. One of the expressive means of music. Progressions of chords or voices that accompany the main melody of a piece of music. 2. The science of chords and their connections.
Main steps of the fret- first degree (tonic), fifth degree (dominant) and fourth degree (subdominant).
Main triads- triads built on the main steps of the mode: the tonic triad - on the 1st step, the dominant triad - on the 5th step and the subdominant triad - on the 4th step.
Gruppetto (melisma)-melodic figure of four notes. It is performed - the upper auxiliary (located a second above the main sound), the main sound, the lower auxiliary (located a second below the main sound) and again the main sound.
Grouping sound durations in bars- distribution of notes into groups depending on the size of the bar.
Decima- an interval that contains ten steps (third through octave). A decima is called major if it consists of eight tones. A decima is called minor if it consists of seven and a half tones. The major decima is designated b. 10, small-m. 10.
Range- the sound volume of a given voice or musical instrument; determined by the interval between the lowest and highest sounds of a given voice or instrument.
Diatonic scale- a scale in which not a single degree is repeated in a form changed through alteration.
Diatonic intervals- intervals that are possible between the main degrees of diatonic modes (pure, major, minor and tritones).
Diatonic modes- modes without the use of alteration, that is, without a chromatic increase or decrease in degrees (natural major and minor, as well as modes found in folk music: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, five-step modes).
Diatonic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example mi - fa, do - peb.
Diatonic tone-tone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example do - re, fa - salt.
Sharp (#) -a sign that raises the sound by a semitone.
Dynamic shades (nuances)- changes in sound volume during the performance of a piece of music.
Conductor- director of the orchestra and choir. The conductor conveys his artistic intentions, indications of tempo, and shades of performance with hand movements.
Dissonant intervals- intervals that sound J more sharply, the sounds of which do not merge with each other.
Dominant- fifth degree of the mode.
Dominant triad- a triad built on the V degree of the mode.
Dominant seventh chord- a seventh chord, built on the V scale degree, consists of a major triad and a minor seventh.
Dorian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor VI by a raised degree, which is called the Dorian sixth.
Double-flat (bb-double flat) is a sign that lowers the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Double-sharp (X- double sharp) is a sign that raises the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Duet-1. An ensemble of two performers. 2. A piece of music intended to be performed by two singers or instrumentalists.
3 bars- an incomplete measure from which a piece of music begins.
Sound- the result of vibrations of an elastic body (for example, a string, a column of air). Sounds are divided into musical and noise.
Scale- a series of sounds arranged in height. There are scales: individual modes, instruments, any musical works or excerpts thereof.
Alteration signs- signs that raise or lower individual sounds by a semitone or a whole tone. There are five alteration signs: sharp, flat, double-sharp, double-flat, bekar.
Abbreviations for musical notation- signs through which musical notation is simplified. The most common are: reprise sign, tremolo, melismatic signs and others.
Imitation- imitation; carrying out a melodic theme or a separate segment of a melody successively in two or more voices.
Instrumental music- music for performance on musical instruments.
Interval- a combination of two sounds taken sequentially or simultaneously. The bottom sound of an interval is called its base, the top sound is its top.
Cadence- conclusion of a musical thought.
Cadence complete perfect- ending the construction on a tonic note in the melody.
Cadence complete imperfect- ending the construction at the tonic third or fifth in the melody.
Half cadence- stopping in the middle of the construction on an unstable sound of the scale, most often on one of the sounds of the dominant triad.
Canon- a type of polyphonic music in which all voices perform the same melody, but do not enter simultaneously, but one after the other.
Cantata- a piece of music for choir, soloists, orchestra, performed in concerts. Consists of choral numbers, arias, ensembles.
