Orders orders
1) central government bodies in Russia in the 16th - early 18th centuries. They were based on a judicial function (Zemsky order, Local order, State order, Ambassadorial order, etc.). Along with the national orders, there were orders with regional competence (the order of the Kazan Palace, the Siberian order, the Novgorod couple, etc.). Structurally subdivided into tables and povitya. Persons at the head of orders in the 17th century. received the title of judges, the largest orders were headed by judges with the rank of boyar or roundabout. Direct office work was carried out by clerks. At the beginning of the XVIII century. orders are replaced by colleges. 2) Local authorities of the palace administration in the XVI-XVII centuries. (Novgorod, Pskov palace orders). 3) The name of the archery regiments in the XVI-XVII centuries.
ORDERSORDERS, bodies of central and local government in Russia in the mid-16th - mid-18th centuries, as well as the names of archery regiments (cm. archers) in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term comes from the word "order" in the sense of a special assignment; in relation to institutions, the term came into circulation from the middle of the 16th century. The origin of the command system took place in the late 15th - early 16th centuries. The system of permanent orders developed during the transformations of the mid-16th century. At this time, the orders began to function: the Grand Palace (1534), the Grand Parish (1554), Zemsky (1564), Kazan (1560s), Treasury (1512), Kostroma quarter (1560s), Lovchiy (1509) , Novgorod quarter (1560s), Armory (first half of the 16th century), Printed (1553), Polonyanichny (mid-16th century), Posolsky (1549), Discharge (first half of the 16th century), Sokolnichiy (1550), Streletsky (1571), Ustyug quarter (1560s), Kholopy (mid-16th century), Petition (mid-16th century), Yamskoy (1550).
Military reforms led to the creation of the Discharge Order, which was in charge of the personnel and service of the local army, and the Local Order, which was entrusted with providing the serving landowners with land. The Streltsy Order was in charge of the Streltsy army. The restructuring of the "yamskaya chase" system (communication services) led to the emergence of the Yamsky order. The introduction of labial institutions in the field caused the organization of the Robbery Order. The expansion of international relations contributed to the formation of an independent Ambassadorial order. The consequence of the disunity of individual lands that became part of the unified Russian state was the creation, along with the nationwide financial order of the Great Parish, of territorial judicial-administrative-financial quarters (Cheti), as well as special judicial regional orders. The expansion of the borders to the southeast led to the emergence of the Order of the Kazan Palace.
Orders were called not only central institutions, but also some local palace institutions, for example, the Novgorod and Pskov palace orders that arose in the 1620s, which were under the jurisdiction of the Order of the Great Treasury. The name "order" was also used to designate archery regiments. Orders were permanent institutions, the basis of their activity was the functional principle. Each order was in charge of a certain range of issues, had an independent staff. However, the command system did not have a harmonious internal unity and a clear delineation of functions; many orders were characterized by the combination of judicial, administrative and financial functions, the combination of functional management with territorial.
The orders were under the direct jurisdiction of the tsar and the Boyar Duma. In the 17th century, the heads of orders received the name of judges, as they often performed judicial functions. In the 16th century, clerks prevailed among them, in the 17th century, some large orders were headed by boyars and okolnichy, smaller orders were led by duma nobles. However, even in the 17th century, clerks led a number of important orders (Digit Ambassadorial, Local). Writs office work was carried out by clerks and clerks. The number of personnel of orders (prikaz people) ranged from 3 to 400 people.
Since the beginning of the 17th century, internal structural divisions appear in orders. Eleven new orders were organized in 1613-1619. In the field of military administration, orders were created: Cossack, Inozemsky, Reitarsky, City affairs; in the field of finance, the orders of the New Quarter and the Great Treasury began to operate, the powers of the territorial quarters were expanded. In the first half of the 17th century, temporary orders were created, which, having completed the tasks assigned to them, ceased to exist. In wartime, there were orders for the Collection of military and tax people, the Cash and grain collection, the Collection of five and request money. Numerous detective orders were temporary. By the middle of the 17th century, there were about eighty orders.
In the 1650s and 1660s, the government tried to restructure the work of central institutions. Attempts were made to centralize management by combining the leadership of several orders in one hand, the orders of Secret Affairs and Accounts were created, which exercised control over the activities of the remaining orders and were directly subordinate to the king. But their existence was short-lived. In the 1680s, the government carried out a new reform of the prikaz system, which aimed at concentrating homogeneous administrative functions in one department. Most of the quarters became part of the Posolsky Prikaz, on the basis of the Prikaz of the Great Treasury, a large financial institution was created, in which the orders of the Grand Parish and the New Quarter merged. By order of the Great Treasury, the financial functions of the quarters were transferred. The liquidation of the order system took place at the beginning of the 18th century during the Peter the Great reform of the administrative apparatus and the introduction of collegiums. Only a few of the orders continued to function later. The Siberian order was preserved until 1763.
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ORDERS, 1) central government bodies in Russia in the 16th and early 18th centuries. They mainly had a judicial function (Zemsky P., Local P., Treasury P., Posolsky P., etc.). Along with the national ones, there were P. with regional competence (Kazan ... ... Russian history
Modern Encyclopedia
Orders- in Russia, 1) central government bodies of the 16th and early 18th centuries. The most important orders: Posolsky (1549 1720), led foreign policy; Discharge (16th century 1720), was in charge of military and other affairs; Local (mid-16th century 1720), was in charge of land ownership and ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Bodies of central government in Russia in the 16th and early 18th centuries. They were under the direct jurisdiction of the tsar and the Boyar Duma. The reform of the administrative apparatus and the introduction of collegiums led to the elimination of the order system. Only a few of them continued ... ... Law Dictionary
1) central government bodies in Russia 16 early. 18th centuries 2) Local palace administration in the 16th and 17th centuries 3) The name of the archery regiments in the 16th and 17th centuries ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
1) central government bodies in Russia 16 early. 18th centuries; 2) local organs of palace administration in the 16th and 17th centuries; 3) the name of the archery regiments in the 16th and 17th centuries. Political Science: Dictionary Reference. comp. Prof. floor of sciences Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 ... Political science. Dictionary.
