Sadovnikova I.N. Corrective education for schoolchildren with reading and writing disorders. A manual for speech therapists, teachers, psychologists of preschool institutions and schools of various types. - M.: ARKTI, 2005. - 400 p.: ill.

The problem of reading and writing disorders (dyslexia and dysgraphia) is presented holistically and comprehensively; the structure of normal reading and writing processes and the manifestations of their disorders are considered; a complete and reasoned level-by-level classification of specific writing and reading errors is given. Based on an experimental psychological and pedagogical study of schoolchildren and the experience of their correctional education, the author has developed a method for comprehensively overcoming the entire range of identified writing disorders, including a system for teaching synthetic reading techniques. The book includes lesson plans, literary texts, tables, diagrams on the basis of which correctional work is based, as well as materials for role-playing training for teachers to master the proposed methodology for overcoming dyslexia and dysgraphia.

The manual is addressed to speech therapists, teachers, psychologists of preschool institutions and schools of various types, students of defectology departments and departments of primary education of pedagogical universities, as well as parents.

Part I. VIOLATIONS OF WRITTEN SPEECH 5

Chapter 1. WRITTEN SPEECH AND PREREQUISITES FOR ITS FORMATION 5

1.1. Written speech 5

1.2. Formation of speech mechanisms in ontogenesis 6

1.3. Evolution of spatial discrimination 7

1.4. Psychophysiological structure of the writing process 8

1.5. Psychophysiological structure of the reading process 10

Chapter 2. WRITTEN SPEECH DISORDERS (DYGRAPHIA, DYSLEXIA) 11

2.1. Etiology and pathogenesis of written speech disorders 12

2.2. Symptoms of dysgraphia 14

2.3. Complex error analysis cases 24

2.4. Evolutionary, or false, dysgraphia 25

2.5. Reading difficulties and dyslexia 26

2.6. Typology of errors in dyslexia 30

Chapter 3. STUDYING CHILDREN WITH WRITTEN SPEECH DISORDERS 33

3.1. State of laterality and spatial orientation 33

3.2. State of orientation in time 35

3.3. State of hand motor functions 35

3.4. State of auditory-motor coordination 37

3.5. State of speech attention and phonemic perception 38

3.6. State of sound analysis and synthesis of words 39

3.7. Features of vocabulary 39

3.8. Features of grammatical structure 40

3.9. Features of educational activities 41

3.10. “School maturity” and readiness to master literacy 42

Part II. Overcoming dyslexia, dysgraphia 44

Chapter 1. CREATION OF PREREQUISITES FOR CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION 44

1.1. Development of spatial concepts 44

1.2. Clarification of temporary representations 49

1.3. Teaching reading 52

1.4. Types of reading and writing in correctional work 53

1.5. Writing Skills Test 57

Chapter 2. FORMATION OF PHONEMATIC ANALYSIS 59

2.1. Speech sounds and letters 60

2.2. Sound (phonemic) analysis of words 64

2.3. Two ways to indicate soft consonants in writing 71

Chapter 3. FORMATION OF PHONEMATIC PERCEPTION 76

3.1. Differentiation of letters having kinetic similarity 79

3.2. Differentiation of phonemes having acoustic-articulatory similarity 84

Chapter 4. CORRECTION WORK AT THE LEXICAL LEVEL 108

4.1. Identifying students' active vocabulary 108

4.2. Clarification and expansion of vocabulary 109

4.3. Syllable analysis and synthesis of words 115

4.4. Types of syllables 118

4.5. Stress in word 119

4.6. Schemes of the syllabic-rhythmic structure of words 121

4.7. Unstressed vowels 122

4.8. Word composition 125

Chapter 5. CORRECTION WORK AT THE SYNTACTIC LEVEL 130

5.1. Collocation and sentence 131

5.2. Negotiation 133

Introduction

The problem of written language disorders in schoolchildren is one of the most pressing, since writing and reading become the basis and means of further learning.

The main task of a speech therapist is to promptly (mainly in the elementary grades) identify and overcome written speech disorders, preventing their transition to the next stages of education. Otherwise, persistent specific errors in writing and reading will accompany students in subsequent years (in an obvious or disguised form), complicating their educational and cognitive activities.

Part I of the book covers the prerequisites and patterns of the formation of normal oral and written speech, the etiology and pathogenesis of reading and writing disorders; a classification of types of specific errors is given, which are illustrated with specific examples. In order to facilitate differential diagnosis, criteria are given for distinguishing dysgraphia and dyslexia from similar symptoms in the immaturity of a number of speech and gnostic functions in schoolchildren.

The proposed original system for identifying and recording these errors by a speech therapist allows you to monitor the dynamics of overcoming them. Without such systematic consideration, it is impossible to achieve proper effectiveness in correctional education.

The presented materials from a comprehensive experimental study of primary schoolchildren with reading and writing impairments make it possible to identify the features of a number of their sensorimotor and gnostic functions, which are essential for the development of written speech mechanisms. These data will also allow teachers to identify those obvious or hidden difficulties that reduce the quality of students’ educational activities when mastering many disciplines.

Part II presents a system of remedial training to overcome impairments in written speech - in all main areas. Each chapter is preceded by a methodological commentary that defines the tasks and methods of organizing the proposed types of work.

The program for each area of ​​correctional education is built in a certain sequence:

1. introduction to the topic;

2. its explanation addressed directly to children;

3. training exercises (from simple to complex);

4. control tasks.

Classes to overcome dyslexia and dysgraphia should not turn into an endless process of writing or rewriting. It is necessary to provide varied speech practice for students to develop verbal communication skills, language ability, observation, and much more. For these purposes, the book presents a sufficient amount of various exercises, a significant part of which is performed orally with a clearly organized system of feedback signals that students operate ( cards, symbols, actions with claps, ball, etc.).

Entertaining speech material is also intended to help relieve tension and fear in children who feel their own inadequacy in grapho-lexical activity, since it creates a positive emotional mood in children during group classes.

Another area of ​​correctional work is presented in the 6th chapter of the methodology: this is the material necessary to improve reading techniques by teaching children expressive reading skills.

The Appendix, addressed to methodological associations of speech therapists, provides a description of complex role-playing training for specialists in mastering this author’s method of overcoming dysgraphia and dyslexia in schoolchildren.

Methodology for studying writing skills of I.N. Sadovnikova

(Sadovnikova I.N., 1998)

Method structure

• 1. Copying words and sentences from handwritten text.
• 2. Copying words and sentences from printed text.
• 3. Recording dictation letters:
  • a) lowercase letters;
  • b) capital letters.
• 4. Dictation of syllables.
• 5. Dictation of words of various structures.
• 6. Record a sentence after listening once.
• 7. Captions for subject pictures (words).
• 8. Captions for story pictures (sentences).
• 9. Compiling and recording a story based on a series of plot pictures (for students in grades 2-3).

Main goals: determining the degree of literacy acquisition, taking into account the stage of education and the requirements of the school curriculum at the time of the examination; identification of writing disorders (nature of specific errors, degree of severity).

Below is a tested speech material for examination of a letter that meets the following requirements:

• - speech material includes sounds of all phonetic groups;
• - provides for the positional proximity of sounds that have acoustic-articulatory similarity, as well as letters that are mixed according to kinetic similarity;
• - includes words of varying complexity of syllable-rhythmic structure.

The examination tactics are built flexibly - depending on what the student has achieved

level: if a student can write a text dictation, he should start with that. If such a task is beyond the child’s ability, you need to move on to copying the text or dictating words and letters - to determine the formed and broken links of grapho-lexical activity.

• 1. Copy words and sentences from handwritten text.
• 2. Copy words and sentences from printed text.
• 3. Write down lowercase letters under dictation (in case you forget to indicate the letter with a dot):
  • a) lowercase letters: p, i, sh, t, m, sh, z, c, e, g, l, d, u, b, e, f, j, h, e, s, v, g, b , X;
  • b) capital letters: G, 3, D, R, N, K, CH, U, E, T, C, P, D V, M, F, E, Zh, Shch.

Syllable dictation: as, mo, ose, ly, ri, ale, yar, me, zhu, sa, sho, chi, ats, bapo, dozhu, leri, shazi, zhene, ashu, znyu, loch, kor, pla, kro, ast, glu, ark, media, kra, gro, astka, glor, izhbo, schatz, vzdro, chit, shus, hvy, aika, shos, kret, vach

Dictation of words of different structures:

old lady

4. Record after listening once:

The Christmas tree has a fluffy bunny.

Auditory dictation.

MAPLE

There was a maple tree growing near the house. Birds sat on maple branches. These are jackdaws. Seryozha gave them crumbs of bread and grain.

Misha had a cat. The cat's name was Ryzhik. Ryzhik's tail is fluffy. The boy often played with the cat. They were friends.

SPRING IS COMING

The sun is shining brighter. The snow has darkened. There are large puddles all around. Buds swelled on the branches. There is green grass on the lawns. Fast streams gurgle. Spring is coming.

2nd grade

BIRDS

December has arrived. Fluffy snow fell. He covered the entire earth with a white carpet. The rack is frozen. The birds are hungry. They are looking for food. Children put bread and grains in the feeder. In summer, crops need protection. Birds will save the harvest.

3rd grade

AT NIGHT IN THE FOREST

Night. The inhabitants of the forest are rushing to prey. The wolf came out of the thicket and wandered towards the village. A fox crawled out of the hole. Hares gathered in the depths of the forest. There is silence all around. Only a light wind shakes the tops of the pine trees. A snowball fell from a spruce branch. The hares got scared and ran off into the thicket.

Write captions for subject pictures (words); to story pictures (sentences).

Compose and write down a story based on a series of plot pictures (for students in grades 2-3).

Additional material for examining writing

The snow-covered forest was fabulously beautiful. Occasionally there were rapid thunderstorms with peals of thunder and serpentine lightning.

It's raining - expect mushrooms. The rains will rustle on the iron roofs - and again there will be silence. A terrible snowstorm swirled on the mountain tops.

White fluffy clouds floated across the sky. The first thawed patches appeared in the fields. The buds on the willows are swollen.

The dreary autumn drags on for a long time. Winds, rains, colds. Everything is covered with a dull haze of fog. All nature is waiting for Mother Winter to come.

How elegant the rowan is in August! Its clusters burn with fire through the green lace of flexible branches.

The blizzard pulled plump hats onto the bare stumps. The stumps now look like huge mushrooms.

The bush rustles - the gray bunny is trembling. Zhurka turned out to be a funny crane. A living net of fluffy snowflakes swirled in the frosty air.

The cranes occasionally called out to the leader. And there was something proud and confident in this cloudy conversation.

Yellow flowers swayed on the ledges of the mountains. They looked like a bunch of golden keys. The larches are full of cones. The wolf's bast bushes turned pink. The trees in the thicket merged into a blackening mass.

Texts of auditory dictations

The children were walking in the meadow. Seryozha and Lera were picking flowers. Sasha was picking sorrel. Misha has a net. He catches a butterfly. Time to have lunch. The children are going home.

The cat catches mice. The dog guards the house. The cow gives milk. The horse carries loads. Sheep provide wool and meat. Rabbit fur is used for fur coats and hats.

The car brought a lot of coal. We heat the stove with coal. Smoke is coming from the chimney. In winter there are severe frosts. Snowstorms often blow. And the house is always warm.

SPRING

April has arrived. The loose snow is melting. Streams gurgle all around. There is a large puddle on the porch. The kids put away their skates and skis. They are launching boats. Everyone is welcoming spring.

The guys went out onto the lawn. It's nice in the forest in spring! The fragrant lily of the valley bloomed. Birds are chirping. The children saw a hedgehog. He curled up into a ball. They won't touch the hedgehog.

Autumn was approaching. It began to rain more often. The ground in the garden is already strewn with yellow leaves. The voices of songbirds are heard less frequently. They are preparing to fly to warmer climes.

Study of the current level of development of orthographic writing skills among schoolchildren in various types of written work (Eletskaya O.V., 2008, 2015)

Method structure

• 1. Study of the current level of development of orthographic writing skills at the approximate stage of educational activity (detection of “error-prone” places).
• 2.1. In auditory dictation.
• 2.2. When inserting missing letters.

1. Study of the current level of formed orthographic writing skills at the indicative stage of educational activity (detection of “error-prone” places).

The state of spelling skill is studied in such activities as auditory dictation, inserting missing letters, copying, finding other people's mistakes in written work and identifying “error-prone” places. The main objective of this area is to study students’ current knowledge and identify gaps in the mastery of program material.

Speech material consists of words, phrases, sentences and texts containing spelling problems for 25 spellings to be studied in a high school course. Of these, 22 spellings are included in 10 main spelling blocks (OB), 3 spellings are not part of any of the presented blocks (individual spellings - 00).

