What parts are distinguished from the sacrum? Where is the sacrum located and what functions does it perform in the body? What functions do the sacral vertebrae perform?

The sacrum has a triangular shape with the base, basis ossis sacri, facing upward, and the apex, apex ossis sacri, facing downwards. The anterior edge of the base of the sacrum, together with the body of the last lumbar vertebra, forms a protruding angle - the promontory, promontorium.

The anterior, or pelvic, surface of the sacrum, facies pelvina, is concave. It shows the places of fusion of the vertebral bodies in the form of transverse lines, lineae transversae, and at the ends of these lines - the pelvic sacral foramina, foramina sacralia pelvina. On the dorsal surface of the sacrum they correspond to foramina sacralia dorsalia. Along it there are 5 ridges formed from the fusion of individual parts of the vertebrae, namely: from the fusion of the spinous processes - an unpaired ridge along the midline, crista sacralis mediana, on its sides - paired intermediate sacral ridges, cristae sacrales intermediae (places of fusion of the articular processes), and even more lateral - paired lateral sacral ridges, cristae sacrales laterales (places of fusion of the transverse processes). Outside the sacral foramina are the lateral parts of the sacrum, partes laterales, formed from the fusion of the transverse processes and sacral ribs.

On their lateral sides there are articular surfaces, facies auriculares, curved like the auricle (auricula), for connection with the ilium. Posterior to each of them is the sacral tuberosity, tuberositas sacralis (place of attachment of muscles and ligaments).

Inside the sacrum runs the sacral canal, canalis sacralis, which is a continuation of the spinal canal. Due to the disappearance of the tail in humans and the reduction of the tail muscles, the corresponding parts of the sacral vertebrae are reduced, therefore the sacral canal in its lower part does not close, but opens with the sacral fissure, hiatus sacralis (hiatus - gap).

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Anatomy and functions of the sacrum

The sacrum is a triangle-shaped bone in the human musculoskeletal system, located at the base of the spine (lumbosacral region). The bone is formed from 5 sacral vertebrae, which are fused together. The anatomy and function of the sacrum may vary depending on age. Namely, until the age of 25, a person’s sacrum looks like vertebrae with cartilage, and after 25 they fuse into a solid bone. This fusion is necessary to withstand and distribute loads. Consequently, this structure plays a fairly important role in the body.

The anatomy of the sacrum is different in men and women. In women, the sacrum is adapted for labor. Therefore, the bone is shorter than in men, but wider. In men, the sacrum is more curved, while in women it is more even in shape.

Anatomy

To begin with, the anatomical structure of the sacrum needs to be considered based on its surfaces:

• back surface;
• pelvic surface;
• side surfaces;
• the surface that is the base of the bone;
• apex of bone;
• channel.

The back surface is convex and at the same time it is narrower than the front surface. At the same time, there are 5 convex ridges on it, which are formed from the fusion of the vertebrae of the sacrum - articular, transverse and spinous. The middle comb consists of spinous processes. Sometimes all these tubercles merge into one large ridge.

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The pelvic surface is called the anterior surface; it is concave. This concavity is observed both above and below, and on the sides. In this case, in the center of the pelvic surface there are 4 diameters that intersect. It is these diameters that are located in the places where the sacral vertebrae are fused. From the midline, at an equal distance from it, there are 4 round holes. Gradually these holes decrease in diameter, this happens from top to bottom. Through these openings pass the sacral arteries and branches from the sacral nerves that pass through the canal. This is the main function of these holes.

The base of the sacrum looks like a highlighted part of it, which is moved slightly forward and directed upward. The top is on the opposite side and has an oval shape. At this point a connection with the coccyx is formed. Next comes the articular surface, which is needed to connect the coccygeal bone to the sacrum.

The canal in the sacrum runs through its entire length and has a curved shape. The canal, like the entire shape of the bone, is widened upward and narrowed downward. It is designed for sacral type nerves to pass through it. They converge into a plexus and then pass through the holes. The canal ends with the sacral fissure.

Sacralization and lumbalization

There are 2 concepts that indicate the presence of certain features of the anatomy of the sacrum. Namely, this:

• Sacralization is a condition in which a person’s fifth lumbar vertebra is fused to the sacrum.
• Lumbarization is a special structure of the sacral spine in which the first sacral vertebra is not fused with the second sacral vertebra. This condition is called an anomaly in which a person has an extra vertebra. With a normal structure of the spine, lumbarization does not occur.

These features often cause various pathologies of the spine. For example, lumbarization often provokes a severe form of scoliosis.

Sacrum and coccyx

Both the sacrum and coccyx are bony structures that belong to the craniosacral system. Namely, they are located at the very bottom of this system. The coccyx, like the sacrum, is a bone that consists of 4 or 5 coccygeal vertebrae. But the coccygeal vertebrae are not yet fused at a young age. They are connected by cartilage tissue. The coccyx and sacrum are connected by the coccygeal horns, and in general by its entire surface.

The structure of the sacrum and coccyx is very similar. Both structures have a canal that is located in the center of both bones. At the coccyx it is much narrower than at the sacrum, as it gradually narrows from top to bottom.

Connections and muscles of the sacrum

At the base of the sacrum, it connects to the V lumbar vertebra. It is also called the transitional lumbosacral vertebra. And the apex connects to the coccygeal bone. In addition, there is also a connection with both pelvic bones. The sacrum is connected to them by a flat sacroiliac joint, which is characterized by slight mobility.

Ligaments play an important role in the anatomical structure of the sacral bone and joints. These include:

• Sacroiliac ligament – ​​it is attached to the joint of the same name and is very strong. This bundle is made up of many bundles. They are located between the sacral tuberosity and the ilium.
• The sacrotuberous ligament is a ligament that begins near the sacrum and attaches to the ischial tuberosity.
• Sacrospinous ligament - this structure is thinner and shorter than the others. This ligament originates near the top of the sacrum and ends on the ischium.