Qualitative (or tonal) magnitude of intervals- the number of tones or semitones contained in an interval.
Quart-interval that contains four steps. A fourth is called pure if it consists of two and a half tones. A clear quart is indicated by part 4.
Kvartdecima-an interval that contains fourteen steps (a seventh through an octave). Designated - 14.
Quartet-1. An ensemble of four singers or musical instrument performers. 2. A piece of music for such an ensemble.
Quartsextaccord- the second inversion of a triad, with a fifth at the bottom, is designated 4/6.
Quint- an interval that contains five steps. A fifth is called pure if it consists of three and a half tones. A perfect fifth is indicated by part 5.
Quintdecima- an interval that contains fifteen steps (octave after octave). Quintdecima is designated -15.
Circle of fifths- a system in which all keys of one fret are arranged in perfect fifths.
Quintol- a rhythmic figure of five notes, instead of the usual group of four notes; indicated by the number 5 above or below the notes.
Quintsextchord- the first inversion of a seventh chord with a third tone at the bottom, designated 5/6
Clavier- arrangement of an opera or symphonic score for performance on the piano (or for singing with the piano).
Key- a sign that determines the place of recording of a sound on the staff and, depending on it, all other sounds.
Key signs- alteration signs displayed next to the key.
Code- the final part of a musical work (completes it as a whole).
Quantitative (or step) value of intervals- the number of steps covered by the interval. Depending on the quantitative value, the interval gets its name. For example, an interval containing three steps is a third.
Consonant intervals- intervals that sound softer, the sounds of which seem to merge with each other.
Perfect consonances- consonances in which there is a complete or significant fusion of sounds: pure prima (unison), pure octave, pure fifth and partly pure fourth.
Imperfect consonances- consonances in which there is a slight merging of sounds: major and minor thirds, major and minor sixths.
Concert- a major work for a solo instrument with orchestral accompaniment.
Lad- organization of musical sounds around a reference sound called the tonic.
Fret resolution of intervals- transition of unstable sounds of an interval into the nearest stable sounds of a mode.
Lydian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural major IV by a raised degree, which is called the Lydian quart.
Major mode- a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a major triad.
Major triad- a triad, which consists of a major and minor third or a major third and a perfect fifth.
Small introductory seventh chord- seventh chord, built-. pronounced on the 7th degree of the natural major scale. Consists of a diminished triad and a minor seventh or two minor thirds and a major third.
Melismas- melodic figures that decorate individual sounds of a melody.
Melodic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken sequentially (one after the other).
Melodic minor- minor, in which the VI and VII steps are increased.
Melody- a musical thought expressed monophonically, a monophonic melody.
Meter- uniform alternation of accents in music.
Metronome- a device for accurately determining tempo.
Mezzo-soprano- low female voice. The roles of Carmen in the opera “Carmen” by J. Bizet, Marfa in the opera “Khovanshchina” by M. Mussorgsky and others were written for mezzo-soprano.
Mixolydian mode- a special mode that is found in folk music. Differs from natural major VII by a lowered degree, which is called the Mixolydian seventh.
Minor scale- a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a minor triad.
Minor triad- a triad, which consists of a minor and major third or a minor third and a perfect fifth.
Modulation- transition from one key to another.
Mordent (melism)- a melodic figure of three notes. It is performed: the main sound, above which the mordent is placed, the upper auxiliary (located above the main sound) and again the main sound.
Natural major- major, in which the degrees are not changed. The structure of the natural major scale is tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone.
Natural minor- minor, in which the degrees are not changed. The natural minor has the same sound composition as the parallel natural major.
Non-key accidentals- see random alteration signs.
Unstable intervals in harmony- intervals in which both sounds (or one of the sounds) are unstable, that is, they are not included in the tonic triad.