List of spelling patterns to be studied according to the general education school curriculum in grades 1-5 and included in the structure of the research methodology

Spelling blocks (OB)

• BLOCK 1 (OB-1). Unstressed verified and unchecked vowels in the root. Spelling of prefixes (except for PRE-, PRI- and ending with 3-, C-).
• 1) Unstressed verified vowels in the root.
• 2) Unstressed unverified vowels in the root.
• 3) Vowels and consonants in prefixes.
• BLOCK 2 (OB-2). Alternating vowels in word roots.
• 1) The letters O-A in the root -LAG- - -FALSE-.
• 2) O-A at the root -RAST- - -ROS-.
• 3) Letters E and I in roots with alternation.
• BLOCK 3 (OB-3). Spelling of consonants in the root of a word.
• 1) Tested unclearly audible consonants at the root of the word.
• 2) Unpronounceable verifiable consonants at the root of the word.
• BLOCK 4 (OB-4). Spelling of prefixes ending with the letters 3 and C.
• 1) The letters 3 and C at the end of the prefixes.
• BLOCK 5 (OB-5). The letters Y and I after C.
• 1) The letters Y and I after C in the roots of words.
• BLOCK 6 (OB-6). Letters O and E (E) after sibilants and C.
• 1) O and E (E) after hissing words in the roots under stress and without stress.
• 2) The letters O and E after sibilants and C in the endings of nouns and adjectives.
• BLOCK 7 (OB-7). Use of capital letters.
• 1) Use of capital letters in proper names.
• BLOCK 8 (OB-8). Vowels at the end of words.
• 1) The letters E and I at the endings of nouns.
• 2) Unstressed vowels at the endings of adjectives.
• 3) The letters E and I at the endings of verbs 1 and 2 conjugations.
• BLOCK 9 (OB-9). Spelling b.
• 1) The use of b to indicate the softness of consonants.
• 2) Use b at the end of nouns after sibilants.
• 3) Short adjectives with a sibilant base.
• 4) b after sibilants in the indefinite form of the verb and in the 2nd person singular.
• 5) -TSYA and -TSYA in verbs.
• BLOCK 10 (OB-10). Integrated and separate spelling of NOT and NI with different parts of speech.
• 1) NOT with verbs.

Individual spellings (00)

• (00-1). Letters I, U, A after hissing ones (Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch).
• (00-2). Separate writing of prepositions with independent parts of speech.
• (00-3). Separating b and b.

Research material.

Speech material, consisting of words and texts containing spelling tasks for 25 spellings. Of these, 22 are included in the 10 main spelling blocks (SB), to be studied in the secondary school course.

When compiling the methodology, the spelling “Use b to indicate softness of consonants” was included in OB-9 “Spelling b”. From the standpoint of modern linguistics, this rule can be attributed both to the scope of the syllabic principle of graphics (for example, in a strong position - spelling b at the end of a word), and to the field of spelling (for example, in a weak position - in the case of assimilation, in the middle of a word between two soft consonants).

Three spellings are not included in any of the presented blocks and are studied separately (individual spellings - 00), where the spelling rule regulating the use of the letters I, U, A after the hissing Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch, is considered as a limitation of the action of the syllabic principle of graphics , and the rule of using dividing b and b is a deviation from this principle (Zinder L.R., 2007; Ivanova V.F., 1966, 1977, 1982, 1991; Panov M.V., 1989).

Research material.

Speech material, used in the tasks “Detecting error-prone places”, “Cheating”, “Inserting missing letters” and “Finding errors”, presented in printed form on special forms.

A) Find in the words and mark those places where you can make a mistake.

Exercise 1. OB-1: dining room, jam, appear, pillars, look, nurse, shock, fantasize, dark, call.

Task 2. OB-1: aquarium, route, right, freedom, car, agronomist, right, everywhere, picture, piano.

Task 3. OB-1: emphasize, feel, count, write, build on, get rid of, guess, add, sneak, mediator.

Task 4. OB-2: believe, position, proposed, state, located, taxed, fold, believe, assume, lay down.

Task 5. OB-2: grow, shoots, algae, grow up, mature, plant, fusion, fused, grow, grown.

Task 6. OB-2: grind, select, wipe, tear off, rub, rip off, erase, advance, shine, wipe.

Task 7. OB-3: pipe, boat, embroidery, palm, box, year, smooth, daring, light, creepy.

Task 8. OB-3: oral, beautiful, physical, gigantic, inappropriate, merciless, crunch, passage, stairs, vertical.

Task 9. OB-4: drink, discern, unravel, unsystematic, painted, make noise, spew, immortal, stir, expand.

Task 10. OB-5: on tiptoes, tits, dial, constitution, citrus, provocation, numbering, chicken, top hat, cyclone.

Task 11. OB-6: cross out, neck, even, click, comb, hair, rustle, black, callous, devil.

Task 12. OB-6: pencil, capital, Easter cake, bird, roof, brother, towel, Chinese, key, ladle.

Task 13. OB-7: Mikhail Zoshchenko, story “Meeting”, city of Tver, Dnieper River, Dmitry Ivanovich, Australia, Pacific Ocean, ballet “Giselle”, magazine “Koster”, Vasilisa the Beautiful.

Task 14. OB-8: on the outskirts, in a sanatorium, on the edge, in a section, in a rocket, about a prize, in a clearing, in the neighborhood, on a veranda, in a kiosk.

Task 15. OB-8: in frosty, for the younger, in wool, over wheat, in the opposite, about interesting, about terrible, about distant, with good, on beautiful.

Task 16. OB-8: smiles, drives out, admits, deepens, saws through, we’ll see, depends, drives away, endures, drives away.

Task 17. OB-9: line, nurse, read, danger, bring, urgent, valor, sister, ponytail.

Task 18. OB-9: quiet, ball, Voronezh, bitterness, thing, steep, Kerch, watchman, rook, cloak.

Task 19. OB-9: lucky, sticky, omniscient, crackling, effervescent, handsome, knowledgeable, sighted, handsome, dense.

Task 20. OB-9: distract, whisper, captivate, attract, forget, get burned, get sick, lie in wait, want to laugh, cut your hair.

Task 21. OB-9: doubt, heat up, oppress, rush, grow, burn, unfasten, get married, trample, fight.

Task 22. OB-10: won’t overgrow, don’t expect, be indignant, won’t take it, won’t pull it out, be perplexed, feel unwell, don’t like it, won’t force it, malnourished.

Task 23. 00-1: sensitive, wide, slightly, bunnies, dinner, seagull, fat, sound, ears.

Task 24. 00-2: from the road, from under an elm, over the village, before the turn, by right, in labor, on the fly, across the country, at depth, to the side.

Task 25. 00-3: hare, ears, knocked down, bird, pre-anniversary, object, saved, departure, barrier, accident-free.

B) Find in the phrases and mark those places where you can make a mistake.

Exercise 1. Fly away on vacation, attach a shelf, dance to the music, moan in pain, light the stove, remember the good things, a ringing voice, drown in flowers.

Task 2. Have a successful hunt, come closer, ask for some bread, strain through your teeth, don’t let them get close, line up on time, repeat the rule, sign an order, support a friend, pay for everything.

Task 3. Approach from the right, cook potatoes, see ahead, be late for breakfast, eat a tomato, get on the ship, come on Saturday, at the seventh kilometer, a green carriage, read in the newspaper.

Task 4. Add cubes, make a song, put a bag, position of a country, make an effort, offer a job, sit in a movie theater, factor it, put a pillow, mathematical term.

Task 5. Child's age, young sprout, quickly grown, house plant, dense thickets, industrial branch, warm grown, seaweed, stingy moneylender, tropical vegetation.

Task 6. Wipe the dust, wash the clothes, wipe with a handkerchief, burn on the board, set fire to the wood, grind the ointment, the soul froze, shine with intelligence, lay on the sofa, make the bed.

Task 7. A neighbor's bulldog, a spoonful of broth, a snowdrift on the sidewalk, a pillow of grass, a close friend, a bend on the highway, a long overpass, cheerful people, a little siskin.

Task 8. An unknown incident, good news, branches crunched, in a beautiful forest, much to bad weather, about a painful time, in an oral story, a travel card, furious rain, with a Scottish accent.

Task 9. Fill up a notebook, scare away the birds, a haphazard approach, awaken memories, start a fire, destroy the soul, tasteless fruit, freeze in the wind, cultivate arable land, dispel the last doubts.

Task 10. A young gypsy, a short ponytail, a big number, clean streets, a sports section, went to the circus, an acacia tree bloomed, a compass in a case, put down a mat, went to the police station.

Task 11. Yellow ball, eat gooseberries, angry bees, put on a hood, silk from the store, sew a seam, puff out your cheeks, long bangs, an acorn sprouts, sit on a perch.

Task 12. Admire the palace, march, cover yourself with a cloak, a golden ring, the hot sun, an oblique ray, admire the mill, talk to the doctor, think about the task, many fighters.

Task 13. The Battle of Kulikovo has begun, we read the magazine "Ogonyok", we will walk along Sadovaya, the hero city of Stalingrad, the Ural Mountains, the ice drift "Chelyuskin", the stormy Yenisei River, read the fairy tale "The Nightingale", they show the ballet "The Nutcracker", Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov.

Task 15. The younger sister, in purple, about a blue hood, a nightingale's song, a bright night, a fascinating story, clear sun, in a silk dress, in picturesque places, about a green meadow.

Task 16. He draws magnificently, finds a notebook, hears a rustling sound, holds him after school, chases him down the street, draws magnificently, whispers in his ear, turns green in the sun, carries him out of the barn, rolls on the ground.

Task 17. Carrier pigeon, finish the letter, perpetual motion machine, elastic material, predatory look, pouring rain, sick man.

Task 18. Adorable nonsense, durable brick, forged pennies, an interesting travel bag, a pair of black galoshes, unnecessary luxury, a fat devil, a sky without clouds, endless dryness, a powerful tractor.

Task 19. Wind, wind, you are mighty; the forest is dense, the tea is hot, the honey is viscous, her voice is melodious, the white snow is flying, the sand is hot, creeping, the hedgehog is prickly, the cold is stinging.

Task 20. You forget mistakes, see the dawn, discover America, lie down on the sofa, watch a play, light a fire, play hide and seek, harness it to a cart, burn in the fire.

Task 21. They go skiing, they decide not to give up, they are afraid of the dark, they wonder too much, kids go swimming, they study diligently, they rush along the street, they blend into the background, they are created by scientists, they shine and sparkle.

Task 22. Not seeing a cat, not replacing a textbook, not forgetting a lesson, captivating a person, not watering flowers, hating evil, not wanting to study, not feeding a dog, not being able to walk, not loving a neighbor.

Task 23. Always spare, poor animal, beautiful shepherd, run away to Rosha, new miracles, in an old hut, often visits, the best painter, a cozy home.

Task 24. In the flexible reeds, without long sleep, near a tree, on a green meadow, above a wonderful lake, with great feeling, from behind the forest, without any movement, near the hare island, under a wide shadow.

Task 25. Snow blizzard, an accident happened, sparrows flew in, look into the lens, performed with honor, congress of winners, sewing a suit, beautiful sewing, driving onto the bridge, magpie chatter.

C) Find in the sentences and mark those places where you can make a mistake.

Exercise 1. The trees were covered with thick foliage. There are telegraph poles along the road. A red elk calf follows the moose. Cheerful little squirrels are visible on the pine tree.

Task 2. Grandma decided to bake a pie. Grandmother bought two kilograms of flour, sugar and milk. And for the filling - lemons, cottage cheese and cabbage. Breakfast will be wonderful!

Task 3. The goat ran into the garden. The verbs dress and put on have different meanings. The trees are covered with raindrops. Grandfather picked up the hare and carried him home. The fox played a sly joke on the hare. The pioneers took the kids home from kindergarten. By the paw prints you can find out which animal passed through the clearing.

Task 4. Fog lay over the fields. We proposed holding a gathering of tourists on the river bank. The guys sat around the fire and ate baked potatoes with pleasure. State the content of the textbook paragraph. We assume that we will be ready to travel before dawn. I suggest rewriting the presentation. Touching the creations of great masters encourages reflection. Every sentence written bears the imprint of the writer's talent. In the evening a thunderstorm gathered, and beyond the Volga the sky was covered with black clouds. We lit a small fire.

Task 5. We suggest locking the grown crops in a barn. These industries are developed in Rostov. The young trees grew very closely together. Play, children, grow up in freedom. Three proud palm trees grew high. The bushes formed an impenetrable thicket. Rice grows in marshy areas. The seashore is covered with algae. These places surprise with rich vegetation.

