89. Let's find out why the transport of substances is needed for multicellular organisms.
Thanks to the transport of substances, all minerals and various proteins, carbohydrates, fats reach their “destination” and begin to rapidly synthesize with other molecules.
90. Let's draw a plant and sign its organs.
91. Let's write what substances move:
a) for timber vessels: minerals
b) along the sieve tubes of the bast: organic substances.
92. Let's define the concept of blood and its functions in the body.
Connective tissue. Thanks to the proteins contained in the blood, it performs many functions, including transport and protection.
93. Let's write the differences between a closed and open circulatory system.
In a closed c.s. blood moves in a circle, and in an open one, blood vessels open into the body cavity.
94. Let's sign the departments of the circulatory system shown in the figures. Let's define their type.
95. Let's complete the sentences.
96. Let's give definitions to concepts.
An artery is a vessel that carries oxygenated blood to organs.
A vein is a vessel through which blood, saturated with carbon dioxide, moves from organs.
A capillary is the smallest vessel that permeates the entire body of an animal.
97. Let's sign the parts of the heart, indicated in the figures by numbers. Let's write the animals to which the depicted hearts belong.
Laboratory work.
"The movement of water and minerals along the stem."
Transport of substances in the body. Transport
The purpose of the lesson:
Get to know the featurestransport of substances in organisms
plants and animals.
Movement of the cytoplasm
Cells communicate with each other through cytoplasmic channels
Plants have locomotionsubstances is carried out according to
two systems:
VESSELS OF WOOD
(XYLEMA) - water and
mineral salts;
SIEVE TUBES LUB
(FLOEMA) - organic
substances.
10.
Types of the circulatory system11.
Circulatory systemClosed
Earthworm
Fish
Amphibians
reptiles
Birds
mammals
Open
shellfish
Insects
hemolymph
12.
Organs of the circulatory system__________________
___________
______________
___________________
____________
___________
_______________
13.
Organs of the circulatory systemArteries - From the heart (vowels)
Veins - To the Heart (consonants)
Heart
Vessels
Atria Ventricles Arteries Capillaries Veins
14.
15.
Blood_____________
(liquid part)
_____
(color)
______
(functions)
______________
_____
(color)
______
(functions)
platelets
______
______
(functions)
16.
Bloodblood cells
Plasma
red blood cells
Red
endure
oxygen
Leukocytes
White
Kill
microbes
platelets
Participate
in
Curtailment
blood
17. Task: Arrange a series of words in a logical sequence.
Erythrocyte;circulatory system;
hemoglobin; organism;
Vegetable
animal
organism;
stem;
blood.
sieve
tubes;
bast;
Water and mineral salts;
conductive
the cloth;
plant organism;
organic
substances.
vessels;
conductive fabric.
18. In vertebrates, the circulatory system
A) closedB) open
B) round
19. Vessels that depart from the heart are called
A) veinsB) capillaries
B) arteries
20. A colorless or green liquid that moves through the vessels of mollusks and insects is called
A) hemolymphB) hemoglobin
B) hematogenous
21. Cross out the extra word and explain your choice
A) arteries, lungs, veins, capillaries.B) arteries, veins, hemoglobin,
capillaries.
C) erythrocytes, leukocytes, stomach. One cubic millimeter of blood
about 5 million erythrocytes.
If all human erythrocytes are placed in
one line, then get a tape, three times
encircling the globe at the equator.
If you count erythrocytes at a rate of 100
pieces per minute, then in order to count
all of them, it will take 450 thousand years.
Each erythrocyte contains 265 million molecules
hemoglobin.
23. Homework:
§12;questions on p. 83;
prepare a message about diversity
circulatory systems of organisms
and their importance in animal life
Question 1.
To maintain normal life, the body needs nutrients (minerals, water, organic compounds) and oxygen. Usually these substances move through the vessels (through the vessels of wood and bast in plants and through the blood vessels in animals). In cells, substances move from organelle to organoid. Substances are transported into the cell from the intercellular substance. Waste and unnecessary substances are removed from the cells and then through the excretory organs from the body. Thus, the transport of substances in the body is necessary for normal metabolism and energy.
Question 2.
In unicellular organisms, substances are transported by the movement of the cytoplasm. So, in an amoeba, the cytoplasm flows from one part of the body to another. The nutrients contained in it move and are carried throughout the body. In ciliates shoes - a unicellular organism with a constant body shape - the movement of the digestive vesicle and the distribution of nutrients throughout the cell is achieved by continuous circular motion of the cytoplasm.
Question 3.
Cardiovascular the system ensures the continuous movement of blood, which is necessary for all organs and tissues. Through this system, organs and tissues receive oxygen, nutrients, water, mineral salts, hormones that regulate the functioning of the body enter the organs with blood. From the organs into the blood comes carbon dioxide, decay products. In addition, the circulatory system maintains a constant body temperature, ensures the constancy of the internal environment of the body ( homeostasis), the relationship of organs, provides gas exchange in tissues and organs. The circulatory system also performs a protective function, since the blood contains antibodies and antitoxins.