ORDERS- ORDERS The term has the following meanings1. Written P. produce den. payment such as cheques, bills of exchange, money orders, etc. 2. Instructing the broker to buy or sell securities or goods. In the stock market P. clients ... ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance
Bodies of central government in Moscow, in charge of a special kind of state affairs or separate areas of the state. P. were otherwise called chambers, huts, courtyards, palaces, thirds or quarters. The name of the hut and P. was used at first ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Bodies of central government in Russia in the 16th and early 18th centuries. The term comes from the word "order", used in the sense of a special assignment; in relation to institutions, this term has been in use since the middle of the 16th century. Origin... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Center organs. management in Russia 16 early. 18th century Their name comes from the term order, used in the sense of a special assignment; in relation to institutions, this term has been in circulation since the 60s. 16th century Folding the command system ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Books
- , Arakcheev, Orders of the head of the military settlements of the head of General Count Arakcheev A.A. for the corps of settled troops in 1820. St. Petersburg, 1822 The book is a reprint edition.… Category: Library science Publisher: Book on Demand, Manufacturer: Book on Demand,
- Orders of General Count Arakcheev for the corps of settled troops, Arakcheev, Orders of the head of the military settlements of the head of General Count Arakcheev A.A. for the corps of settled troops of 1820. St. Petersburg, 1822. The book is a reprint edition.… Category:
act of the head of the state administration body, state institution. In the Armed Forces, a written or oral order from a superior to subordinates, which is law for them.
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ORDERS
center authorities. management in Russia 16 - beg. 18th century Their name comes from the term "order", used in the sense of a special assignment; in relation to institutions, this term has been in circulation since the 60s. 16th century The formation of the command system of government was one of the sides of the process of formation of the Russian centralized state and was caused by the complication of the tasks facing the young autocratic monarchy. In contrast to the temporary "ways" (forms of government during the period of feudal fragmentation), P. were permanent institutions. Each P. was organizationally formalized, was in charge of a certain range of issues, and was independent. state. But the command system was only the beginning. state centralization stage. device. She did not have a slender interior. unity and a clear delineation of functions between departments. institutions; for many P., the combination of court., adm. and finance. functions, as well as the connection of functional management with territorial. The origin of the command system occurs in con. 15 - beg. 16th centuries Most researchers (A. A. Zimin, A. K. Leontiev, and others) associate the appearance of P. with the restructuring of the grand dukes. palace and patrimonial administration, as a result of which palace institutions were created - the Treasury and the Grand Palace. A. V. Chernov believes that P. grew directly from personal assignments, to-rye were given led. princes of officials from among the dominions. class. The basis for the creation of P. was the clerk's staff of the Treasury and the time. boyar commissions, created to address the department. questions. Specialization of palace clerks according to department. state issues. management led to the allocation of these issues in the department. departments, and then in independent. institutions. They received the name deacon's huts, and later - P. In the folding of the order system, the transformations of the middle played an important role. 16th century At this time, the main a network of constant P., the number of which to con. 16th century reached 22. Military. the reforms led to the registration of the Razryadny P., who was in charge of the personnel and service of the local army, and the Local P., who was entrusted with providing this army with land. By the same time, the creation of Streletsky P., who was in charge of another part of the Russian. army - archery army. The restructuring of the Yamskoy persecution system led to the creation of Yamsky P. The introduction of labial institutions on the ground caused the organization of Razboyny P. Expansion of the international. connections contributed to the isolation of Posolsky P., etc. As a result of the remaining remnants of disunity, the department. the lands that became part of the state-va was the creation along with the general state. finance. P. Grand Parish Terr. forensic-adm.-finance. quarters (see Cheti), as well as special court. P. with regional competence. Expansion of borders to the Yu.-V. marked the beginning of the existence of P. Kazan Palace. In the 1st floor. 17th century, after the liberation of the country from the Polish. and Swede. interventionists, the tsarist government was faced with the task of organizing the defense of the country and restoring its economy, which at first determined the directions for the further development of the command system. The production restored temporarily liquidated shops (Kamenny, Aptekarsky, Book Printing, etc.) and created a large number of new ones. In 1613-19 alone, 11 trade fairs were organized. At the same time, there was a tendency to fragment homogeneous functions between different institutions. In the field of military administrations were created by P.: Cossack, Inozemsky, Reitarsky, City Affairs; in the field of finance, simultaneously with the P. Grand Parish, the P. New Quarter and the Big Treasury began to operate, and the powers of the territory. quarters have been significantly expanded. In the 1st floor. 17th century were also created P., to-rye, having completed the particular tasks assigned to them, ceased to exist. In the military time there were P. Gathering of military and data-bearing people, Money and grain collection, Collection of fifths and request money, etc. Time. character were also numerous. detective P. As a result, to the middle. 17th century the number of permanent P. has almost doubled in comparison with the end. 16 century, and together with their temporary, there were approx. 80. During these years, there were also attempts to centralize management by combining the leadership of several. P. in the same hands. In the 2nd floor. In the 17th century, especially at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, the cumbersome and complex network of the P. was unable to cope with the tasks that the emerging absolutist state set before them. The emergence of new areas of management and the expansion of state. borders led to the establishment of new P., which made it even more difficult for the coherence of the work of the state. device. Already in the 50s and 60s. The pr-in tried to rebuild the work of the center. institutions. The P. of Secret Affairs and the Accounting P. were created, exercising control over the activities of the rest of the P. and reporting directly to the tsar. But their existence was short-lived. In the 80s. The government carried out a new reform of the order system, which aimed at concentrating homogeneous management functions in one department. It carried out the unification of most of the quarters with Posolsky P., created a large finance on the basis of P. the Big Treasury. an institution in which P. of the Grand Parish and the New Quarter merged, passing it means. part of finance. functions of the fourth. Enlargements were also made in 1699-1701. But dep. improvements could not make significant changes to the general structure of the command administration. The creation of institutions of a new type (they were originally also called P.) and the elimination of the order system took place in the beginning. 18th century In 1698, the Naval P. was organized, in 1700 - the Admiralty, in 1701 - the Artillery, etc. The reform of the administrative apparatus and the introduction of collegiums in 1718-1720 led to the elimination of the order system as a whole. During the 1st quarter 18th century the overwhelming majority of the settlements ceased to exist. Only a few of them continued to function even later (until 1763, for example, the Siberian settlement survived). P. were in the immediate vicinity. run by the tsar and the Boyar Duma. P.'s leadership was collegiate. The persons who were at the head of P. received the name. judges (from the judicial functions of the majority P.). The composition of the judges was different. In the 16th century clerks prevailed among them, in the 17th century. some large P. were headed by boyars and okolnichy, smaller ones were duma nobles. However, even at this time, the clerks remained in the leadership of a number of the most important P. (Razryadny, Posolsky, Local). In addition, clerks were necessarily members of the panel of judges, and P. Directly managed the office work. office work was carried out by clerks. The staff of P. included bailiffs, watchmen, translators, etc. The number of P.'s personnel ("order people") ranged from 3 to 400 people. Initially P. did not have vnutr. structural division. It appeared around the beginning. 