Task 6. The moon makes its way through the wavy fogs. We decided to take part in the election campaign. The dying warrior with a sinking heart made his way through the dense forest. All doors were locked. I implore you - tell the truth! White steam spreads over the water. The lion approaches its prey. Soon I will choose a suitable profession for myself.

Exercise 7. Outside the outskirts there was an old abandoned pond. Leaf fall is the most beautiful time of autumn. There is a big snowdrift near the house. The entire pond was covered in ice. There is snow on the roads. The kids put on mittens and are playing in the snow. There are enough memories for a whole year.

Task 8. Beautiful, wonderful, lovely summer morning. Forest smells make your heart beat faster. We took off our overcoats and went up the stairs. The sun has barely risen above the horizon, and therefore the trees and bushes cast giant shadows. The forest imperiously calls to itself, and the multi-voiced song of birds rings. Glass sparkled right under my feet, like a diamond crystal.

Task 9. Neither eternal joy nor endless sadness. Gold is tempted by fire, and man by adversity. In a smart conversation you gain your wits, but in a stupid conversation you lose yours. First judge, and then judge. Walk around the guests and open the gates! Without truth you cannot survive a century. So the craftswoman plucked a piece from the clay, rolled it out into a sausage, and bent the sausage with a rocker. And now the Russian stoves are already blooming with roses, elegant children are clinging to the painted hems of their mothers.

Task 10. Tsits, chatty birds! In Florence, Italy, I saw a statue of Venus. The cook will not get a single carrot into the soup without taking the shape of a rhombus or trapezoid. A man sits in a cart and sells braids for one and a half rubles in banknotes. Petya stood on tiptoe next to his friend and looked into the broken glass. The Germans, according to Khor, are a curious people, and he is ready to learn from them. The wound must be disinfected urgently. There must be iron discipline in the classroom. Without a compass it is impossible to draw a circle and an oval.

Task 11. Along the wooden fence there was a wide running track made of yellow sand. Nazar poured heavy, rustling oats into Emerald's manger. The reins become stiff for Emerald and twist his neck downwards. The stable rider looked over Emerald's entire body from his bangs to his hooves. The long black galleries in the mine seemed endless to Vaska. Emerald walked at a smooth, sweeping trot. With a dry silky rustle, grain flowed through wooden chutes into the square hatches of the holds. The tomatoes were packed into thousands of uniform lattice boxes. A watery cloud faintly appeared in the black sky.

Task 12. The trees in the gardens were on fire. A Cossack man in a gray goat hat came out of the next room. The little Tatar boy's eyes sparkled. A patch of summer blue sky flashed. He was wearing a beautiful red shirt. A flag fluttered over the porch. We had to tie a towel around our heads. We listened to a series of lectures on medicine.

Task 13. My class and I visited the V.M. Vasnetsova. Andrey’s drawing took first place in the competition, and Olga Viktorovna gave him a gift. What wonderful theaters there are in Moscow. Tanya liked the paintings of Surikov and Repin. Smoky stole a sausage from the bag. The complex on Poklonnaya Hill is the people's memory of the Great Victory.

Task 14. It's wonderful to live in St. Petersburg! At home, you need to write out the necessary rules from your notebook. We were unable to arrive from the village on time due to the thaw. The tail is used by animals as a support when running, as a rudder when swimming and flying, and as an “extra hand” when climbing. The tail takes an active part in animal communication. Who knocked over the cabinet in the physics classroom yesterday?

Task 15. It was dark inside the spacious travel carriage. My father moved a small reddish star towards me, gently hiding under the ashes. I reached out to her with the index finger of my right hand. The greenish waves of the swell sparkled with sparkles of heavenly blue. It seemed to me that my mother was always the same beautiful, blue-eyed woman.

Task 16. In summer, the sun rises between east and north and sets between west and north. We are moving to the dacha in July. A schoolboy is preparing for exams. In these mountains the snow never melts. In the morning the edge of the sky turns red. A sparrow chirps under the roof. A lonely cloud is white in the sky. A field is green in the distance. The student will definitely learn the rule.

Task 17. Do you girls like to draw? In the fall, the baby squirrels will store nuts and acorns for the winter, and prick mushrooms on sharp branches. The boys took fishing rods and set off. Catch fish with both a net and a hook!

Task 18. The stingy rich man is poorer than the beggar. Better the bitter truth than a beautiful lie. Day and night - a day away. The rook calls its young white, and the hedgehog calls it soft. A good doctor, an experienced doctor, will barely hear a child’s cry, and at an early hour and at midnight he will rush to help.

Task 19. The air is fresh and clear. The young man was broad-shouldered and handsome. How the son looks like his father! The brown bear is only clumsy at first glance. How good is this old movie! Their ataman was really ebullient and hot! The flower was sticky and odorous.

Task 20. You were a grumpy old man, but you will become a loud stream. You will leave the forest bowl and run straight into the river. If you give her a job, the pencil's work will be in vain. Very small, fast, like a bird. If you want, it will rush overseas. If you touch it with your finger, it’s smooth, but if you bite it, it’s sweet. When you come out to the river in open meadows, you immediately go down and drink cold water.

Task 21. Every bird flaunts its feathers. From the small the big is born. Those who love to work have something to be proud of. Holding on to each other means not being afraid of anything. The parent's word is not spoken by anyone. Whoever fights for happiness is where it tends. Learning to read and write is always useful.

Task 22. It does not sink in water, does not burn in fire, and does not rot in the ground. Sweep, sweep, I won’t sweep. I carry it, I carry it, I can’t bear it. Tema had no idea where the Bug had gone. The spark burns through the sky, but does not reach us. He won’t knock, he won’t blurt out, he’ll approach anyone. What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe.

Task 23. Fluffy snowflakes fall to the ground. The mice and snakes hid in the thick reeds. Breathe deeply. Help your friends more often. Actively participate in class life.

Task 24. Grandmother had a shelf above the table. And on the shelf there was a steamboat. He had a trumpet: yellow and on it two black belts. Rope ladders ran from the masts to the sides. At the stern there was a booth, polished, with windows and a door. And below, under the stern, is the steering wheel. There are two anchors on the bow.

Task 25. One pours, another drinks, the third grows. It’s a pity that seal lying down is not an example to follow. The teachers' congress lasted two days. On the third day, a break was announced to tour and inspect schools. A barrier of fallen trees blocked the tanks' path. The enraged tiger found himself on the elephant's back in one leap. This plant can be classified as edible.

D) Find in the texts and mark those places where you can make a mistake.

Exercise 1. OB-1.

The winter frosts have receded. The spring sun is shining brighter. The road got dark and dried out. The ice turned blue, thawed and floated on the river. Streams rang in the forest. A sparrow bathes in a puddle. The buds on the birch trees swelled. The wind blows through its branches. Busy ants ran over the hummocks. The bears and badgers woke up. The larks sing loudly in the sky. Frogs croak merrily. Multi-colored butterflies flutter. (55 words.)

Task 2. About B-2.

The composer enjoyed living in the house in which he grew up. He didn't like to shine in the light. Only occasionally did he go to Rostov. At night the floorboards crackled as if they were composing a song. The old woman helped him with the housework: she wiped the dust, washed the clothes, made the bed, rubbed herbs, set fire to the wood, removed the dirt, locked the doors.

In the morning, the composer hurried to the piano to put the delight of the spreading light on the notes. Everything was caressed by the light: newly grown grass, algae in the lake, thickets of growing pines, dewy shadows, growing edges, young birch trees, snowdrops pushing through old foliage. The vegetation of the south will not replace native nature.

The impressions formed into amazing music. Fog was already falling on the fields when a forester appeared on the porch and confusedly reported on the misfortune that had befallen: “The landowner has wasted the forest. Can't pay. I conjure - help! The composer understood the situation and offered to buy the land, although he had little money. He always made efforts to save nature, no matter what difficulties he experienced. (144 words.)

Task 3. OB-3.

It was a wonderful morning. We went fishing. We walked along a narrow path through a ravine. A lovely stream gurgled at the bottom. We went out to the low bank and got into the boat. They cast their fishing rods. The minutes dragged on painfully. And now the caught fish flashed its scales in the sun. The bite was wonderful. Suddenly a branch crunched on the shore. My heart began to beat anxiously. Is a friend or a ruthless enemy hiding in the forest? The unknown scared us. We froze in anticipation. Soon the mystery was solved. A prickly hedgehog climbed onto the shore. (75 words.)

Task 4. OB-4.

In spring, when the buds on the trees barely open, rhododendron blooms in all its glory. Bright lilac-pink paint seems to be spilling on the slopes. Rhododendron blooms in the second half of May, before the split leaves bloom. Bright flowers highlight the exquisite curve of thin branches scattered above the ground. In winter, cut branches of this tree, placed in vases, are covered with delicate painted flowers. (51 words.)

Task 5. O B-5.

There lived a strange man in provincial Kaluga in the mid-twentieth century. His name was Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He once worked as a mathematics teacher and used a compass to draw circles, cylinders and trapezoids. Hens and chicks roamed the streets. A circus was performing in a vacant lot, and gypsies were leading a bear on a chain. Cicadas were ringing in the ravines. And in one of the Kaluga houses, a blind eccentric designed manned space stations. (59 words.)

Task 6. OB-6.

We don’t know what the goldfinch is talking about in the thicket of the forest with the cuckoo. We will not become a songbird under the bright sun! We will not understand what the whispering of the hard leaves of the reeds that surrounded the pond in a dense ring is about. We will not translate the buzzing of bees and the black-bellied bumblebee. The bumblebee is tired, but holding on well! A piece of sky flaring up like a conflagration under the sun's ray will not tell us the answer. Bending over the forest spring, we scoop up ice water with a ladle. And let’s think about the fact that every rustle made by a yellow dandelion, a prickly gooseberry, a little mouse and prim lilac thickets has its own meaning. (91 words.)

Exercise 7. O B-7.

Early in the morning the sounds of birds are heard over the bay. These are terns. This bird can be found in Kamchatka, near the Arctic Circle, on the Black Sea coast, in Central Asia, and in Chukotka. Wherever there is water, she will hunt for fish. Migratory birds fly to the Caucasus and Crimea, Egypt and India. Terns prefer to winter at home, where they were born and raised. (63 words.)

Task 8. About B-8.

In May, at the very beginning, a flock of swallows flies to us. You look at them and understand that spring is coming. The fuss begins. The flock makes nests under the windows of the house and chirps, chasing prey. The house looks cheerfully at the revived nature. It became good everywhere: in the apple orchard, in the birch grove, in the pine forest, in the wide field. In a small village and in a big city. In the garden, the blossoms are already falling from the apple trees. Their delicate petals lie in abundance on the garden path, as if someone was painting light spots on it. In the dark, impassable thicket of bushes, the ringing singing of birds sounds. Their songs spread throughout the area. (97 words)

Task 9. OB-9.

Once you forget about pressing matters and go into the forest, you forget about the bustle of the city. You go into the depths of birch groves and pine thickets, breathe air that is fragrant and fresh. The forest is dense. It's quiet all around. It’s worth taking a dip from the July heat into a forest stream. Drops sparkle in the sun.

At first you will feel like you can't breathe. But soon you will come to your senses and swim. Then you’ll get dressed, rest for a couple of minutes and go look for the chanterelles you’ve been dreaming about in winter. Here comes the boletus! How good and handsome he is! And at home, when the stove lights up, you will listen to the cuckoo counting the years. Her voice is omniscient and melodious. And the cold spring will foam and gurgle, falling from the steep slopes. Night will soon fall. The stars are no longer visible because of the clouds. The rook, the dove and the woodpecker, the doctor of the trees, fell asleep. Fancy flowers are opening. Their nectar is odorous and sticky, and the bush itself is thorny. If you take care of it, it grows and is covered with flowers. (141 words.)

Task 10. OB-10.

You never tire of being amazed by the appearance of some animals. You won’t even notice these insects on plant branches, they look like green sticks. Stick insects are never in a hurry. They glide slightly along the stems until a succulent leaf of a plant gets in their way. If a hungry stick insect does not come across a leaf, it will feast on the paw of its relative. But the stick insect will not be upset if relatives eat off part of the limbs. It will grow back. But stick insects cannot be called defenseless. In case of danger they freeze. And if the enemy does not leave, they can spray him with a caustic liquid. (83 words.)

Task 11. 00-1.

The little bear cub fell behind the mother bear. Suddenly he found himself in the bowl. The bear cub is scared. There are roots around like tentacles. It seems to him that behind every tree a fabulous monster is waiting for him. The poor little bear is standing there, trembling. Suddenly a branch snapped. The bear started to run and ended up on the shore of the lake. The reeds rustle all around, and the snakes hiss in the reeds. Then a crash was heard behind me. It was the bear who smelled her son. (59 words.)

