Cossacks of the senior side
Siege of the Yaik fortress- episode, a military operation of the rebels led by against. The government garrison under the command of Lieutenant Colonel I. D. Simonov, who was in the Yaitsky town, at the very beginning of the uprising, managed to repel an attempt to capture the city by the Pugachevites, and then built an inner city fortress in the city - “retrenchment”. The chieftains of the Yaitsky Cossacks, who formed the backbone of Pugachev's army at the initial stage of the uprising, could not come to terms with the presence of a government garrison in the Yaitsky town and insisted on the need to destroy it. The garrison of the fortress successfully defended from December 30, 1773 ( ) to April 16 ( ) and waited for the siege to be lifted by the general's corps.
Yaitsky town before and at the beginning of the uprising
Punishments and fines not only did not bring down, but on the contrary, they significantly increased the rebel mood on Yaik. As one of the Cossacks later testified during interrogation: “The foreman’s patience and the imposed howl ... it became so unbearable for them to correct themselves, and they were not able to pay, and therefore when the impostor appeared near the Yaitsky town, they did not decide to test his authenticity, but how soon he called himself a sovereign, then they believed in his aspiration to take advantage of mercy and in his offense to get pleasure. Despite the fact that since August 1773 in the Yaitsky town it was almost openly discussed that "" was hiding in the army, the measures taken by Simonov to search for the impostor did not bring success, the Cossacks managed to change Pugachev's hiding places. The Cossacks hoped to wait for the main part of the troops to reach the autumn floodplain - catching stellate sturgeon, and then present the "tsar" to the Cossacks, but on 15 it became known that the Simonovs had sent a new search party out of the city and it was decided to start the performance immediately. On September 17 () of the year, a detachment of Cossacks with Pugachev advanced from to the Yaitsky town. In all Cossack villages, the written “royal decree” was read to the army with a salary of ancient liberties; when approaching the town, the detachment of the rebels numbered more than 300 people.
Upon learning of the approach of the rebellious detachment, Simonov sent a consolidated team from the town to meet him, led by the commander of the 6th light field team, Prime Minister Naumov, with five guns, he himself remained in the town with the remaining soldiers of the regular army to maintain order. Simonov announced to the Yaik Cossacks: “If they crawl this villain to let him into the city and begin to pester him, then at that very hour he will order the city to be set on fire in different places, and orders his team to deal with them, also with their wives and their children, like villains." Naumov, in order to distinguish his Cossacks from the rebellious ones, ordered to bandage everyone’s left hand, but the foremen reported that the majority of the Cossacks refused to do this: “we know this sign to make an attack on the opposite, but we don’t want shed blood in vain." More and more parties of their comrades arrived from the city to the Yaik Cossacks of the Naumov detachment, Naumov ordered Captain Krylov with 66 dragoons and 30 Orenburg Cossacks to take command of the Yaik Cossacks, but surrounded by more than 500 Cossacks, he was unable to pacify their grumbling. From the side of the rebels, messengers arrived with a list of Pugachev's decree to the Yaik army. Sergeant Akutin refused to read the decree and handed it to Krylov, who ran through his eyes and with the words: “You are gone, the army of Yaik!”, put it in his pocket. Krylov's act caused such a fuss that he thought it best to move away from the crowd to the side, and between the two opposing detachments a movement of Cossacks began to exchange news, and later a mass transition to the side of the rebels. As Krylov later reported: “Having a hundred rebels in front of him in three, and a notably increased crowd of scatterers, there were also hundreds of up to four or more Yaik rebels on his side, and almost all the enemies up to a thousand people, he could not do otherwise than ... little by little retreat back."
However, among the Yaik Cossacks, who remembered the threats of Simonov, there was no unanimity and the Cossacks, who had joined the rebels, then returned back. Seeing this, the Pugachevites crossed the Chagan and surrounded the detachment under the command of the foreman, prompting them to join them. 11 of them who disagreed were later hanged. On the morning of September 19, having grown in numbers of more than 500 people, the detachment attempted to enter the Yaitsky town, but was met by cannon fire. The Pugachevites did not have their own guns, and after waiting “in that place for an hour and seeing that it was impossible to approach the town under the guns,” the detachment went up the Yaik. Simonov did not dare to pursue the rebels, since "he was forced ... in hesitation to hold the Cossacks who turned out to be."
