The Russian state in the second half. History of Russia: The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th centuries. Russia in the 18th - mid-19th centuries

Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. Formation of central government bodies. The role of the church in state building. The struggle between the "Josephites" and the "non-possessors". "Moscow is the third Rome". Heresies in Russia. Features of the formation of a centralized state in Russia. The social structure of society. Forms of land tenure.

The collapse of the Golden Horde. The entry of the western and southern Russian lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania... Formation of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples.

Establishment of royal power. Formation of the ideology of autocracy. Creation of the bodies of the estate-representative monarchy. Discussion about the nature of the oprichnina. The enslavement of the peasants. Establishment of the patriarchate.

Expansion of the territory of Russia in the 16th century: conquests and colonization processes. Livonian War. The growth of the international authority of the Russian state.

The culture of the Russian state in the second half of the 15th - 17th centuries.

Suppression of the ruling dynasty and exacerbation of socio-economic contradictions. Discussion about the causes of the Troubles. The phenomenon of imposture. Social movements in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. Fight against the Commonwealth and Sweden.

Elimination of the consequences of the Troubles. Restoration of autocracy. Serfdom system. New phenomena in the economy: the beginning of the formation of the all-Russian market, the formation of manufactories.

Church schism ... Old Believers.

Discussions about the nature of social movements in Russia in the second half of the 17th century.

Discussion about the prerequisites for the transformation of the social system and the nature of the modernization process in Russia.

Russian traditional (medieval) culture. Formation of national identity. Strengthening of secular elements in Russian culture of the 17th century.

Russia in the 18th - mid-19th centuries

Peter's transformations. North War. Empire proclamation. Absolutism. Formation of the bureaucratic-bureaucratic apparatus. The abolition of the patriarchate. The nobility is the ruling class. Traditional orders and serfdom in the context of the deployment of modernization. Discussions about the place and role of Peter's reforms in the history of Russia.

Russia during the period of palace coups. Enlightened absolutism. Legislative registration of the estate system. Legal reforms and measures to strengthen absolutism in the first half of the 19th century.

Features of the Russian economy in the 18th - first half of the 19th century. The crisis of the traditional society. Development of capitalist relations. The beginning of the industrial revolution and its consequences.

Political ideology in the second half of the 18th - first half of the 19th century. European influence on Russian society. Russian Enlightenment. Freemasonry. Decembrist movement and its assessment in Russian historical science. Conservatives. Slavophiles and Westernizers. Russian utopian socialism.

The transformation of Russia into a world power. Russia in the system of international relations in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries . Patriotic War of 1812. Imperial foreign policy of Russia. Crimean war and its consequences for the country.

Culture of the peoples of Russia and its relationship with European and world culture of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries.

Russia in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries.

Abolition of serfdom. Agrarian, judicial, zemstvo, military, urban reforms of the 1860s - 1870s. Autocracy and the estate system in the context of modernization processes... Counter-reform policy. Approval of a new model of economic development: capitalist relations in industry and agriculture. Preservation of the remnants of serfdom. The role of the state in the economic life of the country. Domestic and foreign capital in Russia. Russian monopoly capitalism and its features. The growth of economic and social contradictions in the context of forced modernization. Reforms S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin. Discussions about the role and place of Russia in the world economy at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Ideological trends, political parties and social movements in Russia at the turn of the century. Revolution 1905-1907 Formation of Russian parliamentarism. Liberal democratic, radical, nationalist movements.

Spiritual life of Russian society in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. Critical realism. Russian avant-garde. Elite and folk culture. Development of science and education system.

"Eastern question" in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire. Russia and the Orthodox peoples of the Balkan Peninsula. Russia in the system of military-political alliances at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Russian-Japanese War.

Russia in the First World War. The impact of the war on Russian society.

Revolution and Civil War in Russia

Revolution of 1917. Provisional government and Soviets. The proclamation of Russia as a republic. Elimination of the estate system. Restoration of the patriarchate. The political tactics of the Bolsheviks, their coming to power. The first decrees of the Soviet government. Constituent Assembly.

Civil war and intervention. Goals and ideology of the opposing sides. Discussion about the causes, nature and chronological framework of the Civil War. The policy of "war communism". Heading for a world revolution. Comintern. Results of the Civil War.

The transition to a new economic policy. The first successes of the NEP. New economic policy in the assessments of historians and contemporaries.

USSR in 1922-1991

Reasons and prerequisites for the unification of the Soviet republics ... Controversy about the forms of unification. Formation of the USSR. The main directions and principles of the national policy of the Soviet government.

Party discussions about the ways and methods of building socialism in the USSR. Curtailment of the NEP and the choice of a forced development model. The concept of building socialism in a single country. Soviet type of statehood. Party apparatus and nomenclature. The personality cult of I.V. Stalin. Mass repressions, their direction and consequences.

Industrialization. Collectivization. Transition to a planned economy. The mobilization nature of the Soviet economy.

The results of the socio-economic and political development of the USSR in the 1920s-1930s. Constitution of 1936

The ideological foundations of Soviet society and culture in the 20s - 30s. "Cultural Revolution". Elimination of illiteracy, creation of an education system. Soviet intelligentsia. Worldview foundations and propaganda orientation of the official Soviet culture. "A short course in the history of the CPSU (b)". Everyday life of Soviet people.

Russian Diaspora. The split in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Foreign policy strategy of the USSR in the 1920s-1930s. USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War.

Causes, stages and results of the Great Patriotic War. Soviet military art... Heroism of the people at the front and in the rear. Ideology and culture during the war. The USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition. The role of the USSR in World War II and the solution of questions about the post-war structure of the world.

Cold War controversy about its causes and nature... Military-political alliances in the post-war system of international relations. Formation of the world socialist system.

Economic recovery. Creation of nuclear missile weapons in the USSR. The arms race and its impact on the development of the country.

Ideological campaigns in the post-war years. The political life of the country in the mid-1950s. XX Congress of the CPSU and condemnation of the cult of personality ... The concept of building communism. The policy of N.S. Khrushchev in the assessments of contemporaries and historians.

"Stagnation" as a manifestation of the crisis of the Soviet model of development. The theory of developed socialism. Constitutional consolidation of the leading role of the CPSU. 1977 Constitution

Economic reforms of the 1950s - 1960s, the reasons for their failures. Slowdown in economic growth. "Shadow Economy" in the USSR.