Task 12. 00-2.

The kittens were born in a cookie box. The mother cat tried not to leave the babies. The kittens began to crawl out of the shelter. They fiddled around the box, and after playing enough, they fell asleep in front of the house. The cat often went away and one day did not return. The poor kittens hid in the gap and trembled with fear. They sat like that until the morning. In the morning a cat appeared. She was exhausted, and a clump of fur had been torn out under her ear. The cat licked her babies, warmed them and fed them. (78 words.)

Task 13. 00-3.

Tanya arrived in the village. In the morning she woke up, put on a dress, and went to the stream. The path ran through the weeds. Here you can hear the nightingale and pick raspberries for jam. If you overcome a slight rise, you can see a vast field. Recently at this place Tanya met an angry bull. A birch tree eaten by bark beetles stands near the cliff. As deftly as a monkey, Tanya climbed to the top of her head. (54 words.)

Procedure and instructions.

When completing the task, children were asked to use the “spelling doubt sign”: indicate those letters that could be spelled incorrectly.

Evaluation of results.

A correlation is revealed between actually made (pі) and probabilistic (p2) errors for each of the listed rules, or the frequency of erroneous spellings per spelling (k):

• 2. Study of the current level of development of spelling writing skills at the implementation stage.
• 2.1. Cheating

Purpose of the task: assess the current level of development of spelling writing skills, identifying gaps in the assimilation of program material when cheating.

Research material.

The same as in the task of detecting dangerous places.

Procedure and instructions.

A) Write down the words.

B) Write down the phrases.

B) Write down the sentences.

D) Write down the text.

. Evaluation of results.

See formula above.

2.2. Inserting missing letters

Purpose of the task: assess the current level of development of spelling writing skills, identifying gaps in the assimilation of program material when inserting missing letters.

Research material.

The same as in the task of detecting error-prone places, in which letters are missing in accordance with the declared spellings. For work, special forms are used (Appendix 7), on which words, phrases, sentences and texts are printed. Letters that may be difficult to write in accordance with the stated rules are omitted.

Exercise 1.

St...lovaya, in...rainy, appear, st...foreheads, see...third, k...rmilitsa, shock, fantasize, outsh...much, sound... a thread.

Task 2.

Aquar...um, route, (c) rights, free...boda, auto...mobile, agri...nom, (c) right, in...here, to... Rtina, pi...nino.

Task 3.

Task 4.

Put..., position, proposed, put... out, located, laid out, laid down, lay... down, suppose, suppose... , hall...live.

Task 5.

R...sti, por...el, water...sli, grow...to become, mature...fly, r...vegetative, mer...shenie, s...resist, they are breaking up, they're falling apart.

Task 6.

Pere...t, select, wipe, rip, rub, rub, s...t, wipe, move forward, bl. ..gets up, wipes himself off.

Task 7.

Tru...ka, lo...ka, vyshi...ka, okay...ka, short...ka, go..., smooth...kiy, der...kiy, le... .cue, bug...cue.

Task 8.

Ugly, beautiful, corporeal, gigantic, inappropriate, pitiless, crunchy, passable, forest... nipa, hello.

Task 9.

And...drink, ra...bite, ra...confuse, be...systemic, painted, ra...shu-rush, and...reject, immortal, expand, expand.

Task 10.

On ts...kidneys, tits..., ts...ferblat, constitution...i, ts...coward, provocation...i, number...s, ts...films, ts. ..lindr, c...clone.

Task 11.

Cross...ch...chka, black...thick, sl...click, comb...scratch, comb...ska, sh...rokh, black...black, h. ..hearty, damn...damn.

Task 12.

Pencil...m, capital...m, Easter...m, birds...m, roof...m, brother...m, towel...m, Chinese...m, key. ..m, ladle...m.

Task 13.

Ikhail Zoshchenko, story “...arrow”, city...believe, river...nepr, Dmitry...vanovich, ...ustralia, ...the Pacific Ocean, ballet "...isel", magazine " ...oster", ...asilisa the Beautiful.

Task 14.

(On) the outskirts, (in) the sanatorium, (on) the edge, (in) the section, (in) the rocket, (about) the premium, (in) the clearing, (in) the neighborhood, (on) the veranda, (in) kiosk.

Task 15.

Frosty, younger..., in wool...m, wheat...m, reverse...m, interesting, oh scary...m, oh far... m, with good...m, to beautiful...m.

Task 16.

Smiling...t, expelling...t, admitting...t, deepening...t, sawing...t, seeing...m, hanging...t, driving...t, terribly. .t, run...t.

Task 17.

Line...ka, nanny...read, read...it, danger..., bring...it, urgent..., valor..., sister...ka, pine... teak.

Task 18.

Hush..., ball..., Voronezh..., grief..., thing..., steep..., Kerch..., watchman..., rook..., cloak... .

Task 19.

Lucky..., sticky..., omniscient..., crackling..., effervescent..., handsome..., knowledgeable..., sighted..., handsome..., dense...

Task 20.

Distracted..., whispering..., carried away..., attracts..., forgets..., burns..., gets sick..., lies in wait..., laughs..., gets a haircut. ...

Task 21.

Doubt, heat... up, oppress..., rush... over, grow, burn... up, unfasten... up, get married, trample... over, struggle... Xia.

Task 22.

(Not) overgrown, (not) suppose, (not) indignant, (not) take, (not) pull out, (be perplexed, (not) pester, (not) love, (not) force, (not) finish eating.

Task 23.

Th...thick, wide...th...th...th, hare...ta, really...n, ch...yka, fat...sounding. ..ugh, uh....

Task 24.

(From) the road, (from under) the elm, (above) the village, (before) the turn, (by) the right, (in) labor, (on) the fly, (across) the country, (in) the depths, (in) side.

Task 25.

Hare...I, ear...I, present, birds...and, pre...anniversary, object, with...saving, departure, bar. ..er, without...emergency.

Read the phrases. Fill in the missing letters

Exercise 1.

Go on vacation, cover up the shelf, cry to the music, just sigh in pain, light up the stove, remember the good, sonorous g...l.. .juice, duck...drop in flowers.

Task 2.

Have a good...hunt, come p...closer, p...ask for some bread, strain THROUGH your teeth, don't LET IT close, p...line up on time, P...repeat the rule, p... write an order, support a friend, pay for everything.

Task 3.

Approach (from) the right, cook potatoes, see (in) ahead, be late for breakfast, eat and... midor, get on the ship, come to su...ota, on the seventh k...lometer, green in...gon, read in the newspaper.

Task 4.

Add up cubes, make up a song, put down a bag, the state of the country, make an effort, offer a job, sit in a movie theater, factor it... live pillow, mathematical term.

Task 5.

Child's age, young growth, quickly grown, home grown, dense thickets, industrial sector, warmly grown, seaweed...weeds, stingy growth...tropical vegetation.

Task 6.

Wipe off the dust, wash the linen, wipe...with a handkerchief, scorch...on the board, set fire to the wood, grind the ointment, the soul froze, fuck...become a mind, lie...on the sofa, make the bed.

Task 7.

Bulldo... of a neighbor, a lo... of broth, a snowdrift... on the sidewalk, a pillow of herbs, a close comrade, a vira... on the highway, a long overpass..., a cheerful people ..., little chi....

Task 8.

An unknown incident, good... news, branches fell... in a beautiful forest, much to my hatred, about a difficult... time, in a... story, etc. ...ticket, furious rain, with a Scottish accent.

Task 9.

And...write a notebook, scare away the birds, unsystematic approach, awaken memories, start a fire, destroy the soul, untasty fruit, etc. ..to chill in the wind, to... tillage, to dispel the last doubts.

Task 10.

Young c...gan, short ponytail, big c...fra, clean streets..., sports section, went to the c...rk, acacia...bloomed, c ...the handbag in a case, put down the coin, went to the police...

Task 11.

Yellow...ball, eat goose...berry, evil bees..., put on a hood...n, Sh...LK from the store, stitch the seam...in, inflate the cheeks, long bang, acorn is sprouting, sit on a perch.

Task 12.

Admire the palace...m, walk the march...m, cover yourself with a cloak...m, a golden ring..., hotter than the sun..., an oblique ray...m, admire the mills...m, talk to the doctor ...m, think about the tasks...th, a lot of struggle...v.

Task 13.

The battle of Ulikov has begun, we read the magazine "...Gonek", we will walk through...hell, the city...Talingrad,...the Ral Mountains, the ice drift "...Elyuskin", the stormy river...Nisei, read the fairy tale “...tin”, show the ballet “...ate-kunchik”, ...alentin...leksandrovich...erov.

Task 14.

Task 15.

Younger... sister, violet... color, about the blue... hood, nightingale... songs, light... at night, fascinating... story, clear... sun, in silk... dress, in paintings... places, about green... meadows.

Task 16.

Draws great, finds a notebook, hears rustling, keeps you after school, drives down the street, whispers in your ear, greener... in the sun, take...t out of the barn, roll...t on the ground.

Task 17.

Postal naked..., finish... letter, perpetual motion..., elastic material, hi...ny look, torrential rain..., big... man.

Task 18.

A lovely chu..., a durable brick..., a forged gro..., an interesting sak-voya..., a pair of black kalo..., an unnecessary luxury..., a fat le..., a sky without that... ., endless dry..., powerful thrust....

Task 19.

Wind, wind, you can...; I'm sleeping in the forest..., I'm burning for tea..., I'm craving honey..., I'm singing her voice..., the white snow is flying..., the sand of grief..., I'm already crawling..., I'm stabbing the hedgehog..., I'm burning cold...

Task 20.

You forget... mistakes, see... the dawn, discovering... America, lay... on the sofa, look... the performance, well... the fire, play... hide and seek, harness... in a cart , burn... in fire.

Task 21.

I'm skiing, I decided not to give up, I'm afraid of the dark, I'm trying too hard, the kids are swimming, I'm studying hard, I'm running down the street, plum. ..be with the background, created by scientists, shine and sparkle.

Task 22.

(Not) to see a cat, (not) to replace a textbook, (not) to forget a lesson, (not) to will a person, (not) to water flowers, (not) to hate evil, (not) to want to study, (not) to feed a dog, (not) )can walk, (dis)like a neighbor.

Task 23.

Always have mercy, poor animal, beautiful shepherd, run away to the grove..., new places, in the old hut, often visits, best f...writer, cozy f...liche.

Task 24.

(In) a flexible reed, (without) a long sleep, (near) a tree, (on) a green meadow, (above) a wonderful lake, (with) a great feeling, (from behind) the forest, (without) any movement, (at )hare island, (under) wide shadow.

Task 25.

Snowy...south, an accident happened, thieves flew in, look at the lens, performed with honor, ...the winners' ride, ...the suit, beautiful Shi...e, drive onto the bridge, so...it's chatter.

Read the sentences. Fill in the missing letters

Exercise 1.

The trees were covered with thick foliage. There are telegraph poles along the road. A red fox follows the l.-. On the...sleep in...the...deep in...the villages

damn...babies.

Task 2.

Grandma decided to bake a cake. Grandmother bought two k...log...a flour, sugar...and M...LOKO. And for the filling - l...mony, tv...rog and k...empty. Breakfast will be wonderful!

Task 3.

P...the goat ran into the garden. The verbs...det and n...det have different meanings. The trees are covered with raindrops. Grandfather p...picked up the hare and p...carried him home. The fox made a cunning joke on the hare. The pioneers... took the kids home from kindergarten. By...the paw prints you can find out which animal walked through the clearing.

Task 4.

Fog lay in the fields. We proposed holding a gathering of tourists on the river bank. The guys sat down by the fire and ate baked potatoes with pleasure. Explain the contents of the textbook paragraph. We assume that we will get ready for the road before dawn. I propose to rewrite the presentation. Touching the creations of great masters encourages reflection. Every sentence written bears the imprint of the writer's talent. In the evening a thunderstorm gathered, and beyond the Volga the sky was covered with black clouds. We lit a small fire.

Task 5.

We suggest locking the grown harvest in a barn. These industries are developed in R...stov. Young trees grew very crowded. Play, children, grow up in freedom. Three proud palm trees grow high. The bushes have grown and formed an impenetrable bowl. Rice grows in swampy places. The seashore is covered with water... spruce trees. These places surprise with rich vegetation.

Task 6.

The moon makes its way through the wavy fogs. We decided to take part in the election campaign. A dying warrior with a freezing heart fought his way through a dense forest. All the doors were locked. I swear you - tell the truth! White steam spreads over the water. The lion...is approaching its prey. Soon I will choose a suitable profession for myself.

Exercise 7.

