All Russian Nobel Prize laureates
1904 Physiology and medicine, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
The great Russian physiologist, who went down in medical history as one of the first researchers of conditioned reflexes, first conducted a revolutionary experiment, which has now become a classic, with a hungry dog, which was supposed to respond to the sound of a bell, which was associated with food. I.P. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research.
1908 Physiology and Medicine, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Russian embryologist, bacteriologist and immunologist I. I. Mechnikov, together with Paul Ehrlich, was awarded the Nobel Prize “for his work on immunity.” After the discoveries of L. Pasteur and R. Koch, the main question of immunology remained unclear: “How does the body manage to defeat pathogenic microbes that, having attacked it, were able to gain a foothold and began to develop?” Trying to find the answer to this question, Mechnikov laid the foundation for modern research in immunology and had a profound influence on the entire course of its development.
1933 Literature, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin
The famous Russian writer Ivan Bunin did not accept the revolution of 1917 and left Russia forever. He ended up in Paris. Subsequently, this city was called the city of Bunin. There he lived, read his stories, stories, and sometimes poems to his friends. He loved Russia very much and wrote only about it. In 1922, Romain Rolland nominated Bunin for the Nobel Prize. And so in 1933, on November 10, all the newspapers in Paris came out with large headlines: “Bunin - Nobel laureate.”
1956 Chemistry, Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov
(together with the English chemist S. Hinshelwood)
Russian scientist, academician, one of the founders of chemical physics, founder of a scientific school, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, created a general quantitative theory of chain reactions, a theory of thermal breakdown of dielectrics, and developed a theory of thermal explosion of gas mixtures. He was awarded the Lenin Prize and the USSR State Prize.
1958 Physics, Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov
In 1937 P.A. Cherenkov discovered radiation, unusual in polarization and wavelength, that was emitted by water if it was irradiated with gamma radiation. Now this radiation and the effect itself are called Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (effect). The cause of this radiation was explained by the movement of particles at speeds exceeding the speed of light by I. M. Frank and I. E. Tamm. P. A. Cherenkov was awarded (together with I. E. Tamm and I. M. Frank) the Nobel Prize "for the discovery and explanation of the Cherenkov effect."
1958 Physics, Ilya Mikhailovich Frank
Professor at Moscow State University, head of the Laboratory of Radioactive Radiation at the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, developed the theory of motion at a speed greater than the speed of light in matter, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of the State Prize, together with P. A. Cherenkov and I. E. Tamm, received the Nobel Prize in Physics " for the discovery and explanation of the Cherenkov effect."
1958 Physics, Igor Evgenievich Tamm
Together with physicists P. A. Cherenkov and I. M. Frank, he received the Nobel Prize “for the discovery and explanation of the Cherenkov effect. The work of Frank and Tamm is a mathematical description of the effect discovered by Cherenkov, which “in addition to simplicity and clarity, also satisfied strict mathematical requirements.”
1958 Literature, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
Poems, excellent translations of "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare, "Faust" by Goethe, Sandor Petofi, Schiller. Over the course of 10 years, he created the novel Doctor Zhivago. The author considered writing the novel to be “fulfilling his duty” to his compatriots. B. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose." Pasternak was forced to refuse the prize. He sent only a telegram to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which contained the following words: “Endlessly grateful, touched, proud, surprised, embarrassed.” He was offered to leave Russia, but the poet replied that he could not imagine himself outside his homeland.
1962 Physics, Lev Davidovich Landau
Laureate of the Stalin Prize, formulated the theory of multiple particle production in the collision of high-energy beams, introduced the concept of combined parity, built the theory of the two-component neutrino, formulated a theory for the Fermi-type “quantum liquid”. Awarded the Max Planck Medal and the Fritz London Prize. Awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for "revolutionary theories in the field of condensed matter physics, especially liquid helium."
1964 Physics, Nikolai Gennadievich Basov
Professor, director of the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Lenin Prize laureate for research on the creation of molecular oscillators and paramagnetic amplifiers, explored the possibilities of using lasers to produce thermonuclear plasma. Together with A. M. Prokhorov and Charles Townes, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the operating principle of the laser and maser.
1964 Physics, Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov
Full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, editor-in-chief of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, founder of the Institute of General Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes in science and technology and the Nobel Prize in Physics, creator of quantum electronics. Together with N.G. Basov and Charles Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the operating principle of the laser and maser.
1965 Literature, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov
In 1965, Sholokhov M.A. The Nobel Prize is awarded for the novel "Quiet Don".