Question 4.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It consists of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a liquid intercellular substance, shaped elements are blood cells. Plasma makes up 50-60% of blood volume and is 90% water. The rest is organic (about 9.1%) and inorganic (about 0.9%) plasma substances. Organic substances include proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), fats, glucose, urea. Due to the presence of fibrinogen in the plasma, blood is capable of clotting - an important protective reaction that saves the body from blood loss.
Question 5.
Blood is made up of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a liquid intercellular substance, shaped elements are blood cells. Plasma makes up 50-60% of blood volume and is 90% water. The rest is organic (about 9.1%) and inorganic
(about 0.9%) plasma matter. Organic substances include proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), fats, glucose, urea. Due to the presence of fibrinogen in the plasma, blood is capable of clotting - an important protective reaction that saves the body from blood loss.
The formed elements of blood are erythrocytes - red blood cells, leukocytes - white blood cells and platelets - platelets.
Question 6.
stomata represent a gap that is located between two bean-shaped (trailing) cells. The guard cells are located above the large intercellular in loose leaf tissue. Stomata are usually located on the underside of the leaf blade, and in aquatic plants (water lily, capsule) - only on the top. A number of plants (cereals, cabbage) have stomata on both sides of the leaf.
Question 7.
To maintain normal life, the plant absorbs CO 2 (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere with its leaves and water with mineral salts dissolved in it from the soil with its roots.
The roots of plants are covered, like fluff, with root hairs that absorb the soil solution. Thanks to them, the suction surface increases tens and even hundreds of times.
The movement of water and minerals in plants is carried out due to two forces: root pressure and evaporation of water by leaves. Root pressure - the force that causes a one-way supply of moisture from the roots to the shoots. Evaporation of water by leaves is a process that occurs through the stomata of leaves and maintains a continuous flow of water with minerals dissolved in it through the plant in an upward direction.
Question 8.
Organic substances synthesized in the leaves flow to all organs of the plant but to the sieve tubes of the bast and form a downward current. In woody plants, the movement of nutrients in the horizontal plane occurs with the participation of core rays.
Question 9.
With the help of root hairs, water and minerals are absorbed from soil solutions. The shell of the root hair cells is thin - this facilitates absorption.
root pressure- the force that causes a one-sided supply of moisture from the roots to the shoots. Root pressure develops when the osmotic pressure in the root vessels exceeds the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Root pressure, along with evaporation, is involved in the movement of water in the plant body.
Question 10.
The evaporation of water from a plant is called transpiration. Water evaporates through the entire surface of the plant body, but especially intensively through the stomata in the leaves. The meaning of evaporation: it takes part in the movement of water and solutes through the body of the plant; promotes carbohydrate nutrition of plants; protects plants from overheating.
Answers to Biology Tickets 2006 Grade 9
Ticket number 1
1. No. 1. The relationship of plastic and energy metabolism
The constant interaction of every living organism with the environment. Absorption from the environment of some substances and the release of waste products into it. The exchange of substances between the organism and the environment is the main feature of the living. Absorption by plants and some bacteria from the environment of inorganic substances and the energy of sunlight, using them to create organic substances. Absorption by plants and animals from the environment of oxygen in the process of respiration and the release of carbon dioxide. Obtaining from the environment by animals, fungi, most bacteria, humans of organic substances and the energy stored in them.
2. The essence of the exchange. Metabolism and energy conversion in a cell - a set of chemical reactions of the formation of organic substances using energy and the breakdown of organic substances with the release of energy.
3. Plastic metabolism - a set of synthesis reactions of organic substances from which cell structures are formed, its composition is updated, and enzymes necessary to accelerate chemical reactions in the cell are synthesized. The synthesis of a complex organic substance - protein - from less complex organic substances - amino acids - is an example of plastic exchange. The role of enzymes in accelerating chemical reactions, the use of energy for the synthesis of organic substances released in the process of energy metabolism.
4. Energy metabolism - the breakdown of complex organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) to simple substances (ultimately to carbon dioxide and water) with the release of energy used in life processes. Respiration is an example of energy metabolism, during which oxygen entering the cell from the air oxidizes organic substances and, at the same time, energy is released. Participation in the energy metabolism of enzymes that were synthesized in the process of plastic metabolism, in accelerating the oxidation reactions of organic substances.
5. The relationship of plastic and energy metabolism: plastic metabolism supplies organic substances and enzymes for energy metabolism, and energy metabolism supplies energy for plastic metabolism, without which synthesis reactions cannot proceed. Violation of one of the types of cellular metabolism leads to disruption of all vital processes, to the death of the organism.
No. 2. Complication of the organization of plants in the process of evolution. Reasons for evolution
1. Algae. Unicellular algae are the most simply organized plants. The appearance of multicellular algae as a result of variability and heredity, the preservation of individuals with this useful feature by natural selection.