Outside the outskirts there was an old abandoned pr... . Listopa... is the most beautiful time of autumn. There is a big snowdrift near the house... . The whole pr... shackled the le... . On the roads in the sleep... . The kids put on their gloves and are playing in the snow. There are enough memories for a whole year... .

Task 8.

Beautiful, wonderful, lovely summer morning. Forest smells make your heart beat faster. We took off our overcoats and walked along the line. The city has barely risen above the horizon, and therefore the trees and bushes cast gigantic shadows. The forest humidly calls to itself, and the multi-voiced singing of birds rings. Glass was blazing right under my feet, like a diamond crystal.

Task 9.

Neither eternal joy, nor endless sadness. Gold is eaten by fire, and man is eaten by adversity. In a smart conversation you gain your intelligence, but in a stupid conversation you lose yours. ...judge first, and then judge. Walk among the guests and open the gates! You can’t live forever without truth. So the craftswoman plucked a piece from the clay, rolled it... into a sausage, into a sausage and... bent it with a rocker. And now Russian stoves are blooming with roses, elegant children are snuggling up to the painted hems of their mothers.

Task 10.

Ts...ts, chatty birds...! In Florence, Italy, I saw a statue of Venus. The cook won't get a single carrot into the soup without taking the shape of a rhombus or trapezoid. A man sits in a cart and sells braids for one and a half rubles in banknotes. Petya stood next to his friend on his toes and looked into the broken glass. The Germans..., according to Khor, are curious people, and he is ready to learn from them. The wound must be disinfected urgently. There must be iron discipline in the classroom. Without a compass it is impossible to draw a circle and an oval.

Task 11.

Along the wooden fence there was a wide running track made of yellow sand. Nazar poured heavy rustling oats into the Emerald manger. The reins become hard for Emerald and twist his neck down. The stable rider looked at Emerald's entire body from his forehead to his hooves. Long

the black galleries in the mine seemed endless to Vaska. Emerald sh...l

at a smooth, sweeping trot. With a dry silken rustle, grain flowed along wooden chutes into the square hatches of the holds. The tomatoes were packed in thousands of monotonous lattice boxes. A watery cloud faintly appeared in the black sky.

Task 12.

There were trees in the fire gardens. A Cossack man wearing a gray goat hat came out of the next room. The Tatar man's eyes sparkled. A summer-blue BLUE flashed...toward the sky. He was wearing a beautiful red... shirt. A flag fluttered over the porch. I had to tie my head with a TOWEL...M. We listened to a series of lectures on medicine.

Task 13.

My class and I visited the museum of V. M. ...asnetsov. The first place in the competition was taken by...Ndrey's drawing, and...Lga...Iktorovna gave him a gift. What wonderful theaters there are in...Moscow. ...she liked the paintings...of Urikov and...Epin. ...myka stole a sausage from the bag. The complex on...oklonnaya mountain is the people's memory of...the great victory.

Task 14.

It's wonderful to live in St. Petersburg...! At home, you need to write out the necessary rules from the book. We were unable to arrive from the village on time due to a thaw.... The tail is used by animals as a support when running..., as a rudder when swimming... and flying..., as an “extra hand” when climbing... .. The tail takes an active part in the communication of... animals. Who knocked over the cabinet in the office yesterday... the physicist...?

Task 15.

It was dark inside the spacious expensive stroller. My father moved a small reddish star towards me, gently hiding under the ashes. I reached out to her with the index finger of my right hand. Greenish... waves of swell played with sparkles of heavenly blue. It seemed to me that my mother was always the same beautiful, blue-eyed woman.

Task 16.

In summer, the sun rises between the east and north, and sets between the west and north. We are moving to the dacha in July. A schoolboy is preparing for exams. In these mountains the snow is never the same. In the morning the edge of the sky is red...t. A sparrow chirps under the roof. A lonely cloud is white in the sky. The field is greener in the distance. The student will definitely learn the rule.

Task 17.

Do you girls like to draw? In the fall, there will be a supply... for the winter, nuts, acorns, pricks... mushrooms for sharp branches. The boys took the fishing rods and set off.... Catch fish with both a net and a hook!

Task 18.

God's stingy... poorer than a beggar. Better the bitter truth than the beautiful lo.... Day yes but... - day about.... Gra... calls her cub white, and e... - soft. A good liar..., an experienced liar... will barely hear the children's cry..., at an early hour and at full... he will rush to help... .

Task 19.

The air is fresh... and transparent. The young man was broad-shouldered... and handsome... . How a son looks like his father...! The brown bear is only clumsy at first glance... . How good... this old movie! It was painful for their ataman to be in full swing... and grief...! The flower was linden... and groin... .

Task 20.

You were a grumpy old man, but you will become a loud stream. You walk into the thicket of the forest and run straight into the river. Very small, fast, like a bird. If you want, it will rush overseas. Touch...your finger - smoothly, and bite...sweetly. When you go out to the river in open meadows, you immediately go down and drink cold water.

Task 21.

Every bird is beautiful with its feather. From small things come big things. Those who love to work have something to be proud of. Holding each other together - not afraid of anything. Don't let your parents' word pass you by. Whoever fights for happiness is where it tends. Learning to read and write is always useful.

Task 22.

It (doesn’t) sink on water, (doesn’t) burn on fire, and (doesn’t) rot in the ground. I sweep, sweep, (not) sweep. I carry it, I carry it, I (can’t) bear it. Tema (didn’t) guess where the Bug had gone. The spark burns through the sky, but does not reach us. (It won’t) knock, (it won’t) blurt out, it will approach anyone. What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe.

Task 23.

Fluffy snow...falls to the ground. The mouse... and then... hid in the thick reeds... . Breathe...deeper. Please help me comrade...m. Actively participate in the life of the class.

Task 24.

(The) grandmother had a shelf (above) the table. And (on) the shelf there was a steamboat. (He) had a trumpet: yellow and (on) two black belts. Rope ladders went (from) the masts (to) the sides. (At) the stern there was a booth, polished, (with) windows and a door. And below (under) the stern is the rudder. (On) the bow there are two anchors.

Task 25.

One is... years old, another is... not, the third is growing. It's a pity that the seal's diligence is not an example to follow. The teachers' conference lasted two days. On the third day, a break was announced for a tour and inspection of schools. A barrier made of fallen trees blocked the path of the tanks. The enraged tiger found himself on the elephant's back in one leap. This plant can be considered edible.

Read the texts. Fill in the missing letters

Exercise 1.

The winter frosts have set in. The sun is shining brighter and brighter. I was sweating, sweaty, and dry. The ice on the river turned blue and... melted. The streams started ringing in the forest. V...r...bath...swimming in a puddle. The fragrant buds sulked on the trees. The wind walks in its branches. F...b...smoldering ants were stinging on the hummocks. The m...dads and b....rs woke up. There is a ringing sound in the sky .... ron-ki. The lions croak merrily. Multi-colored butterflies are fluttering.

Task 2.

The composer liked to live in the wooden house in which he grew up. He didn't like to shine in the world. Occasionally he went on business to R...STOV. At night, the floorboards of the house crackled, as if they were composing a song. The old nanny helped him with the housework: she wiped the dust, washed the linen, made the bed, crushed the herbs, set fire to the firewood, removed the dirt. And in the evening she locked the doors.

The composer wanted to set the poetry of this region to music: r...ysy forest shadows, overgrown edges, young pine trees, a ray of sunshine breaking through the tree branches. The vegetation of the south will not replace native nature. In the morning, the composer hurried to the piano to listen to the notes of delight from the spilling light. Everything was caressed by the light: the algae in the lake, the thickets, the growing pines. The impressions were served in amazing music. The composer worked late into the night. The fog was already falling on the fields when he went out onto the porch. An old forester rushed towards him and confusedly reported on the misfortune that had befallen him: “The landowner has wasted the forest. Can't pay. I conjure - help! The composer understood the situation and offered to buy the land, although he had small funds. He always made efforts to save nature, no matter what difficulties he experienced.

Task 3.

It was a wonderful morning. We went fishing. We walked along this path through a ravine.... A lovely stream gurgled at the bottom. We went out to the low... bank... and sat down in a lo...ka. They cast their fishing rods. It was hard... but the minutes dragged on. And now the caught fish ble...s his scales on the social...tse. The bite was wonderful. Suddenly a branch collapsed on the shore. The whole thing began to beat anxiously. Another... or ruthless enemy... is hiding in the forest? The unknown scared us. We froze in anticipation. Soon the mystery was solved. A prickly f... got out onto the shore.

Task 4.

In spring, when the buds on the trees barely open, rhododendron blooms in all its glory. Bright lilac-pink paint seems to be spilling on the slopes. Rhododendron blooms in the second half of May, before the cut leaves bloom. Bright flowers emphasize the...exquisite and...bending of thin branches...swept above the ground. In winter, the cut branches of this tree, arranged in vases, are covered with delicate painted flowers.

Task 5.

There lived a strange man in the mid-twentieth century in provincial Kaluga. His name was Konstantin Eduardovich Tsolkovsky. He once worked as a mathematics teacher, drawing circles, cylinders and trapezoids using a compass. Chickens with chickens roamed the streets. A church was performing in a vacant lot, and a bear was being led on a chain. Ts...kads were ringing in the ravines. And in one of the Kaluga houses, a blind eccentric designed manned space stations.

Task 6.

We will not know what the goldfinch is talking about in the forest bowl with the cuckoo. We won't become a songbird under the bright sun! We won’t understand what the sh...sweat of the hard leaves of the reeds that surrounded the pond in dense rings is about. We will not translate the buzzing of bees and a bumblebee with a black belly. Bumblebee is tired, but he's holding on well! A conflagration breaking out under the sun's ray... a patch of sky will not tell us the answer. Bending over the forest spring, we scoop up ice water with a ladle. And let's think about the fact that every rustle that a yellow dandelion, a prickly gooseberry, a small mouse and black thickets of lilac makes has its own meaning.

Task 7.

Early in the morning the sounds of birds are heard over the bay. These are terns. This bird can be found in...Amchatka, and near...the Arctic Circle, and on the shore...of the Black Sea, and in...Middle...Zia, and on...the Ukotka. Wherever there is water, she will hunt for fish. Migratory birds fly to...Avkaz and...Rim, to...Egypt and...India. Terns prefer to winter at home, where they were born and raised.

Task 8.

In ma..., at the very beginning..., a flock of swallows arrives to us. You look at them and understand that spring is coming. The fuss begins. A flock makes nests under the windows of the house and whispers and chases after prey. The house looks cheerfully at the revived nature. It became good everywhere: in the apple orchard, in the birch... grove, in the pine forest, in the wide... floor.... In the small... village... and in big city.... In the garden the apple trees are already falling in color. On the garden path... there are an abundance... of their delicate... petals, as if someone was drawing light spots on it. In the dark, impenetrable thicket... of bushes the sound of... birdsong sounds. Their songs fly around the area... .

Task 9.

Once you forget... about pressing matters and go into the forest, you forget... about the bustle of the city. Go... into the depths of the birch trees... and pine trees..., breathe... the air that smells... and the fresh.... The forest is dormant.... All around.... It's worth the perch. .. escape from the July heat into a forest river. Drops sparkle in the sun. At first it seems like you can't... breathe.... But soon you'll come... to your senses and swim.... Then get... dressed, rest... for a couple of minutes and go... . look for the foxes...that you've been talking about...in winter. Here comes the boletus! How good... and nice...! And at home, when the fire flares up..., you will... listen... as the cuckoo counts the years. Her voice is omniscient... and singing... And it will foam..., murmuring..., falling from the cliff..., a cold beak.... Soon it will descend but.... Because of that. .. the stars are no longer visible. The gra..., the golu... and the liar... of the trees - the woodpecker - fell asleep. Fancy flowers are opening. I smell their nectar... and the linden...., and I prick the bush itself.... If you take care of it, it grows and becomes covered with flowers.

Task 10.

You (never) get tired of being amazed at the appearance of (not) some animals. You won’t even notice these insects on plant branches, as they look like green sticks. Stick insects (never) are in a hurry. They glide slightly along the stems until a succulent leaf of a plant gets in their way. If a hungry stick insect (does not) come across a leaf, it will feast on the paw of its relative. But the stick insect will (not) be upset if relatives eat off part of the limbs. It will grow back. But stick insects cannot be called defenseless. In case of danger they freeze. And if the enemy (does not) leave, they can spray him with a caustic liquid.

Task 11.

The little bear cub fell behind the mother bear. Unexpectedly he... came to his senses. The bear cub is scared. There are roots all around, like fingers. It seems to him that behind every tree a fabulous monster is waiting for him. The poor little bear is standing there, trembling. Suddenly a branch snapped. The bear started to run and ended up on the shore of the lake. There are reeds around... there is noise, and in the reeds there are already... sh... heels. Then a crash was heard behind me. This bear taught her son.