Nona- an interval that contains nine steps (a second through an octave). A nona is called large if it consists of seven tones. A nona is called minor if it consists of six and a half tones. The major none is indicated by b. 9, small - m. 9.
Note- a sign used to record the pitch and duration of a sound.
The staff is the five horizontal parallel lines on which the notes are placed. Lines are counted from bottom to top.
Staff- see stave.
Nuances- see dynamic shades. .
Overtones- overtones accompanying the main sound. All overtones, when sounded, form a natural scale, the sounds of which are arranged in the following order (from the fundamental tone): pure octave, pure fifth, pure fourth, major third, two minor thirds, three major seconds, etc. The first six overtones form a major ( large) triad and have great importance in the formation of the major-minor system of modes.
Reversing intervals- moving the bottom sound of an interval up an octave or the top sound down an octave. The result is another interval, which adds up to an octave with the original one.
Inversion of the seventh chord- a type of seventh chord in which the bottom sound is the third, fifth or seventh of the main seventh chord.
Reversal of triads- a type of triad in which the bottom sound is the third or fifth of the main triad.
Keys of the same name- major and minor keys that have the same tonics (for example: C major and C minor, D major and D minor).
Octave-1. An interval that contains six tones. The pure octave is indicated by part 8. 2. Group of sounds from before until every next before.
Octet- a piece of music written for eight performers.
Opera- one of the most important musical genres, combining music and drama, as well as other forms of art (ballet, painting).
Oratorio- a musical work for choir, orchestra and solo singers (with a certain plot content), intended for concert performance.
Organ- a keyboard wind instrument, the largest in body size and sound volume of all musical instruments.
Orchestra- a group of performers on musical instruments, organized to perform music together.
Basic divisions of sound duration- dividing the duration of sounds into equal parts, of which each larger duration is equal to the next two shorter ones (for example, a whole note is equal to two half notes, a half note is equal to two quarter notes, a quarter is equal to two eighth notes, an eighth note is equal to two sixteenth notes, etc.).
Special types of rhythmic division- splitting durations into an arbitrary number of equal parts that do not coincide with the main division (for example, a quarter is divided into three parts, instead of dividing into two, a triplet is formed; from dividing into five parts, instead of dividing into four, a quintole is formed, etc.) .
Parallel keys- major and minor keys that have the same key signs. The parallel minor key is a minor third down from the major key.
Score- musical notation of all voices of a musical work (for orchestra, choir or ensemble), where a separate line of notes is allocated for each voice or instrument.
The consignment- 1. A voice in the score, performed by one of the ensemble members (or several members in unison), 2. One of the main thematic sections of the sonata form.
Pause- a sign of silence.
Pentatonic scale- a scale consisting of five sounds. A characteristic feature of the pentatonic scale is the absence of semitones and sounds that form tritones (that is, without IV and VII degrees in natural major and without II and VI degrees in natural minor).
Variable mode- a mode in which there are two tonics. Most often, the tonics of the alternating mode are triads of a major and its parallel minor, or vice versa. There are also other types of alternating fret.
Variable sizes- dimensions in which the number of beats changes throughout the entire work or part of it. For example, in Russian folk songs- “Vanya was sitting”, “Oh, you, Kalinushka.”
Song- the most common musical genre that combines music and poetic text.
Polyphony-1. Polyphonic music with an independent meaning for each voice. 2. The science of polyphonic forms.
Semitone- the smallest distance in height between two sounds in a twelve-tone tempered scale.
Prelude- an introductory piece before the main presentation of a musical work. It occurs as an independent genre of small musical works.
Prima- an interval that contains one step; repetition of the same step. If the step is repeated without change, the prima is pure, designated part 1.
Simple Intervals- intervals not exceeding an octave in size.
Simple sizes- two- and three-beat sizes, having two or three beats with one accent (2/4,3/4,3/8)