1970 Literature, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn
For disagreement with official policy, he was expelled from the Union of Writers of the USSR. His works were published abroad. In 1970, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1973, the 1st volume of The Gulag Archipelago was published in France. In 1974 he was arrested, accused of “treason,” deprived of Soviet citizenship and taken out of the country without trial.
1975 Peace Prize, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
Russian physicist and human rights activist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was involved in the development of thermonuclear weapons. Together with Tamm he participated in studies of controlled thermonuclear reactions.
1975 Economics, Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich
L.V. Kantorovich was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics (together with the American economist T. Koopmans) for his work on optimization theory.
1978 Physics, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
Russian physicist and engineer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor. Works on the physics of magnetic phenomena, physics and technology of low temperatures, quantum physics of condensed matter, electronics and plasma physics, developed a pulsed method for creating superstrong magnetic fields, invented and built a machine for adiabatic cooling of helium, discovered the superfluidity of liquid helium. Laureate of the USSR State Prize, awarded the Gold Medal. Lomonosov. medal of Faraday (England), Franklin (USA), Niels Bohr (Denmark), Rutherford (England), Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands). Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics” (jointly with Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson.
1987 Literature, Joseph Brodsky
The famous poet was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for his comprehensive authorship, full of clarity of thought and poetic depth.” I. Brodsky is one of the youngest Nobel Prize laureates in all the years of its award. He emigrated to the USA, at the time of the award he had already lived abroad for 15 years and was a US citizen.
1990 Peace Prize, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev.
President of the USSR.
2000 Physics, Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
Professor, Director of the Physico-Technical Institute named after. A.F. Ioffe RAS, one of the largest Russian scientists in the field of physics and semiconductor technology. Prize winner: Ballantine Institute of Franklin (USA). Lenin Prize. Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society, State Prize. GaAs Symposium Award. A.P. Karpinsky Prize, Prize named after. A.F. Ioffe RAS, national non-governmental Demidov Prize. Awarded the H. Welker medal. Honorary member of many Academies of Sciences. He became a Nobel Prize laureate in physics, sharing it with American scientists Herbert Kremer and Jack Kilby.
2003 Physics, Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov
Soviet theoretical physicist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1991, Abrikosov has been working in the USA. Winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, the London Prize, the Nobel Prize jointly with V. Ginzburg and Anthony Leggett "for his contribution to the development of the theory of superconductors and superfluidity."
2003 Physics, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, the Prize named after. Mandelstam and the Lomonosov Prize. He was awarded the medal of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Smoluchowski, gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, Barden Prize, Wolf Prize, gold medal named after. Vavilov, a gold medal to them. Lomonosov Russian Academy of Sciences, the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, the UNESCO medal. Niels Bohr, medal of the American Physical Society. Nicholson, the Triumph Award. Member of nine foreign academies of sciences. The Nobel Prize was awarded jointly with A. Abrikosov and Anthony Leggett “for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductors and superfluidity.”
Contents 1 Nobel laureates from Russia 2 Physiology and medicine 3 Literature 4 Chemistry ... Wikipedia
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Received the award “for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics.”
In 2000, he became a Nobel laureate “for the development of semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and optical electronics.” In 2003, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Vitaly Ginzburg “for his pioneering contribution to the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.” Finally, in 2010, having a Russian passport but working in England
The science department of Gazeta.Ru continues to analyze the archives of the Nobel Committee, which reveals the details of the award only several decades later, this time telling which of the Russian and Soviet scientists were the real candidates for the Nobel Prize in Physics from 1901 to 1964.
Petr Nikolaevich Lebedev
Wikimedia CommonsHe was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics twice - in 1905 and 1912.
Pyotr Lebedev was born in 1866. In his youth, he was interested in physics, but did not have the right to enter the university, because he graduated from a real school. Because of this, Lebedev continued his studies at the Imperial Moscow Technical School. In 1887, without finishing his studies, Pyotr Lebedev left for Germany, where he worked under the guidance of the famous physicist August Kundt.
In 1899, Pyotr Lebedev experimentally proved Maxwell's theoretical assumption about the pressure of light on solids, and in 1907 - on gases. This work made a huge contribution to the development of research into electromagnetic phenomena.
In addition, Lebedev studied the tails of comets and the effect of gravity on the redistribution of charges in conductors.
Pyotr Lebedev was also involved in teaching - it was he who became the creator of the first physics school in Russia, the influence of which is still felt.
The outstanding physicist lived only 46 years - he died in 1912 due to a bad heart.
Alexander Gavrilovich Gurvich
Alexander Gavrilovich Gurvich
Wikimedia CommonsHe was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Medicine ten times: in 1929, twice in 1932, three times in 1933, the same number in 1934, and also in 1938. In 1935, the Nobel Committee also considered the candidacy of this scientist, but at that time he was nominated for a prize in the field of physics.