The social structure of Soviet society. Interethnic relations in the USSR. Formation of the party and state elite. The emergence of a dissident and human rights movement. Nihilistic sentiments in the mass consciousness.

Attempts to modernize the Soviet economy and political system in the 1980s. Acceleration course... Perestroika and Glasnost. Democratization of public life. Formation of a multiparty system. The collapse of the centralized management system. Strengthening centrifugal tendencies in interethnic relations. Adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Russia on June 12, 1990

USSR in world and regional crises and conflicts after World War II. Establishment of the military-strategic parity of the USSR and the USA. Detente policy. "New Political Thinking". The crisis in relations between the USSR and its allies, collapse of the world socialist system.

The role of Soviet science in the development of the scientific and technological revolution. Achievements and contradictions in the development of Soviet culture and education in the second half of the twentieth century. The growing crisis of communist ideology and politics. Loss of the leading role of the CPSU in the spiritual life of Soviet society.

1462 ... The beginning of the reign of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III Vasilyevich, who united most of the Russian lands under the rule of Moscow and laid the foundation for a single Russian state.

Viceroy- An official appointed by the Grand Duke to govern in cities and counties.

Volostel- an official appointed by the Grand Duke to manage the volosts and camps.

Feeding- maintenance of the local administration at the expense of the population.

1463 ... Joining by Ivan III of the Yaroslavl principality.

1468 ... The beginning of the journey of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin to India, described by him in his "Voyage across the Three Seas".

1469. The first mention of Cheboksary.

1471 ... The campaign of the troops of Ivan III to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army in the battle on the Sheloni River.

1472 ... The marriage of Ivan III to Sophia Palaeologus, niece of the last Byzantine emperor.

1474 ... The annexation of the Rostov principality by Ivan III.

1478 ... Liquidation of the independence of Novgorod. The official inclusion of the Perm Territory (present-day Komi Republic) into the Moscow state.

1478. Establishment of the dependence of the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Empire.

1479 ... Completion of the construction of the new Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin (architect Aristotle Fioravanti, 1415-1486, murals by Dionysius).

1480 ... The standing on the Ugra of the Moscow and Horde armies - the end of the “Horde yoke” (Moscow's dependence on the Horde).

1485 ... Liquidation of the independence of the Tver principality.

1485. The beginning of the rule of the Tudor dynasty in England (the first king was Henry VII, until 1509).

1487 ... The eviction of the Novgorod boyars and the beginning of the placement of Moscow landowners on their lands was the beginning of the local system.

1489 ... Accession of Vyatka to the Moscow State.

1489 ... Completion of the construction of the Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin.

1490 ... A church council at which the heresy of the "Jews" was condemned, and the heretics were excommunicated.

Heresy- deviation from the dominant religious teaching.

1491. Completion of the construction of the Faceted Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin (architects Mark Fryazin [Marco Ruffo] and Peter Fryazin [Pietro Solari]).

1492 ... The beginning of the 1st war with Lithuania, which ended by 1494 with the annexation of Vyazma and Belev.

11492. The capture of Granada by the Spaniards - the end of the Reconquista (the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Arabs who captured it in the 8th century).

1492. Discovery of America by a Spanish expedition led by Christopher

Columbus and the beginning of its colonization by Europeans.

1497 ... Drawing up a nationwide Code of Laws, which limited the transition of peasants to other owners two weeks before and after St. George's Day - November 26.

1497 ... The approval of the two-headed eagle as the state emblem of Russia.

1497 ... Departure of the Portuguese expedition led by Vasco da Gama, which opened the sea route to India, initiating European expansion into Asia.

1498 ... Coronation of Dmitry Ivanovich, grandson of Ivan III, as his co-ruler.

1500 ... The beginning of the 2nd war with Lithuania, which ended by 1503 with the annexation of Toropets, Bryansk, Chernigov and a number of other cities.

1502 ... The disgrace of Dmitry the grandson and the deprivation of his status as the Grand Duke.

1503 ... The church council, at which a dispute arose over the monastic land ownership between

The Josephites, led by Joseph Volotskiy and the non-possessors - opponents of the growth of the Orthodox Church's wealth (Nil Sorskiy, Vassian Patrikeev).

1504 ... The church council, at which the heresy of the "Judaizers" was again condemned, and the heretics were sentenced to be burned.

1505 ... Death of Ivan III, beginning of the reign of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.

1507 ... The beginning of the 3rd war with Lithuania, which ended by 1522 with the annexation of the Smolensk land (Smolensk was liberated in 1514).

1507. The first raid of the Crimean Tatars to the lands of the Moscow state.

1510 ... Accession of the Pskov land to the Moscow state.

1512. First mentioned in sources orders - government bodies responsible for certain branches of government or certain parts of the country .

1516 ... Completion of the restructuring of the Moscow Kremlin.

1521 ... The annexation of the Ryazan principality to the Moscow state - the completion of the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow.

1521. The ruinous raid of the Crimean Tatars to the Russian lands.

1521. Worms Reichstag in Germany, which condemned the teachings of Martin Luther.

1522. Completion of the first voyage around the world (Fernand Magellan), begun in 1522.

1523 -1524 ... Writing letters from the Pskov elder Philotheus, which formulated the concept of Moscow as the Third Rome.

1524. The beginning of the peasant war in Germany, which ended in the defeat of the rebels in 1526.

1528. The beginning of the activity in Russia of the architect Pyotr Fryazin (Petrok Maliy), who built fortresses in Sebezh and Pronsk and began the construction of the Kitay-Gorod wall and the Ivan the Great bell tower in Moscow.

1533 ... Death of Basil III. The three-year-old Ivan IV became the Grand Duke under the regency of his mother, Queen Elena Glinskaya.

Lip reform- reform of local self-government, according to which labials were elected in the counties (nobles) or zemstvo (black-haired peasants) the elders in charge of the fight against robberies .

1534. The beginning of the Starodub war against Lithuania, which ended in 1537 with the concession of Gomel to the Lithuanians.

