Drozhzhin Spiridon Dmitrievich, poet, born (3(18).XII.1848 in the village of Nizovka, Tver province, into the family of a serf.
In the fall of 1858 he was sent to school with a village sexton, from whom he learned writing and arithmetic for about two winters. The education of Spiridon Dmitrievich ended there.
In 1860 he was sent to St. Petersburg to earn money. He serves as a sex boy in the Caucasus tavern, where he first becomes acquainted with popular literature and low-quality magazines such as Mirsky Vestnik and Readings for Soldiers. Over time, Drozhzhin’s circle of reading interests expands; he visits the St. Petersburg public library, becomes interested in the poems of N. A. Nekrasov and A. S. Pushkin, begins to keep a diary, and meets democratically minded students.
At the age of 17, Spiridon Dmitrievich wrote his first poem and since then began to write regularly.
The poet lives in constant need, spending his last money on buying books. He dreams of university, but he did not have to study. In search of work, Spiridon Dmitrievich was forced to wander around the cities of Russia, changing one profession after another: he worked as a salesman in tobacco stores in St. Petersburg and Tashkent, a trustee for the supply of firewood for the Nikolaev Railway, an agent of the Volga shipping company "Airplane", a salesman in bookstores in Moscow and Kharkov and so on.
In 1870, he sent five of his best poems to the Illustrated Newspaper, but they were rejected.
In December 1873, his “Song about the grief of a good fellow” appeared in the magazine “Gramotey”, and since then Drozhzhin began to publish in the magazines “Delo”, “Slovo”, “Light”, “Family Evenings”, “Motherland”, “Russian” wealth" and others.
In 1889, the first collection of Drozhzhin’s works, “Poems 1866-1888,” was published. with notes from the author about his life,” which contributed to the growth of his popularity, but did not strengthen his financial position.
At the beginning of 1896, exhausted by endless adversities, Spiridon Dmitrievich returned to the village of Nizovka and devoted himself entirely to literary work and agriculture. The poet's appearance in his homeland brought a lot of trouble local authorities. He was under secret police surveillance. His poetry collections are published one after another -
“Poetry of Labor and Sorrow” (1901),
"New Poems" (1904),
"Year of the Peasant" (1906),
“Treasured Songs” (1907),
“New Russian Songs” (1909).
His poems are translated into foreign languages.
In 1900, Drozhzhin was visited by the translator of his poems, the German poet Rainer Rilke.
In 1903, the Surikov circle of “Writers from the People” organized an evening in Moscow dedicated to the 30th anniversary literary activity poet.
In 1910 the Academy of Sciences awarded him a prize.
In 1915 - for the collection “Songs of the Old Plowman” - an honorary review to them. A. S. Pushkin.
October Revolution the poet met at the age of 69. Continuing to write poetry, he is involved in social work, traveling a lot around the country, giving readings of his works. Drozhzhin prepares and publishes new collections -
“Songs of Labor and Freedom” (1923),
"Songs" (1928),
"Songs of a Peasant" (1929),
“Roads and Roads” (1929), etc.
Spiridon Dmitrievich devoted the last three years of his life to preparing for publication Full meeting works in 4 volumes, brought “Notes on Life and Poetry” to 1930.
The theme of peasant life is the leading one in the poet’s work: “My muse was born a simple peasant woman,” he admitted in one of his poems (“My Muse,” 1875). He realistically paints a pre-revolutionary village, clogged with poverty and grief (“Fierce Grief,” 1878; “In the Hut,” 1882; “In dark night", 1883), the plight of peasants suffering from tyranny and oppression by kulaks ("Into the Drought", 1897). The poet sees “eternal need” not only in the village, but also in the city (“Songs of Workers,” 1875), although he does not go further than complaints. Spiridon Dmitrievich is familiar with the everyday life of the village down to the smallest detail. With great warmth he writes about the hard work of the common people (“In the Passion,” 1875), and poetically glorifies Russian nature (“I love the burning frosts...”, 1885). The theme of the homeland also becomes central in Drozhzhin’s post-revolutionary work. He welcomes the “long-awaited victory” - the revolution (“Centuries of evil captivity have passed...”, 1918), sings about a “happy lot” “ free people"("After the storm again...", 1929).