17th century, when with the complication of the activity of P., tables or povyas began to be created, formed along functional or terr. principles. The diversity, heterogeneity of P., the fuzziness in the distribution of areas of control between them throughout their existence led to the fact that in the ist. lit-re developed several. classification schemes for dividing P. according to the nature of their activities. The most common, although not without convention, is the following division of P.: all P. are divided into state. and palace; state P., in turn, are divided into P., who were in charge of external issues. politics, and P. with internal politics. competence; the last - on P. general public. and region values; and, finally, P. with the state. competencies are divided into adm., finance. and judicial. The term "P." applied not only to the center. institutions. P. naz. also some local palace institutions, such as those that arose in the 20s. 17th century Novgorod and Pskov Palace P., which were under the jurisdiction of P. Big Treasury. Name P. was also used to designate archery regiments. List of orders of the 16th-17th centuries.1 Aptekarsky (Apothecary Chamber), 1594/95-1714; originally palace, later general. institution, was in charge of medical issues. services. Astrakhan Affairs, mentioned in 1643. Grand Palace (Great Palace), 1534-1728; he was in charge of the palace economy, the population of the palace volosts, as well as the Bread, Kormov and Sytny yards. Grand Parish (Great Parish), 1554/55-1699; was in charge of collections from the population: in the 16th century. - direct and indirect, in the 17th century. - Ch. arr. customs. Big treasury (Big treasury), 1621/22-1718; was in charge of collecting direct taxes from bargaining. and crafts. population of cities, monetary business, government industry; from 1680 - customs and tavern fees. Bronny, 1573 - 1st floor. 17th century; exercised control over the production of military equipment. armor. Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian, Lithuanian administrative affairs), 1657-1674 / 75 (connected with the Ustyug quarter); created to manage the conquered lands of Lithuania since 1654. Great Russia, 1687/88-1700; was in charge of the management of the territory. suburban regiments (Sumsky, Kharkov, etc.). Upper printing house, 1680-?; was in charge of the court printing house. Vladimir quarter (Vladimirskaya Chet, Vladimirsky), 60-70s. 16th century - 1690, terr. name from 1629; was in charge of managing 26-30 cities with counties (Vladimir, Mtsensk, Orel, etc.). Galician quarter (Galician Chet, Galician), 60-70s. 16th century - 1680 (connected with Posolsky Petrov), terr. name from 1606; was in charge of managing 22-25 cities with counties (Galic, Beloozero, Shuya, etc.). City affairs, 1638-44; was in charge of the construction of a system of fortifications in the south. state border. Monetary and grain collection, in the 17th century. repeatedly resumed its activities; temporary, created in the military. time, was in charge of natural and den. military fees. needs. Cash distribution, in the 17th century. repeatedly resumed its activities; temporary, created in the military. time, was in charge of the distribution of salaries to military people. Doimochny, 70s 17th century - 1701; was in charge of collecting arrears for past years. Zhitny (Zhytny yards), 16th century - 80s 17th century (connected with Streletsky P.); palace, was in charge of receiving and issuing government supplies that came for storage at Zhitnye dvor. Zapisnoy, 1657-59; was in charge of compiling the history of the Romanov dynasty. Zemsky (Zemsky yard), 1564-1699; was in charge of the management of Moscow, the collection of taxes from its taxable population, the court for criminal and civil. affairs. Golden Deeds (Golden), 1624-56 (connected with Silver P. in P. Gold and Silver Deeds); palace, was in charge of supervising the manufacture of gold jewelry for the needs of the court, led the Golden Chamber. Gold and Silver Affairs, 1656-1700 (connected to the Armory); palace, was in charge of supervising the manufacture of jewelry for the needs of the court, led the Gold and Silver Chambers. Iconic, 1622-53; was in charge of the palace icon painters who worked in the icon painting chamber. Inozemsky (Foreigner), 1624-1701 (connected with P. Reitarsky affairs); was in charge of foreigners enrolled in Russian. service. Kazan Palace (Kazan Palace, Meshchersky Palace), 60s. 16th century - 1709; was in charge of the territory annexed to Russia in the 16th century. after the conquest of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates, in the 17th century. part of the land goes under the jurisdiction of Dr. P. Cossack (Cossack category, Cossack fodder collection), 1613-43; he was in charge of collecting bread for the salary of the Cossacks and service people according to the device. Treasury (Treasury yard), 1512-1700 (connected with P. of the Grand Palace); palace, was the repository of the royal clothing treasury, and was also in charge of artisans, who made it (furriers, etc.). Kalmyk affairs, 1661; was in charge of negotiations with the Kalmyk taishas regarding their adoption of Russian. citizenship. Stone Affairs (Stone), 1583/84, 1615/16-1700 (connected to the P. of the Grand Palace); was in charge of state-owned stone construction, builds procurement. materials and note masons and brick makers. Principality of Smolensk (Smolensk), 1663/64-1712; was in charge of managing the Smolensk lands returned during the Russian-Polish. wars 1654-67. Konyushenny, 1573-1728; was in charge of the royal departure and the collection of duties from the horse trade. Kostroma quarter (Kostroma Chet, Kostroma, Yaroslavl quarter), 60-70s. 16th century - 1700 (in 1680 connected with Streletsky P.), terr. name from the 20s 17th century; was in charge of managing 17-22 cities with counties (Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Murom, etc.). Merchant affairs, 1664-78; was in charge of the assessment of furs and other issues related to the border. Russian trade. merchants (was subordinate to Siberian P.). Lithuanian polonian affairs, 1634-36; created to decide the fate of prisoners captured during the Russian-Polish. wars 1633-34. Lifland Affairs (Lifland Zemsky P.), 1658-62; was in charge of the lands conquered in Livonia during the Russo-Swede. wars 1656-61. Huntsman, 1509 - 1st floor. 17th century, palace; was in charge of royal hunting. Little Russia (Little Russian), 1662-1722 (in 1667 subordinated to Posolsky P.); was in charge of relations with Ukraine, which had autonomous control. Petty-bourgeois court, 1666; was in charge of the trial of the Belarusian. the population of the Meshchanskaya Sloboda in Moscow. Monastic, 1650-75, 1701-25; knew the owner. affairs of monasteries, from 1701 and the court. affairs of the clergy. Musket business, 1663-64; was in charge of the manufacture of hand firearms (he was subordinate to the Armory Chamber). Novgorod quarter (Novgorod), 60-70s. 16th century - 1720 (in 1680 subordinated to Posolsky P.), terr. name from 1601; was in charge of managing 21-33 cities with counties (Novgorod, Pskov, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, etc.). New Pharmacy, 1673-74 (connected with Aptekarsky P.); created in connection with the construction of a new pharmacy in Moscow. New Quarter (New Chet, P. Kabatsky), 1619-1680 (connected with P. Big Treasury); was in charge of tavern fees from Moscow and the south. cities (until 1665), the fight against korchestvo, in 1678 and relations with the Kalmyks. Armory Chamber (Army), 1st floor. 16th century, renewed in 1613 - until the 20s. 18th century; was in charge of the production of cold and hand firearms. Panikhidny (P. at the eternal commemoration), 1628-97; was in charge of commemorating the faces of the royal family. Pansky, 1614-23; was in charge of serving foreigners, immigrants from the countries of the West. Europe. Patriarchal palace, 1620-1726 (in 1701 - transferred to the jurisdiction of the Monastyrsky P., in 1721 - the Synod, in 1726 it was connected with the College of Economy); was in charge of managing the patriarchal household, collections from schismatics, and others. was in charge of collecting taxes that went to the patriarchal treasury. Patriarchal court (Patriarchal rank, Patriarchal spiritual), early. 