The muscles important for the musculoskeletal system are attached to the sacrum. Namely the piriformis muscle, which promotes hip movement. It begins directly from the sacrum and is also attached to the greater sciatic foramen and ligamentous apparatus. Muscle bundles extend from these structures and are directed to the greater trochanter of the femur.

The gluteus maximus muscle also extends from the sacrum. This muscle also has an important function. It consists in the ability to bend the limb. The gluteal muscle originates from the sacral and coccygeal bones. Muscle bundles are directed to the gluteal tuberosity. This gluteal muscle is considered the largest in the lumbosacral region.

The iliacus and multifidus muscles are also located in the lumbosacral region. The ilium, like everything else in this section, begins from the sacrum. Its fibers are attached to the iliac crest and fossa. This muscle is directed to the lesser trochanter of the femur. This structure is responsible for bending the legs.

The multifidus muscle begins on the sacrum, or rather, in its grooves. She is responsible for bending the back. We can conclude that the sacrum with its muscular system performs very important functions for the body and thanks to it, the mobility of the limbs and back is ensured.

Sacroiliac joint

This joint is a paired structure that is formed from the connection of the sacrum and ilium. Namely, the connection occurs at the site of the ear-shaped surfaces. Fibrous cartilage is localized in this joint. Another feature of the joint is that its density is slit-like. This is explained by the strong tension of the articular capsule, since it is attached to the very edge of the surface.

The sacroiliac joint is equipped with the strongest ligamentous apparatus in the human body. The blood supply to this joint occurs through venous drainage into the sacroiliac vein.

Functions

The sacrum performs quite important functions for the entire body. Namely, this bone maintains the vertical position of the musculoskeletal system. Another important function is the rational distribution of loads.

It should be noted that the sacrum has a different shape in men and women. This is due to the fact that the female body is adapted to pregnancy and labor. At the same time, in women the tailbone is more mobile. And also the location of the pelvic bones is somewhat different in women, for the same reason.

The sacrum is concave in its anatomy and its pelvic surface is a kind of support for the organs that are localized in this area. These organs include the bladder, intestines, ureters, uterus and ovaries.

Nerve roots pass through the sacrum, which then go to the rectum, legs, bladder and perineum. Thus, the functions of this bone also involve the passage of important structures along it and their protection.

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Structure and functions of the sacrum in humans

The sacrum bone is located at the base of the spinal column of the skeleton and is shaped like a triangle. The human sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. Initially, it is not a complete bone, but consists of individual vertebrae connected by cartilage. Complete fusion occurs only after 25 years. Where is the sacrum located, what are its features? What are the differences in the structure of the sacrum in men and women?

Spinal column

Vertebrae take part in the formation of skeletal support. Seven of them go to build the cervical region, twelve to form the thoracic region, and five form the lumbar region. The remaining sections of the column have a special structure, since the vertebrae that form them are fused. This is how the sacrum and coccyx are formed. Intervertebral discs are located between individual vertebrae. It is this disc that is also present between the sacrum and the final vertebra of the lumbar region. Their main function is depreciation. Incorrect position of the sacral vertebrae threatens the occurrence of pain in this area.

Vertebra

The components of the column are the vertebrae. They have a cylindrical body, which is characterized by maximum strength, since it bears the main load. This element performs the main supporting function. At the back of the body there is an arch, which in structure resembles a semi-ring with extending processes. The vertebral foramen, which participates in the formation of the spinal cord container - the spinal canal, is formed by the body and the arch. The vertebrae have several processes. Some of them appear in the attachment of muscles (spinous and transverse). Others form facet joints and have the corresponding name - articular. The vertebra has a spongy structure, that is, it belongs to the spongy bones. This structure is characterized by the presence of cavities in which bone marrow is located, which plays an important role in hematopoiesis.

Intervertebral disc

It resembles an outwardly flat, rounded plate. In the center of such a disc there is a nucleus pulposus, which provides shock absorption. The nucleus is surrounded on all sides by a fibrous ring, which blocks the movement of individual vertebrae. The fibers of the ring intersect in three directions, which provides it with the greatest strength.

Intervertebral foramen

They are formed by the articular processes, as well as the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. Next to the spine are the paravertebral (paravertebral) muscles, which provide the function of supporting the spinal column and also make turns and bends possible.

Anatomy of the sacrum

The sacral spine is located in the form of a wedge between the iliac bones, below it is the coccyx. A triangular bone has a base (or base), which faces upward, and an apex. The body of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the anterior edge of the base of the sacrum form a promontory in the form of a protruding angle. The bone has anterior and posterior surfaces. The first has a concave shape. It has transversal lines that reflect the areas of fusion of the sacral vertebrae. At the ends of these lines, the pelvic openings of the sacrum are identified, which correspond to the dorsal openings on the posterior surface.

Fusions of parts of the vertebrae form 5 ridges on the dorsal surface of the sacrum. The median ridge reflects the fusion of the spinous processes, 2 intermediate ridges are formed during the fusion of the articular processes, and the lateral ridges are the site of formation of the transverse processes.

On the lateral surfaces of the bone, articular (or articular) surfaces are identified that connect with the iliac bones. The place of attachment of some ligaments and muscles is the tuberosity, which is located posterior to the articular surfaces.

The sacral canal is located inside the bone of the same name. It is not closed, but ends in the sacral fissure.

The sacral canal is characterized by a curved shape. In its upper part the channel is wider; downwards it gradually narrows. The sacral canal communicates with the sacral foramina, which is provided by the intervertebral foramina.

The female sacrum differs from the male one by being less curved. In addition, this bone is wider and shorter in women.

Bone joints

The base of the sacrum connects to the fifth lumbar vertebra (transitional lumbosacral vertebra), and the apex connects to the coccyx. In addition, the bone connects to the pelvic bones.