The poet dedicated one of his best poems, “For a long time I sang about the people,” to the memory of V.I. Lenin.
Poetry of Drozhzhin S.D. developed under strong impact Russian democratic poetry (Koltsov, Nekrasov, Nikitin) and oral folk art, especially song lyrics.
Spiridon Dmitrievich introduces poetry from folk songs(poems: “Dunyasha”, 1880; “Halt on the Volga”, 1880), makes extensive use of folk poetics. His poems are characterized by negative comparisons, psychological parallelism, song symbolism, and so on. Many poems are set to music “The Reaper”, 1871;
“Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...”, 1875;
“Any fun...”, 1890;
“Not wormwood with dodder grass...”, 1894, etc.
The best poems have firmly entered the history of Russian poetry.
Died 24.XII. 1930 in the village of Nizovka, Tver province.
Born on December 9, according to other sources on December 6 (18), 1848 in a family of serfs in the village of Nizovka, Tver province. He studied at school for two incomplete winters, then his mother sent him to work in St. Petersburg.
Next years Drozhzhin's life was spent wandering around Russia, he changed many professions.
In St. Petersburg (1860-1871) he was engaged in self-education, became acquainted with the works of Nikolai Nekrasov, Alexei Koltsov, Ivan Nikitin, Leo Tolstoy and others.
At the age of 16, Drozhzhin wrote his first poem, and in 1867 he began keeping a diary, which he kept until the end of his life.
Drozhzhin's first publication in the magazine “Gramotey” (1873). From that time on, Drozhzhin became an active contributor to many magazines: “Delo”, “Slovo”, “Family Evenings”, etc., including Tver ones - “Tverskoy Vestnik” (1878-1882).
Due to his poor financial situation and under the influence of meetings with Leo Tolstoy (1892, 1897), he returned to his homeland (1896), devoting himself to literary work.
After the Ivankovskoe reservoir was filled, his ashes and his last house were transferred to the urban settlement in 1937. Novozavidovsky, where a museum is opened (more than 2 thousand storage units).
Creation
By the end of the 19th century he became the most famous Russian peasant poet; Rainer Maria Rilke (1900) visited him in Nizovka in the summer of 1900.
In the first decade of the 20th century. The poet's books were published one after another, Drozhzhin was elected an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (1905), and received several literary awards. The poems of this period are characterized by a description of rural life that combines both beauty and sadness (at the same time, unlike many urban poets, Drozhzhin does not touch upon the revolutionary events of 1905 - 1907; shining example- also dedicated to Apollo of Corinth, who wrote village poetry, the poem “Summer Evening in the Village”).
Drozhzhin met the October Revolution in Nizovka and soon left it, taking up public work. He was elected chairman of the Congress of Proletarian Writers of the Tver Province (1919), an honorary member of the All-Russian Union of Poets (1923).
Drozhzhin's early poetry experienced a variety of influences. Many poems of the pre-October period enjoyed enormous popularity among the people, became songs, were recorded for gramophones, and penetrated into folklore. Drozhzhin is one of the most prolific peasant poets, having published more than 30 collections of poetry; at the end of his life, his poems repeat previous motifs that intersect with the new pathos of socialist affirmation.
Last years spent in Nizovka. He published a lot in local periodicals, including in the Zarnitsa almanac.
Books by Spiridon Drozhzhin
- Poems 1866-1888, St. Petersburg. - 1889
- Poetry of labor and grief (1889-1897), M. - 1901
- New poems. M. - 1904
- Year of the peasant. M. - 1906
- Treasured songs. M. - 1907
- New Russian songs. M. - 1909
- Accordion. M. - 1909
- Songs of the old plowman. M. - 1913
- Ways and roads. M. - 1929
- Peasant songs. M. - 1929
- Favorites. Kalinin. - 1940
- Poems. L. - 1949
- Songs of a citizen. M. - 1974.