2. Origin from ancient algae of more complex plants - psilophytes, and from them - mosses and ferns. The appearance of organs in mosses - a stem and leaves, and in ferns - a root and a more developed conducting system.
3. Origin from ancient ferns due to heredity and variability, the action of natural selection of more complex plants of ancient gymnosperms, which produced a seed. Unlike a spore (one specialized cell from which a new plant develops), a seed is a multicellular formation that has a formed embryo with a supply of nutrients and is covered with a dense peel. A significantly higher probability of a new plant from a seed than from a spore that has a small supply of nutrients.
4. Origin from ancient gymnosperms more complex plants - angiosperms, which had a flower and a fruit. The role of the fruit is to protect the seed from adverse conditions and increase the likelihood of their wide distribution in nature.
5. The complication of the structure of plants from algae to angiosperms over many millennia due to the ability to change, to transmit changes by inheritance and due to the action of natural selection.
Number 3. Determining the magnification of a school microscope, preparing it for work
The magnification of a school microscope is determined by multiplying the numbers on the objective and eyepiece indicating their magnification. To work with a microscope, you need to put it with a tripod towards you, point the mirror at the hole of the object table, put a micropreparation on the table, fix it with clamps, lower the tube down without damaging the micropreparation, and then, looking into the eyepiece, slowly raise the tube with the screws to obtaining a clear image.
Ticket 2.
No. 1. Breath of organisms, its essence and significance.
1. The essence of respiration is the oxidation of organic substances in cells with the release of energy necessary for vital processes. The supply of oxygen necessary for respiration to the cells of the body of plants and animals: in plants through stomata, lentils, cracks in the bark of trees; in animals - through the surface of the body (for example, in an earthworm), through the respiratory organs (trachea in insects, gills in fish, lungs in terrestrial vertebrates and humans). The transport of oxygen by the blood and its entry into the cells of various tissues and organs in many animals and humans. 2. The participation of oxygen in the oxidation of organic substances to inorganic ones, while releasing the energy received from food, using it in all life processes. The absorption of oxygen by the body and the removal of carbon dioxide from it through the surface of the body or the respiratory organs is gas exchange. 3. The relationship between the structure and functions of the respiratory system. The adaptability of the respiratory organs, for example, in animals and humans, to perform the functions of absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide: an increase in the volume of the lungs of humans and mammals due to the huge number of pulmonary vesicles penetrated by capillaries, an increase in the surface of contact between blood and air, and an increase in the intensity of gas exchange due to this . The adaptability of the structure of the walls of the respiratory tract to the movement of air during inhalation and exhalation, cleansing it of dust (ciliated epithelium, the presence of cartilage). 4. Gas exchange in the lungs. The exchange of gases in the body by diffusion. The entry into the lungs through the arteries of the pulmonary circulation of venous blood containing a small amount of oxygen and a large amount of carbon dioxide. The penetration of oxygen into the venous blood plasma from the pulmonary vesicles and capillaries by diffusion through their thin walls, and then into the erythrocytes. The formation of an unstable compound of oxygen with hemoglobin - oxyhemoglobin. Constant saturation of the blood plasma with oxygen and the simultaneous release of carbon dioxide from the blood into the air of the lungs, the transformation of venous blood into arterial. 5. Gas exchange in tissues. Receipt through the systemic circulation of arterial, oxygenated and carbon dioxide-poor blood in the tissue. The flow of oxygen into the intercellular substance and cells of the body, where its concentration is much lower than in the blood. Simultaneous saturation of the blood with carbon dioxide, its transformation from arterial to venous. Transport of carbon dioxide, which forms an unstable bond with hemoglobin, to the lungs.
2. Kingdom of plants. The structure and vital activity of plants, the role in nature and human life
1. Characteristics of the plant kingdom. Diversity of plants: algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms (flowering), their adaptability to various environmental conditions. General features of plants: they grow all their lives, practically do not move from one place to another. The presence in the cell of a strong shell of fiber, which gives it a shape, and vacuoles filled with cell sap. The main feature of plants is the presence of plastids in their cells, among which the leading role belongs to chloroplasts containing a green pigment - chlorophyll. The mode of nutrition is autotrophic: plants independently create organic substances from inorganic substances using solar energy (photosynthesis).
2. The role of plants in the biosphere. The use of solar energy to create organic substances in the process of photosynthesis and the release of oxygen, which is necessary for the respiration of all living organisms. Plants are producers of organic matter, providing themselves, as well as animals, fungi, most bacteria and humans with food and the energy contained in it. The role of plants in the cycle of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.
No. 3. Consider the finished micropreparation of the simplest and name its type.
Volvox Volvox globator (can be replaced with another micropreparation)
Volvox is a multicellular spherical colony consisting of a large number of flagellated unicellular individuals included in the gelatinous substance and united by cytoplasmic bridges. Each individual has two flagella. Daughter colonies are visible inside the Volvox.