Gurvich was born in 1874 in Poltava, graduated from the University of Munich. He created his main works at the Taurida University, where he taught from 1918 to 1924. The main achievements of the scientist are
discovery of ultra-weak radiation of living systems (mitogenetic rays - the ability of living cells to emit very weak ultraviolet radiation). This radiation was called mitogenetic, and it was discovered as a result of experiments on onion roots.
The important practical significance of the discovery was discovered in the study of cancer tumors: Gurvich proved that the radiation of malignant cells is very different from the radiation of healthy cells, and in the blood of cancer patients he discovered a substance that can suppress the mitogenetic radiation of normal cells.
Alexander Gurvich is also the creator of the concept of morphogenetic (biological) field. The morphogenetic field is special biological signals emitted by a group of cells during the process of tissue formation. These signals determine in which direction and at what speed cells must divide in order for the organ to acquire the required shape.
In 1941, Gurvich received the Stalin Prize in Biology for his research in the field of cancer. He died in 1954 in Moscow.
Dmitry Vladimirovich Skobeltsyn
Wikimedia CommonsNominated for the Nobel Prize in 1947.
Dmitry Skobeltsyn was born in 1892, his father was the physicist Vladimir Skobeltsyn. After graduating from Petrograd University, Dmitry Skobeltsyn began studying the Compton effect - incoherent scattering of photons by free electrons.
Skobeltsyn was one of the first to use a cloud chamber (a device for recording traces of charged particles) to study this effect, as well as cosmic rays. The physicist proved the existence of charged cosmic ray particles and also demonstrated that they appear in groups, so-called showers, thereby laying the foundations of high-energy physics.
In 1951, Skobeltsyn was awarded the Stalin Prize for his discovery of the formation of electron-nuclear showers and the nuclear cascade process.
Dmitry Skobeltsyn died in 1990. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler
Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler
Wikimedia CommonsHe was nominated for the Nobel Prize nine times: in 1947, 1951, 1956, 1957, 1964 and twice - in 1948 and 1959.
Vladimir Veksler was born in 1907, graduated from the Moscow Energy Institute. At the very beginning of his scientific career he worked on Elbrus and the Pamirs, studying cosmic rays. As a result of this work, electron-nuclear showers were discovered.
Thanks to Wexler's research, it became possible to create charged particle accelerators - phasotrons, synchrotrons, synchrophasotrons. In 1947, with the direct participation of the physicist, the first Soviet synchrotron was created, and ten years later - the most powerful synchrotron at that time in the city of Dubna.
The scientist died in 1966. In 1994, the Russian Academy of Sciences established the A.I. IN AND. Wexler.
Vladimir Kozmich
Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin
Wikimedia CommonsHe was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954.
Born in 1888 in the family of a merchant of the first guild, he graduated from the Murom Real School, after which he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. In 1912-1914 he studied in France, during the First World War he served in the signal troops in Grodno.
During the Civil War, he was in Omsk, the capital of the White movement, where he was engaged in the equipment of radio stations. In 1919, while Zvorykin was on a business trip in New York, the Kolchak government fell. The scientist had nowhere to return, and he remained in the United States.
In 1929, Vladimir Zvorykin created a kinescope, and two years later he completed the creation of an iconoscope - a transmitting television tube.
In 1933, the scientist introduced an electronic television system, and in the 1940s he was able to split a light beam into green, blue and red, creating color television.
Zworykin visited the USSR several times, promoting the spread of television in the country.
Together with an American researcher, Zworykin developed a scanning electron microscope, and during World War II he worked on the creation of night vision devices and television-guided bombs.
The scientist died in 1982 and was buried in the USA at Princeton Cemetery.
Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov
Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov
Wikimedia CommonsHe was nominated for the Nobel Prize twice, posthumously - in 1957 and 1958.
Born in 1891 in the family of shoe manufacturer Ivan Vavilov. Sergei Vavilov’s older brother was Nikolai, a famous geneticist and breeder. In 1914 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, and during the war he served in engineering units.
The main direction of the physicist’s work was the study of the phenomena of physical optics, in particular luminescence. Vavilov became the founder of a new direction - micro-optics, and made a great contribution to the development of nonlinear optics.
Together with his graduate student Pavel Cherenkov, Sergei Vavilov discovered the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect, a glow caused in a transparent medium by a charged particle that moves at a speed exceeding the phase speed of light in this medium.
Cherenkov radiation is widely used in high-energy physics to detect particles and determine their velocities. For this discovery, Pavel Cherenkov received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958 - after Vavilov’s death.