Five step fret- see pentatonic scale.
Time signature- numbers in the form of a fraction, which are set at the beginning of the musical notation. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of beats in a measure, and the denominator indicates the duration of these beats.
Register- part of the sounds united by some characteristic, mainly timbre. Each voice or instrument has three registers: high, middle and low.
Reprise- 1. A sign of repetition of some part of a musical work. 2. Restatement of topics with some changes.
Recitative- musical recitation, representing something intermediate between colloquial speech and singing, as if speaking in a chant.
Rhythm- an organized sequence of sound durations in a piece of music.
Related keys- tones that have the largest number of common sounds. Related tonalities include: parallel tonality, dominant tonality and its parallel, subdominant tonality and its parallel, as well as the tonality of the minor (harmonic) subdominant in major and the tonality of the major (harmonic) dominant in
minor.
Romance- a piece of music for voice with accompaniment. Romances are sometimes found as the names of instrumental pieces of a melodious, melodic nature.
Rondo- a play based on one main theme that is repeated several times (refrain). Between repetitions of this main theme, other themes (episodes) are included.
Sequence- repetition of any melodic or harmonic turn from different degrees of the scale or at a certain interval.
Sixth- an interval that contains six steps. A sexta is called major if it consists of four and a half tones. A sexta is called minor if it consists of four tones. The major sixth is designated 6.6, the minor sixth - m. 6.
Sextachord- the first inversion of a triad with a tertian tone at the bottom is indicated by the number 6.
Sextet-musical ensemble of six performers.
Second- an interval that contains two steps. A second is called a great second if it consists of one tone. A second is called a small second if it consists of a semitone. The major second is designated 6.2, the minor second is m.2.
Second accord- the third inversion of a seventh chord with a seventh at the bottom, indicated by the number 2.
Seventh chord- a chord of four sounds that are located or can be located in thirds.
Septet- a musical ensemble of seven performers.
Seventh- an interval that contains seven steps. A seventh is called major if it consists of five and a half tones. A septima is called minor if it consists of five tones. The major seventh is indicated by 6.7, the minor seventh by m. 7.
Symphony- an orchestral piece of music consisting of several movements (usually four). The development of the symphony is based on the principles of sonata form.
Syncope- moving the beat accent from a strong beat to a weak one.
Scherzo- a piece of music, most often of a lively, humorous nature. A scherzo can be an independent piece of music or part of another larger work.
Treble clef- a conventional sign that indicates that the G note of the first octave is on the second line of the staff.
Complex dimensions- dimensions formed from the merging of two or more identical simple dimensions.
Random accidentals- accidental signs placed immediately before the note.
Mixed sizes- times (measures that are formed from the merger of two or more unequal simple sizes.
Solo- performance of a work (or part thereof) by one singer or musician.
Solfeggio- special classes that promote the development of musical ear.
Sonata- a large instrumental work consisting of several parts, one of which (usually the first) has a special, complex form called sonata allegro (see sonata allegro).
Sonata allegro- the form of a musical work, consisting of three main sections: 1) exposition, that is, a presentation of thematic material; 2) development in which it takes place further development topics presented in the exhibition; 3) reprise, that is, a re-statement of the main themes with some changes.
Sonatina- the sonata is small in size and relatively easy to perform.
Soprano- high female voice. The roles of Tatiana in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Lisa in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for soprano.
Compound Intervals- intervals wider than an octave, staccato - abrupt execution of sounds. Indicated by dots placed above or below the notes.
stage- ordinal designation of the sounds of the mode. Marked with a Roman numeral.
Subdominant- fourth degree of the fret.
Subdominant triad- a triad built on the fourth degree of the mode.
Suite- a multi-part work, consisting of several independent parts, varied in content and built on the principle of contrast.
Tact- a segment of a piece of music from one downbeat to the next.
Bar line-vertical line separating bars from each other. The bar line is placed before the downbeat of the bar.
Timbre- the character of sound characteristic of a given voice or instrument.
Tempered tuning- a system in which each octave is divided into twelve equal parts - semitones.
Pace- speed of music performance.
Tenor- high male voice. The roles of Lensky in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Herman in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the tenor.
Tenor clef- one of the types of keys up. Placed on the fourth line of the staff and indicates that on this line there is a note up to the first octave. Notes are written in the tenor key for cello, bassoon, and trombone.
Tetrachord- a melodic sequence of four) sounds arranged by seconds in the volume of a quart. In scales I, II, III, IV, degrees form the first or lower tetrachord, and V, VI, VII, VIII degrees form the second or upper tetrachord.