Task 12.

The kittens (were) born into the world (in) a cookie box. The mother cat tried not to leave the babies. The kittens began to climb out of the shelter. They fiddled around the box, and after playing, they fell asleep (in front of) the house. The cat often went away and one day did not return. The poor kittens struggled and trembled (with) fear. So they sat (until) the morning. In the morning a cat appeared. She was (ex)tormented, and a clump of fur was torn out (under) her ear. The cat (licked) her babies, (warmed) them and (over) fed them.

Task 13.

Tanya arrived in the village. In the morning she woke up, put on a dress, and went to the stream. The path ran through the storm. Here you can hear the nightingale, pick raspberries for jam. If you overcome a small rise, you can see an immense field. Recently, at this place Tanya met an angry bull. Near the cliff stands a birch tree eaten by bark beetles. As deftly as a monkey, Tanya climbed to the top of her head.

Procedure and instructions.

A) Read the words. Fill in the missing letters.

B) Read the phrases. Fill in the missing letters.

B) Read the sentences. Fill in the missing letters.

• D) Read the text. Fill in the missing letters.
• Evaluation of results.

A correlation is revealed between actually made (p1) and probabilistic (p2) errors for each of the listed rules, or the frequency of erroneous spellings per spelling pattern (k):

2.3. Auditory dictation.

Purpose of the task: assess the current level of development of orthographic writing skills, identifying gaps in the assimilation of program material when performing auditory dictation.

Research material.

The same as in the task of detecting error-prone places, in which letters are missing in accordance with the declared spellings.

Procedure and instructions.

Dictations are carried out without preliminary preparation of the student, without emphasizing articulation, without analyzing possible difficulties, highlighting difficult words and dubious sounds. The pace of dictation is slightly slowed down so that each student has time to write dictations in full. Series of words and texts are offered for recording in any order.

Evaluation of results.

See formula above.

3. Study of the current level of development of spelling writing skills at the control stage of educational activities (finding errors).

Research material.

Speech material(same), in which the correct spelling in the coverage area of ​​the spellings corresponding to the task is replaced with an erroneous one. Words and texts are offered in printed form on special forms.

Find and correct mistakes in words.

Task I.

Meal room, vorene, show off, stalby, look, karmilitsa, potrisenie, fantasize, quietly, call.

Task 2.

Aquareum, sea route, right, freedom, car, agranom, right, vizde, cortina, pionino.

Task 3.

Task 4.

To lay down, lay down, propose, lay out, settle down, lay down, settle down, lay down, assume, lay down.

Task 5.

Grow, sprout, algae, grow up, mature, vegetative, fusion, fused, grow, sub-branches.

Task 6.

Grind, select, wipe, tear off, rub, rip off, grow old, advance, shine, wipe off.

Task 7.

Corpse, tray, embroidery, palm, box, goth, smooth, dersky, light, creepy.

Task 8.

Usny, beautiful, corporeal, gigantic, inappropriate, ruthless, crunchy, proeznoy, staircase, hello.

Task 9.

Drink, bite, unravel, unsystematic, colorful, make noise, erupt, immortal, stir, expand.

Task 10.

On tiptoe, tit, dial, constitution, citrus, provocative, number, chicken, dusty, cyclone.

Task 11.

To scratch, shochka, sharp, click, comb, hairstyle, rustle, black, wicked, devil.

Task 12.

Pencil, capital, Easter cake, bird, roof, brother, towel, Chinese, key, ladle.

Task 13.

Mikhail Zoshchenko, story “meeting”, city of Tver, Dnieper River, Dmitry Ivanovich, Australia, Pacific Ocean, ballet “Giselle”, magazine “Koster”, Vasilisa the Beautiful.

Task 14.

On the outskirts, in a sanatorium, on the edges, in a section, in a rocket, on a premium, in a clearing, in the neighborhood, on a verandah, in kiosks.

Task 15.

Frosty, oh youngest, in blue, oh wheat, in reverse, interesting, oh scary, oh distant, with good, on beautiful.

Task 16.

Smiles, drives out, admits, deepens, saws through, we’ll see, hangs, drives out, endures, drives away.

Task 17.

Line, babysit, beware, danger, bring, urgent, shine, little sister, little ponytail, daughter.

Task 18.

Tish, ball, Voronezh, bitter, vesh, steep, Kerch, watchman, rook, raincoat.

Task 19.

Lucky, sticky, omniscient, crackling, effervescent, handsome, knowledgeable, sighted, handsome, dense.

Task 20.

Distracts, whispers, captivates, attracts, forgets, burns, gets sick, lies in wait, laughs, cuts.

Task 21.

They doubt, they become heated, they are oppressed, they rush, they grow, they get burned, they unfasten, they get married, they trample, they struggle.

Task 22.

It won’t grow, you won’t expect it, you won’t be indignant, you won’t take it, it won’t pull you out, you won’t be perplexed, it won’t bother you, it won’t love you, it won’t force you, it won’t come.

Task 23.

Sensible, wide, slightly, little rabbits, snake, seagull, fat, sounding, ears.

Task 24.

Along the roads, out of the garter, above the village, after a turn, on the right, in labor, on the fly, across the country, in the depths, to the side.

Task 25.

Hare, ear, sobyut, birds, pre-anniversary, object, saved, departure, barer, accident-free.

Find and correct errors in phrases

Exercise 1.

Go on vacation, attach a shelf, splash to the music, lie down in pain, light up the stove, remember the good things, ringing galas, drown in flowers.

Task 2.

It’s good to hunt, come closer, ask for some bread, swear through clenched teeth, don’t let them get close, line up on time, write the rule, write an order, support a friend, pay for everything.

Task 3.

Approach from the right, cook potatoes, see in front, be late for breakfast, eat pamidor, get on a ship, come on Saturday, at the seventh kilometer, green vogon, read in the gozeta.

Task 4.

Match cubes, compose a song, arrange a bag, arrange a country, make an effort, offer a job, sit in a movie theater, factorize, adjust a pillow, a mathematical syllable.

Task 5.

Child's age, young plant, quickly grown, domestic growth, dense thickets, industrial branch, warm grown, seaweed, stingy grower, tropical vegetation.

Task 6.

Wipe off the dust, wash the linen, wipe with a handkerchief, burn on the board, set fire to the wood, grind the ointment, the soul froze, shine with intelligence, lay on the sofa, spread the bed.

Exercise 7.

A neighbor's bullock, a bowl of broth, a snowdrift on the sidewalk, a bed of grass, a close friend, a turn on the highway, a long overpass, a cheerful people, a little chish.

Task 8.

An unknown incident, good news, branches crunched, in a beautiful forest, much to the bad weather, about a difficult time, in a mental story, a travel ticket, furious rain, with a Scottish accent.

Task 9.

Write out a notebook, scare away the birds, an unsystematic approach, awaken memories, start a fire, ruin the soul, tasteless fruit, wither in the wind, cultivate arable land, dispel the last doubts.

Task 10.

A young gypsy, a short tail, a big figure, clean streets, a sports section, went to the circus, the akatsiya bloomed, the compass was in a case, put down the mat, went to the police station.

Task 11.

Yellow ball, eat gooseberries, angry bees, put on a hood, silk from the store, sew a shev, inflate shocks, a long forelock, an acorn sprouts, sit on a little chick.

Task 12.

Admire the palace, march, cover yourself with a blanket, a golden ring, the hot sun, an oblique ray, admire the mill, talk with the doctor, think about the task, many fighters.

Task 13.

The Battle of Kulikovo has begun, we read the magazine "Ogonyok", we will walk along the garden, the hero city of Stalingrad, the Ural Mountains, the ice drift "Chelyuskin", the stormy Yenisei River, read the fairy tale "The Nightingale", they are showing the Ballet "The Nutcracker", Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov.

Task 14.

Task 15.

A younger sister, in purple colors, about a blue hood, nightingale songs, a bright night, a fascinating story, a clear sun, in a silk dress, in picturesque places, about a green meadow.

Task 16.

He draws beautifully, finds a notebook, hears a rustling sound, is detained after school, drowns along the street, whispers in his ear, turns green in the sun, carries him out of the barn, rolls along the ground.

Task 17.

Carrier pigeon, finish letter, perpetual motion machine, elastic material, predatory look, pouring rain, sick man.

Task 18.

A lovely piece of nonsense, a durable brick, a forged penny, an interesting sak-voyage, a pair of black galoshes, an unnecessary luxury, a fat devil, a sky without clouds, endless dryness, a powerful tractor.

Task 19.

Wind, wind, you are mighty; the forest is dense, the tea is hot, the honey is viscous, her voice is faint, the white snow is flying, the sand is hot, it’s creeping, the hedgehog is prickly, the cold is stinging.

Task 20.

You forget mistakes, see the dawn, discover America, lie on the sofa, watch a play, burn a fire, play hide and seek, hide in a cart, burn in the fire.

Task 21.

Skiing, decided not to give up, afraid of the dark, overthinking, kids swimming, learning to always be useful, blending into the background, created by scientists, shining and sparkling.

Task 22.

Not seeing a cat, not replacing a textbook, not forgetting a lesson, not forcing a person, not watering flowers, not hating evil, not wanting to study, not feeding a dog, not being able to walk, not falling in love with a neighbor.

Task 23.

Always spare, poor animal, beautiful sheepdog, run away into the grove, new wonders, in an old hut, often hangs, the best painter, a cozy home.

Task 24.

In a flexible reed, a long sleep, above a tree, a green meadow, a super-wonderful lake, a saply feeling, from behind a forest, without any movement, a narrow island, a wide shadow.

Task 25.

Snowy blizzard, something unfortunate happened, sparrows flew in, look at both eyes, I completed it with honor, the winners’ meeting, I sew a suit, beautiful sewing, drive onto the bridge, sorocha chatter.

Find and correct errors in sentences

Exercise 1.

The trees were covered with thick flattery. There are telegraph poles along the road. A red little weasel follows the little vixen. On the pine tree there are tree branches.

Task 2.

Grandma rila baked a perog. Grandmother bought two kilograms of flour, sa-khor and maloko. And for the filling - lemons, tvarog and cabbage. It will be a wonderful breakfast!

Task 3.

The goat ran into the garden. The verbs adet and nodet have different meanings. The trees are covered with raindrops. Grandfather picked up the hare and carried him home. The fox slyly played a joke on the hare. The pioneers took the kids home from kindergarten. By the paw prints you can find out which animal crossed the clearing.

Task 4.

Fog lay over the fields. We proposed holding a gathering of tourists on the river bank. The guys sat down by the fire and ate baked potatoes with relish. Explain the contents of the textbook paragraph. We assume that we will get ready for the journey before dawn. I propose to rewrite the presentation.

Task 5.

Touching the creations of great masters encourages reflection. Every sentence written bears the imprint of the writer's talent. In the evening a thunderstorm gathered, and beyond the Volga the sky became covered with black clouds. We started a small fire.

Task 6.

We suggest locking the grown crops in a barn. These industries are developed in Rastov. Young trees grew very closely. Play, children, grow up in freedom. Three proud palm trees grew high. The thickets of bushes formed an impenetrable bowl. Rice grows in marshy areas. The seashore is covered with water... spruce trees. These places surprise with their rich vegetation.

Task 7.

The moon makes its way through the wavy fogs. We decided to take part in the election campaign. The dying warrior, with a sinking heart, struggled through the dense forest. All doors were locked. I'll impale you - tell the truth! White steam spreads over the water.

Task 8.

Behind the outskirts there was an old abandoned rod. Listopat is the most beautiful time of autumn. There is a big snowdrift near the house. The whole rod has bound the years. There is snack on the roads. The kids put on mittens and are playing snowballs. There are enough memories for a whole goth.

Task 9.

A beautiful, wonderful, delightful summer morning. Forest smells make your heart beat faster. We took off our overcoats and walked along the stairs. The sun has barely risen above the horizon and therefore the trees and bushes cast gigantic shadows. The forest is sweet, calling to itself and the multi-voiced song of birds is ringing. Right under your feet, glass sparkled like a diamond crystal.

Task 10.

Neither eternal joy nor endless sadness. Gold is consumed by fire, and man by adversity. In a smart conversation you gain your wits, but in a stupid conversation you lose yours. First judge, and then judge. Walk around the guests and open the gates! Without the truth you cannot live a century. So the craftswoman plucked a piece from the clay, rolled it out into a sausage, and bent the sausage with a rocker. And now the Russian stoves are blooming with roses, elegant children are clinging to the painted hems of their mothers.

Task 11.