1534. England's break with the Pope is the beginning of the existence of an independent Church of England.

1535. Monetary reform of Elena Glinskaya: introduction of a single coin - silver money (0.34 g), divided into two halves; in Novgorod, a penny was minted - a silver coin depicting a horseman with a spear, twice as heavy as money (0.68 g).

1537. Attempted rebellion of Prince Andrei Ivanovich Staritsky.

1538 ... Death of Elena Glinskaya, after which a struggle for influence broke out between the boyar families of Shuisky, Glinsky and Belsky.

1542 ... The end of the boyar strife and the beginning of the autocratic rule of Ivan IV.

Tsar- the ruler of the highest rank, an analogue of the emperor in the Western European system of titles

1549 ... The emergence of the "Chosen Rada" - an unofficial government that carried out a series of reforms (Metropolitan Macarius, Archpriest Sylvester, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, okolnichy Alexei Adashev). Among them - the compilation of a new Code of Law, the creation of orders, the organization of the streltsy army (all - 1550), the abolition of feeding (1555), the adoption of the "Code of Service" (1555-1556).

Sagittarius- foot guard of the king, armed with hand firearms .

"Domostroy"- a book attributed to Archpriest Macarius, containing instructions for the correct organization of everyday life .

1549 ... Convening the first Zemsky Cathedral - estate-representative advisory body .

1550 ... The beginning of the work of the Stoglavy Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church, which ended with the creation of an all-Russian pantheon of saints (1551).

1552 ... The capture of Kazan by Moscow troops and the elimination of the Kazan Khanate.

1553. Convocation of a church council in Moscow "against heretics", which in 1554 accused Matvey Bashkin, Theodosius Kosyi and their supporters of heresy.

1555 ... The Augsburg religious world is the official recognition of Lutheranism in Germany, as well as the independence of princes in choosing a religion in their domains.

1556 ... The capture of Astrakhan by the Moscow troops and the liquidation of the Astrakhan Khanate.

1557 ... The acceptance of Kabarda into the citizenship of the Muscovy was the beginning of the establishment of Russia in the North Caucasus.

1558 ... The capture of Narva is the beginning of the Livonian War. Main events: the defeat of the Livonian Order and the occupation by the Russians of almost the entire Baltic region (by 1560); entry into the war of Sweden, Poland and Lithuania (1561); the capture of Polotsk by the Russians (1563); two defeats of Russian troops (1564); the unification of Lithuania and Poland into one state - the Polish Speech (1569); troubles in the Commonwealth and the Russian offensive in Livonia (1572-1577); the transition of the Polish-Lithuanian troops to the offensive under the leadership of the new king Stefan Batory (from 1577), who returned Polotsk; entry into the war of Sweden (1579); the siege of Pskov by Batory and the capture of Narva by the Swedes (1581); an armistice with the Commonwealth on the conditions of the transfer of the southern part of Livonia to it (1582); an armistice with Sweden on the terms of the transfer to her of Northern Livonia and Russian lands on the coast of the Gulf of Finland (1583).

1560 ... Liquidation of the "Chosen Rada".

1561 ... Completion of the construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral) in Moscow.

1562 ... The beginning of the religious wars in France (Catholics against Huguenots - Protestant Calvinists), which ended by 1596.

1564 ... The publication by Ivan Fedorov of the first dated printed book "Apostle" in Russia.

1565 ... The division of Russia into oprichnina and zemstvo.

Oprichnina- to Ivan the Terrible, a widow's inheritance; under Ivan the Terrible - a part of the state where his supporters are located, those whom he trusted (guardsmen); figuratively means the terrorist nature of the policy of Ivan the Terrible .

1566. Foundation of the Eagle.

1568. The beginning of the war for the liberation of the Netherlands from the domination of the Spanish Habsburgs (the independence of the northern part of the Netherlands was recognized by Spain in 1609).

1569 ... The defeat of Novgorod by the guardsmen.

1569 ... The Union of Lublin is the unification of Poland and Lithuania (together with Belarus and Ukraine that belonged to them) into a single state of the Rzeczpospolita.

1570 ... The first surviving royal charter to the Cossacks is the traditional date of the foundation of the Don Cossack army.

1571 ... The raid of the Crimean Tatars and the fire of Moscow.

1572 ... Victory over the Crimean Tatars at Molody and the abolition of the oprichnina.

1572. St. Bartholomew's Night - Massacre of Protestant Huguenots in France.

1574. Foundation of Ufa.

1579 ... "Utrecht Union" - a union of seven provinces, considered the beginning of the creation of the state of the Netherlands.

1581 -1582 ... Ermak's campaign to the Siberian Khanate. The beginning of the annexation of Siberia.

Yasak- a tribute in furs, collected by Russian explorers from the inhabitants of Siberia and the Far East.

1582. The first mention of "the town of Prince Samara" (later Samarovsky yam, the village of Samarovo, Ostyako-Vogulsk, now Khanty-Mansiysk).

1584 ... The beginning of the construction of Arkhangelsk as a port for overseas trade.

1584. Foundation of Tsarevokokshaisk (since 1927 - Yoshkar-Ola).

1584 ... The death of Ivan IV and the beginning of the struggle of the boyars at the court of his son Fyodor I Ivanovich.

1585. The beginning of the work of the architect Fyodor Kon, among whose works are the walls of the White City of Moscow, the Smolensk Fortress, as well as the superstructure of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower.

1586. The creation of the Tsar Cannon by master Andrey Chokhov.

1586 ... The founding of Voronezh, Samara, and also Tyumen - the first Russian city in Siberia.

1587 ... Foundation of Tobolsk.

1588 ... The destruction of the Spanish "Invincible Armada" by the British - domination of the oceans passed from Spain to England.

1589 ... Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia (the first patriarch - Job, before 1605).

1589 ... Founding of Tsaritsyn (from 1925 - Stalingrad, from 1961 - Volgograd).

1590 ... The beginning of the war with Sweden, which ended in 1595 with the Treaty of Tyavzin, according to which the lands lost in 1583 were returned to Russia.

1590 ... Foundation of Saratov.

1591 ... The death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich.

1592. Estimated date of the decree on the abolition of the peasant exit on St. George's Day.

1595. The foundation of the Obdorsk prison - since 1931 it is the city of Salekhard.

1596. Foundation of Belgorod.

1597 ... Decree on a five-year search for fugitive peasants.