Ticket number 3
Transport of substances in living organisms.
1. The movement of water and minerals in the plant. Absorption of water and minerals by root hairs located in the root absorption zone. The movement of water and minerals through the vessels - the conductive tissue of the root, stem, leaf. Vessels are long hollow tubes formed by one row of cells, between which transverse partitions have dissolved. 2. Root pressure - the force by which water and minerals move along the stem to the leaves. The role of root pressure in the movement of water and minerals from root vessels to veins and then to leaf cells. Veins - vascular fibrous bundles of the leaf. Evaporation of water by leaves due to the continuous movement of water from the roots upwards to the leaves. Stomata are gaps limited by two guard cells, their role in the evaporation of water: periodic opening and closing, depending on environmental conditions. 3. The suction force resulting from the evaporation of water and root pressure are the causes of the movement of minerals in the plant. The path of water from the root to the leaves is an upward current. A short upward current in herbaceous plants, a long one in trees. The movement of water and minerals in spruce to a height of up to 30 m, in eucalyptus - up to 100 m. The experiment with a cut branch placed in ink-tinted water is proof of the movement of water through the vessels of wood. 4. The movement of organic substances in the plant. The formation of organic substances in plant cells with chloroplasts during photosynthesis. Their use by all organs in the process of life: growth, respiration, movement. The movement of organic substances through sieve tubes - living thin-walled elongated cells connected by narrow ends pierced with pores. The bark of a tree, the presence in it of a bast with bast fibers and sieve tubes. The movement of organic substances from the leaves to all organs is a downward current. The experiment with a ringed branch placed in a vessel with water is proof of the movement of organic substances along the sieve tubes of the bast. 5. The movement of blood in the human body in two circles of blood circulation - large and small. The flow of blood in a large circle to the cells of the body, and in a small circle - to the lungs. 6. Systemic circulation. Ejection of oxygenated arterial blood from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta, which branches into arteries. The flow of blood through them into the capillaries - the smallest vessels with many holes. The return of oxygen by the capillaries to the cells of the body and the entry of carbon dioxide from the cells into the capillaries. Saturation of blood in the capillaries with carbon dioxide, turning it into venous. The movement of venous blood through the veins into the right atrium. 7. Small circle of blood circulation. The expulsion of venous blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, which branches into many capillaries, braiding the pulmonary vesicles. Diffusion of oxygen from the pulmonary vesicles into the capillaries - the transformation of venous blood into arterial. The entry of carbon dioxide from the capillaries into the pulmonary vesicles by diffusion. Removal of carbon dioxide from the body during exhalation. Return through the veins of a small circle of arterial blood, saturated with oxygen, to the left atrium.
Question 2 Complication organization of chordates in the process of evolution. Reasons for evolution.
1. The first chordates. Cartilaginous and bony fishes. The ancestors of chordates are bilaterally symmetrical animals, similar to annelids. Active way of life of the first chordates. The origin of two groups of animals from them: inactive (including the ancestors of modern lancelets) and free-swimming, with a well-developed spine, brain and sensory organs. Origin from ancient free-swimming chordate ancestors of cartilaginous and bony fishes.
2. A higher level of organization of bony fish compared to cartilaginous ones: the presence of a swim bladder, a lighter and stronger skeleton, gill covers, a more perfect way of breathing, which allowed bony fish to spread widely in fresh water, seas and oceans.
3. Origin of ancient amphibians. One of the groups of ancient bony fish is the lobe-finned fish. As a result of hereditary variability and the action of natural selection, the formation of dissected limbs in lobe-finned fish, adaptations for air breathing, and the development of a three-chambered heart. Origin from lobe-finned fish of ancient amphibians.
4. Origin of ancient reptiles. The habitat of ancient amphibians is wet places, the banks of reservoirs. Penetration into the depths of the land by their descendants - ancient reptiles, which developed adaptations for reproduction on land, instead of the mucous glandular skin of amphibians, a horny cover was formed that protects the body from drying out.
5. Origin of birds and mammals. Ancient reptiles are the ancestors of the ancient higher vertebrates - birds and mammals. Signs of their higher organization: a highly developed nervous system and sensory organs; four-chambered heart and two circles of blood circulation, excluding mixing of arterial and venous blood, more intensive metabolism; highly developed respiratory system; constant body temperature, thermoregulation, etc. The development of primates, from which man descended, is more complex and progressive among mammals.
Ticket number 3 question 3.
Prepare and examine under a microscope a micropreparation (skins of onion scales or Elodea leaves). Draw a cage and label its parts.
2-3 drops of iodine-tinted water are applied to a glass slide. The sample is usually taken as a very thin transparent layer or section; it is placed on a rectangular glass plate, called a glass slide, and covered on top with a thinner, smaller glass plate, called a coverslip. The specimen is often stained with chemicals to increase contrast. The slide is placed on the stage so that the sample is above the center hole of the stage. The cell is sketched schematically. (There are no chloroplasts in the onion skin)
Ticket 4.