Iliosacral joint

The sacrum bone connects to the pelvic bones on both sides. Due to the fact that the articular surface resembles the auricle, it is called auricular. It is covered with cartilage (hyaline), it is this surface that is involved in the connection with the ilium, the articular surface of which is covered with fibrous cartilage. In childhood, the joint has great mobility, which is gradually lost.

Significance in the body

The functions of the sacrum are:

• maintaining the vertical position of the skeleton;
• load redistribution.

How is the female pelvis different from the male pelvis?

The differences are due to the fact that the female pelvis is adapted to labor. It is wider and shorter. The size of the hole also varies; in women it has such a diameter that the baby’s body can pass through it. In addition, the size further increases during childbirth, which is ensured by the mobility of the coccyx. The pelvic bones of men have greater curvature.

Muscle anatomy

The sacrum is the attachment point for several important muscles that are involved in the motor activity of the lower limb. Among them is the piriformis muscle, which is responsible for the rotational movements of the hip. Its origin is the sacrum, as well as ligaments and the greater sciatic foramen.

The muscle extends from these structures in three small bundles, which are subsequently united. After this, the muscle is directed to the femur, namely to its greater trochanter. Another muscle whose function is no less important is the iliacus. It also originates from the sacrum.

Additional muscle fibers originate from the iliac fossa and crest. This muscle, like the previous one, ends on the femur, but is already attached to the lesser trochanter. Its function is to flex the limb. The multifidus muscle has the appearance of several bundles. It, located in the grooves of the sacrum, is responsible for bending the back back.

The largest muscle in this area is the gluteus maximus muscle, which also originates from the sacrum and coccyx. In addition, its bundles begin from the ilium. The muscle ends on the gluteal tuberosity. The structure is responsible for both rotation and flexion of the limb. Damage to the described muscles by the inflammatory process is usually accompanied by impaired mobility and pain. The visual location of these structures is shown in the figure.

Anatomy of joints and ligaments

The sacrum connects to the pelvic bone through the sacroiliac joint. It is paired and has a flat shape. The mobility of the joint is insignificant. It has a very strong joint capsule, which is connected to the ligaments under strong tension.

The sacroiliac ligament is the strongest and is attached to the joint of the same name. It consists of numerous bundles that are localized in the gap between the ilium and the sacral tuberosity. In addition, the sacroiliac joint connects to the ventral and dorsal sacral ligaments.

Another ligament is the sacrotuberous ligament. Its origin is located in the sacral region. The bundles of the ligament connect and attach to the ischial tuberosity. There is also a sacrospinous ligament, also a pair. It is thinner and shorter. Starting from the top of the sacrum, the structure goes towards the ischial spine, to which it is attached.

Blood supply

Blood delivery to the muscles described above is carried out thanks to certain arteries. Thus, the gluteal arteries are responsible not only for the muscle structures of the same name, but also nourish the piriformis muscles. These arteries are divided into superior and inferior. The blood supply to the iliac muscle involves the branch of the same name, which originates from the iliopsoas artery. In addition, it is supplied with blood by the circumflex femoral artery. Finally, the viability of the multifidus muscles is ensured by the lumbar arteries.

Innervation

Muscle activity is unthinkable without innervation. The lumbar and sacral plexuses are responsible for the iliacus and piriformis muscles, respectively. The gluteal muscles are innervated by the nerves of the same name, and the spinal nerves are responsible for the activity of the multifidus muscles.

Sacral plexus

The largest of all plexuses is the sacral one, which is formed from the lumbar nerves (fourth and fifth), as well as from the sacral nerves (first - fourth), arising from the anterior sacral foramina. The plexus lies on the ventral surface of the sacrum and piriformis muscle. It is covered by a parietal layer of the pelvic fascia.

The plexus forms short and long branches. The position of the plexus nerves is indicated in the figure.

Among the long branches, the most important is the sciatic nerve. Damage to this nerve causes pain of varying intensity, which often requires blockades to relieve pain. The extensive localization of pain in sciatica is explained by the large length of the nerve, which stretches along the thigh and then divides into smaller branches. The nerve of the same name, the posterior cutaneous nerve, is responsible for the innervation of the skin in the thigh area.

There are more short branches; they innervate the skin and muscles in the genital area, as well as the muscles of the belt. Among them, the pudendal nerve is distinguished, the branches of which go to the anus, innervating its sphincter and surrounding skin. Some of the branches provide the function of the muscles of the perineum, they received the appropriate name. And another branch is the dorsal nerve, which is involved in the innervation of the external genitalia in both men and women. The gluteal muscles are innervated by nerves of the same name. In addition, there are muscle branches that are responsible for other muscles in this area.

Skeletal injuries – sacral fractures

Fractures of the sacrum can be combined with injuries to the coccyx and pelvic bones. Depending on the severity, two types of fractures can be distinguished.

1. Uncomplicated (stable), which is characterized by the absence of displacement of fragments. There is no damage to blood vessels or nerves.
2. Complicated (unstable), characterized by displacement of fragments and damage to the neurovascular bundle.

A stable fracture is usually treated with conservative methods and has a shorter recovery period.

The following types can also be distinguished:

• vertical fracture, which has a vertical fracture line;
• oblique, characterized by a diagonal fracture line and, as a rule, combined with damage to the pelvic bones;
• horizontal - the fracture line is located horizontally and is usually located in the lower half of the sacrum or in the center.

The main symptom of such traumatic skeletal injuries is pain, the intensity of which can vary. In addition, patients are concerned about numbness of the skin of the lumbar region, as well as the hips and buttocks. Paresis of the limbs is often observed. Swelling and, in some cases, hematoma are found at the site of injury. For diagnosis, radiography is usually used, as well as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, which help to identify even minimal skeletal damage.

To treat traumatic injuries, conservative methods are predominantly used, which are aimed at restoring the integrity of the damaged bone and reducing pain. Immediately after the injury, bed rest and limited mobility are required. Further therapy combines analgesics and physiotherapy. In more severe cases, when the fracture is complicated, it is necessary to resort to surgical intervention.

1. Atlas of human anatomy. Samusev R.P., 2003;
2. Human anatomy. Gain M.G. and others. Moscow, Medicine, 1985;
3. Atlas of human anatomy. Sinelnikov R.D., 1996.

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The sacrum is a triangular-shaped bone at the base of the spine

Not many people know human anatomy. Where the arms and legs are located, what parts they consist of, are clear to many ordinary people. But not everyone knows the numerous nuances of the human structure. And therefore there is no proper attention, and thrift for one’s body is not shown. A component of the pelvis, like the sacrum, plays an important role in the human body. Often his injury can lead to dire consequences. To understand this, you should carefully consider its structure.

Sacrum - its structure and role in the human body

The sacrum is a large, triangular-shaped bone that is located at the base of the spine. It forms the upper part of the pelvis, located between two bones. Connects to the lumbar vertebra above and to the coccyx below.

The sacrum consists of the following parts:

1. The anterior surface is more concave at the top and bottom. In the middle, the sacrum has the intersection of four parallel lines. They represent the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. The front surface also has four holes on each side. The upper hole in diameter reaches a significantly larger size than the lower one. They serve as a “checkpoint” for the nerves and arteries of the sacrum. The lateral parts of the sacrum are located near these holes. In an adult they are a single whole, and in children they are in the form of five separate segments.
2. The posterior surface of the sacrum is quite rough. It is slightly narrower than the front. Contains five bony ridges that run from top to bottom. In the process of development, they merged with each other through the articular processes of the sacral vertebrae. The middle ridge consists of four tubercles, which are residual processes.
3. The lateral surfaces of the sacrum are wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.
4. The base of the sacrum is a slightly protruding part facing the top. At the junction with the fifth lumbar vertebra it forms a promontory - a protrusion that protrudes strongly into the pelvic cavity.
5. The apex is the surface for connecting to the coccyx.
6. Sacral canal – contains the sacral nerves that exit into the anterior and posterior sacral foramina. The channel is a curved shape, where the upper part is widened and narrowed downward.

Experts say that the sacrum should be protected, since its injuries can be tragic. The person may experience severe pain and temporarily lose motor function.

Sacrum and ilium.

Sacral plexus - its structure and features

As mentioned above, the sacrum has a peculiar plexus, which is represented by the intersection of the fourth and fifth lumbar and four sacral nerves, which emerge from the anterior openings of the sacrum. This sacral plexus can often cause pain due to its close location to the sacroiliac joint. These nerves unite together to form the trunk of the sciatic nerve. The sacral plexus has outgoing branches, which are divided into short and long. They, in turn, also play an important role in the human body. Thus, short branches diverge in the region of the lower limb, while long ones supply the lower limbs.

The sacral plexus can develop several pathologies that lead to pain. For example, the causes of the disease can be inflammatory diseases of the internal organs of the pelvis or trauma. In these cases, the patient experiences pain when pressing on the abdomen and buttocks. With serious injuries, paralysis or paresis of muscles in the pelvic girdle may develop, as a result of which the disease leads to immobility of the lower extremities.

In addition, damage to the sacral plexus often leads to dysfunction of the sciatic nerve, which can also develop paralysis of the hip and lower limb as a whole.

Treatment involves taking pain and decongestant medications, as well as a course of vitamins. We should not forget about the course of massage and exercise therapy, which can easily be carried out at home. For those who are often exposed to diseases and injuries of the sacral plexus, they should regularly visit health resorts, where a number of preventive measures will be carried out.

The sacrum is a vertebrae fused together.

Sacroiliac joint: features of its structure

The sacroiliac joint is a joint that is formed by the contact of the auricular articular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium. The ilium serves as a connector between the pelvic bone and the spine. It is the largest of the three pairs of bones that form the pelvic bone.

The joint is the connector of the sacrum and the ilium. It has a number of features, which include:

• the surface of the joint has fibrous cartilage;
• the density of the joint is slit-like, since the joint capsule is attached to the edge of the surface and is strongly stretched;
• the joint has the strongest ligaments in the human body;
• the ligaments of the joint are located in the form of short bundles between the sacrum and the iliac tuberosity;
• blood supply is carried out through venous outflow into the vein of the same name;
• lymph drainage passes through the iliac lymph nodes and vessels.

The sacroiliac joint is made up of five fused sacral vertebrae. The sacroiliac joint has already been mentioned above. Often he develops diseases that belong to the group of osteoarthritis. They occur with pain and can occur due to hypothermia of the entire sacral region.

Massage of the lumbosacral area

The sacroiliac joint is treated with a course of medications aimed at eliminating pain and also relieving inflammation. In addition, a comprehensive massage should be performed and an orthopedic regimen should be observed.

If you have pain in the lower back, buttocks, back of the thigh, or if there is numbness in a limb, you should immediately consult a doctor. The sacroiliac joint, which has a disease, can lead to numerous unpleasant consequences, often reaching the chronic stage. The doctor will prescribe a course of analgesics and corticosteroids that will help relieve pain and normalize the joint ligaments.

It would also be a good idea to undergo physical therapy, which includes procedures such as UHF therapy, laser therapy, etc. They can significantly relieve swelling and inflammation, and also fully restore mobility to the joints of the sacroiliac joint. The sacroiliac joint is also treated with manual therapy. Only here you should contact professional massage therapists and after a thorough diagnosis by the attending physician. Massage will help increase blood circulation in the muscles, which will serve to restore nutrients in cartilage tissue.

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The sacrum is a large, triangular-shaped bone that is located at the base of the spinal column. With its upper part, the sacrum is connected to the last 5th lumbar vertebra, forming a promontory ( protrusion strongly protruding into the pelvic cavity). Bottom part ( vertex) the sacrum is connected to the coccyx. In the center of the sacrum passes the sacral canal, which continues the spinal canal. It has a curved shape. The canal contains the sacral nerves, which exit through the sacral foramina. Closer to the coccygeal bone it is narrowed and not filled with anything. In women, unlike men, the sacrum is wider, shorter and has a less curved shape.