Tsits, chatty birds! In Florence, Italy, I saw a statue of Venus. The cook will not get a single carrot into the soup without taking the shape of a rhombus or trapezoid. A man sits in a cart and sells braids for one and a half rubles in banknotes. Petya stood on his tiptoes next to his friend and looked into the broken glass. The Germans, according to Khor, are curious people, and he is ready to learn from them. The wound must be disinfected urgently. There must be iron discipline in the classroom. Without a compass it is impossible to draw a circle and an oval.

Task 12.

Along the wooden fence there was a wide running track made of yellow sand. Nazar poured heavy, rustling oats into Emerald’s manger. The reins become harsh for Emerald and twist his neck down. The stable rider looked over Emerald's entire body from toe to hooves. The long black galleries in the mine seemed endless to Vaska. Emerald walks at a smooth, sweeping trot. With a dry silk rustle, grain flowed through wooden chutes into the square hatches of the holds. The tomatoes were packed into thousands of identical wire-frame boxes. A watery cloud faintly appeared in the black sky.

Task 13.

The trees in the gardens were on fire. A Cossack man wearing a gray goat's hat came out of the next room. The Tatar boy’s eyes sparkled. A patch of summer blue sky flashed. He was wearing a beautiful red shirt. A flag fluttered over the porch. We had to tie a towel around our heads. We listened to a series of lectures on medicine.

Task 14.

My class and I visited the V.M. Vasnetsova. Andrey’s drawing took first place in the competition, and Olga Viktorovna gave him a gift. What wonderful theaters there are in Moscow. Tanya liked the paintings of Surikov and Repin, the haze stole a sausage from the bag. The complex on Poklonnaya Hill is the people's memory of the great victory.

Task 15.

It's wonderful to live in St. Petersburg! At home, you need to write out the necessary rules from your notebook. We were unable to arrive from the village on time due to the thaw. The tail is used by animals as a support when running, as a rudder when swimming and flying, as an “extra hand” when climbing. The tail takes an active part in animal communication. Who knocked over a cabinet in the physics classroom yesterday?

Task 16.

It was dark inside the spacious traveling carriage. My father moved a small reddish star towards me, gently hiding under the ashes. I reached out to her with the index finger of my right hand. The greenish waves of the swell played with sparkles of heavenly blue. It seemed to me that my mother was always the same beautiful, blue-eyed woman.

Task 17.

In summer, the sun rises between east and north and sets between west and north. We are moving to the dacha in July. A schoolboy is preparing for exams. In these mountains the snow never melts. In the morning the edge of the sky is red. A sparrow tweets under the roof. A lonely cloud is white in the sky. The field is green in the distance. The student will definitely learn the rule.

Task 18.

Do you girls like to draw? In the fall, the baby squirrels will store nuts and acorns for the winter, and prick mushrooms on sharp branches. The boys took the fishing rods and set off. Catch fish with both a net and a hook!

Task 19.

The stingy rich man is poorer than the poor man. Better the bitter truth than a beautiful lie. Day and night - day etc. The rook calls its baby white, and the hedgehog calls it soft. A good doctor, an experienced doctor, will barely hear a child’s cry, and at an early hour and at midnight he will rush to help. The air is fresh and transparent. The young man was broad-shouldered and handsome. How the son looks like his father! The brown bear is only clumsy at first glance. How good is this old movie! Their ataman was really ebullient and hot-tempered! The flower was sticky and smelly.

Task 20.

You were a grumpy old man, but you will become a loud stream. You will leave the forest bowl and run straight into the river. Very small, fast, like a bird. If you want, it will rush overseas. If you touch it with your finger it’s smooth, but if you bite it it’s sweet. When you come out to the river in open meadows, you immediately go down and drink cold water.

Task 21.

Every bird flaunts its feathers. From small things come big things. Those who love to work have something to be proud of. Holding on to each other means not being afraid of anything. Don't let your parents' word pass you by. Whoever takes up happiness is where it tends. Learning to read and write is always useful.

Task 22.

It does not sink in water, does not burn in fire, and does not rot in the ground. I throw, I throw, I don’t sweep. I can’t bear it, I can’t bear it, I can’t bear it. Tema had no idea where the Bug had gone. A spark burns through the sky, but does not reach us. He doesn’t knock, he doesn’t blurt out, he goes with anyone. What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe.

Task 23.

Fluffy snowflakes fall to the ground. Mice and snakes hid in the thick reeds. Breathe deeply. Please help your comrades. Be an active participant in class life.

Task 24.

Grandmother had a shelf above her table. And on the floor stood a steamboat. He had a trumpet: a yellow one and two black belts. Rope ladders ran along the sides of the mast. At the stern there was a booth, polished, with juice boxes and a door. And underneath the stern is the steering wheel. I'm bringing in two anchors.

Task 25.

One is years old, another is young, the third is growing. It's a pity, diligent seals are not an example to follow. The teachers' conference lasted two days. On the third day, a break was announced for lunch and inspection of schools. A barrier of fallen trees blocked the tanks' path. The enraged tiger found himself on the elephant's back in one leap. This plant can be classified as an edible plant.

Find and correct errors in texts

Exercise 1.

The winter frosts have set in. The spring sun is shining brighter and brighter. Patimnela, the daroga has dried up. The ice on the ridge became pale and thawed. The streams rang into the fox. Varobey bathes in a puddle. Fragrant buds sprouted on the birch trees. Vethir walks in its branches. Busy ants were crawling over the hummocks. Midbears and Borsuks woke up. The larks sing loudly in the sky. The frogs croak loudly. Multi-colored butterflies flutter.

Task 2.

The composer liked to live in the wooden house in which he grew up. He didn't like to shine in the light. Occasionally he went on business to Rastov. At night, the floorboards of the house crackled, as if they were composing a song. The old nanny helped him with the housework: she wiped the dust, washed the linen, made the bed, ground the herbs, set fire to the wood, and removed the dirt. And in the evening she locked the doors. The composer wanted to set the poetry of this region to music: racist forest shadows, overgrown edges, young pine trees, a ray of sunshine shining through the branches of trees. The vegetation of the south will not replace native nature. In the morning, the composer hurried to the piano to set the notes to the delight of the spreading light. Everything was caressed by the light: the algae in the lake, the thickets, the growing pine trees. The impressions were combined into amazing music. The composer worked late into the night. Fog was already settling in the fields when he went out onto the porch. An old forester rushed towards him and lamely reported on the misfortune that had befallen him: “The landowner has wasted the forest. Can't pay. I implore you - help! The composer understood the situation and offered to buy the land, although he had little money. He always made efforts to save nature, no matter what difficulties he experienced.

Task 3.

In the spring, when the buds on the trees barely open, rhododendron blooms in all its glory. When it blooms, bright lilac-pink paint seems to spread on the slopes. Rhododendron usually blooms in the second half of May, before the leaves bloom. Bright flowers emphasize the exquisite bend of the thin branches of the plant, scattered above the ground. In winter, when it’s frosty, when nothing in nature speaks of the approach of spring, the cut branches of this tree, placed in vases, are covered with delicate painted flowers.

Task 4.

There lived a strange man in provincial Kaluga in the mid-twentieth century. This man's name was Konstantin Eduardovich Tsyolkovsky. Once he worked as an ordinary mathematics teacher, drawing circles, cylinders and trapezoids with a compass. Hens and chicks roamed the streets of Kaluga. A visiting circus was performing in a vacant lot; the gypsies were leading a tame bear on a chain. Burdock, nettle and chicory grew near the fences. Grasshoppers and cicadas were ringing in the ravines. And in one of the Kaluga houses, a blind eccentric designed manned space stations.

Task 5.

We will not know what the sho-gol goldfinch is talking about in the thicket of the forest. We will not become a songbird under the bright sun! We will not understand what the whisper of the hard leaves of the reeds that surrounded the pond in a dense ring is about, no matter how sensitive it sounds. We will not translate the buzzing of bees and a bumblebee with a black belly into our language. The bumblebee is tired, but holding on well! A patch of sky flaring up like a fire under the last ray of sunlight will not tell us the answer. Bending over the forest spring, we scoop up ice water with a ladle. And let us think about the fact that every rustle that the yellow dandelion, the prickly gooseberry, and the prim thickets of lilac makes has its own meaning.

Task 6.

Early in the morning the sounds of birds are heard over the bay. These are terns. They flew to the bay to fish. This bird can be found in Western Ukraine, and in Kamchatka, and near the Arctic Circle, and on the shores of the Black Sea, and in Central Asia, and in Chukotka. Wherever there is water, she will look out for fish and eggs. Migratory birds fly to the Caucasus and Crimea, Egypt and India. Terns are in no hurry to leave their homes. They prefer to spend the winter at home, where they were born and raised.

Task 7.

In May, just when it began, a flock of swifts and swallows comes to us. You look at them and understand that spring is coming. The fuss begins. The flock makes nests under the windows of the house and chirps, chasing prey. The house looks cheerfully at the revived nature. It became good everywhere: in the apple orchard, in the birch groves, in the pine forest, in the wide fields. In small villages and in larger cities. In the garden the blossoms are already falling from the apple and cherry trees. Their petals are scattered in abundance on the garden path, as if someone was painting light spots on it. In the dark, impenetrable thickets of bushes, the ringing singing of birds sounds. Their songs spread throughout the area.

Task 8.

As soon as you forget about pressing matters and go into the forest, you immediately forget about the bustle of the city. You go into the depths of birch groves and pine thickets, breathe in the air, which is fragrant and fresh. The forest is dense. It's quiet all around. It’s worth taking a dip from the July heat into a forest stream. Water drops sparkle in the sun. At first it seems like you can't breathe. But soon you will come to your senses and swim. Then he gets dressed, rests for a couple of minutes, and goes to look for chanterelles - the wonderful gifts of the forest that you dreamed about in winter. Here comes the boletus! How good and handsome he is! And at home, when the stove flares up, you will listen to the cuckoo counting the years. Her voice is omniscient and melodious. And the cold spring will foam and gurgle as it falls down the steep slope. Night will fall soon. The stars are no longer visible because of the clouds. The rook, the pigeon and the tree doctor, the woodpecker, fell asleep in their nests. Fancy flowers are opening. Their nectar is odorous and sticky, and the bush itself is prickly. If you take care of it, it grows and becomes covered with huge flowers.

Task 9.

The small, stupid bear cub fell behind the bear. Suddenly he found himself in the middle of nowhere. The bear cub is scared. There are roots all around, like fingers. It seems to him that behind every tree a fairy tale awaits him. The poor little bear is standing there, trembling, not moving. Suddenly the pine tree fell and scared the bear. He started to run. And I didn’t notice how I ended up on the shore of the lake. The reeds are rustling all around, and the snakes are hissing in the reeds. And behind him there was a crash. It was the bear who smelled her son.

Task 10.

You never cease to be amazed at the appearance of some animals. You won’t even notice these insects on plant branches, as they look like green sticks. Stick insects never take their time. They glide slightly along the stems until a succulent leaf of a plant gets in their way. If a hungry stick insect does not come across a leaf, it will feast on the paw of its relative. But the stick insect will not be upset if relatives eat off part of the limbs. It will grow back. But stick insects are not defenseless. In case of danger they freeze. And if the enemy does not leave, they can spray him with a caustic liquid.

Task 11.

The kittens appeared in a box of cookies. The mother cat tried not to leave her babies. The kittens began to crawl out of hiding. They fiddled around the box, and after playing enough, they fell asleep in front of their house. The cat was often absent. One day she didn't return. The kittens felt very lonely without her. Then a big dog appeared nearby. The poor kittens hid inside and trembled in fear. So they sat until the morning. In the morning a cat appeared. She was exhausted, and a clump of fur had been torn out from her body. The cat licked her babies, lay down next to them, warmed them and fed them.

Task 12.

Tanya arrived in the village. In the morning she woke up, put on her dress, had breakfast and went to the stream. The path ran through the weeds, then through the forest. Lose yourself a little and pass your favorite place. But Tanya did it all. Here is the treasured corner. Here you can hear the nightingale and pick raspberries for jam. There are many edible and non-edible plants around. If you overcome a small rise, you can see an enormous field where peasants are harvesting ears of corn. Last year, at this place Tanya met an angry bull, a notorious hooligan. A birch tree eaten by bark beetles stands near the cliff. As deftly as a monkey, Tanya climbed to the top of her head. Tanya went for a walk. She has a serious explanation ahead of her. How would the delay not hasten the departure!

Task 13.