No. 1. The chemical composition of the cell. The role of water and inorganic substances in the life of the cell.
1. Elementary composition of the cell. The similarity of the chemical composition of the cells of different organisms as evidence of their relationship. The main chemical elements that make up the cell: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, sodium, calcium, iron.
2. The role of various chemical elements in the cell. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen are the main chemical elements that make up the molecules of organic substances. Elements such as potassium, sodium and chlorine are part of the blood plasma, participate in metabolism and ensure the constancy of the internal environment of the body - homeostasis.
Sulfur is an element that is part of some proteins, phosphorus is part of all nucleic acids, magnesium is chlorophyll, iron is hemoglobin (hemoglobin is a protein that is part of red blood cells and ensures the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body), calcium - bones, shells shellfish.
3. Chemical substances that make up the cell: inorganic (water, mineral salts) and organic (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP).
4. Mineral salts, their role in the cell. The content of mineral salts in the cell in the form of cations (K +, Na +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +) and anions (-HPO | ~, - H2RS> 4, - SG, - HCC * s). The balance of the content of cations and anions in the cell, ensuring the constancy of the internal environment of the body. Examples: the environment in the cell is slightly alkaline, inside the cell there is a high concentration of K + ions, and in the environment surrounding the cell - Na + ions. Participation of mineral salts in metabolism.
Ensuring cell elasticity. The consequences of the loss of water by the cell are the wilting of leaves, the drying of fruits;
Acceleration of chemical reactions due to the dissolution of substances in water;
Ensuring the movement of substances: the entry of most substances into the cell and their removal from the cell in the form of solutions;
Ensuring the dissolution of many chemicals (a number of salts, sugars);
Participation in a number of chemical reactions;
Participation in the process of thermoregulation due to the ability to slow heating and slow cooling.
Make a diagram of the food chains of a terrestrial ecosystem, the components of which are: plants, hawk, grasshoppers, lizards. Indicate which component of this circuit is most often found in other food chains.
Plants - grasshoppers - lizards - hawk.
The most common plants are producers in this chain.
Ticket 5
1. No. 1. Proteins, their role in the body
Composition of protein molecules. Proteins are organic substances whose molecules include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and other chemical elements.
2. The structure of proteins. Proteins are macromolecules consisting of tens or hundreds of amino acids. A variety of amino acids (about 20 types) that make up proteins.
3. Species specificity of proteins - the difference between proteins that make up organisms belonging to different species, determined by the number of amino acids, their diversity, the sequence of compounds in protein molecules. The specificity of proteins in different organisms of the same species is the reason for the rejection of organs and tissues (tissue incompatibility) when they are transplanted from one person to another.
4. The structure of proteins is a complex configuration of protein molecules in space, supported by a variety of chemical bonds - ionic, hydrogen, covalent. Natural co-
squirrel standing. Denaturation is a violation of the structure of protein molecules under the influence of various factors - heating, irradiation, the action of chemicals. Examples of denaturation: a change in protein properties when eggs are boiled, the transition of protein from a liquid to a solid state when a spider builds a web.
5. The role of proteins in the body:
catalytic. Proteins are catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the cells of the body. Enzymes are biological catalysts;
Structural. Proteins - elements of the plasma membrane, as well as cartilage, bones, feathers, nails, hair, all tissues and organs;
Energy. The ability of protein molecules to oxidize with the release of the energy necessary for the life of the body;
Contractile. Actin and myosin are proteins that make up muscle fibers and ensure their contraction due to the ability of the molecules of these proteins to denature;
Motor. The movement of a number of unicellular organisms, as well as spermatozoa, with the help of cilia and flagella, which include proteins;
Transport. For example, hemoglobin is a protein that is part of red blood cells and provides the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide;
Reserve. The accumulation of proteins in the body as reserve nutrients, for example, in eggs, milk, plant seeds;
Protective. Antibodies, fibrinogen, thrombin - proteins involved in the development of immunity and blood coagulation;
Regulatory. Hormones are substances that, along with the nervous system, provide humoral regulation of body functions. The role of the hormone insulin in the regulation of blood sugar.
No. 2. The biological significance of the reproduction of organisms. Reproduction methods
1. Reproduction and its significance. Reproduction is the reproduction of similar organisms, which ensures the existence of species for many millennia, contributes to an increase in the number of individuals of a species, the continuity of life. Asexual, sexual and vegetative reproduction of organisms.
2. Asexual reproduction is the most ancient method. Asexual involves one organism, while sexual most often involves two individuals. Plants reproduce asexually by means of spores, a single specialized cell. Reproduction by spores of algae, mosses, horsetails, club mosses, ferns. Eruption of spores from plants, their germination and development of new daughter organisms from them under favorable conditions. The death of a huge number of spores that fall into adverse conditions. The probability of emergence of new organisms from spores is low, since they contain few nutrients and the seedling absorbs them mainly from the environment.