Main functions of the sacrum:
Keeping the human body in an upright position;
Accumulation of load that goes through the spine and is perceived by the pelvis.

Embryonic development of the sacral vertebrae

In the embryonic period of development, the vertebrae, including the sacrum and coccyx, go through three stages: membranous, cartilaginous and bone. From 6 to 8 weeks, ossification points appear in the body and arches of each vertebra of the embryo. The vertebrae of the coccyx have one ossification point, which appears from the first year of life. Gradually, from 13 to 30 years, the coccygeal bones fuse into one.

Why does the sacrum hurt?

The most common symptom of various sacral diseases is pain, which can occur for various reasons.
1. Traumatic lesion, for example, bruise, fracture, displacement of the lumbar vertebrae, etc.
2. When minor injuries, For example bruises– due to pain in the lower back, the victim takes a forced position. If you are at rest, the pain disappears within a week.
3. Sacral fracture It is rare on its own and mainly occurs as a combined injury with damage to the pelvic bones. The most typical transverse fracture of the sacrum is caused by direct trauma.
4. When a person falls on the sit bones ( in a sitting position) can happen dislocation, and oblique fracture damaged segment, which is located at the apex of the curvature of the sacrum.
5. Displacement of the 5th lumbar vertebra due to injury, it can cause aching pain in the sacral area.
6. Tumors of distant or nearby organs: kidneys, stomach, prostate gland, etc. Metastases enter from them with the flow of lymph or blood into the sacrum, causing constant aching pain. The pain does not go away at night and is poorly controlled with painkillers.
7. Pain during pregnancy occurs due to a shift in the center of gravity, as well as as a result of training or real contractions. Usually, other than a light massage and special exercises for pain, nothing else is recommended. Pain in the sacrum during pregnancy is temporary and will go away on its own after the birth of the child.
8. Damage to the sacrum by microorganisms: staphylococcus, tuberculosis pathogen, etc. Patients experience constant pain, which subsides slightly at rest and intensifies with movement and physical activity.
9. Chronic prostatitis. Men complain of dysfunction of urination, decreased potency and unilateral pain in the sacral area, radiating to the leg.
10. Inflammation of nerve endings in the lumbar region can cause shooting pain in the sacrum.

Diagnosis and treatment

The most common examination of the sacrum is x-ray and MRI. On an x-ray, you can see the presence and location of a fracture, dislocation, etc. On an MRI, nerves and blood vessels, various pathological formations, for example, tumors of the sacrum, are visible.

Treatment of sacral diseases is aimed at the root cause. Independent disease of the sacrum is rare and is mainly represented by injuries. In addition to a traumatologist and orthopedist, the following specialists will help you understand the cause of pain in the sacral area: gynecologist, neurologist, urologist, infectious disease specialist. Treatment of sacral diseases includes surgical and conservative methods. In addition, physiotherapy, massage of the sacrum and lumbar region, and exercise therapy are used as an aid for a speedy recovery.

Disease prevention is associated with the prevention of injuries and various pathologies of somatic organs, which can cause pain in the sacral area.

Not many people know human anatomy, especially the anatomy of the human sacrum. A component of the pelvis, like the sacrum, plays an important role in the human body. Often his injury can lead to dire consequences. And therefore, there is no due attention, and thrift for one’s body is not shown. To understand this, one should carefully consider the anatomical structure of the sacrum in the pictures of the anatomical atlas.

Structure of the sacrum

The sacrum is a large, triangular-shaped bone that is located at the base of the spine. It forms the upper part of the pelvis, located between two bones.

The sacrum consists of the following parts:

Connects to the lumbar vertebra above and to the coccyx below.

1. News line ✆
2. The anterior or pelvic surface is more concave above and below. In the middle, the sacrum has the intersection of four parallel lines. They represent the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. The front surface also has four holes on each side. The upper hole in diameter reaches a significantly larger size than the lower one. They serve as a “checkpoint” for the nerves and arteries of the sacrum. The lateral parts of the sacrum are located near these holes. In an adult they are a single whole, and in children they are in the form of five separate segments.
3. The posterior or dorsal surface of the sacrum is rather rough and slightly narrower than the anterior part. Contains five bony ridges that run from top to bottom. In the process of development, they merged with each other through the articular processes of the sacral vertebrae. The median sacral ridge, Crista sacralis mediana, was formed from the fusion of the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae and is represented by four tubercles located one above the other, sometimes merging into one rough ridge.
4. The base of the sacrum is a slightly protruding part facing the top. At the junction with the fifth lumbar vertebra it forms a promontory - a protrusion that protrudes strongly into the pelvic cavity.
5. The apex is the surface for connecting to the coccyx.
6. Sacral canal – contains the sacral nerves that exit into the anterior and posterior sacral foramina. The channel is a curved shape, where the upper part is widened and narrowed downward.

Experts say that the sacrum should be protected, since its injuries can be tragic. The person may experience severe pain and temporarily lose motor function.

Sacrum and ilium.

The lateral surfaces of the sacrum are wide at the top and narrow downwards.

As mentioned above, the sacrum has a peculiar plexus, which is represented by the intersection of the fourth and fifth lumbar and four sacral nerves, which emerge from the anterior openings of the sacrum. This sacral plexus can often cause pain due to its close location to the sacroiliac joint. These nerves unite together to form the trunk of the sciatic nerve. The sacral plexus has outgoing branches, which are divided into short and long. They, in turn, also play an important role in the human body. Thus, short branches diverge in the region of the lower limb, while long ones supply the lower limbs.

Sacral plexus - its structure and features

In addition, damage to the sacral plexus often leads to dysfunction of the sciatic nerve, which can also develop paralysis of the hip and lower limb as a whole.