It was a wonderful morning. We went fishing. We walked along the Uskaya path through a ravine. At the bottom of the ravine a lovely stream gurgled. We went out to the low bank of the river and sat in the tray. They cast their fishing rods. The first minutes of waiting dragged on painfully. And here is the first success! The first fish caught glistened with its scales in the sun. Clef was wonderful. Suddenly a branch snapped on the shore. My heart began to beat anxiously. Another or a ruthless liar is hiding in the forest? The unknown scared us. We froze in anxious anticipation. We peered anxiously into the forest thicket. Soon the mystery was solved. A prickly creature crawled out of the forest onto the shore.

Procedure and instructions.

• a) Find and correct mistakes in words.
• b) Find and correct errors in word combinations.
• c) Find and correct errors in sentences.
• d) Find and correct errors in the text.
• Evaluation of results.

A correlation is revealed between actually made (pі) and probabilistic (p2) errors for each of the listed rules, or the frequency of erroneous spellings per spelling pattern (k).

The problem of violations of written speech is revealed in theoretical and practical aspects. The author acquaints readers with the reasons for the occurrence of these disorders in schoolchildren, proposes an original system of work to overcome written language disorders, taking into account modern requirements for the content of school education.

For speech therapists, Russian language teachers, students of defectology faculties and primary education departments of pedagogical universities.

PREFACE

The problem of impaired writing in schoolchildren is one of the most pressing for school education, since writing and reading from the purpose of primary education turn into a means of further acquisition of knowledge by students.

The book reflects the results of many years of scientific and practical activity of the author, developing the problem of writing and reading disorders in relation to the population of students in secondary schools and, mainly, primary classes, because the main task of a school speech therapist is to promptly identify and overcome disorders of written speech, preventing their transition, complicating the educational and cognitive activity of students, to subsequent stages of education.

The first section of the book covers the prerequisites for the formation of writing and reading normally and the mechanisms of disorders leading to persistent specific errors in written speech; The revealed typology of such errors is illustrated by examples from student works. An original system for identifying and recording specific writing errors by a speech therapist is presented. The criteria for distinguishing dysgraphia from immaturity of writing skills, characteristic of the stage of literacy acquisition, are described. Diagnostic tasks are proposed to identify dysgraphia in students in grades 1 - 3. Materials from a comprehensive study of schoolchildren with dysgraphia are presented, characterizing the state of a number of their sensorimotor and gnostic functions that are important for the development of written speech.

The second section reveals a system of correctional education to overcome written language disorders - in four main areas. Each chapter is preceded by the necessary methodological commentary, defining the tasks and methods of organizing the proposed types of work. The range of topics, content and forms of work are determined by the specifics of speech therapy tasks, but at the same time they correlate with the key issues of the Russian language program in primary school.

The problem of impaired writing in schoolchildren is one of the most pressing for school education, since writing and reading from the purpose of primary education turn into a means of further acquisition of knowledge by students.

The book reflects the results of many years of scientific and practical activity of the author, developing the problem of writing and reading disorders in relation to the population of students in secondary schools and, mainly, primary classes, because the main task of a school speech therapist is to promptly identify and overcome disorders of written speech, preventing their transition, complicating the educational and cognitive activity of students, to subsequent stages of education.

The first section of the book covers the prerequisites for the formation of writing and reading normally and the mechanisms of disorders leading to persistent specific errors in written speech; The revealed typology of such errors is illustrated by examples from student works. An original system for identifying and recording specific writing errors by a speech therapist is presented. The criteria for distinguishing dysgraphia from immaturity of writing skills, characteristic of the stage of literacy acquisition, are described. Diagnostic tasks are proposed to identify dysgraphia in students in grades 1–3. Materials from a comprehensive study of schoolchildren with dysgraphia are presented, characterizing the state of a number of their sensorimotor and gnostic functions that are important for the development of written speech.

The second section reveals a system of correctional education to overcome written language disorders - in four main areas. Each chapter is preceded by the necessary methodological commentary, defining the tasks and methods of organizing the proposed types of work. The range of topics, content and forms of work are determined by the specifics of speech therapy tasks, but at the same time they correlate with the key issues of the Russian language program in primary school.

Classes to overcome dysgraphia should not turn into an endless process of writing or rewriting. It is necessary to provide varied speech practice for students - to develop language ability and observation, to develop speech communication skills. For these purposes, a sufficient amount of various exercises is offered, most of which are performed orally with a clearly organized system of feedback signals (cards, symbols, numbers, actions with a ball and clapping, etc.), i.e. To some extent, we can say that we form writing operations without a notebook and pen. Entertaining speech material should also help relieve tension and fear of writing in children who feel their own inadequacy in grapho-lexical activity, and create a positive emotional mood in children during group classes.

The book is addressed to a wide range of people:

§ speech therapists of general education and special schools of various types;

§ primary school teachers and Russian language teachers;

§ students of defectology faculties;

§ speech therapists of preschool institutions (to ensure continuity in correctional work);

§ practical psychologists of school institutions;

§ parents of children who have difficulties mastering writing and reading, to organize systematic homework.

SECTION I. VIOLATIONS OF WRITTEN SPEECH

Chapter I. WRITTEN SPEECH AND PREREQUISITES FOR ITS FORMATION

§1. WRITTEN SPEECH

Written speech is one of the forms of language existence, opposed to oral speech. This is a secondary, later in time form of the existence of language. For various forms of linguistic activity, both oral and written speech can be primary (compare folklore and fiction). If oral speech separated man from the animal world, then writing should be considered the greatest of all inventions created by mankind. Written speech not only revolutionized the methods of accumulating, transmitting and processing information, but it changed man himself, especially his ability to think abstractly.

The concept of written speech includes reading and writing as equal components. “Writing is a symbolic system for recording speech, which allows, with the help of graphic elements, to transmit information at a distance and consolidate it in time. Any writing system is characterized by a constant composition of characters" ( FOOTNOTE Russian language: Encyclopedia. M., 1979. P.205)

Russian writing refers to alphabetic writing systems. The alphabet marked the transition to symbols of higher orders and determined progress in the development of abstract thinking, making it possible to make speech and thinking objects of knowledge. “Only writing allows one to go beyond the limited spatial and temporal framework of speech communication, as well as preserve the impact of speech even in the absence of one of the partners. This is how the historical dimension of public self-awareness arises" ( FOOTNOTE: Granovskaya R. M. Elements of practical psychology L., 1984. P. 182)

Both oral and written forms of speech are a type of temporary connections of the second signaling system, but, unlike oral, written speech is formed only under conditions of purposeful learning, i.e. its mechanisms develop during the period of learning to read and write and are improved during all further education. As a result of reflex repetition, a dynamic stereotype of a word is formed in the unity of acoustic, optical and kinesthetic stimulation (L. S. Vygotsky, B. G. Ananyev). Mastering written language is the establishment of new connections between the audible and spoken word, the visible and written word, because The writing process is ensured by the coordinated work of four analyzers: speech-motor, speech-auditory, visual and motor.

The shortest unit of speech, in accordance with this, can be conventionally represented by a trace. way:

Motor A. R. Luria defined reading as a special form of impressive speech, and writing as a special form of expressive speech, noting that writing (in any of its forms) begins with a specific plan, the preservation of which helps to inhibit all extraneous tendencies (running ahead, repetitions). and so on.). The letter itself includes a number of special operations:

§ analysis of the sound composition of the word to be recorded.

The first condition of writing is determining the sequence of sounds in a word.

The second is clarification of sounds, i.e. transformation of sound variants heard at the moment into clear generalized speech sounds - phonemes. At first, both of these processes occur completely consciously; later they become automated. Acoustic analysis and synthesis proceed with the closest participation of articulation;

§ translation of phonemes (audible sounds) into graphemes, i.e. into visual schemes of graphic signs, taking into account the spatial arrangement of their elements;

§ “recoding” visual patterns of letters into a kinetic system of sequential movements, necessary for recording (graphemes are converted into kinemes).

Recoding is carried out in the tertiary zones of the cerebral cortex (parieto-temporo-occipital region). Morphologically, the tertiary zones are finally formed in the 10th-11th year of life. The motivational level of writing is provided by the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. Their inclusion in a functional writing system ensures the creation of an idea that is retained through internal speech.

Retention of information in memory is ensured by the integral activity of the brain. As A. R. Luria notes, “the proportion of each writing operation does not remain constant at different stages of motor skill development. At the first stages, the writer’s main attention is directed to the sound analysis of the word, and sometimes to the search for the desired grapheme. In the established writing skill, these moments recede into the background. When writing well-automated words, writing turns into smooth, kinetic stereotypes.” (FOOTNOTE: Luria A.R. Higher cortical functions of humans and their disturbances in local brain lesions. M., 1962. P. 64)

Page 3

I. N. Sadovnikova (1995) identifies three groups of specific errors, without correlating them with any types of dysgraphia, but characterizing the possible mechanisms and conditions for their appearance in children’s writing. Thus, errors at the letter and syllable level can be caused by:

Unformed actions of sound analysis of words (omission, rearrangement, insertion of letters or syllables);

Difficulties in differentiating phonemes that have acoustic-articulatory similarities (mixing paired voiced and voiceless consonants; labialized vowels; sonorant, whistling and hissing sounds, affricates);

Kinesthetic similarity in writing letters (replacing letters that have identical graphomotor movements);

Phenomena of progressive and regressive assimilation in oral and written speech associated with weakness of differentiation inhibition (distortion of the phonetic content of words: perseveration - getting stuck on a letter, syllable, or repetition in a word; anticipation - anticipation of a letter or syllable).

Errors at the word level can be caused by:

Difficulties in isolating speech units and their elements from the speech stream (violation of the individualization of words, manifested in the separate writing of parts of the word: prefixes or initial letters, syllables resembling a preposition, conjunction, pronoun; in word breaks when consonants coincide due to weak articulatory unity; in the continuous writing of function words with the subsequent or previous word, the continuous writing of independent words);

Gross violations of sound analysis (contamination - connecting parts of different words);

Difficulties in analyzing and synthesizing parts of words (morphemic agrammatism in the form of word formation errors: incorrect use of prefixes or suffixes; assimilation of different morphemes; incorrect choice of verb form). Errors at the sentence level can be caused by:

The insufficiency of linguistic generalizations, which does not allow schoolchildren to “catch” the categorical differences between parts of speech;

Violations of the connection of words: coordination and control (agrammatism, manifested in errors in changing words according to the categories of number, gender, case, tense).

I. N. Sadovnikova also identifies errors that characterize evolutionary, or false, dysgraphia, which is a manifestation of children’s natural difficulties during initial learning to write. Errors that act as signs of immature writing can be explained by the difficulty of distributing attention between the technical, spelling and mental operations of writing. The author includes such errors as: lack of designation of sentence boundaries; continuous spelling of words; unsteady knowledge of letters (especially capital ones); uncharacteristic mixtures; mirror inversion of letters; errors in the letter designation of iotated vowels, in the designation of soft consonants in writing. As a rule, with false dysgraphia (immature writing), these errors are isolated and do not have a persistent character.

A. N. Kornev (1997) identifies several categories of dysgraphic errors:

Errors in sound-letter symbolization (replacement of letters that are phonemically or graphically close);

Errors in graphic modeling of the phonemic structure of a word (omissions, rearrangements, insertions of letters, assimilation, perseveration);

Errors in graphic marking of the syntactic structure of a sentence (lack of periods at the end of a sentence, capital letters at the beginning of it, lack of spaces between words, or the creation of inadequate spaces in the middle of words).

The specificity of these errors, according to the author, is manifested only in the fact that in a child with dysgraphia they become persistent. The author classifies errors that reflect pronunciation defects in writing as dysgraphic only conditionally, since they are associated with problems in oral rather than written speech. In his own version of the classification of dysgraphia, A. N. Kornev characterizes the types of errors encountered in one or another type of writing disorder.

Among reasons causing dysgraphia,

stand out: due to harmful influences or hereditary predisposition, a delay in the formation of functional systems important for writing; disorders of oral speech of organic origin; difficulties in developing functional asymmetry of the hemispheres (lateralization) in a child; delay in the child's awareness of the body diagram. Dysgraphia may be a consequence of impaired perception of space and time, as well as the analysis and reproduction of spatial and temporal sequence. Affective disorders can provoke its appearance (I. N. Sadovnikova, 1995).

There are many scientific interpretations regarding the origin of dysgraphia, which indicates the complexity of this problem. In addition, studying the etiology of written speech disorders in a particular child is complicated by the fact that by the time school begins, the factors that caused the disorder are obscured by new, much more serious problems that have arisen again (I. N. Sadovnikova, 1995). The causes of written speech disorders in children were analyzed in most detail by A. N. Kornev (1997, 2003). He points out that these disorders usually occur when the action of pathogenic factors during early ontogenesis is combined with unfavorable micro and macrosocial conditions of the child’s life. In turn, in the etiology of written speech disorders, the author identifies three groups of phenomena.