3. Vegetative reproduction - reproduction of plants with the help of vegetative organs: aboveground or underground shoots, parts of the root, leaf, tuber, bulb. Participation in vegetative reproduction of one organism or part of it. The similarity of the daughter plant with the mother, as it continues the development of the mother's organism. Greater efficiency and distribution of vegetative reproduction in nature, since the daughter organism is formed faster from a part of the mother than from a spore. Examples of vegetative propagation: with the help of rhizomes - lily of the valley, mint, wheatgrass, etc.; rooting of the lower branches touching the soil (layering) - currants, wild grapes; mustache - strawberries; bulbs - tulip, narcissus, crocus. The use of vegetative propagation in the cultivation of cultivated plants: potatoes are propagated by tubers, onions and garlic by bulbs, currants and gooseberries by layering, cherries, plums by root suckers, fruit trees by cuttings.
4. Sexual reproduction. The essence of sexual reproduction is the formation of germ cells (gametes), the fusion of the male reproductive cell (sperm) and the female (ovum) - fertilization and the development of a new daughter organism from a fertilized egg. Thanks to fertilization, obtaining a daughter organism with a more diverse set of chromosomes, that is, with more diverse hereditary traits, as a result of which it may be more adapted to the environment. The presence of sexual reproduction in algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The complication of the sexual process in plants in the course of their evolution, the appearance of the most complex form in seed plants.
5. Seed reproduction occurs with the help of seeds, it is characteristic of gymnosperms and angiosperms (vegetative reproduction is also widespread in angiosperms). The sequence of stages of seed reproduction: pollination - the transfer of pollen on the stigma of the pistil, its germination, the appearance by dividing two sperm, their advancement into the ovule, then the fusion of one sperm with the egg, and the other with the secondary nucleus (in angiosperms). The formation of a seed from the ovule - an embryo with a supply of nutrients, and from the walls of the ovary - a fetus. The seed is the germ of a new plant, in favorable conditions it germinates and at first the seedling feeds on the nutrients of the seed, and then its roots begin to absorb water and minerals from the soil, and the leaves - carbon dioxide from the air in sunlight. Independent life of a new plant.
№3.
Prepare two microscopes for work, put micropreparations of the indicated tissues on the object tables, illuminate the field of view of the microscopes, and achieve a clear image by moving the tube with screws. Consider micropreparations, compare them and indicate the following differences: epithelial tissue cells are located tightly, adjacent to each other, and loosely in the connective tissue. There is little intercellular substance in the epithelial tissue, but a lot in the connective tissue.
Examine micropreparations of epithelial and connective tissues under a microscope, identify their differences.
On two microscopes, consider two samples of micropreparations. The epithelial tissue of the cells are located tightly, adjacent to each other, and the connective tissue is loose. There is little intercellular substance in the epithelial tissue, but a lot in the connective tissue.
Ticket number 6
No. 1. Carbohydrates and fats, their role in the body.
1. Organic substances of the cell: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP. Macromolecules - large and complex molecules of organic compounds, consisting of simpler molecules - "bricks".
2. Carbohydrates - organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
3. The structure of carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates - glucose, fructose. The presence of glucose in the composition of fruits, vegetables, human blood, fructose - in the composition of fruits and honey. Complex carbohydrates are macromolecules consisting of residues of simple carbohydrate molecules. Examples of complex carbohydrates: cellulose (fiber), starch, glycogen - animal starch formed in the liver. Formation of cellulose, starch and glycogen molecules from glucose molecules. The presence in one starch molecule of several hundred to several thousand residues of glucose molecules, and in the composition of the cellulose molecule - more than 10,000 links. Strength and insolubility of complex carbohydrate molecules.
4. The role of carbohydrates in the body:
Storage - the ability of complex carbohydrates to accumulate, forming a supply of nutrients. Examples: accumulation of starch in the cells of potato tubers, rhizomes of many plants; the formation of glucose molecules and the accumulation of glycogen in liver cells;
Energy - the ability of carbohydrate molecules to be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water with the release of 17.6 kJ of energy during the oxidation of 1 g of carbohydrates;
Structural. Carbohydrates are an integral part of various parts and organelles of the cell. Example: the presence of a cell wall consisting of cellulose and playing the role of the external skeleton in plants.
5. Fats are organic substances. Hydrophobicity (insolubility in water) is the main property of fats.
Energy - the ability to oxidize to carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy (38.9 kJ of energy during the oxidation of 1 g of fat);
Structural. Fats are part of the plasma membrane;
Storage - the ability of fats to accumulate in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in animals, in the seeds of some plants (sunflower, corn, etc.);
Thermoregulatory: protection of the body from cooling in a number of animals - seals, walruses, whales, bears, etc.;
Protective: in a number of animals, protection of the body from mechanical damage, protection from wetting feathers or hairline with water
No. 2. Immunity. The fight against infectious diseases. Prevention of HIV infection and AIDS.