Terzdecima- an interval that contains thirteen steps (a sexta through an octave). A tercidecima is called major if it consists of ten and a half tones. A tercidecima is called minor if it consists of ten tones. The major tercidecima is designated b.13, the minor tercdecima is designated m.13,
Tercet- a piece of music for three performers, usually vocal.
Third-an interval that contains three steps. A third is called major if it consists of two tones. A third is called minor if it has one and a half tones. The major third is designated b. 3, minor third m. 3.
Third quarter chord - second inversion of a seventh chord with a fifth at the bottom, denoted 3/4
Key- fret height. Each tonality is distinguished by its key alteration signs, which determine the composition of sounds.
Tonic- the first step of the fret.
Tonic triad- a triad built on the 1st degree of the mode.
Transposition- transferring a piece of music or part of it from one key to another.
Triad- a chord of three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Trill (melisma)- uniform, rapid alternation of the main and upper auxiliary sounds.
Tremolo- rapid repetition of the same sound or study of several sounds.
Triplet- a rhythmic figure of three notes, instead of the usual group of two notes, is indicated by the number 3 above or below the notes.
Triton- the name of intervals containing three tones. Tritones include the augmented fourth and diminished fifth.
Augmented triad- a triad, which consists of two major thirds, the extreme sounds forming an augmented fifth. Occurs in harmonic minor at the third degree and in harmonic major at the sixth degree.
Overture- an introduction (to an opera, drama or any other theatrical work), concisely setting out the main idea of ​​the entire work as a whole. There are independent orchestral overtures, usually of a programmatic nature, for example, the “1812” and “Romeo and Juliet” overtures by P. Tchaikovsky.
Diminished opening seventh chord- a seventh chord built on the VII degree of harmonic major or harmonic minor. Consists of a diminished triad and a diminished seventh or three minor thirds.
Diminished triad- a triad, which consists of two minor thirds, the extreme sounds forming a diminished fifth. Occurs in natural major at the VII degree and in harmonic major or minor at II and VII degrees.
Undecima- an interval that contains eleven steps (a fourth through an octave). An undecima is called pure if it consists of eight and a half tones. Pure undecima is designated part 11.
Unison- exact match of two sounds in height.
Stable intervals in harmony- intervals in which both sounds are stable, that is, they are included in the tonic triad.
Texture- a way of presenting the expressive means of music. Main types of texture: vocal, instrumental, choral, orchestral, piano, etc.
Fermata- a sign indicating an arbitrary increase in the duration of a sound or pause, which depends on the nature of the work, the intentions and taste of the performer.
The final- the name of the last, final part of a musical work.
Piano- a general name for instruments whose sound is produced by striking a hammer on a string when pressing a key.
The grace period is long- melisma, which consists of one sound performed before the main sound (always at its expense). The duration of a long grace note is usually equal to half the duration of the main sound.
The grace period is short- melisma, which consists of one or more very short sounds played before the main sound.
Phrasing- clear identification of musical phrases when performing musical works.
Phrygian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor II by a lower degree, which is called the Phrygian second.
Characteristic intervals of harmonic major- increased and decreased intervals resulting from a decrease in VI
degrees in harmonic major. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4.
Characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor- increased and decreased intervals resulting from an increase in VII
steps in harmonic minor. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4.
Choir-1. A large group of singers. There are choirs for children, women, men and mixed. 2. A piece of music for choral performance.
Chromatic signs- the same as alteration signs.
Chromatic scale- a scale consisting of halftones. The chromatic scale is formed by filling the major seconds with intermediate semitones.
Chromatic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do # , mi-mi b .
Chromatic tone- a tone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do X, mi-mi.
Caesura- the moment of dismemberment in music; a short, barely noticeable pause between phrases.
Whole tone scale- six-step scale built on whole tones: do-re-mi-fa # -la b-cu b-before. In this mode, all triads, including the tonic, are augmented.
Elementary Music Theory- an academic discipline that studies musical notation and the basic elements of music: modes, scales, intervals, meter, rhythm, chords, etc.
Enharmonically equal sounds- sounds are the same in height, but different in name (for example, do - si # )
Enharmonically equal intervals- intervals are the same in sound and in the number of tones they contain, but different in name and in the number of steps they contain (for example, do - mi b=do - re # , do - fa # =do - salt b) .
Enharmonically equal tonalities- tonalities are the same in sound, but different in name. Of the tonalities up to seven signs in the key that occur in musical practice, there are three cases of enharmonic equality in major (B major = C major, F # major = G b major, C # major = D major) and three cases in minor (G # minor = A b minor, D # minor = E b minor, A # minor = b minor).