1598 ... Death of Tsar Fyodor I Ivanovich, suppression of the Moscow dynasty of Rurikovich and election of Boris Godunov as Tsar.

1598. Edict of Nantes by King Henry IV of France, who ended the wars of religion and confirmed the rights of the Huguenots.

1600. Opal of the Romanovs, tonsure of the head of the clan of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov as a monk under the name of Filaret.

Opal- unmotivated disfavor towards an individual or a whole family on the part of the ruling monarch, manifested at least in a ban on appearing at court .

1601 -1603 ... Long crop failure and hunger, which served as the beginning of the Time of Troubles.

1604 ... The invasion of the Russian territory by the detachment of the impostor False Dmitry I (Grishka Otrepiev).

1604 ... Foundation of Tomsk.

1605 , April... Death of Boris Godunov and accession of his son Fyodor II Godunov.

1605 , June... The assassination of Fyodor II and the entry of False Dmitry I into Moscow. Filaret Romanov became Metropolitan of Rostov.

1606 , May... The assassination of False Dmitry I and the election of Vasily Shuisky as tsar.

1606 , summer... Speech by the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov against Vasily Shuisky.

1606 , December... Bolotnikov's defeat near Moscow.

1607 ... The siege by the army of Vasily Shuisky of Bolotnikov's supporters in Tula and their defeat.

1608 ... The appearance of False Dmitry II, supported by part of the Polish nobility.

1608 , June... The organization by False Dmitry II of the camp in Tushino (near Moscow), after which all of Russia was given over to plundering by the detachments of Poles and supporters of False Dmitry II. Filaret Romanov became the "named patriarch" in Tushino.

1608 -1609 ... The beginning of the entry of the Kalmyks into Russian citizenship.

1609, February. The signing of the Vyborg treaty between Russia and Sweden, according to which the Swedes provided military assistance in exchange for a concession to Korela (present-day Priozersk).

1609 , Spring... Liberation of the north of the country by the army of Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky with the help of the Swedes.

1609 , summer... The beginning of the siege of Smolensk by the king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund III.

1609 , autumn... The collapse of the Tushino camp and the flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga.

1610 , June... The defeat of the Russian-Swedish army by the Poles near Klushino.

1610 , summer... The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky, the creation of the "seven-boyars" - a provisional government, which summoned the son of Sigismund III, the prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne and let the Polish garrison into Moscow.

1610 , December... The death of False Dmitry II.

1611 , Spring... The beginning of the siege of Moscow by the First militia led by Prokop Lyapunov, Ivan Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy.

1611 , June... The capture of Smolensk by the Poles.

1611 , July... The capture of Novgorod by the Swedes.

1611, October. The beginning of the formation of the Second Militia in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

1612, April. The transition of the Second Militia to Yaroslavl, the formation of the "Council of All Land".

1612 , August... Campaign of the Second Militia to Moscow, uniting with the remnants of the First Militia.

1612 , October... Capitulation of the Polish garrison in Moscow.

1613 , February... Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow and invitation to the throne of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

The table shows only those representatives of the Romanovs who occupied the prestal, as well as the founders of individual branches of the dynasty. After the reigning persons, the years of their reign are indicated. The GD sign stands for marriage.

1615 ... Siege of Pskov by the Swedes.

1617 ... Stolbovsky peace with Sweden, through which Russia lost access to the Baltic.

1618 ... The campaign of the prince Vladislav to Moscow and the Deulinskoe truce with the Commonwealth, which confirmed the loss of Smolensk.

1618 ... The revolt of the inhabitants of Prague against the Habsburgs - the beginning of the Thirty Years War (Catholic League supported by the Habsburgs against the Protestant League supported by France, Denmark and Sweden). Main events: the defeat of the Czechs by the forces of the Habsburgs at the White Mountain (1620); the capture of the Palatinate by the Habsburgs - the residence of the head of the German Protestants (1623); the arrival of the Danish army to the aid of the Protestants (1625); the defeat of the Danish army, which forced Denmark to withdraw from the war (by 1629); the arrival of the Swedish army to the aid of the Protestants (1630); Swedish victories in Germany (1631-1632); the defeat of the Swedes at Nördlingen (1634); the entry of France into the war against the Habsburgs (1635); the victories of the French and Swedes (1642-1646); Peace of Westphalia, which strengthened France and Sweden and consolidated the fragmentation of Germany (1648).

1619 ... Election of Filaret (Fedor) Romanov as Patriarch of All Russia, who returned from Polish captivity, and his de facto regency under Tsar Mikhail (until 1633).

Governors- in Russia in the 17th century. regularly replaced governors of the king in the cities, who had full military and civilian power .

1624. Appointment of Cardinal de Richelieu as the first minister of France (until 1642).

1628 ... Foundation of Krasnoyarsk.

1631 ... The formation of the first "regiments of the new system" in Moscow.

1632 ... The beginning of the Smolensk war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which ended with the signing of the Polyanovsky peace on the terms of the Deulinsky armistice when King Vladislav renounced the Russian throne (1634).

1632. Foundation by Andrey Vinius of the first Russian manufactories - an industrial enterprise using manual labor .

1632 ... Foundation of Yakutsk.

1636 ... Foundation of Tambov.

1637 ... Capture of the Ottoman fortress of Azov by the Don Cossacks (at the confluence of the Don into the Sea of ​​Azov).

1638. The beginning of the creative activity of Simon Fedorov (1626-1686) - the most famous Russian icon painter of the 17th century.

1640 ... The convocation of the Parliament (the so-called Long Parliament) by the British King Charles I, which was the beginning of the English Revolution. Major events: the adoption by the British Parliament of the "Great Remontstration" - an act listing the abuses of the king (1641); the destruction by a series of acts of parliament of the autocratic nature of the king's power (by 1642); the departure of the king to the north of the country and the beginning of the civil war (1642); the reform of the parliamentary army by Oliver Cromwell and the defeat of the royal army at Naseby (1645); the escape of the king from captivity and the final defeat of his army (1648); the execution of Charles I and the proclamation of England as a republic (1649); the conquest of rebellious Ireland by Cromwell (1649-1650); the conquest of Scotland (1650-1652); the appointment of Cromwell as the "protector" of England (1653); death of Cromwell (1658); restoration of the monarchy and the Stuart dynasty, which recognized the revolutionary changes (1660).