17th century - 1700; the court knew. cases of crimes against faith, the appointment of clergy to positions, etc. Patriarchal Church Affairs, 1674-90; was in charge of overseeing the deanery in the churches and the behavior of the clergy. Printed, 16th century - 1722; was in charge of storage and application of the state. seals and collection of printing duties (he was subordinated to Posolsky P.). Printed (Printing), 1553-1722 (transformed into the Printing Office under the Synod); was in charge of the work of Moscow. print yard. Regimental Affairs, mentioned in 1661 (was subordinated to P. Kazan Palace). Polonyanichny, ser. 16th century - 1679; was in charge of the ransom of the Russian. the population that was taken prisoner. Local, 1577-1720 (subordinated to the Senate in 1712); in charge of feudal matters. land ownership, land disputes court, land description. Posolsky, 1549-1720; was in charge of relations with foreigners. gos-you. Postelnichiy, 1573 (according to A.K. Leontiev, 50s of the 16th century) - 1st half. 17th century, palace; was in charge of the royal bedroom, as well as persons serving the royal family. Preobrazhensky (until 1695 - Preobrazhensky office), 1686-1729; was in charge of the "amusing" regiments, later - conducting recruiting sets, the police service, from 1697 - affairs of the state. crimes. Order cases, 1622-60s. 17th century; performed special assignments, was the appellate instance for the court. affairs of the Local and Kholopye P. Pushkarsky, 1677-1700; was in charge of the Russian artillery. army and the population serving it, in its administration were the state Cannon yard and gunpowder mills. Rogue (from the 80s of the 17th century - Rogue detective), 1555/56 (according to A. K. Leontiev, 1539) - 1701; was in charge of control over the decision of criminal cases in the order's huts. Discharge (Discharge, Large discharge), 1555/56 (according to A.K. Leontiev, 30s of the 16th century) - 1711; was in charge of the defense of the state-va, accounting and management of service people, appointment to the civil. positions, 33 border. cities with counties. Military affairs, 1633; functions are unclear. Reitarsky, 1649-1701 (connected with Inozemsky P.); was in charge of the "new order" regiments. Search cases, 1689-94; created for the investigation of the case of F. L. Shaklovity and his accomplices. Ore investigation, 1642-1709 or 1710; was in charge of the organization of exploration of mineral deposits. Collection of dependent people (Gathering of military and dependent people, Collection of military and capturing dependent people), 1633 - con. 30s 17th century, 1651-54 (connected with Petrograd of the Kostroma quarter), temporary; was in charge of the recruitment of heavy people for rear work in the military. time, he was also engaged in recruiting dragoon and soldier regiments. Collection of German fodder (P. German fodder, collection of grain and meat stocks), 1632 - con. 30s 17th century; was in charge of collecting food for hired foreigners. troops in Russian service. Collection of five and request money (Collection of five and Zemstvo money), 1616-18, 1632-37, temporary; was in charge of collecting emergency taxes for the military. needs. Collection of military people, 1637-1654; was in charge of recruiting people and collecting money. funds for the defense of the south. state borders. Collection of archery bread, 1672-1697; was in charge of collections in kind for the army. Semenovsky, between 1688 and 1693-1718; was in charge of the formation of the Semyonovsky regiment and the collection of funds for its maintenance. Serebryany (Silver Chamber), mentioned in 1613-56 (connected with P. Gold Cases, in P. Gold and Silver Cases); was in charge of jewelry work for the needs of the court. Siberian, 1637-1727, 1730-17 63; was in charge of Siberia. Cathedral business, mentioned in 1653; was in charge of painting and repair work in the Kremlin cathedrals. Falconer, 1550 - 2nd floor. 17th century; palace, was in charge of court falconry. Barrel, 1647-66; was in charge of the manufacture of barrels for handguns (he was subordinate to the Armory). Streletsky (P. Nadvornoy infantry), 1571-1701 (reorganized into P. Zemsky affairs); in charge of the archery regiments, in 1672-83 - also the collection of archery bread and archery money. Buildings of almshouses, 1670-80; was in charge of the construction of almshouses in Moscow and other cities. Judgment, 1699-1700; the court knew. affairs of servants. Sudny Vladimirsky, 1582/83-1699 (merged with Moscow Sudny P. and renamed Sudny P.); the court knew. the affairs of the upper stratum of service people (duma and Moscow officials). Court Palace, 1664/65-1709; the court knew. affairs of palace servants. Judgment Dmitrovsky, 1595 - early. 17th century; the court knew. the affairs of service people of the Dmitrovsky district, beyond the jurisdiction of local governors. Judicial Kazan, 1591-1719; the court knew. affairs of service people Cf. and Nizh. Volga region. Sudny Moscow, 1598-1699 (merged with Vladimir and renamed Sudny P.); the court knew. affairs of service people Mosk. and other counties. Counting (Counting Affairs, Table and Accounting Affairs), 1656-77/78; carried out finance. control over the activities of the center. institutions, from 1670 was in charge of collecting arrears. Detective (Detective cases), 1619; created to deal with complaints, ch. arr. on land affairs. Detective, 1638-42; was in charge of the investigation of the townspeople who pledged themselves for the estates in Moscow and Yaroslavl. Detective, 1648-52; carried out the "township building", 1649-52. Detective (Detective Outpost Affairs), 1657-60s. 17th century; created to determine the extent of devastation after the epidemic of 1654-55; in charge of preventive sanitary measures. Detective, 1662; created for the investigation of the participants of the Moscow. uprisings of 1662. Secret Affairs (Secret), 1654-76; own the office of the king; exercised control over the activities of the state. institutions, was in charge of political affairs. crimes, from 1663 and palace lands. Ustyug quarter (Ustyug), 60-70s. 16th century - 1680 (connected with Posolsky Petrov), terr. name from 1611; was in charge of managing 22-26 cities with counties (Ustyug, Solvychegodsk, Mozhaisk, etc.). Khlebny, 1663-83; he was in charge of natural collections for the army, as well as granaries, in which "shooter's bread" was brought, he managed some palace estates (Skopin, Romanov, etc.). Kholopy (Kholopy court), 50-70s. 16th century - 1681, 1683-1704; was in charge of the registration of bonded acts and the court. affairs about serfs. Tsar's workshop of the chamber, 1613 - beg. 18th century; he was in charge of the manufacture of royal clothes and the artisans who made them. The Tsarina's Workshop Chamber (Bed), 1656 (according to S. K. Bogoyavlensky, 1626) - 1701; was in charge of making clothes for queens and royal children, as well as the palace population of the Kadashev settlement and the village. Breitov. Petition, mentioned in 1550, 1613-85 (connected with the Vladimir ship P. ); was the court of appeal for cases of other orders, it received all the petitions addressed to the king. Yamskoy, 1550-1723; was in charge of the organization of the Yamskoye business. Lit .: Werner I.I., On the time and causes of the formation of the Moscow. orders, M., 1907; Veselovsky S. B., Prikazny management system of Moscow. state-va, K., 1912; Bogoyavlensky S. K., Writ judges of the 17th century, M.-L., 1946; Zimin A. A., On the addition of the order system in Rus', "Reports and messages of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR", c. 3, M., 1954; Leontiev A. K., Formation of the command system of management in Rus. state-ve, (M.), 1961; Ustyugov N. V., The evolution of the order system Rus. state-va in the 17th century, "Absolutism in Russia", Sat. Art., M., 1964; Chernov A. V., On the origin of command administration in the process of formation Rus. centralized state-va, "Tr. MGIAI", v. 19, M., 1965. N. R. Demidova. Moscow. -***-***-***- 1 The list is based on the available literature. It does not contain part of the detective P. 17th century. and P., created in the last years of the 17th century. and early 18th century Of the many detective P., the list includes the most significant, acting for a relatively long time. P. of the last years of the 17th century. and early 18th century - Admiralty, Artillery, Naval Affairs, Provisions, Zemsky Affairs (1701), Synodal Palace, etc. - are not included in the list because they were a new type of center. institutions, different from P. 16-17 centuries. In the list after the name P. indicates the extreme dates of its existence and P.'s functions (as a rule, the first date refers to the first mention in the sources of an order hut or P.). The abolition and restoration of P. are shown by a break in dates (for example, Monastyrsky, 1650-75, 1701-25). Items in the list are given in alphabetical order.