Music Lessons: Music Vocabulary

A

A cappella - performance of a piece of music without instrumental accompaniment.

A chord is a simultaneous combination of several sounds.

Ensemble - a small group of musicians performing one piece ( from 2 to 8 people: from two - a duet, from three - a trio,

out of four - a quartet, out of five - a quintet, out of six - a sextet, out of seven - a septet, out of eight - an octet)

Aria - a solo number in an opera, a complete musical episode where the hero expresses his thoughts and feelings, and also given

characterization of the hero's image.

Alto is a low female and children's voice.

B

Ballet is a musical performance where everything characters they just dance.

Baritone - medium-range male voice.

Barcarolle - a song on the water.

Bass - low-range male voice.

Bach I.S. (1685-1750) - German composer of the Baroque era, considered one of the greatest composers in the history of music, author of organ works, vocal music (Mass, cantatas, oratorios, passions - St. Matthew Passion), orchestral and chamber music

(Brandenburg Concertos, Italian Concerto), keyboard works (Well-Tempered Clavier, Inventions, Suites, etc.) 1770-1827) Beethoven L.V. (

- German composer, conductor and pianist, one of the three "Viennese classics", a key figure in Western classical music in the period between classicism and romanticism, one of the most respected and performed composers in the world. He wrote in all genres that existed in his time, including opera, music for dramatic performances, and choral works. The most significant of his heritage are considered to be instrumental works: piano, violin and cello sonatas, concertos for piano, violin, quartets, overtures, symphonies. Beethoven's work had a significant impact on symphony in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Characteristic creativity - heroism, struggle, victory.Bel Canto (Italian)

- beautiful, wonderful singing. (Blues from a combination of two words: “blue” - blue, “girl” - melancholy, blues)

- a folk song of American blacks with a sad, mournful tone. Blues were usually sung accompanied by a banjo or guitar.

IN Variation form

- a form of music based on the repetition of the same theme with various changes. Vocalise

Vocal music- a genre of vocal music, a song performed by voice without words (song without words) - music performed by voice ( genres of vocal music

: song, romance, aria, vocalise, opera, oratorio, cantata, mass, requiem)

Vivaldi A. (1678-1741) - Venetian composer, violinist, teacher, conductor, Catholic priest, one of the largest representatives of Italian violin art of the 18th century, during his lifetime received wide recognition throughout Europe, creator of the instrumental concert genre, author of 40 operas, the most A famous work is the series of 4 violin concertos “The Seasons”.

GHarmony (consonance)

- a means of musical expressiveness, a chord chain that accompanies the melody.

Gavrilin V.A. (1939-1999) - Soviet and Russian composer, author of symphonic and choral works, songs, chamber music, and film music. Glinka M.I. (1804-1857)

Homophony is a type of polyphonic presentation in which one voice is the main one, and the rest act as accompaniment.

D

Two-part form - a musical form consisting of music of two different characters (2 parts).

Debussy K. ( 1862-1918) - French composer, founder of impressionism in music, author of piano preludes and the symphonic suite "The Sea"

Jazz is a form of musical art that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States as a result of the synthesis of African and European cultures.

Dynamics -a means of musical expression, the power of sound.

Conductor ( French manage, lead) - the leader of the learning and performance of ensemble (orchestral, choral, opera, etc.) music, who owns the artistic interpretation of the work, carried out under his control by the entire ensemble of performers.

Treble is a high-pitched child's voice.

Duet- an ensemble consisting of two performers.

Spiritual concert- this is a polyphonic vocal polyphonic work for ichor soloists. D. Bortnyansky, M. Berezovsky wrote in the genre of spiritual concert

Z

Znamenny chant- the main type of ancient Russian liturgical singing. The name comes from the word znamya (Old Russian “banner”, that is, a sign).

Hook-like signs were used to record chants. The peculiarity of its sound-male single-voice sound a capella.

AND

Instrumental music- music performed on musical instruments ( genres of instrumental music- sonata, symphony, concerto, prelude, nocturne, suite, dance, march, etude, etc.).

Art is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images using artistic means.

Impressionism ( French impression)- a movement in the art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which originated in France and then spread throughout the world, whose representatives sought to capture the most naturally real world in its mobility and variability, to convey your fleeting impressions. Usually the term “impressionism” refers to a movement in painting, although its ideas have also found their embodiment in literature and music.

TO

Chamber music is music intended to be performed in a small room by a small group of musicians.

Canon - two-voice, in which one voice leads the melody, and the other catches up with it.

A cantata is a large vocal-symphonic work of a solemn nature with soloists, a choir and a symphony orchestra.

Chapel -

• in the Middle Ages, a choir that performed sacred music was called
• a large choral group.

Kardeballet- crowd scene in ballet.

Quartet - an ensemble consisting of four people.

Quintet is an ensemble consisting of five people.