1641. The foundation of Saransk.

1642 ... Refusal of the Zemsky Sobor from the proposal of the Cossacks to start a war with the Ottoman Empire because of Azov.

1643. The beginning of the expedition (until 1646) under the leadership of Vasily Poyarkov (c. 1610 - c. 1667), during which the first voyage along the Amur was made.

1643 ... The beginning of the reign of King Louis XIV in France (until 1715) - the heyday of the absolute monarchy.

1645 ... The death of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the beginning of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich during the actual regency of the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov.

Parsuna- a portrait of the 17th century, executed in a technique typical for icon painting .

1648. The beginning of the liberation war of the Ukrainian people under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1595-1657) against the rule of the Commonwealth.

1648 ... Salt riot in Moscow due to the abuse of boyar Boris Morozov, his resignation.

1648. Semyon Dezhnev's Chukotka campaign (c. 1605-1673), during which he first crossed the Bering Strait and found a way to the Pacific Ocean, and also founded Anadyr, the first Russian settlement in Chukotka.

1648 ... Foundation of Simbirsk (since 1924 - Ulyanovsk).

1649 ... Adoption of the Cathedral Code - a set of laws regulating all aspects of society.

1649. The beginning of the campaigns of Erofei Khabarov (1603-1671), during which the tribes living on the Amur River were subdued.

1650. Uprising in Novgorod and Pskov.

1652 ... The adoption of the dignity of Patriarch of All Russia by Nikon (Nikita Minov), who strove for the primacy of the church over the state.

1652. The battle at Ostrog Achansk is the first armed clash between the Russians and the Chinese.

1653 ... Church reform of Patriarch Nikon (introduction of baptism of three fingers, etc.) - the beginning of a split in the Russian Orthodox Church and the emergence of the Old Believers.

1653. Adoption of the Trade Articles of Association with uniform trade duties.

1653. Pereyaslavskaya Rada, at which the Ukrainians, led by Bohdan Khmelnitsky, decided to ask Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to transfer to the rule of Russia.

1653 ... The first news about Chita.

1654 ... Adoption of a decision on the reunification of Ukraine and Russia and the beginning of the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1654. Creation of the Order of Secret Affairs - the first Russian special service.

1654. The beginning of the failed monetary reform was an attempt to introduce the silver ruble and copper kopecks.

1656 ... Truce with the Commonwealth and the beginning of the war with Sweden.

1656. A church cathedral that cursed the Old Believers.

1658 ... Valiesar truce with Sweden for three years and renewed war with the Commonwealth.

1661 ... Peace of Kardis with Sweden on the condition of preserving the borders of 1617

1661. Foundation of Irkutsk.

1662 ... "Copper riot" in Moscow, which entailed the seizure of copper kopecks.

1663 ... Foundation of Penza.

1666 ... Depriving Nikon of the rank of patriarch and his exile to White Lake (died in 1681).

1666. Foundation of the Udinsky winter hut (then - Verkhneudinsk, since 1934 - Ulan-Ude).

1667 ... The Andrusov truce with the Commonwealth on the terms of the annexation of the Smolensk land, the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kiev to Russia.

1667 ... Adoption of the New Trade Charter, which prohibited foreigners from conducting retail trade within Russia.

1668 ... The uprising of the Solovetsky monks who refused to accept the revised liturgical books (suppressed by 1676).

1670 ... The plundering campaign of the Cossack chieftain Stenka Razin up the Volga, which ended in his defeat and execution (1671).

1676 ... Death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, beginning of the reign of Fyodor III Alekseevich.

1677. The beginning of the war with the Ottoman Empire, which ended in 1681 by the Bakhchisarai

the world, according to which the Ottomans recognized the transition of the Left-Bank Ukraine to Russia.

1679. The introduction of household taxation - the unit with which taxes were paid was the peasant household.

1679. Foundation of the city of Kurgan.

1681. Cancellation parochialism - the order in which the appointment to senior positions took into account the nobility of the kind of applicants .

1682, April 14. The burning of Archpriest Avvakum, an outstanding writer and ideologist of the Old Believers (1620-1682), and other Old Believers.

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Topic 4. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th century.

Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. After the death of Basil II, the throne passed to his son without any mention of the Horde. During the reign of Ivan III (1462–1505), the Moscow principality developed successfully: practically without resistance, many Russian lands were annexed to Moscow - Yaroslavl, Rostov, as well as Perm, Vyatka, with non-Russian peoples living here. This expanded the multinational composition of the Russian state. Chernigov-Seversky possessions passed from Lithuania.

The Novgorod boyar republic, which had considerable power, remained independent of the Moscow prince. In 1471 Ivan III took decisive measures to subjugate Novgorod. The decisive battle took place on the Sheloni River, when the Muscovites, being in the minority, defeated the Novgorodians. In 1478 the republic in Novgorod was finally liquidated. A veche bell was taken from the city to Moscow. The city was now ruled by Moscow governors.

In 1480 the Horde yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after the clash between the Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on the Ugra River. Khan Akhmat was at the head of the Horde troops. Having stood on Ugra for several weeks, Akhmat realized that it was pointless to engage in battle. This event went down in history as "standing on the Ugra". Russia, several years before Akhmat's campaign, stopped paying tribute to the Horde. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey inflicted a crushing defeat on the Golden Horde, after which its existence ceased.

In 1497, a set of laws was introduced - "Code of Laws" by Ivan III, which strengthened the power of the sovereign and introduced uniform legal norms throughout the state. One of the articles of the "Sudebnik" regulated the transfer of peasants from one owner to another. According to the "Code of Law", peasants could leave the feudal lords only a week before and a week after St. George's autumn day (November 26), having paid the elderly. The nationwide governing bodies of the country began to form - orders. There was localism - the procedure for obtaining positions depending on the nobility of the family. Local administration was carried out on the basis of a feeding system: collecting taxes from the population, the governors kept part of the funds for themselves. The sovereign's authority was strengthened by the marriage of Ivan III to the Byzantine princess Sophia Palaeologus.