- "Sending my regards native land...", Tver - 1998.
Biography
Born on December 5 (17), 1848 in a family of serfs in the village of Nizovka, Tver province. He studied at school for two incomplete winters, then his mother sent her eleven-year-old son to work in St. Petersburg.
The next years of Drozhzhin's life were spent wandering around Russia, he changed many professions.
In St. Petersburg (1860-1871) he was engaged in self-education, became acquainted with the works of Nikolai Nekrasov, Alexei Koltsov, Ivan Nikitin, Leo Tolstoy and others.
At the age of 16, Drozhzhin wrote his first poem, and in 1867 he began a diary, which he kept until the end of his life.
Drozhzhin's first publication in the magazine “Gramotey” (1873). From that time on, Drozhzhin began to be published in many magazines: “Delo”, “Slovo”, “Family Evenings”, “Russian Wealth”, “Awakening”, etc., including Tver ones - “Tverskoy Vestnik” (1878-1882).
Due to his poor financial situation and under the influence of meetings with Leo Tolstoy (1892, 1897), he returned to his homeland (1896), devoting himself to literary work. In 1903, the “Circle of Writers from the People” organized an evening dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the poetic activity of S. D. Drozhzhin; one of the organizers of the evening was Ivan Bunin, who called Drozhzhin “the most gifted self-taught poet.”
The Academy of Sciences awarded Drozhzhin a lifelong pension in 1903; in 1910 - a prize for the collections “Treasured Songs”, “Poems 1866-1888”, “New Russian Songs”, “Bayan”; in 1915 - an honorary review named after A. S. Pushkin for the collection “Songs of the Old Plowman”.
After the Ivankovsky reservoir was filled in 1937, his ashes and his last house were moved to the village of Novozavidovsky, where a museum was opened (more than 2 thousand storage units).
Creation
By the end of the 19th century he became the most famous Russian peasant poet; in Nizovka in the summer of 1900 he was visited by the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who translated his poems into German.
In the first decade of the 20th century, the poet’s books were published one after another, Drozhzhin was elected an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (1905), and received several literary awards. The poems of this period are characterized by a description of rural life that combines both beauty and sadness (at the same time, unlike many urban poets, Drozhzhin does not touch upon the revolutionary events of 1905-1907; a striking example is the poem “Dedicated to Apollo of Corinth, who also wrote rural poetry) Summer evening in the village").
Drozhzhin met the October Revolution in Nizovka, and soon left it, taking up public work. He was elected chairman of the Congress of Proletarian Writers of the Tver Province (1919), an honorary member of the All-Russian Union of Poets (1924).
Drozhzhin's early poetry experienced a variety of influences. Many poems of the pre-October period enjoyed enormous popularity among the people, became songs, were recorded for gramophones, and penetrated into folklore. Drozhzhin’s work inspired composers A. Chernyavsky (“It’s fun”, “At the well” - introduction to the poem “Dunyasha”, “Beautiful maiden, my sweetheart ...”), V. Rebikov (“Oh, what are you talking about, swallow ... “,” “The day is burning down with dawn...”, “The heat of spring rays...”, “Oh, if only there was sunshine...”, “I am for a heartfelt song...”, V. Bakaleinikova (“Ah, am I young and young...”). , “Rural idyll”, “Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...”, “Beautiful maiden, you are my sweetheart...”), F. Lasheka (“Grass is not coming from the cold...”, “The day is burning to dawn...”, “What do I , well done, need..."), V Ziringa ("The Reaper") and others. The performers of the songs were F. I. Chaliapin, N. V. Plevitskaya ("Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...", "Oh, really I , young and young...", "Rural idyll", "Love and fun"), A. D. Vyaltseva.
Drozhzhin is one of the most prolific peasant poets, having published more than 30 collections of poetry; at the end of his life, his poems repeat previous motifs that intersect with the new pathos of socialist affirmation.
He spent his last years in Nizovka. He published a lot in local periodicals, including the Zarnitsa almanac.
Books by Spiridon Drozhzhin
- Poems 1866-1888, St. Petersburg. - 1889
- Poetry of labor and grief (1889-1897), M. - 1901
- New poems. M. - 1904
- Year of the peasant. M. - 1906
- Treasured songs. M. - 1907
- New Russian songs. M. - 1909
- Accordion. M. - 1909
- Songs of the old plowman. M. - 1913
- Songs of workers. M. - 1920
- Peasant poet S. D. Drozhzhin His life and songs. M.; L. - 1923
- Ways and roads. M. - 1929
- Peasant songs. M. - 1929
- Favorites. Kalinin. - 1940
- Poems. L. - 1949
- Songs of a citizen. M. - 1974.
- “I send greetings to my native land...”, Tver - 1998.
Born on December 9, according to other sources on December 6 (18), 1848 in a family of serfs in the village of Nizovka, Tver province. He studied at school for two incomplete winters, then his mother sent him to work in St. Petersburg.
Next years of life Yeast spent his time wandering around Russia, he changed many professions.
In St. Petersburg (1860-1871) he was engaged in self-education, became acquainted with the works of Leo Tolstoy and others.
At the age of 16, Drozhzhin wrote his first poem, and in 1867 he began keeping a diary, which he kept until the end of his life.
Drozhzhin's first publication in the magazine “Gramotey” (1873). From that time on, Drozhzhin became an active contributor to many magazines: “Delo”, “Slovo”, “Family Evenings”, etc., including Tver ones - “Tverskoy Vestnik” (1878-1882).
Due to his poor financial situation and under the influence of meetings with Leo Tolstoy (1892, 1897), he returned to his homeland (1896), devoting himself to literary work.
After the Ivankovskoe reservoir was filled, his ashes and his last house were transferred to the urban settlement in 1937. Novozavidovsky, where a museum is opened (more than 2 thousand storage units).
By the end of the 19th century he became the most famous Russian peasant poet; Rainer Maria Rilke visited him in Nizovka in the summer of 1900.
In the first decade of the 20th century. the poet's books came out one after another, Drozhzhin was elected an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (1905), and received several literary awards. The poems of this period are characterized by a description of rural life that combines both beauty and sadness (at the same time, unlike many urban poets, Drozhzhin does not touch upon the revolutionary events of 1905 - 1907; a striking example is a poem dedicated to Apollo of Corinth, who also wrote rural poetry) .
Drozhzhin met the October Revolution in Nizovka and soon left it, taking up public work. He was elected chairman of the Congress of Proletarian Writers of the Tver Province (1919), an honorary member of the All-Russian Union of Poets (1923).
Drozhzhin's early poetry experienced a variety of influences. Many poems of the pre-October period enjoyed enormous popularity among the people, became songs, were recorded for gramophones, and penetrated into folklore. Drozhzhin is one of the most prolific peasant poets, having published more than 30 collections of poetry; at the end of his life, his poems repeat previous motifs that intersect with the new pathos of socialist affirmation.
Drozhzhin Spiridon Dmitrievich, Russian Soviet poet.
Born into a serf family. He began publishing in 1873 and became known as a talented “self-taught poet,” a defender of disadvantaged people, a singer of agricultural labor and Russian nature. The poet welcomed the October Revolution, seeing in it the fulfillment of the aspirations of the people (poems “Zapevka”, “At the Gathering”, 1920, "In memory of V.I. Lenin", 1924, etc.).
Poems by Drozhzhin, which were influenced by A. V. Koltsova And N. A. Nekrasova, sincere, distinguished by immediacy of perception, melodiousness; Set to music, some songs became folklore. In 1938, the Drozhzhin Museum was opened in the village of Zavidovo, Kalinin Region.
L. A. Ilyin
Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin was born in 1848 in the village of Nizovka, Tver district, died in 1930 there. From the age of twelve he lived in St. Petersburg and worked as a “boy” and “floor boy” in hotels and taverns, as a salesman in a tobacco shop and bookstore, as a footman serving in a tobacco factory (in Tashkent) and in railway, and from the late 1870s he was engaged in agricultural work. At the same time, he began to constantly publish his poems in “Toy”, “Family Evenings”, “Children’s Reading”, “Spring”, “Word”, “Deed”, “Ray”, “Russian Wealth” and other publications. The first collection of his poems was published in Moscow in 1889. During the poet's lifetime, 33 of his individual books and brochures (including reprints) were published. In Drozhzhin’s “Autobiography” (Moscow, 1923) there is much evidence of the poet’s interest in folk songs which he deliberately imitated. Little-known composers wrote music to his texts: S. Evseev ( “Do not wormwood with dodder grass...”), W. Ziering ( "Reaper"), F. Lasek ( “Not from the frost, grass…”, “The day is burning to dawn...”, “What do I, young fellow, need…”), V. Bakaleinikov (, "Rural idyll", "Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...", ), M. Rolov ( "Rural idyll", "Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...", “Any Fun”), V. Rebikov ( "Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...", “The day is burning to dawn...”, "The heat of spring rays...", “Oh, if only there was sunshine...”, ), V. Bystroe (“To the Song”), A. Chernyavsky (“Lyubo-fun”, “At the Well” - introduction to the poem “Dunyasha”, “Beautiful maiden, you are my sweetheart...”), N. Sidelnikov (“Luchinushka”), N. Potolovsky ( "First furrow"). Many of Drozhzhin’s songs were popularized from the stage by singer N.V. Plevitskaya ( "Oh, what are you talking about, swallow...", “Oh, am I really young…”, "Rural idyll", “Any-fun”, etc.). In pre-revolutionary songbooks one can find “Violent Will”, “Oh, I don’t need any gold...”, "The Ploughman's Woe".
Songs and romances of Russian poets. - M.-L., “Soviet Writer”, 1965
DROZHZHIN, Spiridon Dmitrievich - Russian poet. Born into a serf family. I studied at school for “two incomplete winters.” From the end of 1860, for more than thirty years, he wandered around Russia in search of work, changing many professions: he was a sex worker, a bartender's assistant, a clerk, a worker, and a salesman in bookstores. He published since 1873. In 1896 he returned to his native Nizovka, where he devoted himself to his favorite pastimes - literature and agriculture. Drozhzhin passed long haul from a serf peasant to a participant in socialist construction. As a poet, he developed under the influence of folk songs and democratic literature of the 60s and 70s. Since the 80s, he became widely known as a talented “self-taught poet”, a writer of everyday life of the Russian village, as a person who embodied the spiritual purity and natural talent of the Russian peasant. In the pre-revolutionary period, Drozhzhin wrote in poetry about the need and grief of the working peasantry (“In the Hut”, 1882, “Winter Day”, 1892, poem "Mother's Confession", 1877), about the dependence of the poor on the rural bourgeoisie (“Into the Drought,” 1897), about the hopeless life of urban artisans, artisans - “yesterday’s plowmen” (“Songs of Workers,” 1875, “In the Capital,” 1884, poem “Night” , 1887). Keeping faith in better times, Drozhzhin dreamed of the coming of “brotherhood, equality and freedom” ( “Give honest impulses free rein”, 1879, "Swimmer's Song", 1906, "From darkness to light", 1912). He saw an example of fulfilling poetic duty in N. A. Nekrasov, believing that serving the people is the direct purpose of art. Drozhzhin was a singer of labor ( "The Worker's Song", "First furrow", "Autumn Festival", "Song of Mikula Selyaninovich") And native nature ("Spring Kingdom", “There is still gray fog in the fields”, “I love the burning frosts”). He joyfully greeted the October Revolution, seeing in it the realization of the dreams of the working people ( “It’s winter again on a sled”, 1918, “Zapevka”, “At the meeting”, 1920, “Bayan”, 1923, "In memory of V.I. Lenin", 1924, "Shine on me, sunshine", 1926). Drozhzhin's poems are distinguished by their sincerity, immediacy of perception, simplicity and melodiousness. Many of them are set to music. F. I. Chaliapin performed two songs based on his words. The song “At the Well” (“The clouds were rushing quickly”) passed into folklore and was popular among partisan detachments during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. V. G. Korolenko, A. Serafimovich, M. Gorky spoke warmly about Drozhzhin’s personality and poetry. Drozhzhin was personally acquainted with the German poet R. M. Rilke, and wrote an article about him.
Works: Poems 1866-1888, with notes from the author about his life and poetry, 3rd ed., M., 1907; Poetry of labor and grief, M., 1901; Cherished Songs, M., 1907; Songs of the old plowman, M., 1913; Modern German poet Rainer Rilke, "The Path", 1913, no. 12; Songs of a Peasant, M. - L., 1929; Selected, M., 1948; Poems, L., 1949; Poems, M., 1958.
Lit.: Vengerov S. A., Sources of the Russian dictionary. writers, vol. 2, St. Petersburg, 1910; In memory of S. D. Drozhzhin (Articles, memoirs, publications), comp. L. Ilyin, Kalinin, 1951; Ilyin L., N. A. Nekrasov and S. D. Drozhzhin, in the book: Nekrasov collection, v. 3, M. - L., 1960.
L. A. Ilyin
Brief Literary Encyclopedia: In 9 volumes - T. 2. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1964
Drozhzhin Spiridon Dmitrievich - poet. Born in the village. Nizovka, Tver province, in the family of serfs of the landowner Bezobrazov. The poverty of his father’s household forces the poet from the age of 12 to go to the city to wander around “places”, and from that time his life for many years bifurcates between the city and the village. Drozhzhin returns to his homeland for permanent residence only after he achieves widespread literary fame. Drozhzhin is one of the first self-taught founders of poetry among the rural poor and the last representative of its peculiar “populist” stage.
The social existence of the rural poor in the 70s and subsequent decades, the time of Drozhzhin’s writing, was such that they could not understand the class structure of society, the class path of the proletariat, and even more so its role in relation to the village. Hence, in Drozhzhin’s poetry, on the one hand, there are the most general motives of discontent, complaints about the hard lot of the “working people,” about “darkness” and “moaning behind the walls of the prison,” on the other hand, the same general motives of the vague aspirations of the “light,” faith in the best of this “working people”. Specific features of this ideal of “free” life are the satiety and contentment of the small owner, the single worker.
In his themes, Drozhzhin is not limited to rural nature, everyday life, labor and the lot of the poor; he also sings about the life of a worker. It is clear that in these songs there is the same pity as for the lot of the village poor, only aggravated by the black colors of a huge stone factory, “where the hellish forge burns in the darkness and emits a serpentine thorn.”
Among the noise of big cities, Or in a distant remote village, Look for other poor people Among factories, chambers and palaces, In basements or in a stuffy shack. There you will hear the sighs and groans of a tired, torn chest, where people work in captivity and obedience is made law. ("Monologue")
The poet does not see ways for the development of the working class: “people are insignificant before with terrible force cars" ( "From a worker's song"). The social existence of the rural poor determined not only the motives of complaints and hopes, but also the motives of rebellion, anger and hatred, as for example among S. Podyachev. But we will not find these sentiments in Drozhzhin’s work; they are muted in him by the motive of Tolstoy’s forgiveness, imposed on him by bourgeois ideology: “And we will conquer evil with love” ( "Night Thoughts" But still, possessing a talent for direct, truthful expression of his experiences social group, Drozhzhin rises above many poets “of the people” late XIX and the beginning of the 20th century. As the founder of peasant poetry, he has undoubted merits and his place in the history of Russian literature. A. Revyakin Literary encyclopedia in 11 volumes, 1929-1939