Construction of the "retrenchment"
After the rebels left for Orenburg, realizing that if Pugachev’s detachment returned, he could only rely on soldiers of regular teams and a small number of Cossacks from the senior side, Simonov immediately took measures for a possible defense. A fortified line with a rampart and a moat was erected around the military office and the stone one, resting on both sides against the steep banks of the old riverbed - the old Yaik channel. Two cannons were raised on the bell tower of the cathedral, and positions for selected well-aimed shooters were also equipped there. Inside this fortification - "retrenchment" - all the stocks of gunpowder, lead, as well as provisions and firewood, which were available in the city, were transferred. The soldiers were also transferred to permanent accommodation inside this city fortress, for which dugouts were dug out for them. The government garrison was significantly weakened after, by order of the governor, Simonov was forced to send to Orenburg a consolidated detachment under the command of Naumov from two companies of the 6th team and a half company of the 7th team with 4 guns and loyal Cossacks under command - a total of 626 people.
Thus, the remaining retransmission garrison consisted of 738 soldiers and officers of the 6th and 7th light field teams and 94 Orenburg and 72 Iset Cossacks. The fortress artillery consisted of 18 guns. Meanwhile, during the autumn, the Yaik Cossacks continued to secretly leave the city, joining Pugachev near Orenburg. In the city, they openly talked about the expectation of the imminent arrival of the Pugachevites: “Our people are in great favor with the tsar and wear clothes such as the local foremen ... And when they come here, they will get to the local obedient and foremen and beat them ... And Krylov is already indispensable be killed because he exhausts our Cossacks at work ... ”In a report to the Senate, Simonov reported that the Cossacks were running away even from the guards,“ how many are not observed behind them, ”and he is completely unable to guard the border Nizhne-Yaitskaya distance.
City fortress siege
While the main army of Pugachev led, the Yaik Cossack chieftains were haunted by the fact that in their native Yaik town, as before, all power was in the hands of the commandant of the government garrison. In mid-December 1773, as Pugachev later testified during interrogations, other Yaik colonels also came to him. They proposed to send an ataman with a detachment to the Sultan of the Kazakhs Dusali and to the Cossack outposts in the lower reaches of the Yaik - "so that he would take all the Cossacks everywhere to the very (Yaitsky) town." The visit to Dusali did not achieve the desired goals, the Sultan took a wait-and-see attitude and diplomatically refused to immediately send Kazakh troops near Orenburg.
The first assault on the fortress by the rebels did not lead to the desired result for them; during the attack, Tolkachev's troops actively used the Cossack houses located around the fortifications as shelter, hiding in them and inflicting great damage to the besieged by shooting. Over the next few days, the artillery of the fortress tried to destroy all the nearest buildings with red-hot cannonballs, creating a fire zone around the fortifications. Convinced of the low effectiveness of the shooting, the soldiers set fire to the broken huts, as a result of the fire, all the houses around the fortress burned out by 25-100 fathoms. In response, the Cossacks "the burnt area, and especially the streets, to prevent attacks, fenced off with rubble, eight logs thick, and a man and a half high, they made loopholes, strengthened the guards at the pickets." Having created a fortified line around the "retrenchment", the rebels began a continuous daily shelling of the fortress, which continued throughout its siege.
Having received news of the occupation of the city by Tolkachev, in early January, a marching ataman arrived with a small reinforcement from the Yaitsky town from near Orenburg, and on January 7 () of the year, Pugachev himself arrived at the fortress. Having inspected the besieged fortress the next day, Pugachev agreed with the Yaik chieftains that the available forces and artillery were not enough for the assault and proposed to build a rampart and one of the batteries of the fortress. For the device of such a tunnel, a team of 150 workers and 11 carpenters was recruited under the leadership of the newly baptized Mordvinian Yakov Kubar. Pugachev personally oversaw the work, several times a day going down with the workers to the underground gallery under construction and personally indicated the place for the installation of the mine. On the morning of January 20, a mine filled with 10 pounds of gunpowder was blown up, but the explosion did not produce the expected destruction. Part of the shaft collapsed and settled into the ditch, but the artillery battery remained unharmed. Nevertheless, the Cossacks moved to the attack, 200 people managed to go down into the ditch and were immediately cut off, as the besieged opened fire with buckshot from cannons and forced the rest to retreat behind the blockages of logs. The Cossacks in the ditch tried to cut the supporting pillars of the rampart in order to increase its collapse, boiling water and hot ash were poured on their heads from above. The assault lasted more than 9 hours. After volunteer grenadiers descended into the ditch from the fortress and rushed into a bayonet attack, the Cossacks were forced to retreat from the ditch, immediately coming under fire from rifles and cannons. The losses of the attackers were significant - up to 400 killed, the besieged lost 15 people killed and 22 were wounded.
On January 21, a military circle was convened in the town. A military chieftain was chosen -, foremen were chosen and. After a meeting on further actions, it was decided to prepare a new mine dig, this time under the bell tower of the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral, in the basement of which, according to the Cossacks, the “powder treasury” of the fortress was kept. Andrey Ovchinnikov received Pugachev's order to go to, in order to finally swear in the Cossacks on the lower Yaik and bring artillery and gunpowder from there to the Yaitsky town. The remaining Cossacks were supposed to keep the garrison of the fortress under fire, Pugachev himself hurried back to Orenburg, as he received news of the sortie of the Orenburg garrison on January 13.