His father's business was completed by Vasily III (1505-1533), annexing Ryazan and Pskov, and conquering Smolensk from Lithuania. All Russian lands were united into a single Russian state. During the reign of Vasily III, stone construction began in many Russian cities. In Moscow, the Annunciation Cathedral was built in the Kremlin and the Archangel Cathedral was finally completed, into which the remains of the great Moscow princes were transferred. The moat near the Moscow Kremlin was laid out with stone. Wooden walls in Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna and Zaraisk were replaced with stone ones. And in Novgorod, which the Grand Duke of Moscow liked to visit, in addition to the walls, streets, squares and rows were rebuilt.
Russia under Ivan IV. Reforms of the mid-16th century The policy of the oprichnina. After the death of Vasily III, the throne passed to the three-year-old Ivan IV (1533-1584), later nicknamed the Terrible. In fact, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. She entrusted all state affairs to the Boyar Duma. During the reign of Elena Glinskaya in the war with Lithuania, small territories in the west were annexed, and the raids of the Tatar cavalry on the Moscow lands were also repelled. A monetary reform was carried out: coins of various principalities were replaced by coins of a single sample - kopecks. In 1538 Elena died unexpectedly (there is an assumption that she was poisoned). After her death, the struggle for power between the boyar groups intensified.

Upon reaching the age of 17 in 1547, Ivan Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, becoming the first tsar in Russia. The ceremony of accepting the royal title took place in the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral. From the hands of the Moscow Metropolitan Macarius, Ivan IV received the Monomakh hat and other signs of the tsarist power.

Under the young tsar, a circle of friends was formed - the Chosen Rada. It included the nobleman Alexei Adashev, Archpriest Sylvester (confessor of the young tsar), Prince Andrei Kurbsky, Metropolitan Macarius. The task of these people was to help the tsar in running the state and to develop reforms.

In 1549, the first Zemsky Sobor in the country's history was convened, which included elected representatives from each estate. In the 1550s, the folding of the order system was completed, until 1568 it was called the "order hut". The creation of orders was caused by the complication of state administration due to the growth of subordinate territories. There were Ambassadors, Pomestny, Razryadny, Rogue orders, and the Chelobitnaya hut - the supreme control body of the state. The order was headed by a boyar or a clerk - a major government official.

In 1550, a new "Code of Law" was adopted, which confirmed the rule of St. George's Day.
In 1555-1556. the reform of local government was completed, the feeding system was canceled, a streltsy army was created, lip and zemstvo reforms were carried out. In 1551 "Stoglav" was adopted - the decision of the church council, which regulated the affairs of the church.

In 1565-1572. Ivan IV established the oprichnina regime, which led to numerous casualties and the ruin of the country. The territory of the state was divided into two parts: oprichnina and zemstvo. The tsar included the most important lands in the oprichnina. They were settled by nobles who were part of the oprichnina army. The guardsmen in a short time brought these lands to the most miserable situation, the peasants fled from there to the outskirts of the state. The population of the Zemshchyna was supposed to support this army. The guardsmen wore black clothes. Dog heads and brooms were attached to their saddles, symbolizing the canine loyalty of the guardsmen to the king and their readiness to sweep treason out of the country. At the head of the guardsmen, Ivan Vasilyevich made a punitive campaign against Novgorod and Pskov. The cities on the way to Novgorod, Novgorod itself and its environs were subjected to terrible devastation. Pskov managed to pay off with very big money. In 1581, the "reserved summer" was introduced - the prohibition of the passage of peasants on St. George's Day.

Expansion of the territory of Russia in the 16th century. Livonian War. In foreign policy, Ivan IV strove to expand the territory of the state: in 1552 Kazan was taken, in 1556 - Astrakhan, in 1582 the conquest of the Siberian Khanate began.

In 1558-1583. the Livonian War took place for Russia to gain access to the Baltic Sea. But this war ended in failure for Russia: according to the Yam-Zapolsky peace (1582) Livonia retreated to Poland, according to the Plus peace (1583) Sweden secured the Gulf of Finland, part of Karelia, the fortresses of Narva, Ivangorod, Koporye, Yam, Karela.

During the Livonian War and the oprichnina in the spring of 1571, the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey moved to Moscow. The oprichnina army could not resist the external enemy. Moscow was burnt by the khan. The fire killed up to 80 thousand people.
In 1582, facing the threat of a new invasion of the Tatars, Ivan IV was forced to abandon the division of the army. As a result, the united army under the leadership of the voivode Prince MI Vorotynsky defeated the Tatars near the village of Molody. The oprichnina was canceled.

Troubles. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the Zemsky Sobor, composed of service people, recognized the son of Ivan IV Fyodor as tsar. In 1589, the patriarchate was introduced, which meant the independence of the Russian Orthodox Church from Constantinople. In 1597, the "regular summer" was introduced - a five-year period for the search for fugitive peasants. In 1598, with the death of Fyodor Ivanovich and the suppression of the Rurik dynasty, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov to the throne by a majority of votes.

The beginning of the 17th century - the period of the Time of Troubles. The causes of the Troubles were the aggravation of social, estate, dynastic and international relations at the end of the reign of Ivan IV and under his successors.

1) In the 1570-1580s. the most economically developed center (Moscow) and the north-west (Novgorod and Pskov) of the country fell into desolation. As a result of the oprichnina and the Livonian War, part of the population fled, while others perished. The central government, in order to prevent the flight of the peasants to the outskirts, took the path of attaching the peasants to the land of the feudal landowners. In fact, a system of serfdom was established on a national scale. The introduction of serfdom led to an aggravation of social contradictions in the country and created conditions for mass popular demonstrations.

2) After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, there were no heirs capable of continuing his policy. During the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598), soft in character, the actual ruler of the country was his guardian Boris Godunov. In 1591 in Uglich, under unclear circumstances, the last of the direct heirs to the throne, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, died. Popular rumor attributed the organization of the murder to Boris Godunov. These events triggered a dynastic crisis.

3) At the end of the XVI century. there is a strengthening of the neighbors of Moscow Russia - the Commonwealth, Sweden, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire. The aggravation of international contradictions will become another reason for the events that erupted during the Time of Troubles.

During the Time of Troubles, the country was actually in a state of civil war, accompanied by Polish and Swedish interventions. Rumors were widespread that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive, "miraculously escaped" in Uglich. In 1602, a man appeared in Lithuania posing as Tsarevich Dmitry. According to the official version of the Moscow government of Boris Godunov, the man posing as Dmitry was the fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev. He went down in history under the name of False Dmitry I.