Treatment involves taking painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as a course of vitamins. We should not forget about the course of massage and exercise therapy, which can easily be carried out at home. For those who are often exposed to hypothermia and diseases or damage to the sacral plexus, it is recommended to regularly visit health resorts, where a number of preventive measures will be carried out.

The sacrum is a vertebrae fused together.

Sacroiliac joint: features of its structure

The sacroiliac joint is a joint that is formed by the contact of the auricular articular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium. The ilium serves as a connector between the pelvic bone and the spine. It is the largest of the three pairs of bones that form the pelvic bone.

The joint is the connector of the sacrum and the ilium. It has a number of features, which include:

• the surface of the joint has fibrous cartilage;
• the density of the joint is slit-like, since the joint capsule is attached to the edge of the surface and is strongly stretched;
• the joint has the strongest ligaments in the human body;
• the ligaments of the joint are located in the form of short bundles between the sacrum and the iliac tuberosity;
• blood supply is carried out through venous outflow into the vein of the same name;
• lymph drainage passes through the iliac lymph nodes and vessels.

The sacroiliac joint is made up of five fused sacral vertebrae. Many diseases that belong to the group of osteoarthritis often occur in the sacroiliac joint. They occur with pain and can occur due to hypothermia of the entire sacral region.

Sacroiliac arthrosis is treated with a course of medications aimed at eliminating pain and also relieving inflammation. In addition, a comprehensive massage should be performed and an orthopedic regimen should be observed.

If you have pain in the lower back, buttocks, back of the thigh, or if there is numbness in a limb, you should immediately consult a doctor. Sacroiliac osteoarthritis can lead to numerous unpleasant consequences, often reaching the chronic stage. The doctor will prescribe a course of analgesics and corticosteroids that will help relieve pain and normalize the joint ligaments.

It would also be a good idea to undergo physical therapy, which includes procedures such as UHF therapy, laser therapy, etc. They can significantly relieve swelling and inflammation, and also fully restore mobility to the joints of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac osteoarthritis is also treated with manual therapy. Only here you should contact professional massage therapists and after a thorough diagnosis by the attending physician. Massage will help increase blood circulation in the muscles, which will help restore nutrients in cartilage tissue.

The sacrum is one of the important parts of the spine. It is located in humans immediately behind the lumbar vertebrae and is the only fixed part.

Throughout life, the bone is exposed to various injuries and heavy loads, so its diseases quite often become a problem for patients of different ages. It is worth noting that women and men are almost equally susceptible to violations, but the former are more likely to experience them.

The sacrum is a section of the spinal column, which consists of 5 vertebrae fused together into a single and immovable bone. Moreover, the most important nerve endings of the spinal cord are located in this section. The coccygeal vertebra, which is a vestigial human organ, is attached to the sacrum.

Functions

The spine performs several important functions in the human body.

The following are considered the most significant:

1. The entire spinal column rests on this section. This explains the strength of the bone and the fusion of the vertebrae.
2. The organ allows you to maintain balance not only in an upright position, but also when moving.
3. The bone takes part in the formation of the pelvic ring.
4. Supports the pelvic organs due to strong muscle and ligamentous apparatus.
5. Protects the most vulnerable part of the spinal cord from damage.
6. Performs a shock-absorbing role during jumping or running.
7. Prevents vascular damage due to injuries.

In addition, the sacrum is the support of the entire body. Any disturbances in this part of the spinal column may lead to the development of abnormalities in the pelvic organs, as well as in the limbs.

Structure

The sacrum is located in humans immediately behind the lumbar vertebrae, that is, it is one of the sections of the spine. The basis of a single bone is made up of 5 vertebrae, which are fused together with bodies and processes. The vertebra that attaches to the lumbar bones is called the base of the sacrum, and the one that attaches to the coccyx is called the apex.

The back part is represented by a flat bone. In addition, the structure includes the pelvic part and the side parts. The first is attached to the pelvic bones with the help of ligaments and muscles, the second is not attached to the pelvic bones. The pelvic part of the sacrum is divided into promontory and wings.

It is worth noting that complete fusion of the vertebrae is completed at the age of 25-27 years. Until this moment, there are cartilaginous layers between them. That is why damage to this area of ​​the spine at an early age can lead to deformation, as well as disruption of the integrity of the spinal cord. The latter provokes severe complications.

Several muscles are attached to the sacrum: gluteus, piriformis, iliacus. That is why the bone takes part in maintaining balance during movement and at rest. All parts of the sacrum have grooves and grooves through which nerve endings and blood vessels pass.

Types of diseases

There are many diseases that can affect the sacrum. The most common are degenerative-dystrophic pathologies, injuries, and malignant neoplasms. In addition, bone injury can provoke damage and pinching of nerve endings.

Any of the diseases, except for a sudden fracture or other injury, occurs in several stages with a gradual worsening of symptoms. At the initial stage, the patient may not notice symptoms or they may not appear clearly. The ability to work is preserved, and people attribute minor discomfort to overwork and other factors.

The progressive stage is accompanied by the appearance of severe symptoms that impair mobility, reduce performance and force the patient to see a doctor. At an advanced stage, all symptoms worsen, the patient is often immobilized, and strong medications do not help eliminate pain and other symptoms.

Typically, the pathology is successfully treated at stages 1 and 2. If the patient postpones a visit to the doctor, the therapy becomes more complicated, prolonged and requires long-term rehabilitation. Surgery is often necessary to eliminate symptoms.

Symptoms

The sacrum is located in humans near the pelvic organs. That is why, with any pathology, symptoms appear in the bladder and genital organs. However, symptoms depend on the type of disease.

The most common signs of sacral damage:

With malignant neoplasms, as well as osteomyelitis, pain during movement and at rest becomes unbearable. The disease is often accompanied by general symptoms such as fever, muscle and joint pain, and delirium.

With radiculitis, osteochondrosis, and sacral hernia, severe pain is observed, radiating to the buttocks and lower extremities. When such a sign appears, an inflammatory or degenerative process can be suspected. If the patient cannot move after an injury, experts suspect a sacral fracture.