IBriefly about the main
During this period, orders were finally formed: as a system of central sectoral management. The bureaucracy of the nobility begins to play an important role in the administration of the state, primarily orders.
1. Orders in charge of special branches of government:
Ambassadorial, Yamskoy, Kamensky, Discharge, Book-printing, Rogue, Witskarsky, Printed, Monastic, Gold and Silver Business, Detective, Petition, Big Order.
2. Military orders should include: Streltsy, Cossack, Arms, Pushkar, Bronny, Foreign.
3. Judicial-administrative functions were carried out by orders: Local, Zemsky, Kholopye court.
4. Orders in charge of certain territories: Moscow, Vladimir, Dmitrovsky, Siberian, Nizhnegrad Chet, Ustyug Chet, Kostroma Chet, Galician Chet, Vladimir Chet, Smolensk, Ryazan, Kazan Palace, Little Russian, etc.
5. Palace affairs and finances were in charge of the orders: the New Quarter, the Grand Palace, the Grand Treasury, the Stables, the Huntsman, the Falconer, the Grand Parish.
Orders in their hands concentrated management issues by industry and judicial functions. As before, the orders duplicated each other both in their work in their branches and in matters of territorial administration, which introduced some confusion in the management system and the court.
IIin detail
Command control system. The transition to it (from the palace-patrimonial system) was completed in the middle of the 16th century. During its formation, the leading role belonged to the military-administrative orders. There was a reorganization of the army, the basis of which from now on was the noble cavalry and archers. Streltsy formations were created as a result of the reform carried out by Ivan IV. (The need for them arose in connection with the further development and improvement of firearms). A special order was created to control the archery army.
The formation of a new organization of the Russian state was resisted by large landowning boyars, who were used to participating in campaigns with their regiments and taking places in the battle at will: where they wanted, they stood up with their regiment. Tsarist legislation extended the principle of compulsory military service to all ranks of feudal lords. All landlords and votchinniks were ordered to come to the gathering place with weapons and with their people. Unlike Western Europe, where the armed forces during the Middle Ages were formed mainly from mercenaries, the Russian army consisted of subjects. The persons obligated to serve included "serving people in the fatherland" (princes, boyars, nobles, boyar children) and "serving people according to the instrument" (archers, city Cossacks, gunners, etc.).
He was in charge of the personnel of the boyar and noble cavalry bit order, which registered all cases of appointments, promotions. Appointments to positions were carried out in accordance with the principle of localism (by birth, nobility).
He was in charge of the local land holdings of the service nobles local order, who made sure that they received land for military service in accordance with established standards. The Cossack troops were in charge of the Cossack order.
At that time, special territorial orders also appeared, which were in charge of the affairs of those territories that had recently been annexed to Russia. They were treated Kazan and Siberian orders. Later, the Little Russian Order (for Ukraine) began to function.
In the period of a class-representative monarchy, the embryo of a central police body arises. At first, the commission of the Boyar Duma on robbery cases acted, then a special Rogue order, which developed orders for local authorities on combating common crime and appointed appropriate officials to the places.
The palace orders were in charge of serving the personal needs of the king and his family members. These included: order of the Grand Palace (ruled the palace lands), Konyushenny (in charge of the royal stable), Huntsman and Falconer orders (organization of hunting), Bedding (in charge of the royal chambers) and others. The positions of the heads of these orders were considered the most important and honorable; in accordance with the principle of localism, they could be occupied by the most well-born boyars.
Under Ivan IV, nobles and boyar children received the privilege of appealing to the court of the tsar himself. For this reason, a special petition order.
The system of court orders arises at the end of the 17th century. (Moscow, Vladimir, Dmitrovsky, etc.), which performed the functions of the highest judicial bodies. Subsequently, these orders, as well as the Petition, merged into a single court order.
In the activities of the Russian state was of great importance Ambassadorial order who was in charge of foreign affairs. Prior to its emergence, many bodies dealt with these issues. The absence of a single embassy center created considerable inconvenience. The direct participation of the Boyar Duma in foreign affairs seemed inappropriate. These cases were to be attended by a limited number of persons in order to avoid disclosure of state secrets. The tsar believed that all the main issues of foreign policy should be decided personally by him. The head of the Ambassadorial Department and a small number of clerks were called to help in this.
The main duties of the Ambassadorial Order were to negotiate with representatives of foreign states. This function was directly performed by the head of the order himself. The order developed the most important documents in which the position of the Russian state on various foreign policy issues was substantiated. In addition, he resolved border conflicts, was engaged in the exchange of prisoners, etc. The appearance of the Ambassadorial Order led to a decrease in the role of the Boyar Duma in the field of foreign policy. The king rarely consulted with her, preferring to rely on the opinion of the Ambassadorial order.