At the end of January, Pugachev returned to the Yaitsky town for several days, again personally inspecting the production of a mine dig. The underground gallery was the height of a man, for ventilation "vents were often turned at the top." Fearing a counter-undermining, they dug the course in zigzags "first in one direction, then in the other direction." By mid-February, the workers had reached the masonry foundation of the cathedral's bell tower. At the same time, ataman Ovchinnikov returned to the Yaitsky town with 60 pounds of gunpowder and cannons from the lower Yaitsky fortresses. On February 17, Pugachev, who returned from near Orenburg, held a military council, appointing a mine explosion for the next morning. But the plans of the Cossacks became known in the fortress, the young Cossack Neulybin (it is not known - on his own initiative or someone's instigation) told Simonov, who did not immediately believe him, about Pugachev's plans. And although the explosion of the mine was postponed to midnight, the besieged managed to transfer the supply of gunpowder from the basement of the bell tower. The resulting explosion collapsed the bell tower, killing about 40 people, Simonov himself was shell-shocked, but the artillery batteries were not damaged. A fierce mutual firefight began, the attackers in these conditions did not dare to go on the attack. By morning, the firefight subsided, and fuss began in the camp of the rebels - Pugachev, with a detachment of 500 Cossacks, left the Yaitsky town, having received news of the approach of the corps and.
Meanwhile, the situation of the besieged was becoming critical - the fortress was running out of food supplies, as well as firewood, which was critical in winter conditions: "... there was almost no forest at all, so the soldiers and porridge often had nothing to cook with." The soldiers' diet was half a pound of oats and 2 pounds of horsemeat, but it was necessary to find a way to cook them. The Cossacks, under the command of Ataman Kargin, continued daily shelling and even began three new digs under the batteries and under the officer barracks. On March 9, Simonov decided to make a sortie, for which 250 volunteers were selected from among the grenadiers of regular detachments. The attack was unsuccessful, the soldiers could not overcome the blockages of logs and, under continuous fire from the Cossacks, were forced to flee to the fortress. One of the officers of the garrison wrote later: “A most pitiful disgrace, everyone ran as far as they could and the officers could not put them in order ... Our people have never returned from a sortie with such damage.” The losses of the garrison amounted to 32 people killed and 72 people wounded, of which 20 died soon after. Knowing about the plight of the besieged, the Cossacks sent Simonov an offer to surrender by means of a kite, in addition, Afanasy Perfilyev several times went to negotiate with Captain Krylov. The besiegers hoped that hunger would soon force Simonov to accept the terms of surrender. Simonov, who received information about the approach of government troops, in turn, hoped that help was close. On March 13, the soldiers received the remaining supplies with the requirement to stretch them out as long as possible. On one of the days of late March or early April, when the famine became completely unbearable, women and children, as well as some of the wounded, decided to go beyond the “retrenchment” shaft and surrender to the mercy of the besieging Cossacks, but they did not let them through their protective fences, forcing return to the fortress.
Battle near the Bykovka River. Lifting the siege
Yaitsky town (city of Yaik, Yaitsk) is the administrative center of the Yaitsky Cossack army.
It received its name from the Yaik River, on the right bank of which it was founded in 1613. After the formation of the Orenburg province, it was subordinate to the Military Collegium and the provincial office. After the suppression of the Cossack uprising in 1772, a garrison of the 6th and 7th light field teams (approximately 1000 people), as well as a detachment of one and a half hundred Orenburg Cossacks, was stationed here. The garrison was led by Lieutenant Colonel I.D. Simonov; he was also in charge of the Yaik commandant's office, which controlled the Cossack army, performing affairs that were previously under the jurisdiction of the military ataman and his office. The "leading" military Cossack foremen M.M. Borodin and N.A. Mostovshchikov were introduced into the composition of the commandant's office as advisers.
On the eve of the Pugachev uprising in the Yaitsky town there were 2526 households, in which 2998 employees (combatants) and retired Cossacks lived with their families. As a result of internecine strife that flared up on Yaik from the beginning of the 1760s, the Cossack army was divided into two opposing parties or parties: the foremen (or "obedient", "loyal") and "rebellious" or "disobedient". Many of the "rebellious" Cossacks took part in the uprising of 1772 and were repressed by the authorities. A year later, these same Cossacks acted as skirmishers of the Pugachev uprising and became the most combat-ready force in the ranks of the rebel army (10).