In June 1605, a protege of the Polish gentry, False Dmitry I, entered Moscow. However, his policy aroused the discontent of both the common people and the boyars. As a result of the conspiracy of the boyars and the uprising of Muscovites in May 1606, False Dmitry was killed. Boyars proclaim Vasily Shuisky as tsar (1606-1610).

In 1606-1607. there is a popular performance under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. In the summer of 1606 Bolotnikov moved from Krom to Moscow. On the way, a small detachment turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, townspeople and even detachments of nobles led by Procopius Lyapunov. The Bolotnikovites besieged Moscow for two months, but as a result of treason, some of the nobles were defeated by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. In March 1607 Shuisky published the Code on the Peasants, which introduced a 15-year term for the search for fugitive peasants. Bolotnikov was driven back to Kaluga and besieged by the tsarist troops, but he escaped from the siege and retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by Vasily Shuisky himself. The Upa River was blocked by a dam and the fortress was flooded. After V. Shuisky's promise to save the life of the rebels, they opened the gates of Tula. Breaking his word, the king cruelly dealt with the rebels. Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol.

At the time when Shuisky was besieging Bolotnikov in Tula, a new impostor appeared in the Bryansk region. Relying on the support of the Polish gentry and the Vatican, in 1608 False Dmitry II set out from Poland to Russia. However, attempts to take Moscow ended in vain. False Dmitry II stopped 17 km from the Kremlin in the village of Tushino, for which he received the nickname "Tushinsky thief".

To fight the Tushins, Shuisky in February 1609 concluded an agreement with Sweden. The Swedes provided troops to fight the "Tushinsky thief", and Russia renounced its claims to the Baltic coast.

The Polish king Sigismund III ordered the gentry to leave Tushino and go to Smolensk. The Tushino camp fell apart. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was soon killed. The Tushino boyars invited the son of the Polish king, Tsarevich Vladislav, to the Moscow throne.

In the summer of 1610, a coup took place in Moscow. Shuisky was overthrown, power was seized by the boyars headed by F.I.Mstislavsky. This government was named "seven-boyars". Despite the protests of Patriarch Hermogenes, the "seven-boyars" concluded an agreement on calling Tsarevich Vladislav to the Russian throne and allowed Polish invaders into the Kremlin.

The catastrophic situation stirred up the patriotic feelings of the Russian people. At the beginning of 1611, the First People's Militia was formed, led by P. Lyapunov, who besieged Moscow, but because of internal disagreements between the participants, it disintegrated, and Procopius Lyapunov was killed.

Swedish troops, freed from treaty obligations after the overthrow of Shuisky, captured a significant part of northern Russia, including Novgorod, laid siege to Pskov, the Poles, after almost two years of siege, captured Smolensk. The Polish king Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian tsar, and Russia would enter the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In the fall of 1611, the Second People's Militia was formed on the initiative of the Nizhny Novgorod mayor Kuzma Minin and led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In 1612 Moscow was liberated from the Poles.

In February 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor.

Culture. Literature. One of the most striking works of the second half of the 15th century. was "Walking Beyond the Three Seas" by Afanasy Nikitin. The Tver merchant traveled to India in 1466-1472. The work of Afanasy Nikitin is the first description of India in European literature. The creation of a unified state contributed to the emergence of an extensive journalistic literature, the main theme of which was the ways of the country's development. Publicism is represented by the correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Andrei Kurbsky, the works of M. Bashkin, F. Kosoy, I. Peresvetov. In 1564 Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets laid the foundation for book printing in Russia. The first dated Russian book "Apostle" (1564), then "The Book of Hours" (1565), the first Russian primer (1574).

Painting. At the end of the 15th century. the famous master of icon painting was Dionysius, who continued the traditions of A. Rublev. His creations are characterized by delicate patterns, soft colors and a festive mood. Dionysius created the famous paintings of the Ferapontov Monastery.

Architecture. At the end of the 15th century. Moscow became the capital of the Russian state, which was to be consolidated in the appearance of the city. During the reign of Ivan III, a modern Kremlin wall with towers was built under the guidance of Italian craftsmen. For that time, it was an outstanding fortification, designed for a long siege. Ivan III attracted Italian craftsmen to build new cathedrals inside the Kremlin. The main temple of Russia - the Assumption Cathedral - the architect Aristotle Fioravanti created on the model of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. The Faceted Chamber was built by Pietro Solari and Mark Fryazin. The Annunciation and Archangel Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin were erected. Another Italian architect, Aleviz New, took part in the creation of the latter. In the first half of the XVI century. in Russian architecture, a national tent style arose. The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye became an outstanding monument of this style. In 1554-1560. In honor of the capture of Kazan, by order of Ivan IV, the Intercession Cathedral was built on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral) (Russian architects Barma and Postnik), which became a symbol of Russia for many centuries. In the XVI century. stone walls were erected around many cities. The most famous creator of the fortifications was Fedor Kon. He built the walls of the White City in Moscow (on the site of the present Garden Ring), the walls of the Smolensk Kremlin.

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USE in history, grade 11 Antiquity and the Middle Ages Topic 1.4. The Russian state in the second half of the XV - XVII in Part 3 questions of the codifier History and social science teacher Ganyushin Mikhail Evgenievich MAOU Ichalkovskaya secondary school Perevozsky district Nizhny Novgorod region

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1.4.5. Formation of national identity. Development of the culture of the peoples of Russia in the XV-XVII centuries. Strengthening of secular elements in Russian culture of the 17th century. Additional reference materials that open when you click on this icon MAP Cartographic materials that open when you click on this icon Practical assignment numbers correspond to assignment numbers in the structure of the exam paper

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Characteristic features of the development of Russian culture at the end of the 15th - 16th centuries The spread of journalism The emergence of book printing The emergence of the tent style in architecture The widespread construction of large defensive structures Significant influence of the church on the development of culture Characteristic features of the development of Russian culture in the 17th century Strengthening democratic features in culture The spread of enlightenment Departure from strict church canons in architecture and painting The emergence of Parsun painting by M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, parsuna