In the second half of the XVI century. there is a special central institution that was in charge of the affairs of the serfs. Previously, this was done by local governments and State order, which simultaneously performed many other functions. In connection with the spread of bonded servility, there is a need for a special body. Main responsibility serf order consisted in the registration of bondage records in special books. In addition, he considered lawsuits in cases of runaway serfs.
Throughout the 17th century a total of more than 80 orders functioned, of which a little more than 40 survived by the end of the century. Some orders were abolished, others were created - as the need to manage new industries arose. So, the creation of regiments of the new system caused the appearance Reiter order, and the reunification of Ukraine with Russia was accompanied by the creation Little Russian order, the return of Smolensk lands - Smolensk order etc. It was a natural process, reflecting the complication of the socio-economic and political structure of society. In the state apparatus, the influence of "outbred people" grew. If in 1640 there were only 837 clerks, in 1690 there were almost four times more of them - 2739. More than 400 people at the end of the century were in the Local Order and the Order of the Great Treasury. The staff of the order of the Grand Palace consisted of more than 200 people. In the rest of the orders, there were from 30 to 100 clerks. A contemporary noted that there were so many clerks in the orders that "there is nowhere to sit, they write standing up." The growth in the number of clerks is evidence of the increasing role of officials in government.
To understand what orders are, it is necessary to turn to the history of Rus' of the period when the Moscow princes created a single national state. These governing bodies existed until the era of Peter I. The reformer tsar replaced the old orders with new colleges.
Origin
In the 15th century, the Moscow princes finally annexed to their possessions all the remaining independent Russian principalities and republics. Each of these mini-states had its own system of internal government. Because of this, the new Moscow state existed in a state of administrative anarchy.
Prince Ivan Vasilyevich III (reigned 1462-1505) undertook to correct this situation. What are orders? At that time, these were temporary authorities, in which officials and boyars close to the sovereign worked. They were in charge of a certain area (the treasury, the army, relations with foreign ambassadors), etc. “To be on order” meant to fulfill the order of the Grand Duke. From this expression came the name of most state bodies in Rus' in the XV-XVII centuries.
Household orders
Under the successors of Ivan III on the grand ducal and royal thrones, orders in Rus' not only took root, but also became indispensable components of the state machine. They can be divided into several groups according to their purpose.
It is logical that the first governing body of the new model was responsible for the Kremlin and, in general, all the land that belonged to the prince. Thus, the Palace order arose. The people who worked in it monitored the maintenance of order and economic affairs in the residence of the Moscow rulers. For example, Ivan III was very sensitive to his property. Under him, Moscow was fairly rebuilt. New chambers and churches appeared in the historical center.
The management body responsible for the state of the treasury gradually separated from the economic orders. Stable taxation has always been an important foundation for the existence of the state. Therefore, it is not surprising that the princes tirelessly monitored the state of their wallet. Over time, the Order of Counting Affairs also arose. He was also in charge of indirect taxes (for example, on trade). It was an agency that controlled the flow of money from foreign merchants.
Military and administrative orders
It is also important to single out the military group of orders: Bit, Cossack, Streltsy, etc. With their help, the authorities monitored the state of the army, providing service people. The Armory Order conducted checks on the production and purchase of the latest weapons. Just at the end of the 15th century, in the north-east of the country, in the foothills of the Urals, they began to find mines with metals. With their help, the production of armor and firearms was established steadily.
The Streltsy Prikaz was also responsible for gathering all feudal lords liable for military service in the army. This Russian system was very different from the Western one. In Europe at the same time, almost all armies were hired and bought at the expense of the state treasury. In Rus', however, the army continued to exist, consisting of the sovereign's subjects.
What are administrative orders? These were the state bodies of the third group. For example, in the Local Order, lands and estates intended for serving boyars were issued. This body conducted population censuses and resolved various disputes over real estate.
But here we can also include those institutions that monitored the internal order in the country. They were in charge of criminal cases, prisons and, in general, the entire system of punishments for crimes. These were Rogue and Kholopy orders. In Zemsky, they separately monitored the situation in Moscow, the largest city of the Russian state.
Other government bodies
Over time, the creation of orders was needed for the most specific spheres of the life of the state. For example, postal communication was regulated in Yamskoye, and Postal was responsible for the state press (which was just born in Russia).
At the end of the 16th century, under the last Rurikovich (Fyodor Ivanovich), a patriarchate was established. This was an important state step necessary to establish the independence of the Russian Orthodox Church after Constantinople was captured by the Turks. The relationship between the tsarist government and the patriarchs was regulated with the help of orders specially created for this purpose - Monastic, Church affairs, etc.
Device
To further clarify what orders are, it is necessary to look at their internal structure. Each such authority, despite the heterogeneity of goals, had approximately the same device. It had two parts inside. In one, all executive affairs were conducted, in the other, written ones (registration, letters, decrees, etc.).
Employees of orders were called differently: judges, clerks and clerks. They were appointed by the supreme power - by decree of the king. It was possible to challenge the decision made by the state order only by sending a petition to the sovereign. For the court there was a special royal duma, which consisted of his entourage.
The fact that the establishment of prikaz was important to the supreme power emphasizes the official appeal used in the prikaz papers. These state bodies disposed of on behalf of the king, which was emphasized at the beginning of each letter.
officials
The first clerks who worked in orders were the boyars, who received this position from Ivan III. However, they were not professionals - people who would have been trained in administrative service from the very beginning of their public career. This problem of the lack of highly qualified personnel was not solved immediately. Only over time, clerks began to appear in orders, having risen to this position from clerks and petty officials.
During the heyday of the system of orders in Moscow, there were 38 such institutions. About 70 clerks worked in them, who were the bureaucratic elite of the state. At the same time, it was possible to get such a position without belonging to a high-born boyar family.
Some clerks received a seat in the Duma for their service. As a rule, they combined their positions, continuing to work in the "native" order. Brilliant statesmen stood out among them at different times. For example, they were people from the Posolsky Prikaz - two brothers Shchelkalov and Ivan Viskovaty.
Before the management of state affairs became more complicated, there was a complication of the management of the palace economy of the Moscow principality as the patrimony of the Moscow princes. Initially, the princes managed the economy personally, entrusting certain branches of it to their servants. Gradually, entire palace institutions formed around these servants: these were either separate orders, or parts subordinate to them, called "yards". So around the butler there was an order of the Grand Palace, around the treasurer the Treasury order, the falconer the Falconer order, the huntsman the Huntsman order, the bed keeper the Bed order, the stableman the Stable order.
The oldest palace order is the order of the Grand Palace, which initially was in charge of only Moscow lands, since other orders were in charge of newly acquired lands. The order of the Grand Palace was divided into several subordinate bodies of the courts (namely: the state yard, the nourishing yard, the fodder yard, the bread yard, the living yard). For the court of palace employees and peasants, there was a Palace Judgment Order. By order of the Grand Palace, monasteries were led until 1649, when a special Monastic order was established for them.
From the department of the Grand Duke's Treasurer, the Treasury Prikaz (order of the Great Treasury) was formed, which was in charge of the treasury in the broad sense of the word: money, goods, "hard junk" (metals, icons in valuable salaries, gold and silver dishes, household items, precious fabrics), " soft junk" (furs), etc.
Among the Moscow palace orders, one should also note the Stable Order, which was in charge of cattle breeding in general and horse breeding, as well as the collection of duties on the purchase and sale of livestock throughout Moscow Rus'. In addition, the Stables Department was in charge of all the meadows, "reap" on Moscow land and income from them, both in kind and from the sale of hay; he was also in charge of the stable treasury (harness, etc.), all kinds of means of transportation: carriages, carriages, sledges, etc.
Various petty needs of the royal household were satisfied by a number of small independent orders: Pharmaceutical, gold and silver, Bed, etc.
During the formation of the order system, the leading role belonged to military administrative orders. At this time there was a reorganization of the army. It was based on the noble cavalry and archers, which appeared as a result of the reform carried out by Ivan IV. The need for a streltsy army arose in connection with the further development and improvement of firearms. A special order was created to control the archers. The Streltsy order was in charge of issuing salaries to the archers, endowed them with lands and yards, judged, etc.
The formation of a new organization of the Russian state was resisted by large landowning boyars, who were used to appearing on campaigns with their regiments and taking places in battles of their choice. Tsarist legislation extended the principle of compulsory military service to all ranks of feudal lords. All landlords and votchinniks were ordered to come on a campaign with weapons and with their people. Unlike Western Europe, where the military forces were formed from recruited or hired troops, the Russian army consisted of its own subjects. Persons obligated to serve included “serving people in the fatherland” (princes, boyars, nobles, boyar children) and “serving people according to the instrument” (archers, city Cossacks, gunners, etc.).
One of the first was the Discharge Order. He was in charge of the personnel of the boyar and noble cavalry, recorded all cases of appointment to the service, transfers in positions. Appointments to positions were made in accordance with the principle of locality based on generosity and nobility. The order regularly held reviews of nobles and boyar children, determining their readiness for military service.
The manufacture, purchase and storage of weapons was carried out by the Armory (he was in charge of the Armory) and Pushkar (created with the advent of artillery during the Livonian War) orders. The latter, also in a significant part of the territory of the Moscow state, was in charge of the construction and maintenance of city fortifications, was in charge of gunners and state blacksmiths.
The local order was engaged in local and patrimonial affairs, distributed and selected estates, monitored their transitions and patrimonies from one person to another, and judged plaintiffs in land cases. The order produced land descriptions and population censuses, considered disputes over land matters of service people. At the end of the first third of the 17th century, the Local Order concentrated the scribe business of all the local and patrimonial lands, which until then it had shared with the order of the Great Parish and quarters.
Under the name of quarters or quarters in the 17th century, there were six orders. The question of the origin of the chetes has not been fully elucidated. We can say with confidence that at the beginning of the second half of the 16th century, in connection with the abolition of feeding, part of the state was divided between 4 institutions, which were called quarters. Cheti had to collect income from their cities, which were intended for salaries of service people, the so-called. quarters instead of canceled feedings.
The order of the Grand Parish in the 17th century was in charge of customs and shops in most cities of all families, as well as Moscow. This order dealt with the collection of direct and indirect taxes in most of the state. There are indications that in his hands was the work of patrols and descriptions, the return for quitrent of wastelands left over from the local distribution. His cash desk received an important tax in the 16th century - small pit money, which lost its significance in the 17th century.
In 1624, the Inozemsky Prikaz was created, which was in charge of the military, mainly officers hired for Russian service abroad. He gave them salaries, distributed them among the regiments, resolved issues related to their residence in Russia, and judicial cases.
Since 1649, the duties of recruiting regiments of the new system (reiter, dragoon, soldier) were assigned to the Reiter order.
There was also a Cossack order, which was in charge of the Cossack troops. The order tried them for crimes and misdemeanors in the service, etc.
At that time, special territorial orders appeared that were in charge of the affairs of those territories that were annexed to Russia or were being developed. These included the Kazan and Siberian orders. In the future, the Little Russian order began to function, which was in charge of the affairs of Ukraine.
During the period of a class representative monarchy, a semblance of a central police body arises. At first, the commission of the Boyar Duma on robbery cases acted, then the Robbery Order was created. He developed orders for local authorities on combating ordinary crimes, and appointed appropriate officials at the local level. In 1682 it was transformed into the Detective Order. Ensuring order in Moscow was in charge of the Zemsky order.
Nobles and boyar children under Ivan IV received certain privileges and could apply to the court of the tsar himself. In this regard, a special petition order was formed. This order had a dual purpose. Firstly, in it, clerks and clerks of all orders were led by the court and the administration, that is, all claims of private individuals against clerks were under his jurisdiction. Secondly, he was, as it were, an office for petitions submitted to the king.
At the end of the XVII century. a system of court orders was created (Moscow, Vladimir, Dmitrovsky, Kazan, etc.), which performed the functions of the highest judicial bodies. Subsequently, these orders, as well as the Petition, merged into a single Judgment Order.
The Ambassadorial Order, which was in charge of various foreign policy issues, was of great importance in the activities of the Russian state. Prior to its emergence, many bodies dealt with foreign policy issues of the Russian state. The absence of a single center for embassy affairs created inconvenience. The direct participation of the Boyar Duma in all foreign policy issues was inappropriate. A limited number of people had to take part in these cases in order to avoid divulging state secrets. The tsar believed that all the main issues of foreign policy (especially operational ones) should be decided personally by him. The head of the Ambassadorial Department and a small number of clerks were called to help in this.
The main duties of the Ambassadorial Order were to negotiate with representatives of foreign states. This function was directly performed by the head of the order himself. The order developed the most important documents in which the position of the Russian state on various foreign policy issues was substantiated. In addition, he resolved border conflicts, was engaged in the exchange of prisoners, etc. The appearance of the Ambassadorial Order had an impact on the reduction of the role of the Boyar Duma in solving foreign policy issues. The king rarely consulted with her on these issues, relying mainly on the opinion of the Ambassadorial order. The embassy order dealt with the affairs of foreign trade and judged foreigners in trade and other matters. In his hands was the ransom of the prisoners.
In the second half of the XVI century. a special central institution was created that was in charge of the affairs of serfs. Until now, this has been done by local governments and the State Order, which simultaneously performed many other functions. Now, in connection with the development of bonded servility, there is a need for a special body. The main duty of the Kholopye order was to register bonded records in special books. In addition, he considered claims in cases of runaway serfs, for which the registration of serf letters in the order was essential.
The stone order managed masons in many cities, was engaged in the construction of fortresses, churches, palaces, etc.
An important place in the system of orders was occupied by the Printed, which kept the sovereign's seals and collected printing fees from all documents that came from all orders, with the exception of the order of the Grand Palace, which was independent and took fees from its letters.
State communications with the cities were supported by one of the oldest orders of the Yamskaya. He built yam settlements, watched them, judged coachmen, and in the 17th century began to collect one of the heaviest direct taxes, large yam money. The latter gave it the significance of an important financial order.
Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the Secret Order was created, which can be seen as a symptom of the decline of the order system. The Order of Secret Affairs is the personal office of the king. He had the right to require reporting from any order or submission for the verification of individual cases and documents.
Another control body under Alexei Mikhailovich was the Accounts Order. By special decrees of the king, clerks and clerks of other orders were required to provide it with income and expense books to verify the legality and correctness of financial transactions.
The number of orders was constantly increasing: from thirty at the end of the 16th century. up to eighty at the end of the 17th century. The command system, which was formed over a long period of time without a definite plan and sequence, was extremely cumbersome and confusing. V. O. Klyuchevsky aptly compared it with a chaotic palace building: “The Moscow administration took shape as the sovereign Moscow palaces were built: along with the growth of the royal family and the economy, extensions and superstructures, towers, svetlitsy, new porches and passages were added to the main building.”
Although each order was in charge of a certain range of issues, there was no strict delimitation of competence between them. There were up to 15 orders for military administration, at least 10 for the state economy and up to 13 for the palace department. Since the sphere of activity of many orders coincided, not a single researcher has yet been able to compile a satisfactory classification of these institutions. With a large dose of conventionality, orders can be subdivided into
- 1) industry,
- 2) territorial and
- 3) palace. In turn, branch orders can be subdivided into
- a) class,
- b) the military
- c) judicial-police and d) financial. National orders in the full sense of the word were only a few orders, including Posolsky, who "was in charge of the affairs of all neighboring states", Yamskoy, who was in charge of the postal service throughout the state. The embassy order at first was just an executive body or a kind of office that formalized the decisions of the Boyar Duma on matters related to diplomatic relations. In the future, this order turned into an independent and influential institution. The order was subordinated to the diplomatic staff: great ambassadors, light ambassadors, envoys, messengers. The staff of the Ambassadorial Prikaz consisted of interpreters (translators), bailiffs, and gold painters to decorate diplomatic letters.
A number of orders dealt with the affairs of individual estates. The most important were the Discharge Order, which was in charge of the distribution and appointment of service people "according to the fatherland" and the Local Order, which endowed the nobles with estates. The category order was the largest, here they were in charge of recruiting the personnel of the army, administration, orders, they compiled “viewed lists” of service people, noting which of them were in the “yes” (present) and who were in the “nets” (absent). The monastic lands and monastic peasants were placed under the control of the Monastic Order, created after the stubborn resistance of the church authorities. The holopy order dealt with all cases related to bonded people and bonded records. Zemsky Prikaz was in charge of the townspeople, the Moscow Black Hundreds and settlements and the townspeople of small towns. This order also dealt with urban improvement: paved roads and cleaned the streets before the royal departure, for which about fifty "zemstvo sweepers" were kept.
The group of orders dealing with military affairs included Streletsky, Pushkarsky, Cossack. After the creation of regular "regiments of the foreign system", the Reitarsky and Foreign orders appeared, the Armory and the Barrel Order were engaged in armament, during the war temporary orders were created for the Gathering of military people and the Gathering of data people, the ransom of prisoners was the responsibility of the Polonyanichny order.
Judicial and police functions were performed by the Moscow and Vladimir Court Orders, the Order of Detective Cases and the Rogue Order, in which, according to G. Kotoshikhin, there were “shoulder masters; and there will be those masters in Moscow with 50 people, and they are given an annual salary. However, as already noted, since there was no separation of administrative and judicial functions in the Muscovite state, in practice the trial and reprisals were carried out in a variety of orders. For example, the archer was sued and punished in the Streltsy order, the bonded man in Kholopye, and so on. Many orders had their own dungeons and their own staff of shoulder masters, albeit not as numerous and qualified as in the Robbery Order. Complaints against officials were accepted in the Petition Order, and against higher dignitaries in the Order, that they beat the strong with their foreheads. However, this institution did not last long (1619-1639).
Trade and finance were in charge of the order of the Great Treasury. This order controlled state-owned manufactories, the Money Yard, foreign and domestic trade, the people of the living room and the cloth hundreds. The order of the Grand Parish was in charge of collections from shops, guest houses, cellars, measures, customs duties. The collection of direct and indirect taxes in some areas was in charge of the so-called "cheti" or "quarters". Despite its origin in the middle of the XVI century. at the stage of strengthening the centralized state, these institutions bore the features of an era of feudal fragmentation. Even their names reminded of the once independent principalities and republics: Novgorod, Yaroslavl and Kostroma, Vladimir, Ustyug, Galician quarters. The collection of certain types of taxes was carried out by the orders of the Collection of Streltsy money and the Collection of request and fifth money, etc. However, the collection of various kinds of monetary and in-kind duties was the responsibility of almost all administrative bodies, the difference was only in scale. The order of the Great Parish collected more than half a million rubles, and the fees of some orders did not exceed several thousand rubles, of which their own administrative expenses were covered. The Accounts Order was responsible for accounting for cash receipts from all sources, as well as for controlling expenses.
A separate group consisted of territorial orders. As a matter of fact, the territorial principle was traced even in the activities of the “fours”, or “quarters”, which had not only financial, but also administrative rights in relation to the taxable population of the areas under their jurisdiction. Border, remote and relatively recently annexed territories were controlled from Moscow by special orders: the Siberian order, the Little Russian order, the order of the Grand Duchy of Smolensk, the order of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the order of the Kazan Palace. All of them were central institutions. A large group of orders were palace orders. Since power in the Muscovite state was largely personal in nature, there was no clear boundary between state orders and institutions that served the needs of the tsar and courtiers. The tsar's treasury, inseparable from the state treasury, was kept in the Treasury Court. And noble people, and the clergy, and the royal servants from this court were annually given furs, cloth, morocco for boots, and so on. The royal income and expenses were in charge of the order of the Grand Palace, which collected taxes from 8 Moscow settlements and 40 Russian cities for the needs of the royal court. Courtyards obeyed the order of the Grand Palace: Sytenny, where wine, honey and beer were issued; Kormovoi, where food was prepared for the royal table and ambassadors; and kalachi, Koroviy, on which the royal herd was milked and dairy products were prepared. There were more than 40 thousand horses in Konyushennoye. In addition to the royal orders, there were also orders that were subordinate to the head of the Russian Orthodox Church: the patriarchal palace order, the patriarchal state order and the patriarchal court order.