Having led the uprising that began on September 17, 1773, Pugachev on the morning of September 18 with a detachment of 300 Cossacks approached the Yaik town, but was stopped by the garrison at the bridge over the Chagan River. The next day, he again approached him, but, having no artillery with him, he did not dare to storm. Having replenished the army with dozens of Cossack defectors, Pugachev set off on the right bank of the Yaik to the east, to Orenburg. In the same direction, the consolidated detachment of Prime Major S.L. Naumov went to the aid of the provincial center. The departure of this detachment significantly weakened the garrison, and Simonov in October 1773 found it expedient to move to a previously arranged "retrenchment" - an earthen fortress.
On December 30, the Cossack detachment of the Pugachev ataman M.P. Tolkachev entered the Yaitsky town, who immediately began the siege of Simonov's "Kremlin". At the beginning of January 1774, a detachment of ataman A.A. Ovchinnikov approached here, and Pugachev himself came after him. He took over the leadership of military operations against the besieged city fortress, but after an unsuccessful assault on January 20, he returned to his army near Orenburg. At the very end of January, Pugachev reappeared in Yaitsky town. Here he married on February 1, taking as his wife a young Cossack Ustinya Kuznetsova. She and the "court staff" were settled in the house of the former military ataman A.N. Borodin. Soon after the wedding, Pugachev, reviving the basic norm of Cossack self-government, ordered a Cossack circle to be convened to select a military ataman and foremen. On this circle, the rebel Cossacks elected the troops of N.A. Kargin as chieftain, and A.P. Perfilyev and I.A. Fofanov as foremen (11). In the second half of February and early March 1774, Pugachev again ran into the Yaitsky town, making attempts to take possession of the besieged fortress. He led the attacks on her, beat off the sorties of her defenders. On February 9, the bell tower of the Mikhailovsky Cathedral, the citadel of the defense of Simonov's "retrenchment", was blown up and destroyed by an explosion of a mine tunnel. The defending garrison, at the cost of great efforts and losses, managed to defend the fortress and wait for the arrival of military assistance (12).
On April 15, the brigade of General P.D. Mansurov, 70 miles from the Yaitsky town, defeated the detachments of atamans Ovchinnikov and Perfilyev, and a day later entered the town itself. On the eve of the entry, the traitorous Cossacks, having heard about Mansurov's victory in the battle near Bykovka, seized the atamans Kargin, Tolkachev and other prominent Pugachevites, the "Empress" Ustinya with her relatives and delivered them to the fortress. The regime of brutal repressions established by Mansurov and Simonov was accompanied by torture and executions of the rebels. Since August 1774, the Secret Commission operated here, conducting an investigation and trial of the Pugachevites. In this commission, Mavrin interrogated Pugachev on September 16; at the same time and in the following days, he conducted an investigation of the captured Cossacks from the last Pugachev detachment.
Judging by the report of Simonov, at the end of that year, 2345 Cossacks lived in the Yaik town - employees and retirees, not counting their family members (13). Wanting to forever destroy the memory of Pugachev and the uprising he raised on the banks of the Yaik, Catherine II, by decree of January 15, 1775, ordered to rename the Yaik River to the Urals, the Yaitsky Cossack army - to the Ural, and the Yaitsky town - to Uralsk.
During his stay in Uralsk on September 21-23, 1833, Pushkin examined the sights of the former Yaitsky town, met and talked with elderly contemporaries and participants in the Pugachev uprising (see the article Uralsk).
Yaitsky town and the events that took place in it are mentioned in the "History of Pugachev" and draft fragments of its manuscript (1). Information about him is contained in the sources used by Pushkin: archival preparations for the History (2), a letter from Captain A.P. Krylov dated May 15, 1774 (3), P.I. Rychkov’s Chronicle and Pushkin’s abstract (4 ), "Orenburg records" (5), records of the testimony of I.A. Krylov (6). Yaitsky town is mentioned in the memoirs of I.I. Osipov (7), I.S. Polyansky (8) and M.N. Pekarsky (9), who fell into the hands of Pushkin in 1835-1836.