Kikta V. G. (1941) - composer, professor at the Moscow Conservatory, author of the concert symphony "Frescoes of Sophia of Kyiv"

Contralto - low-range female voice.

Counterpoint is a type of polyphony, polyphony with the simultaneous sound of several melodic lines without disturbing the overall euphony.

Concert(competition) - a piece for a solo instrument with orchestral accompaniment.

Verse form - a form of music based on the alternation of chorus and chorus, used in the song genre

L

Lad - means of musical expression, the relationship of musical sounds of different pitches (major scale - light sound, minor scale - darker)

Libretto (Italian little book) - the literary basis of musical performances: a brief literary summary of the plot ballet, opera, musical,

operettas)

Lyadov A.K (1855-1914) - Russian composer, created several symphonic miniatures (small plays) on subjects of Russian folklore, fairy tales (picture for Russian folk tale"Baba Yaga", fairy tale picture" Magic Lake", folk tale "Kikimora")

M

Melody is a means of musical expression, the main idea of ​​a musical work, expressed by sound.

Mezzo-soprano is a medium-range female voice.

Mozart V.A.(1756-1799 ) - Austrian composer, virtuoso violinist, harpsichordist, organist. He belongs to the most significant representatives of the Viennese classical school. Characteristic features of his work: sunshine, cheerfulness, grace, lightness. Works: 41 symphony, "Rondo in Turkish style", symphonic suite "Little Night Serenade", operas ("The Marriage of Figaro", "Don Giovanni", "The Magic Flute"), Requiem

Musical form- construction of a musical work based on the alternation of contrast and repetition (one-part form, two-part form, three-part form, native form, variation form, verse form)

Musical image- creative reflection of reality in music. This is a living generalized idea of ​​reality, expressed in sounds and musical intonations.

Mussorgsky M.P. (1839-1881) - Russian composer, member of the community of Russian composers "The Mighty Handful", author of the operas "Khovanshchina" and "Boris Godunov", the piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition", romances and songs

Musical ( English musical comedy) is a musical and stage work in which dialogues, songs, music are intertwined, and choreography plays an important role. This is an entertaining performance that combines various genres of art - pop and everyday music, choreography and modern dance, drama and visual arts.

A miniature is a small play.

N

Nocturne- a piece of music that paints images of the night.

ABOUT

One-part form - a musical form consisting of music of one character (1 part)

Opera - (Italian work, essay) a musical performance in which all the characters only sing.

An orchestra is a large group of instrumental musicians (symphony orchestra, brass band, jazz orchestra, orchestra of Russian folk instruments, chamber orchestra).

P

Paganini N. (1782-1840) - Italian violinist and composer, author of Caprice No. 24.

Partes singing ( from words partes – voices) - a type of Russian polyphonic vocal music that became widespread in Orthodox worship in the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. Number of votes can be from 3 to 12, or can reach 48. The most typical genre of music which reflected partes singing - a partes choral concert.

Song - a genre of vocal music.

Pergolesi D. (1710-1736) - Italian composer, violinist and organist, representative of the Neapolitan opera school and one of the earliest and most important composers of opera buffa (comic opera), author of the cantata "Stabat mater".

Polyphony is a type of polyphonic presentation in which all voices are equal.

Program music- musical works in which ideas, images, plots are explained by the composer himself. The author's explanations can be given in the text - an explanation attached to the work, or in its title.

Prokofiev S. (1891-1953) - one of the largest and most performed composers of the 20th century (cantata "A. Nevsky", ballets "Cinderella" and "Romeo and Juliet", operas "War and Peace" and "The Tale of a Real Man", symphonic fairy tale "Peter and the Wolf" , 7 symphonies, piano miniatures "Fleetness"

Prelude (introduction) is a short piece of music that does not have a strict form.

R

Rhapsody ( rhapsode) - a wandering musician glorifying his homeland) - a genre of instrumental music, a piece of music built in free form based on folk melodies.

Rachmaninov S.V. (1873 - 1943) - Russian composer, virtuoso pianist and conductor, author vocal music- romances, choral works, operas; piano music- preludes, concerts, sonatas, etc.; symphonic music.

Register - means of musical expressiveness, relative pitch of sounds, range.