Sergei Vavilov himself died in 1951. His scientific achievements were recognized with four Stalin Prizes, awarded in 1943, 1946, 1951, and posthumously in 1952.
Aleksey Aleksandrovich
Alexey Alexandrovich Naumov
Wikimedia CommonsNominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.
Born in 1916, he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Communications Engineers and served as a radio engineer during the war.
Naumov participated in the creation of cyclotrons - cyclic accelerators of heavy charged particles (protons, ions). An electric field of constant frequency is used as accelerators.
Alexey Naumov, together with physicist Gersh Budker, led the creation of the first colliding beam accelerators in the USSR. For this work, scientists were awarded the Lenin Prize in 1967.
Alexey Naumov died in 1985.
Evgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky
Wikimedia CommonsHe was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics eight times: in 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, twice - in 1959 and 1962, and was also nominated twice as a candidate for the Prize in Chemistry - in 1958 and 1960.
Evgeniy Zavoisky was born in 1907 into the family of a military doctor. He studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University. The scientist became famous for his discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance - the essence of this phenomenon is the resonant absorption of electromagnetic radiation by unpaired electrons. The discovery of the electron paramagnetic resonance method led to outstanding successes in the physics of magnetic phenomena, solid state physics, physics of liquids, inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, biology, medicine and other sciences. Based on the phenomenon of resonant absorption of microwave radiation, for example, a quantum paramagnetic amplifier has been created, which is used for long-distance space communications.
In 2009, the academician said in an interview:
“I studied this problem in detail and I must say that we obviously lost only one Nobel Prize, which should have been received by Evgeniy Zavoisky for the discovery of electroparamagnetic resonance.”
Evgeny Zavoisky died in 1976.
Gersh Itskovich Budker
Gersh Itskovich Budker
Wikimedia CommonsHe was nominated for the Nobel Prize together with Alexei Naumov in 1957.
Born in 1918, studied in. During the war he served in the Far East as an anti-aircraft gunner. Together with Alexei Naumov, he worked on the creation of cyclotrons, studied controlled thermonuclear reactions, and also conducted experiments on colliding beams, during which particles move towards each other.
In 1965, Budker first proposed the concept of electron cooling of proton and ion beams -
this method is still used today in laboratories working with heavy ions.
Gersh Budker died in 1977 in Novosibirsk.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov
Wikimedia CommonsHe was nominated for the Nobel Prize five times: in 1959 and 1963, and three times in 1960.
Born in 1909 in the family of a teacher of theology, philosophy and psychology, a spiritual writer and archpriest. Nikolai Bogolyubov showed interest and ability in mathematics from early childhood. His father encouraged his son's hobby and borrowed books for him from the university library.
At the age of 14, Bogolyubov took part in a scientific seminar at Kiev University, and in 1924 he wrote his first scientific work. In 1925, when Bogolyubov was 16 years old, the small presidium of the Ukrglavnauka decided:
“In view of N.N.’s phenomenal abilities in mathematics. Bogolyubov as a postgraduate student at the research department of mathematics in Kyiv.”
Nikolai Bogolyubov's works belong to various fields of mathematics, mathematical physics, nonlinear mechanics, statistical physics and kinetics, theory of superconductivity, quantum electrodynamics, quantum field theory, theory of elementary particles. In each of these areas, the results obtained by the scientist are fundamental.
Nikolai Bogolyubov died in 1992. His eldest son Nikolai followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a theoretical physicist, a specialist in the field of mathematical physics and statistical mechanics. He is a Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Corresponding Member, Chief Researcher of the Mathematical Institute. V.A. Steklov RAS.
Abram Fedorovich Ioffe
Abram Fedorovich Ioffe
Wikimedia CommonsNominated for the Nobel Prize in 1959.
Born in 1880 in the family of a merchant of the second guild. He studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology and the University of Munich.
In 1911, Ioffe determined the charge of the electron, but published his work in 1913. Because of this, the American physicist Robert Millikan, who published the results of his experiments a little earlier, is considered the discoverer of the electron charge.
The greatest merit of the scientist Ioffe is the founding of a physics school, which made it possible to bring Soviet physics to the world level. Under Ioffe’s leadership, many prominent physicists began their scientific careers, including future Nobel laureates Pyotr Kapitsa and Lev Landau.
The scientist died in 1960 at his workplace.