Diagnostics

The sacrum is located in a person next to important organs, so it is necessary to immediately begin an examination if any abnormalities are detected. Various methods are used to diagnose pathologies.

Method	Description	Venue and cost
General survey and inspection	Helps the specialist assess the general condition of the patient. He listens to complaints and identifies the probable cause of the violation.	It is carried out in any clinic and does not require payment
Clinical blood test	A common diagnostic method that is always used for any disorders.	Available for public and private institutions. Price – from 200 rub.
Blood chemistry	An additional blood test can detect diseases of the digestive and urinary systems.	It is carried out in every clinic, the cost is approximately 300 rubles.
X-ray of the sacrum using a contrast agent	One of the most informative diagnostic methods, in which a specialist injects a contrast agent intravenously into the patient, after which he takes a series of x-rays. After studying these images, the doctor makes a conclusion. Typically, the technique helps to identify osteochondrosis, osteoarthrosis, osteomyelitis, hernia, fractures and other pathologies.	The technique is used in private and public institutions. The price starts from 400 rubles.
MRI	The most effective and informative research method, which can identify neoplasms of minimal size and other diseases. In this case, the specialist receives a three-dimensional layer-by-layer image of a specific area of ​​the spine, which makes it possible to establish a diagnosis.	It is carried out in clinics equipped with appropriate equipment. The price starts from 1500 rubles.

Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the most informative, with which the doctor can almost immediately establish a diagnosis. But during any examination, several methods are used to obtain an overall picture of the patient’s condition.

When to see a doctor

The sacrum is an important part of the spinal column; in humans it is located in close proximity to many organs. That is why, if it is affected, it is necessary to immediately consult a specialist, even if mild symptoms appear.

A neurologist treats pathologies. But during the examination, you may need to consult a therapist, nephrologist, traumatologist, or surgeon.

Prevention

Some sacral pathologies cannot be prevented, for example, congenital anomalies or fractures, as well as neoplasms. But many conditions are preventable. It is recommended to control body weight and prevent its excessive increase, which will create a load on the sacral region.

In addition, patients whose professional activities involve staying in one position for a long time should strengthen their back muscles with the help of special exercises. This will prevent poor posture and displacement of the vertebrae.

An additional method of prevention is diet correction. It is worth eating foods rich in calcium and B vitamins.

This menu will saturate the nerve fibers and bone tissue with the necessary substances. If the patient suffers from any chronic disorders of the spine, it is necessary to regularly visit a neurologist and undergo a course of treatment to prevent complications.

Treatment methods

To treat various diseases of the sacral spinal column, medications from different groups are used, depending on the specific disorder. Additionally, you can use folk remedies and other methods of therapy.

Medications

Depending on the disease and the degree of its neglect, medications from different groups are used.

The most commonly prescribed are:

In addition to these medications, the patient is often prescribed injections of vitamin B6 and B12. They help normalize the passage of impulses along the nerve endings, which improves not only mobility, but also the innervation of the tissues of the limbs.

The standard course involves the administration of 10 injections of each vitamin, but every other day, that is, the first day - pyridoxine, the next - cyanocobalamin. The price of medicines is approximately 60-80 rubles. per package.

Traditional methods

In humans, the sacrum is located in close proximity to the spinal cord. Therefore, the use of alternative medicine recipes can be harmful. But some remedies help relieve pain and are therefore allowed for use.

Any of the recipes is allowed to be used only after consulting a doctor.

Other methods

Additional treatment methods include physical therapy and massage. The methods are used only on an outpatient basis or in a hospital.

A set of exercises should be compiled by a specialist individually for each patient. They should be performed under supervision, no more than 15 minutes. In this case, the patient should not feel discomfort or pain. The minimum course consists of 20 lessons, which are held once every 2-3 days.

Massage is also considered a good method for muscle recovery and preventing blood stagnation in the sacral area. It should be done by a professional in a medical institution; the session lasts 20-45 minutes. To achieve a therapeutic result, at least 15 procedures will be required.

In severe cases, when conservative therapy has failed, surgery is used. Surgery helps remove a hernia, tumor or cyst. The recovery period is usually long and difficult. The complexity of the operation may vary in each case.

Possible complications

If left untreated, complications may develop.

The most common are the following:

1. Impaired sensitivity of the limbs.
2. Rachiocampsis.
3. Pinched nerve endings and paralysis of limbs.
4. Spinal cord injury.
5. Complete softening of bone tissue (with osteomyelitis).

Such complications can significantly worsen the patient’s condition and provoke other diseases.

The sacrum is an important part of the spinal column, which is located in humans immediately after the lumbar vertebrae. Bone plays an important role, so if you have any diseases, you should not ignore the symptoms; it is better to consult a doctor immediately.

Article format: Vladimir the Great

Video about the sacrum

Anatomy of the human sacrum:

The sacrum is an element of the human musculoskeletal system, which is a large bone. This bone visually resembles a triangular prism. The sacrum is the base of the spine and is surrounded on both sides by two pelvic bones. The upper part of the sacrum is attached to the extreme lumbar vertebra, and the coccyx is attached to the lower part. The coccyx is the lower element of the spine. It contains rudimentary vertebrae. They are able to grow together.

How does the sacrum work?

From the point of view of geometric positions, the anterior part of the sacrum is concave. Concavity is manifested to a greater extent in the marginal parts of the sacrum, and on the lateral surface there is almost no concavity. In the middle part of the sacrum there are five fused vertebrae, which play an important role in the activity of the sacrum. The points at which these vertebrae fused together look like four transversely intersecting lines. They run parallel to each other.

Around these lines there are four anterior openings belonging to the sacrum. These holes are round in shape and can move forward and sideways. The result of this is a reduction in their geometric dimensions from top to bottom. Functional nerve pathways and blood vessels belonging to the sections of the sacral bone pass through these openings.