Notes:
1. Pushkin. T.IX. p.5, 8-11, 13-18, 21, 24, 27, 34, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 46, 49, 51-54, 60, 69, 71, 77, 81, 89, 90, 99, 100, 146, 154, 177, 181, 182, 188, 189, 191, 196-198, 402, 406-408, 413, 416, 418, 426, 433, 434, 438, 444, 446, 447, 451, 453, 464;
2. Ibid. 501-504, 513, 517, 524, 527, 529-531, 617, 619, 620, 635, 645, 647, 654, 656, 657, 693, 694, 700, 717, 774, 778, 780, 781;
3. Ibid. 537, 538-540, 543, 545-551;
4. Ibid. 207, 208, 210-212, 221, 247, 260, 261, 263, 267, 274, 283-286, 292-296, 298, 306, 307, 309, 310, 318, 319, 322, 339, 341, 344, 353, 354, 759, 760, 766, 777;
5. Ibid. pp. 496, 497;
6. Ibid. S.492;
7. Ibid. pp. 551, 555, 575, 578;
8. Ibid. pp. 579-585, 590, 597;
9. Ibid. pp. 598-601, 604-606, 609, 612-615;
10. Report of Colonel H.Kh. Bilov to the Orenburg Governor I.A. Reinsdorp dated August 12, 1772 - RGADA. F.1100. D.1. L.310; Census of the Yaik Cossacks, conducted in September 1772 - RGVIA. F.8. Op.4. D.1536. L.531; Report of Colonel I.D. Simonov to General-in-Chief P.I. Panin dated January 18, 1775 - RGADA. F.1274. D.195. L.165-165v.;
11. Documents of the headquarters of E.I. Pugachev, rebel authorities and institutions. 1773-1774 M., 1975. S.104-108;
12. Chebotarev V.A. Yaitsky town in the XVIII century. // Peasant war in Russia XVII-XVIII centuries: problems, searches, solutions. M., 1974. S. 116-121;
13. RGADA. F.1274. D.195. L.165-165 rev.
Chagan tower- a wooden tower built in the 1730s. in the Yaik town, on the eastern bank of the Chagan river.
In February 1774, the Pugachevites dismantled this tower, transported the logs closer to the besieged "retrenchment" and began to build a high peal (platform) for a cannon battery. However, they failed to complete the work: during a sortie undertaken on March 9, 1774, the soldiers burned the unfinished peal along with the Cossack huts surrounding it.
The Chagan Tower is mentioned in a letter from the captain of the Yaitsky garrison, A.P. Krylov, dated May 15, 1774 (1); Pushkin used the journal publication of this letter in the text of Pugachev's History.
Notes:
1. Pushkin. T.IX. S.544, 545.
Chagan side(Cheganskaya) - the northern part of the Yaitsky town, adjoining the eastern bank of the Chagan River.
On December 30, 1773, it was occupied by a detachment of ataman M.P. Tolkachev. Until mid-April 1774, the local garrison, which settled in the city fortress, was repeatedly attacked by the Pugachevites from both the Chagan and Kuren sides. On March 14, 1774, the Pugachevites made an attempt to persuade the besieged garrison to surrender, sending I.D. Simonov, who led the defense of the fortress, E.I. Pugachev’s personal decree tied to the tail of a paper kite launched from the Chagan side (2).
The Chagan side is mentioned in Pushkin's archival preparations for Pugachev's History (1).
The immediate reason for which was the punishments and arrests carried out by the commission of inquiry of General Traubenberg.
The dissatisfaction of the Yaik Cossacks with the policy pursued by the government to eliminate the old liberties of the troops accumulated throughout the 18th century. With the subordination of the Yaitsky army to the Military Collegium and the abolition of the election of chieftains and foremen, a split occurred in the army into the foreman and military sides. The split deepened after the introduction in 1754 of the state salt monopoly and the beginning of abuses of salt tax farmers from among the military elite. In 1771, during the escape of the Kalmyks from Russia, ordinary Cossacks refused to obey the order of the Orenburg Governor-General to go in pursuit.
Direct disobedience to the military order, as well as a large number of petitions sent with complaints from both the foremen and military parties, forced the Governor-General Reinsdorp to send an investigation commission headed by Major General I.I. Davydov to the Yaitsky town. (also included in the commission were generals Potapov, Cherepov, Brachfeld), later replaced by General Traubenberg, accompanied by a detachment of government troops under the command of Guard Captain Durnovo (Durnov, Durov) S.D ..
General Davydov ordered the arrest of 43 Cossacks, recognized by him as instigators. After corporal punishment, they were ordered to shave their beards (for the Yaik Old Believers - the worst punishment) and send them to the infantry regiments of the army on the front of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. . When escorting those arrested to Orenburg, the Cossacks of the military side attacked the convoy and recaptured 23 of their comrades. It was decided to send a delegation of Cossacks to St. Petersburg, headed by the centurion Kirpichnikov. The delegation stayed in the capital for more than six months, petitions were submitted to counts Zakhar Chernyshev and Grigory Orlov, as well as to the empress herself, but the result was only an order to arrest the complainants, 6 out of 20 people were arrested, the rest, led by the Kirpichnikovs, hastily fled from the capital to the Yaitsky town.