1. Skin, mucous membranes, fluids they secrete (saliva, tears, gastric juice, etc.) - the first barrier in protecting the body from microbes. Their functions: serve as a mechanical barrier, a protective barrier that prevents microbes from entering the body; produce substances with antimicrobial properties.
2. The role of phagocytes in protecting the body from microbes. The penetration of phagocytes - a special group of leukocytes - through the walls of the capillaries to the places of accumulation of microbes, poisons, foreign proteins that have entered the body, enveloping and digesting them.
3. Immunity. The production of antibodies by leukocytes, which are carried by the blood throughout the body, combine with bacteria and make them defenseless against phagocytes. The contact of certain types of leukocytes with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, the release of substances by leukocytes that cause their death. The presence of these protective substances in the blood provides immunity - the body's immunity to infectious diseases. The action of different antibodies on microbes.
4. Prevention of infectious diseases. The introduction into the human body (usually in childhood) of weakened or killed pathogens of the most common infectious diseases - measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, etc. - to prevent the disease. A person's immunity to these diseases or the course of the disease in a mild form due to the production of antibodies in the body. When a person is infected with an infectious disease, the introduction of blood serum obtained from recovered people or animals. Serum levels of antibodies against a particular disease. 5. Prevention of HIV infection and AIDS. AIDS is an infectious disease characterized by a deficiency in the immune system. HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus that causes a loss of immunity, which makes a person defenseless against an infectious disease. Infection occurs through sexual contact, as well as through transfusion of blood containing HIV, the use of poorly sterilized syringes, during childbirth (infection of a child from a mother - a carrier of the causative agent of AIDS). Due to the lack of effective treatment, prevention of infection with the AIDS virus is important: strict control of donor blood and blood products, the use of disposable syringes, the exclusion of promiscuity, the use of condoms, and early diagnosis of the disease.
Number 3. Make pi circuits shchevy chains of an aquarium in which live: crucian carp, snails (pond snail and coil), plants (elodea and vallisneria), infusoria-shoe, saprophytic bacteria. Explain what will happen in an aquarium if shellfish are removed from it.
Aquarium - an ecosystem model, a limited body of water. Three groups of organisms living in an aquarium: producers of organic matter (algae and higher aquatic plants); consumers of organic substances (fish, unicellular animals, molluscs); destroyers of organic substances (bacteria, fungi, decomposing organic residues to minerals).
Aquarium food chains:
saprophytic bacteria - "infusoria-shoe -" crucian carp;
saprophytic bacteria --» molluscs;
plants --" fish;
organic remains --» molluscs.
Mollusks clean the walls of the aquarium and the surface of plants from various organic residues. The exclusion of mollusks from the food chain leads to cloudy water as a result of the mass reproduction of bacteria, as well as the excretion of metabolic products and undigested food residues by fish.
Ticket number 7
No. 1. The nucleus, its structure and role in the transmission of hereditary information.
1. The nucleus is the main part of the cell. The presence of a nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Mononuclear and multinuclear cells.
2. Eukaryotes - organisms that have a nucleus in the cells, delimited from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane (fungi, plants, animals).
3. The structure of the nucleus: the nuclear membrane, consisting of two membranes and having pores; nuclear juice; nucleoli; chromosomes. The role of the nuclear membrane in separating the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Communication of the internal contents of the nucleus and cytoplasm through pores. The nucleoli are "workshops" for assembling ribosomes.
4. Chromosomes - structures located in the nucleus and consisting of one DNA molecule and protein molecules connected to it.
5. A set of chromosomes in cells. Somatic cells - all cells of a multicellular organism, except for sex cells. Diploid (double) set of chromosomes in the somatic cells of most organisms (2n). Haploid (single) set of chromosomes in germ cells (In). A set of chromosomes in somatic (2n = 46) and sex (In = 23) human cells. Homologous - chromosomes that have the same shape, size and determine the manifestation of the same characteristics (flower color, or fruit shape, or body growth, etc.). Non-homologous - chromosomes belonging to different pairs, differing in shape, size, and responsible for the manifestation of different traits (for example, the color and shape of seeds in peas). The number, size and shape of chromosomes are the main feature of the species. Changing the number, shape or size of chromosomes is the cause of mutations.
6. The structure of the chromosome. Chromatids are two identical thread-like structures, consisting of a DNA molecule and associated protein molecules, forming one chromosome and connecting to each other in the region of the primary constriction - the centromere.
7. Genes - units of heredity - sections of chromosomes that determine the manifestation of certain characteristics in an organism, for example, height, body weight, coat color in animals or flowers in plants, etc. Gene - a section of a DNA molecule containing information about one protein chain. The content in one DNA molecule of a large number (up to several thousand) of genes.