The lateral part of the sacrum is endowed with five elementary segments. This concerns the initial stages of individual human development. As the body matures, these elements grow together. The back side of the sacrum differs from the front in being more rough and convex. It contains five scallop-shaped bones. These scallops are parallel and directed from top to bottom. They are formed by fused spinous and articular vertebral processes, which are endowed with the sacrum.

The average bony ridge contains about four tubercles, which can fuse into a single ridge. The lateral surfaces of the sacrum are wider in the upper sections than in the lower ones. With the help of saddle joints and various functional ligaments, the sacrum bone is connected to the pelvic bones. The joints, due to their mobility, provide inclined movements of the sacrum during walking in various directions: forward, backward and its rotational movement. The rotational movement of the sacrum is called torsion.

The vertebrae are part of the sacrum and coccygeal bones. Each vertebra contains the following types of tissue: membranous, cartilaginous, bone. Cartilage tissue has a special looseness in the arrangement of cells that are connected by an intercellular substance. It is called matrix and may additionally contain various fibers. In the process of growth and development of the body, the production of cartilaginous tissue of the sacrum and calcium salts begins for the intercellular substance. Bone tissue is designed to perform mechanical functions. It contains mineral and organic substances, as well as a certain supply of water. The content of mineral substances in bone tissue dominates over the content of organic substances.

The base of the sacrum is large in width and has significant external defects in the form of protrusions forward and backward. Along the anterior edge, the base of the sacrum connects to a vertebra located in the lower back. The apex of the sacrum connects to the coccygeal bone and forms an oval surface.

The sacral canal passes through the center of the sacrum and contains nerve pathways that pass through all the sacral foramina. The shape of the sacral canal is quite complex. Firstly, at the top it is triangular and wider than at the bottom. Secondly, the sacral canal has a hollow posterior wall and is designed to continue the spinal canal. The appearance and size of the sacrum varies depending on the biological sex of the organism. A woman's sacrum differs from a man's sacrum in width, length and shape. The sacrum in women is wider and shorter than in men.

What functions does the sacrum perform?

The sacrum allows you to:

• keep the body upright;
• accumulate the loads that the spinal canal transmits to those bones that belong to the pelvic area.

Causes of pain in the sacral region

Pain in the sacrum and coccyx area can occur due to many factors:

• the presence of serious deviations and anomalies in the development of the spine and its parts;
• previous infectious diseases and exposure to external injuries in the back area;
• improper functioning of the reproductive system;
• the presence of tumors and excessive physical activity.

The most common cause of pain in the sacrum is physical trauma, accompanied by the following symptoms:

• the presence of edema of varying degrees of manifestation with spasms of the muscles located in the sacral area;
• frequent headaches, as well as nausea and dizziness.

The most severe consequence of external physical trauma is a fracture of the sacrum, which results in severe hemorrhage and pain in the sacrum, right down to the groin area. The nature of the damage depends on the specifics of the traumatic impact.

For example, if you fall on your back, there is a risk of dislocation. The joint elements suffer from dislocation. They are primarily articular processes. An injury can trigger an infection, which only intensifies the pain in the sacrum and makes it virtually incessant. Trauma can also cause displacement or deformation of the pelvic bones.

In women, the sacrum may hurt due to the presence of various changes in the body that are pathological in nature. When the iliac sacral joint is displaced, quite severe pain occurs in the sacral area. They are accompanied by swelling of the leg muscles, especially the right leg, if the right iliac-sacral joint is displaced.

This entails weight changes and disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. Women may also experience sacral pain during pregnancy. They arise due to the pressure of the fetal head on the pelvic bones, periodic changes in its position in the womb. If uterine cancer develops, the sacral canal, when flexed, causes various pains that are felt in the sides and middle of the sacrum.

Chronic prostatitis causes pain in the back and sacrum. These pains are debilitating and aching in nature. Possible prostate cancer.

Pain in the sacral area may indicate various diseases, such as osteochondrosis, pelvic inflammation, and displacement of the vertebrae in the spine.

How to eliminate back pain

To eliminate pain in the sacrum, it is necessary to diagnose and treat the primary disease that caused this pain. For this purpose, there is a wide range of medical specialists: gynecologist, urologist, orthopedist, neurologist and others.

Therefore, the patient should consult them if he is bothered by pain in the sacrum. After consultation, the doctor prescribes radiography as a diagnosis. But other diagnostic tools are also possible, for example, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Tomography makes it possible to establish the structure of the sections of the sacrum and pelvic bones, and helps to detect the occurrence of neoplasms in the functional sections of the sacrum.

When making a diagnosis, the nature and frequency of pain in the area of ​​the sacral and coccygeal bones is of decisive importance. The treatment method for pain in the sacrum also depends on the nature and severity of the external traumatic impact.

The patient must be given suitable medications and bed rest for eight weeks. This is the average period. Analgesics are mainly prescribed as medications, and if necessary, even oral injections are given. Injections are required to be administered into the conductive canal of the sacral bone.

When various swellings occur, physical therapy can be prescribed. It is prescribed to patients individually and is needed to improve the functioning of the muscles located in the buttocks and lumbar region.

With the help of acupuncture and simple massage, you can achieve a significant release of lymphatic fluid in the area of ​​the pelvic bones, and generally normalize blood circulation in the patient’s body.

Physical education for therapeutic purposes is used at the final stage of treatment. It helps the body recover. But the order of the exercises must be carefully considered by the doctor and carried out with the patient very carefully.

If discomfort occurs during the exercises, the patient will have to abandon them and consult with a specialist about further treatment.

All these therapeutic techniques stimulate the complete or partial elimination of pain in the back and in the sacral bone area.

In case of injury with aggravating consequences and it is impossible to eliminate sacral pain with conventional medications, the patient must undergo surgery to remove part of the sacrum. It usually involves the removal of some elements of the sacrum along with part of the coccyx.