The proceedings and punishments carried out by General Traubenberg, as well as the order to arrest the petitioners who returned from St. Petersburg, led by the centurion I. Kirpichnikov, caused an outburst of indignation among the Cossacks. After Traubenberg on January 13 ordered a volley of cannons to be fired at the crowd gathered near the military office, an armed clash with a government detachment took place, during which Traubenberg, the military ataman P. Tambovtsev and soldiers of the Durnovo detachment were killed, the latter was seriously wounded. The participants in the uprising at the assembled military circle elected new foremen at the circle. Delegations of Cossacks were sent to Catherine II, Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, Governor-General I. A. Reinsdorp, Kazan Metropolitan Veniamin, who tried to explain the speech by significant abuses of the foremen's side and the injustice of the commission of inquiry. Requests were sent to return the election of atamans and foremen in order to be able to remove unwanted and stealing from their posts, to issue delayed salaries, to transfer troops from the subordination of the Military Collegium to the authority of individual royal confidants (for example, the Orlovs).
Attempts were made to hastily strengthen the army militarily. By the time of the uprising, all the artillery of the Yaitsky Cossacks was dispersed among the fortresses and outposts of the border line along the Ural River, the Military Chancellery issued an order to send half of the entire composition of the Cossack garrisons to the Yaitsky city, as well as all the guns. In addition, most of the serfs who were in the Army and resettled were recorded in the Cossacks. Along the entire border line, the former atamans of the fortresses were removed from their posts, and new ones from among the rebels were appointed. For military needs, the money of the arrested representatives of the senior side was confiscated, and fines were imposed on those who remained at large. Horses were also confiscated. Nevertheless, there were not enough weapons, many Cossacks carried only pikes, bows and edged weapons.
At the same time, most of the preparations took place randomly and inconsistently, some of the Cossacks advocated the need to continue attempts to negotiate with the authorities, some - for more decisive action, the execution of the arrested foremen. The composition of the Military Chancellery was constantly changing, as a result of which some of the orders were canceled, and then issued again.
On May 15, 1772, the Orenburg Corps was sent against the rebels under the command of Major General F. Yu. Freiman. On June 3-4, the rebels under the command of I. Ponomarev, I. Ulyanov, I. Zarubin-Chiki were defeated by government troops on the Embulatovka River (near the present village of Rubezhka), 60 versts from the Yaitsky town.
Defeated, the returning Cossacks urged them to leave the Yaitsky town and move south towards the Persian border. The convoys with most of the population crossed the Chagan, but on June 6, the tsarist troops entered the Yaitsky town and, by decisive actions, prevented the destruction of the crossing. After negotiations and calls to return without fear, most of the inhabitants of the Yaitsky town returned to their homes.
As a result of the defeat of the uprising, gatherings of military circles were prohibited, the military office was liquidated, a garrison of government troops was stationed in the Yaik town, and all power passed into the hands of its commandant I. D. Simonov. Some of the captive instigators were executed, many were stigmatized, some of the sentenced had their tongues pulled out, 85 people were sentenced to eternal hard labor. Most of the Cossacks, after the defeat of the uprising, managed to take refuge in distant farms between the Volga and Yaik rivers, on the Uzen, almost all of them became active participants in the Pugachev army a year later.
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Yaik Cossack uprising of 1772(January 13 - June 6) - spontaneous performance of the Cossacks of the Yaitsky army, the immediate reason for which was the punishments and arrests carried out by the commission of inquiry of General Traubenberg.
The dissatisfaction of the Yaik Cossacks with the policy pursued by the government to eliminate the old liberties of the troops accumulated throughout the 18th century. With the subordination of the Yaik army to the Military Collegium and the abolition of the election of atamans and foremen, a split occurred in the army into the foreman and military sides. The split deepened after the introduction in 1754 of the state salt monopoly and the beginning of abuses of salt tax farmers from among the military elite.
At this time, in the Yaik town, attempts were made to hastily strengthen the army militarily. By the beginning of the uprising, all the artillery of the Yaik Cossacks was dispersed among the fortresses and outposts of the border line along the Yaik River; The military office issued an order to send half of the entire composition of the Cossack garrisons, as well as all the guns, to the Yaitsky city. In addition, most of the serfs who were in the Army and resettled were recorded in the Cossacks. Along the entire border line, the former atamans of the fortresses were removed from their posts, and new ones from among the rebels were appointed. For military needs, the money of the arrested representatives of the senior side was confiscated, and fines were imposed on those who remained at large. Horses were also confiscated. Nevertheless, there were not enough weapons, many Cossacks carried only pikes, bows and edged weapons.
At the same time, most of the preparations took place randomly and inconsistently, part of the Cossacks advocated the need to continue attempts to negotiate with the authorities, part - for more decisive action, the execution of the arrested foremen. The composition of the Military Chancellery was constantly changing, as a result of which some of the orders were canceled, and then issued again.