In addition to the above-mentioned domestic scientists, the Nobel Committee considered him in the Physics category, but he was also a candidate for a prize in the field of chemistry. The science department will talk about him in a future article dedicated to those domestic scientists who were close to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Only five Russian writers have received the prestigious international Nobel Prize. For three of them, this brought not only worldwide fame, but also widespread persecution, repression and expulsion. Only one of them was approved by the Soviet government, and its last owner was “forgiven” and invited to return to his homeland.
Nobel Prize- one of the most prestigious awards, which is awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, significant inventions and significant contributions to culture and the development of society. There is one comical, but not accidental story connected with its establishment. It is known that the founder of the prize, Alfred Nobel, is also famous for the fact that it was he who invented dynamite (pursuing, however, pacifist goals, since he believed that opponents armed to the teeth would understand the stupidity and senselessness of the war and stop the conflict). When his brother Ludwig Nobel died in 1888, and newspapers erroneously “buried” Alfred Nobel, calling him a “merchant of death,” the latter seriously wondered how society would remember him. As a result of these thoughts, Alfred Nobel changed his will in 1895. And it said the following:
“All my movable and immovable property must be converted by my executors into liquid assets, and the capital thus collected must be placed in a reliable bank. The income from the investments should belong to a fund, which will distribute them annually in the form of bonuses to those who, during the previous year, have brought the greatest benefit to humanity ... The specified interest must be divided into five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other - to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third - to the one who makes the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who creates the most outstanding literary work of an idealistic direction; fifth - to the one who will make the most significant contribution to the unity of nations, the abolition of slavery or the reduction of the strength of existing armies and the promotion of peaceful congresses ... It is my special desire that in the awarding of prizes the nationality of the candidates will not be taken into account ... ".
Medal awarded to a Nobel laureate
After conflicts with Nobel’s “deprived” relatives, the executors of his will - his secretary and lawyer - established the Nobel Foundation, whose responsibilities included organizing the presentation of bequeathed prizes. A separate institution was created to award each of the five prizes. So, Nobel Prize in literature came under the purview of the Swedish Academy. Since then, the Nobel Prize for Literature has been awarded annually since 1901, except for 1914, 1918, 1935 and 1940-1943. It is interesting that upon delivery Nobel Prize Only the names of the laureates are announced; all other nominations are kept secret for 50 years.
Swedish Academy building
Despite the apparent disinterest Nobel Prize, dictated by the philanthropic instructions of Nobel himself, many “left” political forces still see obvious politicization and some Western cultural chauvinism in the awarding of the prize. It is difficult not to notice that the vast majority of Nobel laureates come from the USA and European countries (more than 700 laureates), while the number of laureates from the USSR and Russia is much smaller. Moreover, there is a point of view that the majority of Soviet laureates were awarded the prize only for criticism of the USSR.
Nevertheless, these five Russian writers are laureates Nobel Prize on literature:
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin- laureate of 1933. The prize was awarded “for the strict mastery with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose.” Bunin received the prize while in exile.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak- laureate of 1958. The prize was awarded “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel.” This prize is associated with the anti-Soviet novel “Doctor Zhivago”, therefore, in conditions of severe persecution, Pasternak is forced to refuse it. The medal and diploma were awarded to the writer’s son Evgeniy only in 1988 (the writer died in 1960). It is interesting that in 1958 this was the seventh attempt to present Pasternak with the prestigious prize.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov- laureate of 1965. The prize was awarded “For the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia.” This award has a long history. Back in 1958, a delegation of the USSR Writers' Union that visited Sweden contrasted the European popularity of Pasternak with the international popularity of Sholokhov, and in a telegram to the Soviet ambassador in Sweden dated April 7, 1958 it was said:
“It would be desirable to make it clear to the Swedish public through cultural figures close to us that the Soviet Union would highly appreciate the award Nobel Prize Sholokhov... It is also important to make it clear that Pasternak as a writer is not recognized by Soviet writers and progressive writers of other countries.”
Contrary to this recommendation, Nobel Prize in 1958, it was nevertheless awarded to Pasternak, which resulted in severe disapproval of the Soviet government. But in 1964 from Nobel Prize Jean-Paul Sartre refused, explaining this, among other things, by his personal regret that Sholokhov was not awarded the prize. It was this gesture of Sartre that predetermined the choice of the laureate in 1965. Thus, Mikhail Sholokhov became the only Soviet writer who received Nobel Prize with the consent of the top leadership of the USSR.
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn- laureate of 1970. The prize was awarded "For the moral force with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature." Only 7 years have passed from the beginning of Solzhenitsyn's career to the award of the prize - this is the only such case in the history of the Nobel Committee. Solzhenitsyn himself spoke about the political aspect of awarding him the prize, but the Nobel Committee denied this. Nevertheless, after Solzhenitsyn received the prize, a propaganda campaign was organized against him in the USSR, and in 1971 an attempt was made to physically destroy him, when he was injected with a poisonous substance, after which the writer survived, but was ill for a long time.
Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky- laureate of 1987. The prize was awarded "For comprehensive creativity, saturated with clarity of thought and passion of poetry." The award of the prize to Brodsky no longer caused such controversy as many other decisions of the Nobel Committee, since Brodsky was known in many countries by that time. He himself, in the very first interview after he was awarded the prize, said: "It was received by Russian literature, and it was received by a citizen of America." And even the weakened Soviet government, shaken by perestroika, began to establish contacts with the famous exile.
Federal Agency for Science and Education
Russian State University of Oil and Gas named after I.M. Gubkin
Faculty of Economics
Essay on Cultural Studies
Nobel laureates of Russia
Moscow 2007
The Nobel Prizes are awarded in accordance with A. Nobel's will, drawn up on November 27, 1895, which provided for the allocation of capital for the award of prizes in five areas: physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and contribution to world peace (since 1969, on the initiative of the Swedish Bank, they are also awarded Prize in Economics). For this purpose, the Nobel Foundation was created in 1900 - a private, independent, non-governmental organization with an initial capital of 31 million Swedish crowns.
The first prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901. Among the Nobel Prize laureates there are disproportionately few Russians (Russians, Soviet citizens), significantly fewer than representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France or Germany. However, given their nationality at the time of receiving the prize, some of these Nobel laureates may also be considered as representatives of other powers.
Nobel laureates in the field of physiology and medicine.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov(September 27, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school. He essentially created modern digestive physiology. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a report at the International Physiological Congress in Madrid. And the next year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for research into the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to I.P. Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.
In the Madrid report, I. P. Pavlov first formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Concepts such as reinforcement, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes have become the basic concepts of behavioral science.
In 1919-1920, during the period of devastation, Pavlov, enduring poverty and lack of funding for scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build Pavlov wants such an institute as he wants. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere. Then a corresponding decree of the Soviet government followed, and Pavlov was built a magnificent institute in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.
The next Russian Nobel laureate in medicine was Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov(May 3, 1845, Ivanovka, now Kupyansky district of the Kharkov region - July 2, 1916, Paris).
Mechnikov's scientific works relate to a number of areas of biology and medicine. In 1866-1886. Mechnikov developed issues of comparative and evolutionary embryology, being (together with Alexander Kovalevsky) one of the founders of this direction. Mechnikov’s numerous works on bacteriology are devoted to the epidemiology of cholera, typhoid fever, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.
Mechnikov proposed an original theory of the origin of multicellular animals and developed a phagocytic theory of immunity. For his work “Immunity in infectious diseases” in 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize.
Issues of aging occupied a significant place in Mechnikov’s works. He believed that old age and death in humans occur prematurely, as a result of self-poisoning of the body with microbial and other poisons. Mechnikov attached the greatest importance in this regard to the intestinal flora. Based on these ideas, Mechnikov proposed a number of preventive and hygienic means to combat self-poisoning of the body (sterilization of food, limiting meat consumption, eating lactic acid products). Mechnikov considered orthobiosis to be the ultimate goal of the fight against premature aging - the achievement of “a complete and happy cycle of life, ending in a calm natural death.” In a number of works, Mechnikov touched upon many general theoretical and philosophical problems. In early works devoted to the issues of Darwinism, Mechnikov expressed a number of ideas that anticipated the modern understanding of some issues of evolution. Considering himself a supporter of rationalism, Mechnikov criticized religious, idealistic and mystical views. Mechnikov attributed the main role in human progress to science. Mechnikov created the first Russian school of microbiologists, immunologists and pathologists; actively participated in the creation of research institutions developing various forms of combating infectious diseases. Honorary member of many foreign Academy of Sciences, scientific societies and institutes. He died in Paris on July 15, 1916 at the age of 71 after several myocardial infarctions.
Nobel laureates in chemistry.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov(April 3, 1896, Saratov - September 25, 1986, Moscow). The main scientific achievements of the scientist include the quantitative theory of chemical chain reactions, the theory of thermal explosion, combustion of gas mixtures. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Cyril Hinshelwood) for his development of the theory of chain reactions.
Ilya Romanovich Prigozhin(January 25, 1917, Moscow, Russia - May 28, 2003 Austin, Texas). Most of his works are devoted to nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of irreversible processes. One of the main achievements was that the existence of non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems was shown, which, under certain conditions, by absorbing mass and energy from the surrounding space, can make a qualitative leap towards complication (dissipative structures). Moreover, such a jump cannot be predicted based on the classical laws of statistics. Such systems were later named after him. The calculation of such systems became possible thanks to his work performed in 1947.