Ragtime (ragged rhythm)– dance music of a special kind is an attempt by black musicians to use the cross-rhythms of African music when performing polkas, square dances and other dances. This is a piano genre founded by Scott Joplin.

Rhythm - a means of musical expressiveness, a natural alternation of sounds of different durations .

Romance - a genre of vocal music, a piece of music for voice with an accompanying instrument, written on a small poem of lyrical content (love song). The romance reveals a person’s feelings, his attitude towards life and nature.

Rondo is a musical form based on the alternation of a constantly repeated fragment and a new episode (refrain and episode)

Requiem(lat. peace)- a piece of mourning music for choir and orchestra.

Rimsky-Korsakov N.A. ( 1844-1908) - Russian composer, a naval officer by profession, was a member of the community of Russian composers "The Mighty Handful",

wrote 15 operas, most of them with fairy-tale plots (Sadko, Snegurochka, The Golden Cockerel, etc.)

WITH

Sviridov G (1915-1998) - outstanding Soviet and Russian composer, pianist, student of Dmitry Shostakovich. He wrote vocal and instrumental music (musical illustrations for A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Snowstorm”, cantatas - “Poem in Memory of S. Yesenin”, “It’s Snowing”)

Symphony (consonance ) is a large instrumental multi-movement work for a symphony orchestra.

Sonata - genre of chamber music for solo instrument.

Composition of the symphony orchestra:

1. bowed string instruments- violin, viola, cello, double bass.
2. brass group - woodwind instruments (flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon); brass instruments (trumpet, trombone, horn, tuba).
3. percussion group - large and snare drums, copper cymbals, triangle, bells, timpani, celesta.
4. The harp occupies a special place.

Composition of the orchestra of Russian folk instruments:

1. plucked string instruments- balalaika, domra, gusli, bass-balalaika.
2. wind instruments- pipe, horn, pity, birch bark, whistles.
3. percussion group - tambourine, wooden spoons, rattle, box, xylophone, ruble.
4. The accordion occupies a special place.

Soprano - high female voice

Means of musical expression(musical language of the work)- intonation, melody, rhythm, tempo, dynamics, timbre, mode, register, harmony, orchestration, character.

Symphonic jazz (eng. sympho-jazz) is a style that combines elements of jazz and light symphonic music.

Spirituals - songs of North American blacks with religious content, gospel songs (work songs).

A suite is a musical work consisting of several parts united by a common name.

T

Timbre is a means of musical expression, the coloring of sound.

Tempo is a means of musical expression, the speed of sound.

Tenor is a high male voice.

Tripartite form- a musical form consisting of music of three characters (non-repeatedtripartite

form - ABC, repeated tripartite form - ABA)

U

Overture -

• an orchestral piece, an introduction to an opera or ballet, which prepares the listener, introduces the atmosphere of the work, the circle of ideas and images
• an independent work of a programmatic nature, carrying the idea of ​​the title.

F

Fugue is the highest form of polyphony, a polyphonic work of many voices, which is based on the implementation of one or several musical themes in all voices.

X

Chorus - big a group of musicians and singers. The chorus in the opera is a crowd scene in the opera.

Chorale (choral chant)- a single-voice chant that was part of the worship service in the church of Western Europe.

Habanera is a Cuban folk dance, similar in rhythm to tango.

H

Tchaikovsky P.I. ( 1840-1893) - Russian composer, conductor, teacher, musical and public figure, music journalist. Considered one of the greatest composers in the history of music. Author of more than 80 works, including ten operas and three ballets. His concerts and other works for piano, seven symphonies, four suites, program symphonic music (Overture-Entasia "Romeo and Juliet", ballets "Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty", "Nutcracker" represent an extremely valuable contribution to world musical culture.

Chesnokov P.G. (1877-1944) -,Russian composer.

choral conductor, author of widely performed sacred works

Čiurlionis M.K.

(1875-1911) - Lithuanian artist and composer; the founder of professional Lithuanian music. (1810-1849) - Sh Chopin F. Polish composer, outstanding pianist, founder of Polish music, ardent patriot of his homeland, music permeated with Polish intonations

folk music (1797- 1828) . He wrote music for piano: mazurkas, polonaises, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes, etudes, etc.