8. The role of the nucleus: participation in cell division, storage and transmission of hereditary traits of the body, regulation of vital processes in the cell.
TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES
(from Latin transporto - I transfer, move, transfer) in living organisms, includes the delivery of the necessary compounds to certain organs and tissues (using the circulatory system in animals and the conducting system in plants), their absorption by cells and movement inside cells, as well as excretion metabolic products. These processes can be divided according to their mechanism into transport with fluid flow (e.g., with blood, bile, urine, with current grows, juice contained in the vessels of xylem, phloem), diffusion in solutions (in cells and intercellular fluid) or gas phase (in the lungs, intercellular spaces of plant leaves), transport through biol. membranes. T. v. through biol. membrane is carried out, as a rule, special. transport systems, their work determines the rate of intake of substances and metabolism in cells, and, consequently, throughout the body. Distinguish passive and active T. century. through membranes. In the first case, T. century. occurs spontaneously, while the molecules and ions are transferred to an area with a lower electrochemical. potential. The transfer of molecules (ions) in the opposite direction (active transport) is possible only with the simultaneous expenditure of energy, the source of which can be ATP hydrolysis or oxidizing. reactions in electron transport chains, and special is carried out. they say systems - ion pumps As a result of such an active TV, called. primary is the non-equilibrium distribution of H+, Ca+, Na+, K+ ions inside the cell and between the cell and the environment; it, in turn, ensures the operation of systems of conjugated, or secondary active, TV. through membranes. An example of a conjugate T. in. is the transfer of sugars and amino acids to the cells of the intestinal epithelium. The membrane facing the intestinal lumen contains a protein carrier, which carries out the transfer of glucose (or a certain amino acid) only together with sodium ions. Na + enters the cell passively, but at the same time there is a transfer of the molecule, which can be active; in total, the free energy in the system decreases. Na+ is removed from cells by Ma+/K+-ATPase included in the membrane facing the intestinal circulatory system. Conjugate T. v. ensures the transfer of various metabolites through the membranes of all cells of organisms. Passive TV through membranes is quantitatively characterized by the value of permeability, which can vary dramatically for different substances, but is ultimately determined by the laws of diffusion and electrodiffusion. Simple diffusion easily occurs through the lipid layer of membranes only in the case of substances that are highly soluble in lipids, which include many others. medicines. Ions (Na +, K + and Ca2 +) are transported through the membranes of nerve, muscle and other cells due to the presence of ion channels in them, which open and close depending on the magnitude of the electric difference. potentials on the membrane or chemical action. mediators. Turning off or a sharp change in the properties of carriers and channels underlies the action of many. toxic substances. Nek-ry substances (ionophores) are capable to create channels in a lipidic layer of a membrane. Action of a number of medicines, drugs is based on change of properties of channels and carriers, a cut allows to regulate T. century. in cells and the whole organism.
.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." Chief editor M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected . - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)
See what "TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES" is in other dictionaries:
Transfer of nutrients and other chem. substances through the cell membrane from the outside to the inside. It happens in several ways. Low molecular weight non-ionized molecules (for example, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.) are transferred by a simple ... ... Dictionary of microbiology
Contents 1 Rail transport 1.1 High-speed rail lines ... Wikipedia
Railway transport- - one of the types of public transport, is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, is a single production and technological complex with its enterprises and institutions of production and social ... ...
Pipeline transport- - is a modern universal tool capable of pumping concrete mixture in vertical and horizontal directions from the place of its unloading at the facility to the place of laying. [Livshits V.N. Transport for 100 years // Russia in the environment ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
The main method of absorption of substances by a prokaryotic cell, in which transport is carried out regardless of the concentration of the substance outside the cell. T. a. proceeds with the participation of specific carrier proteins (permeases) with the expenditure of energy (ATP, ... ... Dictionary of microbiology
Conveyor transport- - a type of industrial transport using conveyors. [SNiP 2.05.07 91] Term heading: Conveyor Encyclopedia headings: Abrasive equipment, Abrasives, Roads, Automotive equipment ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
Industrial transport- - a set of vehicles (structures, devices, rolling stock, mechanisms, equipment) designed to move goods inside industrial enterprises and industrial centers, as well as carrying out transport ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
Aeration cement transport- - based on the property of dust-like materials to acquire fluidity with continuous supply and distribution of low-pressure air in their mass, since air-saturated dust-like material (aeropulp) easily moves like ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
This term has other meanings, see Transport (meanings). Road transport ... Wikipedia
Transport in Croatia is represented by air, rail, road, water and pipeline modes of transport. Contents 1 Airports 2 Rail transport ... Wikipedia
Books
- Plant Physiology, VV Polevoy. The book reflects the current state of knowledge in the field of plant physiology. The 14 chapters of the textbook outline the main sections of this science: the structure and functions of the plant organism, photosynthesis, ... Publisher: YoYo Media, Manufacturer:
