All living organisms on our planet are usually divided by official science into several large groups, which include a great variety of species and subspecies. Why are bacteria classified into a special kingdom? There are special reasons for this that allow scientists to use such a classification. Let us also look into this issue.
Two groups
Why are bacteria classified into a special kingdom? The answer is quite simple: all living creatures on our planet can be divided into two huge groups: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The second includes fungi with plants and animals - multicellular organisms.
The first is widely represented by bacteria (also cyan algae and microscopic fungi). Representatives of the first group have fundamental differences that make it possible to distinguish bacteria as special living beings, separating them from all others. Why are bacteria classified into a special kingdom? What is the difference, how did evolution distinguish them from others?
The main difference, or Why are bacteria classified into a special kingdom?
The main difference that allows for such a classification: a prokaryote does not have a nucleus, circular DNA exists directly in the cytoplasm (this segment is called a nucleoid). In eukaryotes, on the contrary, the nuclei are clearly formed, and the hereditary data are separated from the cytoplasm by their membranes. Thus, we see that bacteria are quite different from other living creatures living on Earth in their internal structure.
In addition, the vast majority of representatives of the other three kingdoms - animals, plants and fungi - are multicellular creatures. And almost all bacteria are single-celled.
Additional Features
There are additional reasons to understand why bacteria are classified into a special kingdom.
- Since prokaryotes do not have nuclei, there is no such thing as mitosis. They reproduce by simply dividing cells in half.
- Eukaryotes have large ribosomes and organelles: mitochondria and cell centers and the endoplasmic reticulum. And in bacteria, the role is played by mesosomes - outgrowths on the plasma membrane, and ribosomes - small non-membrane organelles.
- The cell of a prokaryote is much smaller than that of eukaryotes (about 10 times in diameter, about a thousand in volume).
Similarities of both groups
However, representatives of all groups are similar in their structure. The cells of any living organism contain: firstly, a plasma membrane, secondly, cytoplasm, and thirdly, ribosomes. This rule applies to all representatives of the kingdoms found in nature.
Manifold
Thus, we have established why bacteria are classified into a special kingdom of living organisms. And this kingdom is truly huge and includes a wide diversity of species, uniting archaebacteria and eubacteria, microscopic fungi and blue-green algae. Today's science understands bacteria as the smallest prokaryotic organisms, which are characterized by their cellular structure (size - 0.1-30 microns).
It is physically impossible to see these creatures visually, without the help of special optical devices. It is no coincidence that before the invention of the microscope device and even for some time after, some luminaries of science (including, for example, the famous Carl Linnaeus) denied the presence of these very important organisms in nature, attributing them to imagination. To date, scientists have studied only about two and a half thousand species of this kingdom. But much remains to be discovered - after all, not all species are known yet. And the study of various bacteria is carried out by a special branch of science - microbiology. She explores the most numerous inhabitants of our planet, which are invisible to the naked eye.
First question The kingdom of bacteria unites living organisms that have common characteristics: 1 Consist of... (one or many) cells 2 in the cell... (is present or absent) a clearly defined nucleus 3 Very small organisms, visible... (to the naked eye) eye or only with a microscope) 4 Found... (in all or only some) habitats Second question They are able to live both in the presence of oxygen (.... bacteria) and in an oxygen-free environment (.... .bacteria) Third question In industry, bacteria are used to produce fermented milk products, for example..... . Fourth question: Most bacteria are heterotrophs, that is, they are used for nutrition... . Among them there are saprotrophs that use... ; Bacteria settle in living organisms -... Question Five Bacteria multiply by... . The high rate of bacterial reproduction is especially dangerous in the case of the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, for example... . Sixth question Knowing about the existence of (invisible bacteria), it is important to follow the rules of hygiene: ... . I give 60 points
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Part 1. Kingdom of Bacteria
Subkingdom Real bacteria
Subkingdom Archaebacteria
Subkingdom Oxyphotobacteria
To the kingdom bacteria (from the Greek “bacterion” - stick) unite the most ancient inhabitants of our planet, which in everyday life are often called microbes. These organisms have a cellular structure, but their hereditary material is not separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane - in other words, they lack a formed nucleus. Most of them are much larger in size than viruses. Based on important features of life activity, and above all metabolism, scientists divide the kingdom of bacteria into three subkingdoms: Archaebacteria, True bacteria And Oxyphotobacteria.
Science studies the structure and characteristics of the life activity of microorganisms microbiology.
Subkingdom Real bacteria
Let us consider the structural features of bacteria using the example of representatives of the subkingdom True bacteria.
These are very ancient organisms, apparently appearing more than 3 billion years ago. Bacteria are microscopically small, but their clusters (colonies) are often visible to the naked eye. Based on the shape and characteristics of the grouping of cells, several categories of true bacteria are distinguished. Cocci have a spherical shape; diplococci consist of pairwise close spherical cells; streptococci formed by cocci, close together in the form of a chain; sarcins – clusters of cocci, looking like dense packs; staphylococci – a complex of cocci in the form of a grape bunch. bacilli, or sticks, – elongated bacteria; vibrios – arched bacteria, and spirilla – bacteria with an elongated, corkscrew-shaped shape, etc.
On the surface of bacterial cells there are often flagella - organelles of movement, with the help of which they move in a liquid environment. In their organization they differ from the flagella and cilia of plants and animals. Some bacteria move in a “reactive” way, releasing a portion of mucus into the environment. The cell wall of bacteria is built in a very unique way and includes compounds not found in plants, fungi and animals. Usually it is quite strong, its basis is the substance murein, which is a mixture of polysaccharides and proteins. The cell wall of many bacteria is covered with a layer of mucus on top. The cytoplasm is surrounded by a membrane that separates it from the inside from the cell wall.
Bacteria shape
Location of flagella in bacteria
There are few membranes in the cytoplasm of bacteria, and they are not independent structures, but invaginations of the outer cytoplasmic membrane. There are no organelles surrounded by a membrane (mitochondria and plastids). Protein synthesis is carried out by ribosomes, which are smaller in size than those of eukaryotes. All enzymes that provide vital processes are scattered in the cytoplasm or attached to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Bacteria usually reproduce by dividing in two. First, the cell elongates, the ring chromosome is doubled, a transverse constriction is gradually formed, and then the daughter cells disperse or remain connected in characteristic groups - chains, packets, etc.
Under unfavorable conditions, such as increased temperature or drying, many bacteria form disputes. In this case, part of the cytoplasm containing hereditary material is isolated and covered with a thick multilayer capsule. The cell seems to dry out - the metabolic processes in it stop. Bacterial spores are very resistant; they can remain viable in a dry state for many years, and also survive in the body of a sick person, despite active treatment with antibiotics. Bacterial spores are spread by wind and other means. When exposed to favorable conditions, the spore transforms into an active bacterial cell.
Spore formation scheme
Reproduction of a bacterial cell by fission in two
Autotrophic bacteria (from the Greek “auto” - myself and “trophos” - I feed), which independently synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones, a little. Some of them are capable of chemosynthesis– synthesis of organic substances that form their body from inorganic ones using the energy of oxidation of inorganic compounds. Others form organic molecules from inorganic ones in the process photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight.
In relation to oxygen, bacteria are divided into aerobes (existing only in an oxygen environment) and anaerobes (existing in an oxygen-free environment). In addition, groups of bacteria are known that live in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments.
Pathogenic bacteria
In nature, bacteria are extremely widespread. They inhabit the soil, playing role destroyers organic matter - the remains of dead animals and plants. By converting organic molecules into inorganic ones, bacteria thereby cleanse the surface of the planet from rotting residues and return chemical elements to the biological cycle.
And the role of bacteria in human life is enormous. Thus, the production of many food and technical products is impossible without the participation of various fermentation bacteria. As a result of the vital activity of bacteria, yogurt, kefir, cheese, koumiss, as well as enzymes, alcohols, and citric acid are obtained. The fermentation processes of food products are also associated with bacterial activity.
Bacteria are found symbionts (from the Latin “sim” - together, “bios” - life), which live in the organisms of plants and animals, bringing them certain benefits. For example, nodule bacteria, settling in the roots of some plants, they are able to absorb gaseous nitrogen from the soil air, convert it into soluble compounds and thus supply these plants with the nitrogen necessary for their life. As plants die, they enrich the soil with nitrogen compounds, which would be impossible without the participation of such bacteria.
Known predatory bacteria that eat representatives of other types of prokaryotes.
The negative role of bacteria is also great. Various types of bacteria cause food spoilage by releasing metabolic products that are toxic to humans. Most dangerous pathogenic (from the Greek “pathos” - disease and “genesis” - origin) bacteria are the source of various diseases in humans and animals, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, anthrax, salmonellosis, plague, cholera, etc. They affect bacteria and plants.
Symbiont bacteria form nodules on plant roots
The result of the activity of wood destroying bacteria
Subkingdom Archaebacteria*
Archaebacteria (from the Greek “archios” - the most ancient), perhaps the most ancient of living prokaryotes, and therefore of all other living organisms; they appeared on our planet more than 3.8 billion years ago.
In total, a little more than 40 species of archaebacteria have been described. Some of them are capable of living in extreme conditions.
Among the archaebacteria, the most famous methane-producing bacteria which, as a result of metabolism, emit flammable gas methane. A significant portion of methane on Earth (10–15×10 6 tons annually) is produced only by this group of prokaryotes. Methane-producing archaebacteria live in strictly anaerobic conditions: in flooded soils, swamps, sludge of reservoirs, wastewater treatment plants, and ruminant rumen.
Another group of archaebacteria - the so-called halobacteria– organisms capable of growth at very high salt concentrations. They live in salt lakes.
Among archaebacteria there are those that oxidize sulfur and its inorganic compounds to form sulfuric acid and therefore can cause the destruction of stone and concrete structures, corrosion of metals, etc.
Halobacteria
Halobacteria live in the salty sediments of the Dead Sea
Sulfur bacteria
Methane-producing archaebacteria live in swamps
Subkingdom Oxyphotobacteria*
The subkingdom includes several groups of bacteria, in particular the department cyanobacteria, often called blue-green algae. They are very widespread throughout the world. About 2 thousand species of cyanobacteria are known. These are ancient organisms that arose about 3 billion years ago. It is assumed that changes in the composition of the ancient atmosphere of the Earth and its enrichment with oxygen are associated with the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacterial cells, round, elliptical, cylindrical, barrel-shaped or other in shape, can remain solitary, unite in colonies, or form multicellular filaments. They often secrete mucus in the form of a thick sheath, surrounded in some forms by a dense shell. In some species, the threads branch and in some places form multi-row thalli. Filamentous forms of cyanobacteria, in addition to ordinary cells, have those that are capable of absorbing nitrogen from atmospheric air, converting it into various soluble inorganic substances. These cells supply nitrogen compounds to other cells of the thread. Cyanobacteria, unlike true bacteria, never have flagella. Cyanobacteria usually reproduce by dividing cells in two; they do not have a sexual process.
Different forms of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria and archaebacteria in a hot spring
Cyanobacteria often cause blooms in ponds
Cyanobacteria form green spots on rocks
Most cyanobacteria are autotrophic organisms and can synthesize all cell substances using light energy. However, they are also capable of a mixed type of nutrition.
Cyanobacteria often enter into symbiosis with other organisms. And in symbiosis with fungi they form organisms such as lichens.
Most species inhabit freshwater basins, a few live in the seas. When cyanobacteria multiply en masse, they often cause water “blooming” in ponds, which negatively affects the life of the inhabitants of the reservoir, since many cyanobacteria release toxic substances during their life processes. In addition, due to the massive death of cyanobacteria, the water begins to rot and an unpleasant odor appears. You cannot drink water from such reservoirs. On land, cyanobacteria live in the soil and form characteristic green deposits on rocks and tree bark.
Species of the genus Anabena are artificially bred in the tropics in rice fields to enrich the soil with nitrogen compounds. Thanks to the nitrogen-fixing properties of this bacterium, which lives in the cavities of the leaves of the azolla aquatic fern, rice can grow for a long time in the same place without applying fertilizers. Some cyanobacteria in Eastern countries are used as food.
Microphotographs of various cyanobacteria
Questions and tasks
1. What are the structural features of a bacterial cell? What chemicals make up the body of bacteria?
2. Name the main forms of bacterial cells.
3. How do bacteria travel?
4. Using the textbook material, make a table and enter into it groups of bacteria and how they obtain energy.
5. Are there predators among bacteria?
6. What systematic group do archaebacteria form?
7. What organisms are called aerobes? Why? How are they different from anaerobes?
8. List the structural features of cyanobacterial cells.
9. How do bacteria reproduce?
10. Why do you think bacteria are considered the most ancient organisms?
11. Discuss in class how you can prevent water bodies from blooming.
12. Make a detailed plan for the paragraph.
Work with computer
Refer to the electronic application. Study the material and complete the assigned tasks.
1. http://artsiz.ucoz.ua/publ/shkolnikam_na_zametku/prokarioty/2-1-0-1 (General characteristics of prokaryotes)
2. http://www.worldofnature.ru/dia/?act=viewcat&cid=578 (Prokaryotes: information and illustrations)
Part 2. Kingdom of Mushrooms
Division Chytridiomycota
Division Zygomycota
Division Basidiomycota
Group Imperfect fungi
Oomikota Department
Lichens group
Modern biologists classify fungi as an independent kingdom of organisms that differ significantly from plants and animals.
Science is studying the kingdom of mushrooms, which includes at least 100 thousand species. mycology (from the Greek “mikos” - mushroom, “logos” - teaching).
Scientists believe that fungi are a collective group of organisms with different origins. It is possible that fungi were among the first eukaryotes, but their early history is virtually unknown. The vast majority of modern fungi live on land. However, the oldest fungi were apparently freshwater or marine organisms.
Mushrooms lack the pigment that ensures photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and are heterotrophs. Some properties of mushrooms bring them closer to animals: they accumulate in cells as a reserve nutrient glycogen, and not starch, like plants; the cell membrane contains chitin, similar to arthropod chitin; as a product of nitrogen metabolism they form urea On the other hand, in terms of their feeding method (by absorption, not swallowing food), in terms of unlimited growth and immobility, they resemble plants.
A distinctive feature of mushrooms is the structure of their vegetative body. This mycelium, or mycelium, consisting of thin branching thread-like tubes - gif.
Cap mushrooms
Mushrooms are diverse in structure and widely distributed in various habitats. Their sizes vary widely: from microscopically small (unicellular forms - yeast) to large specimens, the body of which reaches half a meter or more in diameter (for example, large spherical puffballs, as well as edible mushrooms - porcini, boletus, etc.).
The mycelium, or mycelium, has a huge surface area through which it absorbs nutrients. The part of the mycelium located in the soil is called soil mycelium. The outer part - what we usually call a mushroom - also consists of hyphae, but very tightly intertwined. This - fruiting body mushroom. Reproductive organs are formed on it.
In most fungi, the mycelium is divided by partitions into individual cells. The septa have pores through which the cytoplasm of neighboring cells communicates. Uniting in bundles, the hyphae form large strands, sometimes reaching several meters in length. Such cords perform, in particular, a conductive function. In some cases, dense interlacing of hyphae form thickenings rich in reserve nutrients, ensuring the survival of the fungus in unfavorable conditions when the main part of the mycelium dies. From these, in conditions suitable for existence, mycelium develops again.
Mushroom structure
A fungal cell, as a rule, has a well-defined cell wall. The cytoplasm contains a significant number of ribosomes and mitochondria; the Golgi apparatus is poorly developed. Protein granules can often be found in vacuoles. A large number of inclusions are represented by glycogen granules and fat droplets. The hereditary, or genetic, apparatus of the cell is concentrated in the nuclei, the number of which ranges from one to several dozen.
Some unicellular fungi, such as yeast, have a body formed by a single budding cell. If the budding daughter cells do not separate from each other, a mycelium consisting of several cells is formed.
Fungi reproduce mainly asexually - disputes or vegetatively - parts of the mycelium. Spores develop on specialized hyphae - sporangiophores, rising above the soil or other substrates. There is also sexual reproduction.
Cloud of spores formed by fungi
Fungal hyphae in soil
Diagram of the structure of a fungal cell
A close connection is established between the roots of trees and the mycelium of some mushrooms, which is beneficial to both the mushroom and the plant - symbiosis occurs. The mycelium threads entwine the root and even penetrate inside it, forming mycorrhiza (from the Greek “mikos” - mushroom and “riza” - root). The mycelium absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil, which flow from it into the roots of trees. Thus, the mycelium can partially replace root hairs for trees. From the roots of the plant, the mycelium, in turn, receives the organic substances it needs for nutrition and the formation of fruiting bodies.
Mushrooms play both positive and negative roles in human economic activity. Yeast, which causes the fermentation process, is of great importance in the food industry. Many fungi produce biologically active substances, enzymes, and organic acids. They are used in the microbiological industry for the production of citric and other organic acids, as well as enzymes and vitamins. A number of species, such as ergot and chaga, are used as raw materials for the production of medicines.
Mushrooms are traditionally eaten. There are over 150 species of edible mushrooms found in our country, but only a few dozen are widely used.
Fungi are known to cause human diseases, such as mycosis of the feet, hands, and nails. Some fungi cause diseases in domestic animals, harming livestock production. An example of such a fungal disease is ringworm. Many fungi cause plant diseases - tinder fungi on trees, ergot in cereals, etc.
Sexual reproduction of basidiomycete fungi
Pathogens: Chytridiomycota fungi
Sporangia with spores
Mycologists include several divisions in the kingdom of mushrooms: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota And Basidiomycota. The largest of them are Ascomycota And Basidiomycota.
A separate group is formed imperfect mushrooms, which reproduce only asexually or vegetatively and never form fruiting bodies.
Division Chytridiomycota*
Division Zygomycota
Pilobolus on manure
Flour on bread
Mortirella
Division Ascomycota, or marsupial mushrooms
Ascomycota is one of the most extensive divisions (about 30 thousand species). They got their name due to the formation of closed structures - bags (ascas) containing spores. The Ascomycota department includes, in particular, yeast, represented by single budding cells, numerous multicellular fungi with large fruiting bodies, for example morels And lines.
Representatives of Ascomycota are widespread in all natural zones and regions. According to their feeding method, they are heterotrophs; they live in the soil, forest litter, on various plant substrates and feed on rotting remains. Some species of ascomycota develop on substrates of animal origin, while others participate in the decomposition of plant residues containing cellulose into inorganic molecules.
Many species of ascomycota form substances used in medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases (antibiotics), enzymes, organic acids and are used for their industrial production.
A group widely used by humans from the Ascomycota division is yeast. It is important to note that among yeast there are no species that form substances toxic to humans. When food spoilage caused by yeast, the taste and appearance change, but harmful substances do not accumulate, as is observed with poisonous mushrooms and bacteria. Baker's yeast exists only in culture. They are represented by hundreds of races: wine, bakery, beer and spirits.
Bag (asca) with spores
Ergot cells contain highly toxic (poisonous) substances that can cause poisoning if they get into flour or animal feed. Substances isolated from ergot are widely used in modern medicine to treat cardiovascular, nervous and other diseases. They are especially effective in obstetric and gynecological practice.
Some representatives of Ascomycota, such as morels and truffles, edible.
Ergot
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Kingdom is one of the divisions of classification of living organisms in nature from a scientific point of view. One of the five main kingdoms of living organisms is the kingdom of bacteria. Otherwise they are called crushers.
This level of classification unites such subkingdoms as:
- bacteria.
The subkingdom of bacteria of the latter unites representatives of archaebacteria and. Bacteria are the smallest prokaryotic organisms characterized by a cellular structure. are 0.1-30 microns, and it is impossible to see them visually. Today, about 2,500 have been studied in nature. Microbiology studies bacteria. She examines representatives of the kingdom of bacteria that are not visible without special equipment (microorganisms):
- bacteria,
- microscopic mushrooms,
- seaweed.
Microbiology systematizes them into kingdoms, analyzes morphology, biochemistry, physiology, evolution and role in ecological systems.
A distinctive feature of representatives of the kingdom of bacteria is the absence of a membrane-surrounded nucleus separated from the cytoplasm. Some of them have , which makes them resistant to phagocytosis. Representatives of this kingdom are capable of reproduction every 20-30 minutes. Possibly both sexually and by budding in some species. There are also varieties capable of sporulation (like mushrooms).
Classifications of microorganisms
Depending on the shape of the bacterial cell, they are distinguished:
- (balls);
- (sticks);
- vibrios (curved like a boomerang);
- spirilla (spirals);
- (chain-shaped);
- (bunch-shaped).
According to the method of assimilation of nutrients from the surrounding nature, representatives of this kingdom are divided into the following groups:
In terms of their feeding method, bacteria are similar to fungi (saprotrophs, symbionts). Bacteria live in nature wherever there is at least some organic matter: dust, water, soil, air, on animals, inside other living organisms. Their numbers grow every 20-30 minutes. In addition, there is another group of microscopic organisms that are. These are cyanobacteria. They are able to photosynthesize thanks to pigments similar in properties to those found in plants and algae. , thanks to the pigment, can be blue-green and green. They live colonially, in filamentous formations and alone. Due to their similarity to algae, they can be in symbiosis with fungi, forming a group of lichens. :
- obligate aerobes - live in conditions of free access to oxygen;
- obligate anaerobes - live in conditions of complete absence of oxygen;
- facultative anaerobes - can exist under any conditions of oxygen access.
Functions of microorganisms in human life
They play a huge role, which is explained by the following facts:
- by the process of their life activity they contribute to the formation of humus (an organic fertilizer necessary for plant life).
- Some microorganisms are capable of converting organic substances into inorganic ones in nature in a short time, which is especially important for.
- In the human and animal body there are microorganisms involved in the digestion of food consumed and the formation of vitamins.
- Bacteria capable of causing are widely used to produce alcohol, acetic acid, fermented milk products, and silage.
- Some bacteria can produce substances that can inhibit the vital activity of other living organisms, which has found its application in the production of antibiotics.
- Feed protein synthesis.
- Participation of some bacteria in the synthesis of insulin, organic acids, alcohols, and polymeric substances.
- The ability of some microorganisms to cause the death of the host.
- Live bacteria are also used to make vaccines.
Negative effects of bacteria
In addition to all the positive properties of microorganisms listed, it should be mentioned that some bacteria can cause diseases. They are called
Biology test Kingdom of Prokaryotes for 7th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each option consists of 3 parts (Part A, Part B, Part C). Part A has 9 tasks, Part B has 3 tasks, Part C has 1 task.
1 option
A1. All bacteria inhabiting planet Earth are united in the kingdom
1) Prokaryotes
2) Mushrooms
3) Plants
4) Animals
A2. Formed core Not have
1) mushrooms
2) plants
3) bacteria
4) animals
A3. The bacterial flagellum is an organelle for
1) movement
2) protein storage
3) reproduction
A4. Bacterial spores serve to
1) power supply
2) breathing
3) reproduction
4) enduring unfavorable conditions
A5. Organisms that feed on prepared organic substances are called
1) aerobes
2) anaerobes
3) autotrophs
4) heterotrophs
A6. Organisms that absorb oxygen during respiration are called
1) aerobes
2) anaerobes
3) autotrophs
4) heterotrophs
A7. Bacteria convert the remains of dead bodies of organisms into inorganic substances.
1) destroyers
2) symbionts
3) nodule
4) pathogenic
A8. The feeding method of most cyanobacteria is
A9. Methane-producing bacteria live in
1) swamps
2) salt lakes
3) plant roots
4) spring water
B1.
A. Chemosynthesis is the process of formation of organic substances using the energy of inorganic compounds.
B. Kefir is produced using fermentation bacteria.
1) Only A is correct
2) Only B is correct
3) Both judgments are correct
4) Both judgments are incorrect
B2.
The bacterial cell contains
1) decorated core
2) chloroplast
3) cytoplasm
4) outer membrane
5) mitochondria
6) flagellum
B3. Establish a correspondence between the nutritional feature and the ecological group of bacteria.
Nutrition feature
A. They feed on the juices of living organisms, causing them harm
B. They themselves form organic substances using the energy of sunlight
B. Carry out the transformation of organic substances of dead bodies into inorganic compounds
Ecological group of bacteria
B1.
Organisms that themselves produce organic substances belong to the group ... (A), and organisms that absorb ready-made organic substances are ... (B). Of these, plant organisms in which sunlight is the primary source of energy are called ... (B).
1. Phototrophs.
2. Autotrophs.
3. Heterotrophs.
Option 2
A1. The most ancient inhabitants of our planet -
1) mushrooms
2) plants
3) bacteria
4) animals
A2. Hereditary material of the cell Not separated from the cytoplasm
1) mushrooms
2) plants
3) bacteria
4) animals
A3. Separates the bacterial cell from the environment
1) cytoplasm
2) flagellum
3) nuclear membrane
4) outer membrane
A4. Bacterial cells multiply
1) disputes
2) flagella
3) areas of the cytoplasm
4) cell division
A5. Organisms that are able to synthesize organic substances from inorganic compounds are called
1) aerobes
2) anaerobes
3) autotrophs
4) heterotrophs
A6. Organisms that exist in an oxygen-free environment are called
1) aerobes
2) anaerobes
3) autotrophs
4) heterotrophs
A7. Bacteria that interact with other organisms for mutual benefit are called
1) destroyers
2) symbionts
3) pathogenic
4) predatory
A8. The mutually beneficial relationship between cyanobacteria and fungi is called
A9. Halobacteria live in
1) swamps
2) salt lakes
3) plant roots
4) fresh water bodies
B1. Are the following statements true?
A. Photosynthesis is the process of formation of organic substances using the energy of sunlight.
B. Pathogenic bacteria affect only the human body and are not found in the body of plants and animals.
1) Only A is correct
3) Only B is correct
4) Both judgments are correct
5) Both judgments are incorrect
B2. Choose three true statements.
Bacteria carry out life processes
1) cell division in half
2) propagation by seeds
3) breathing
4) tissue formation
5) food
6) formation of organs
B3. Establish a correspondence between the feeding habits of bacteria and the feeding method.
Features of bacterial nutrition
A. They live in the bodies of other organisms and benefit them
B. Eat other bacteria
B. They themselves form organic substances using the energy of inorganic compounds
Nutrition method
1. Autotrophic
2. Symbiosis
3. Predation
IN 1. Read the text. Fill in the blanks with the numbers that represent the words below.
The contents of the bacterial cell are limited by... (A). In a prokaryotic cell there is no... (B). Bacteria that absorb oxygen during respiration are called ... (B), and those that use other substances for oxidation are ... (D).
1. Anaerobes.
2. Plasma membrane.
3. Aerobes.
4. Nuclear envelope.
Answers to the biology test Kingdom of Prokaryotes
1 option
A1-1
A2-3
A3-1
A4-4
A5-4
A6-1
A7-1
A8-1
A9-1
B1-3
B2-346
B3-231
B1-231
Option 2
A1-3
A2-3
A3-4
A4-4
A5-3
A6-2
A7-2
A8-1
A9-2
B1-1
B2-134
B3-231
B1-2431