On May 15, 1772, the Orenburg Corps under the command of Major General Freiman advanced to the Yaik town, it included 2519 dragoons and rangers, 1112 mounted Orenburg Cossacks and Stavropol Kalmyks, about 20 guns. The Yaitsky Cossacks, who for the most part went to the spring flood - catching stellate sturgeon, were urgently recalled to the Yaitsky town, on the circle of the Yaitsky army for several days could not come to a consensus - whether to meet Freiman respectfully or to come forward to rebuff. It was decided to meet Freiman at the Genvartsev (Yanvartsovsky) outpost on the border of the army and convince him not to advance further. First, an advance detachment of 400 Cossacks under the command of marching atamans I. Ponomarev and I. Ulyanov, and then the main detachment of 2000 Cossacks under the command of V. Trifonov advanced up the Yaik.
On June 1, the Yaitsk Cossacks sent centurion A. Perfiliev, another of Pugachev's future closest associates, to Freiman for negotiations, but the negotiations did not lead to anything. Thanks to the advantage in artillery and better training in military affairs of government troops, on June 3-4, the rebels under the command of I. Ponomarev, I. Ulyanov, I. Zarubin-Chiki were defeated by government troops on the Embulatovka River (near the present village of Rubezhka) 60 miles from Yaitsky town.
Defeated, the returning Cossacks urged them to leave the Yaitsky town and move south towards the Persian border. The convoys with most of the population crossed the Chagan, but on June 6, the tsarist troops entered the Yaitsky town and, by decisive actions, prevented the destruction of the crossing. After negotiations and calls to return without fear, most of the inhabitants of the Yaitsky town returned to their homes.
As a result of the defeat of the uprising, gatherings of military circles were prohibited, the military office was liquidated, a garrison of government troops was stationed in the Yaik town, and all power passed into the hands of its commandant I. D. Simonov. Some of the captive instigators were executed, many were stigmatized, some of the sentenced had their tongues pulled out, 85 people were sentenced to eternal hard labor. Most of the Cossacks, after the defeat of the uprising, managed to hide in distant farms in the interfluve of the Volga and Yaik, on
Yaitsky town (city of Yaik, Yaitsk) - the administrative center of the Yaitsky Cossack army. It received its name from the Yaik River, on the right bank of which it was founded in 1613. After the formation of the Orenburg province, it was subordinate to the Military Collegium and the provincial office. After the suppression of the Cossack uprising in 1772, a garrison of the 6th and 7th light field teams (approximately 1000 people), as well as a detachment of one and a half hundred Orenburg Cossacks, was stationed here. The garrison was led by Lieutenant Colonel I.D. Simonov; he was also in charge of the Yaik commandant's office, which controlled the Cossack army, performing affairs that were previously under the jurisdiction of the military ataman and his office. The "leading" military Cossack foremen M.M. were introduced into the commandant's office as advisers. Borodin and N.A. Mostovshchikov.
On the eve of the Pugachev uprising in the Yaitsky town there were 2526 households, in which 2998 employees (combatants) and retired Cossacks lived with their families. As a result of internecine strife that flared up on Yaik from the beginning of the 1760s, the Cossack army was divided into two opposing parties or parties: the foremen (or "obedient", "loyal") and "rebellious" or "disobedient". Many of the "rebellious" Cossacks took part in the uprising of 1772 and were repressed by the authorities. A year later, these same Cossacks acted as skirmishers of the Pugachev uprising and became the most combat-ready force in the ranks of the rebel army (10).
Having led the uprising that began on September 17, 1773, Pugachev on the morning of September 18, with a detachment of 300 Cossacks, approached the Yaik town, but was stopped by the garrison at the bridge over the Chagan River. The next day, he again approached him, but, having no artillery with him, he did not dare to storm. Having replenished the army with dozens of Cossack defectors, Pugachev set off on the right bank of the Yaik to the east, to Orenburg. In the same direction, the consolidated detachment of Prime Major S.L. went to the aid of the provincial center. Naumov. The departure of this detachment significantly weakened the garrison, and Simonov in October 1773 found it expedient to move to a previously arranged "retrenchment" - an earthen fortress.
On December 30, the Cossack detachment of the Pugachev ataman M.P. entered the Yaitsky town. Tolkachev, who immediately began the siege of Simon's "Kremlin". In early January 1774, a detachment of ataman A.A. Ovchinnikov, and after him came Pugachev himself. He took over the leadership of military operations against the besieged city fortress, but after an unsuccessful assault on January 20, he returned to his army near Orenburg. At the very end of January, Pugachev reappeared in Yaitsky town. Here he married on February 1, taking as his wife a young Cossack Ustinya Kuznetsova. She and the "court staff" were settled in the house of the former military ataman A.N. Borodin. Soon after the wedding, Pugachev, reviving the basic norm of Cossack self-government, ordered a Cossack circle to be convened to select a military ataman and foremen. On this circle, the rebel Cossacks elected the troops of N.A. Kargin, and foremen - A.P. Perfiliev and I.A. Fofanova (11). In the second half of February and early March 1774, Pugachev again ran into the Yaitsky town, making attempts to take possession of the besieged fortress. He led the attacks on her, beat off the sorties of her defenders. On February 9, the bell tower of the Mikhailovsky Cathedral, the citadel of the defense of Simonov's "retrenchment", was blown up and destroyed by an explosion of a mine tunnel. The defending garrison, at the cost of great efforts and losses, managed to defend the fortress and wait for the arrival of military assistance (12).
On April 15, the brigade of General P.D. Mansurova, 70 versts from the Yaitsky town, defeated the detachments of the atamans Ovchinnikov and Perfilyev, and a day later entered the town itself. On the eve of the entry, the traitorous Cossacks, having heard about Mansurov's victory in the battle near Bykovka, seized the atamans Kargin, Tolkachev and other prominent Pugachevites, the "Empress" Ustinya with her relatives and delivered them to the fortress. The regime of brutal repressions established by Mansurov and Simonov was accompanied by torture and executions of the rebels. Since August 1774, the Secret Commission operated here, conducting an investigation and trial of the Pugachevites. In this commission, Mavrin interrogated Pugachev on September 16; at the same time and in the following days, he conducted an investigation of the captured Cossacks from the last Pugachev detachment.
Judging by the report of Simonov, at the end of that year, 2345 Cossacks lived in the Yaik town - employees and retirees, not counting their family members (13). Wanting to forever destroy the memory of Pugachev and the uprising he raised on the banks of the Yaik, Catherine II, by decree of January 15, 1775, ordered to rename the Yaik River to the Urals, the Yaitsky Cossack army - to the Ural, and the Yaitsky town - to Uralsk.
During his stay in Uralsk on September 21-23, 1833, Pushkin examined the sights of the former Yaitsky town, met and talked with elderly contemporaries and participants in the Pugachev uprising (see the article Uralsk).
Yaitsky town and the events that took place in it are mentioned in the "History of Pugachev" and draft fragments of its manuscript (1). Information about him is contained in the sources used by Pushkin: archival preparations for the "History" (2), a letter from Captain A.P. Krylov dated May 15, 1774 (3), "Chronicles" by P.I. Rychkov and her summary of Pushkin (4), "Orenburg Records" (5), records of the testimony of I.A. Krylova (6). Yaitsky town is mentioned in the memoirs of I.I. Osipova (7), I.S. Polyansky (8) and M.N. Pekarsky (9), who ended up in the hands of Pushkin in 1835-1836.
Notes:
1. Pushkin. T.IX. p.5, 8-11, 13-18, 21, 24, 27, 34, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 46, 49, 51-54, 60, 69, 71, 77, 81, 89, 90, 99, 100, 146, 154, 177, 181, 182, 188, 189, 191, 196-198, 402, 406-408, 413, 416, 418, 426, 433, 434, 438, 444, 446, 447, 451, 453, 464;
2. Pushkin. T.IX. 501-504, 513, 517, 524, 527, 529-531, 617, 619, 620, 635, 645, 647, 654, 656, 657, 693, 694, 700, 717, 774, 778, 780, 781;
3. Pushkin. T.IX. 537, 538-540, 543, 545-551;
4. Pushkin. T.IX. 207, 208, 210-212, 221, 247, 260, 261, 263, 267, 274, 283-286, 292-296, 298, 306, 307, 309, 310, 318, 319, 322, 339, 341, 344, 353, 354, 759, 760, 766, 777;
5. Pushkin. T.IX. pp. 496, 497;
6. Pushkin. T.IX. S.492;
7. Pushkin. T.IX. pp. 551, 555, 575, 578;
8. Pushkin. T.IX. pp. 579-585, 590, 597;
9. Pushkin. T.IX. pp. 598-601, 604-606, 609, 612-615;
10. Report of Colonel Kh.Kh. Bilov to the Orenburg Governor I.A. Reinsdorp dated August 12, 1772 - RGADA. F.1100. D.1. L.310; Census of the Yaik Cossacks, conducted in September 1772 - RGVIA. F.8. Op.4. D.1536. L.531; Report of Colonel I.D. Simonov General-in-Chief P.I. Panin dated January 18, 1775 - RGADA. F.1274. D.195. L.165-165v.;
11. Documents of E.I. Pugachev, rebel authorities and institutions. 1773-1774 M., 1975. S.104-108;
12. Chebotarev V.A. Yaitsky town in the XVIII century. // Peasant war in Russia XVII-XVIII centuries: problems, searches, solutions. M., 1974. S. 116-121;
13. RGADA. F.1274. D.195. L.165-165 rev. (Archived link from the online publication of R.V. Ovchinnikov and L.N. Bolshakov)