Prigogine proved one of the main theorems of thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes - about the minimum production of entropy in an open system. In 1977 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
In 1982, Prigozhin became a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His works were widely translated into Russian. Many scientists turn to his works, not only physicists and chemists, but also biologists, paleontologists and mathematicians, historians, and philologists.
Nobel laureates in physics.
In 1958, three Soviet scientists became laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics - P.A. Cherenkov, I.E. Tamm and I.M. Franc.
Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov(July 28, 1904, Voronezh region - January 6, 1990, Moscow). Cherenkov's main works are devoted to physical optics, nuclear physics, and high-energy particle physics. In 1934 discovered a specific blue glow of transparent liquids when irradiated with fast charged particles. Showed the difference between this type of radiation and fluorescence. In 1936, he established its main property - the directionality of radiation, the formation of a light cone, the axis of which coincides with the trajectory of the particle. The theory of Cherenkov radiation was developed in 1937 by I.E. Tamm and I.M. Franc. The Vavilov-Cherenkov effect underlies the operation of detectors of fast charged particles (Cherenkov counters). Cherenkov participated in the creation of synchrotrons. Performed a series of works on the photodecay of helium and other light nuclei.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank(October 10, 1908, St. Petersburg - June 22, 1990, Moscow) and Igor Evgenievich Tamm(June 26, 1895, Vladivostok - April 12, 1971, Moscow) gave a theoretical description of this effect, which occurs when particles move in a medium at speeds exceeding the speed of light in this medium. This discovery led to the creation of a new method for detecting and measuring the speed of high-energy nuclear particles. This method is of great importance in modern experimental nuclear physics.
Academician Lev Davidovich Landau(January 22, 1908, Baku - April 1, 1968, Moscow) or Dau (that was the name of his close friends and colleagues), is considered a legendary figure in the history of domestic and world science. Quantum mechanics, solid state physics, magnetism, low temperature physics, cosmic ray physics, hydrodynamics, quantum field theory, physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles, plasma physics - this is not a complete list of areas that attracted Landau’s attention at different times. They said about him that in “the huge building of physics of the 20th century there were no locked doors for him.” Unusually gifted mathematically, Landau joked about himself: “I learned to integrate at the age of 13, but I always knew how to differentiate.”
For pioneering research in the field of condensed matter theory, in particular the theory of liquid helium, Landau was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962.
Landau’s great merit is the creation of a national school of theoretical physicists, which included such scientists as, for example, I.Ya. Pomeranchuk, I.M. Lifshits, E.M. Lifshits, A.A. Abrikosov, A.B. Migdal, L.P. Pitaevsky, I.M. Khalatnikov, Yu.M. Kagan. The scientific seminar led by Landau, who had already become a legend, went down in the history of theoretical physics.
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa(June 26 (July 9) 1894, Kronstadt - April 8, 1984, Moscow). In 1978, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics” (for his studies of helium superfluidity, carried out back in 1938).
Kapitsa's greatest fame came from his innovative experimental research in the field of low-temperature physics, the creation of equipment for producing pulsed superstrong magnetic fields, and his work on plasma physics. In 1924, he managed to obtain a magnetic field with a strength of 500 kG. In 1932, Kapitsa created a hydrogen liquefier, in 1934 - a helium liquefier, and in 1939 - a low-pressure installation for the industrial production of oxygen from air. In 1938, he discovered an unusual property of liquid helium - a sharp decrease in viscosity at temperatures below critical (2.19 K); this phenomenon is now called superfluidity. These studies stimulated the development of the quantum theory of liquid helium, developed by L. Landau. In the post-war period, Kapitsa's attention was attracted to high-power electronics. He created continuous magnetron generators. In 1959, he experimentally discovered the formation of high-temperature plasma in a high-frequency discharge.
In 2000 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics Zhores Ivanovich Alferov(b. March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belarus). For the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components. His research played a major role in computer science.
In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to V. Ginzburg, A. Abrikosov and A. Leggett for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg(b. October 4, 1916, Moscow). Main works on the propagation of radio waves, astrophysics, the origin of cosmic rays, Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, plasma physics, crystal optics, etc. Author of about 400 scientific articles and about 10 monographs on theoretical physics, radio astronomy and cosmic ray physics. In 1940, Ginzburg developed the quantum theory of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect and the theory of Cherenkov radiation in crystals. In 1946, together with Frank, he created the theory of transition radiation that occurs when a particle crosses the boundary of two media. In 1950 he created (together with L.D. Landau) a semi-phenomenological theory of superconductivity (Ginsburg-Landau theory). In 1958, V. L. Ginzburg created (together with L. P. Pitaevsky) a semi-phenomenological theory of superfluidity (Ginzburg-Pitaevsky theory). He developed the theory of magnetic bremsstrahlung cosmic radio emission and the radio-astronomical theory of the origin of cosmic rays.
Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov(b. June 25, 1928, Moscow). Abrikosov, together with E. Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory, a new class of superconductors - superconductors of the second type. This new type of superconductor, unlike the first type of superconductor, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 Tesla). Abrikosov was able to explain such properties, developing the reasoning of his colleague V. Ginzburg, by the formation of a regular lattice of magnetic lines that are surrounded by ring currents. This structure is called the Abrikosov Vortex Lattice.
Abrikosov also worked on the problem of the transition of hydrogen into the metallic phase inside hydrogen planets, high-energy quantum electrodynamics, superconductivity in high-frequency fields and in the presence of magnetic inclusions (at the same time, he discovered the possibility of superconductivity without a stop band) and was able to explain the Knight shift at low temperatures by taking into account the spin- orbital interaction. Other works were devoted to the theory of non-superfluid helium and matter at high pressures, semimetals and metal-insulator transitions.
Nobel laureates in literature.
After physics, this is the most fruitful Nobel Prize for Russia. Over the years, the winners of this prize were Ivan Bunin (1933), Boris Pasternak (1958, “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel.” Personal pressure was also put on Pasternak, which, ultimately account, forced him to refuse the prize. In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: “Due to the importance that the award awarded to me received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not consider it an insult to me voluntary refusal"), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965, for the novel “Quiet Don”. This, by the way, was the only Soviet writer who received the Nobel Prize with the consent of the USSR authorities), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970, “for outstanding achievements in the field of humanitarian work”) and Joseph Brodsky (1987, “for comprehensive creativity, saturated with purity of thought and brightness of poetry”).
Nobel laureates in economics. Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich(January 6, 1912, St. Petersburg - April 7, 1986, Moscow), laureate of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Economics “for his contribution to the theory of optimal resource allocation” (together with T. Koopmans).
Kantorovich - representative of the St. Petersburg mathematical school P.L. Chebyshev, student of G.M. Fikhtengolts and V.I. Smirnova. The scientist shared and developed the views of P.L. Chebyshev on mathematics as a single discipline, all sections of which are interconnected, interdependent and play a special role in the development of science, technology, technology and production. L. Kantorovich put forward the thesis of the interpenetration of mathematics and economics and sought to synthesize humanitarian and exact technologies of knowledge. His work became a model of scientific service based on the universalization of mathematical thinking.
His first scientific results were obtained in the descriptive theory of functions and sets and, in particular, on projective sets. In functional analysis, Kantorovich introduced and studied the class of semi-ordered spaces (K-spaces). He put forward a heuristic principle that the elements of K-spaces are generalized numbers. This principle was substantiated in the 1970s within the framework of mathematical logic. Boolean-valued analysis has established that Kantorovich spaces represent new non-standard models of the real line. He was also the first to apply functional analysis to computational mathematics.
He developed the general theory of approximate methods, constructed effective methods for solving operator equations (including the steepest descent method and Newton's method for such equations). In 1939-40 he initiated linear programming and its generalizations.
Developed the idea of optimality in economics. Established the interdependence of optimal prices and optimal production and management decisions. Each optimal solution is interconnected with an optimal price system.
And finally Nobel laureates in the field of peace.
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist. Since the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. In 1968, he wrote a brochure “On Peaceful Coexistence, Progress and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries. In 1970, he became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Human Rights Committee (together with Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze).
In 1971 he addressed the Soviet government with a “Memoir”. Three years later, he held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR. In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World”. In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
In September 1977, he sent a letter to the organizing committee on the problem of the death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and throughout the world. In the winter of 1979-1980, he made a number of statements against the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan.
For all this, he was deprived of all government awards (three times Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the State and Lenin Prizes) and deported to the city of Gorky without trial. The articles “What the USA and the USSR must do to maintain peace” and, in 1983, “On the danger of thermonuclear war” were written there.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev(March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, Stavropol Territory) - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (March 11, 1985 - August 23, 1991), President of the USSR (March 15, 1990 - December 25, 1991). President of the Gorbachev Foundation. Gorbachev's activities as head of state are associated with a large-scale attempt at reform and democratization in the USSR - Perestroika, which ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the end of the Cold War. The period of Gorbachev's reign is assessed ambiguously.
“In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community,” he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 15, 1990.