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The emergence of an autobiographical genre in literature Strengthening the influence of European culture The emergence of "Naryshkin" (Moscow) Baroque in architecture General trends in the development of Russian culture in the XVI-XVII centuries. The unification of local cultures in the process of forming a single culture of Russia Reflection in the culture of the process of strengthening autocratic power and the formation of absolutism Gradual secularization (secularization) of Russian culture Development of Russian culture in interaction with the cultures of other countries

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Development of education, science and technology Monument to the first printer Ivan Fedorov in Moscow 1564 - publication in Moscow by Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets of the first printed book "Apostle" (the appearance of printed books contributed to the spread of literacy) 1586 - the creation of the Tsar Cannon by master Andrey Chokhov time war gun in the world, weight 40 tons)

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The development of education, science and technology in the 30s. XVII century. - the publication of the "Primer" by Vasily Burtsev (a cheap printed textbook available to everyone) 1648 - the establishment of a school at the Andreevsky Monastery by F.M. Rtishchev 1678 - reprint in Moscow of "Synopsis" by Innokenty Gisel (contained information on ancient history) 1687 - opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (the first higher school; the first teachers Ioanniki and Sophrony Likhuda; subjects - grammar, poetics, rhetoric, logic, physics , of paramount importance - the Greek language and culture) 1692 - compilation of the "Primer" by Karion Istomin (primer for the son of Peter I Alexei, where the visual teaching method was used)

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Literature development. XVI century Monk Philotheus. In his letter to Grand Duke Vasily III, he formulated the theory "Moscow is the third Rome" about the role of the Russian state as the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires and the defender of the Orthodox faith. I.S. Peresvetov. Writer-publicist 2/2 of the 16th century, who developed in his works the idea of ​​autocratic power based on a standing army; proposed projects of state reforms. Metropolitan Macarius. Participated in the creation of the "Great Chetya-Minei" (books for reading by months). The collection contained many biographies of Russian saints, church statutes and theological writings. Metropolitan Macarius blesses Ivan the Terrible during his royal wedding

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Literature development. XVI century Protopop Sylvester. He is considered the author of "Domostroi" - a monument of Russian literature of the 16th century, a collection of moral rules and everyday instructions. A.M. Kurbsky. In his letters to Ivan IV and in the "History of the Grand Duke of Moscow" he advocated the preservation of the estate-representative monarchy and condemned the tsarist cruelty and arbitrariness. Literature development. XVII century Avraamy Palitsyn. Cellar of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, creator of the "Tale" - a historical work about the events of the early 17th century. in Russia. Avvakum Petrov. The Life of Archpriest Avvakum, Written by Himself, is the first example of an autobiography or memoir in Russian literature. The author, a prominent figure in the schism, talks about his imprisonment and trials.

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Literature development. XVII century Simeon of Polotsk. Court poet and educator of the children of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. One of the first representatives of Russian syllabic poetry (collections "Vertograd multicolored", "Rhymology") and drama ("Comedy of the parable of the Prodigal Son"). Historical and satirical story - new genres in the literature of the 17th century. "The Tale of the Azov siege seat of the Don Cossacks." The story about the defense of the Don Cossacks from the Turks of the fortress of Azov captured by him during the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

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Literature development. XVII century "The Tale of the Shemyakin Court". The satirical story about the Shemyakin court, which denounced the judicial order in Russia in the 17th century. "The Story of Ruff Ershovich, the son of Shchetinnikov." The satirical tale, the main characters of which were fish living in the Rostov Lake, parodied the Russian legal system of its time. "Kalyazinskaya petition". Monument to Russian literature of the 17th century, describes the life of monks who spent time in idleness and drunkenness. 1672 - opening in Moscow of a theater at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich under the direction of Pastor Gregory (performance of plays with biblical content and secular works; closed after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich).

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Development of painting (icon painting) Dionysius (late 15th - early 16th century). He painted some of the icons and frescoes of the Moscow Kremlin, the successor of the traditions of Andrei Rublev, the master of the hagiographic icon. XVI century - active work of the church and secular authorities to promote the official ideology. The hundred-headed cathedral of 1551 elevated the iconography of Andrei Rublev to the canon, a role model. Dimitri Prilutsky with the life of Simon Ushakov (2/2 of the 17th century). In his works, he invented new compositions, looked closely at Western models and nature, tried to give the figures character and movement. He created the icons "Savior Not Made by Hands", "The Last Supper", "The Tree of the Russian State" and others. Simon Ushakov "Trinity"

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Simon Ushakov "Savior Not Made by Hands" "The Last Supper" Early 17th century. - in connection with the interest in the human personality, the icon-painting manner in the depiction of certain historical figures is replaced by a parsuna (portrait). The realistic approach to portrait images began to be transferred to the field of icon painting. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, parsuna

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Development of architecture Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. 1475-1479 Aristotle Fioravanti. The main cathedral, the place of the wedding to the kingdom of the Russian tsars and emperors until 1917. The Palace of Facets. 1487-1491 Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio Solari. The oldest secular building in Moscow, the place of meetings of the Boyar Duma and meetings of the Zemsky Councils.

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Development of architecture Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. 1505-1508 Aleviz New. Tomb of Moscow princes and tsars. The walls are decorated with motives of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. 1528-1532 Pyotr Fryazin (presumably). The construction of the church is associated with the birth of the future Tsar Ivan IV. The first Russian temple built in hipped roof style.

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Development of architecture Kitaygorodskaya fortress wall. 1535-1538 Petrok Small. It adjoined the Kremlin from the side of Red Square, the main purpose of the defense of the posad, is almost not preserved. Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral). 1555-1561 Barma and Postnik. Built in memory of the capture of Kazan by the army of Ivan the Terrible. Tent style. A. Vasnetsov. Spassky (Water) Gate of Kitay-Gorod in the 17th century.

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Development of architecture Walls and towers of the White City. 1585-1591 Fedor Horse. A fortress wall 10 km long defended Moscow. Smolensk fortress wall. 1595-1602 Fedor Horse. It was of great defense importance. Terem Palace. 1635-1636. B. Ogurtsov, L. Ushakov, A. Konstantinov, T. Sharutin. Built by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The new type of multi-storey residential building, which retained the features of wooden architecture, was distinguished by its rich decorative design.

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Development of architecture Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye. 1667-1672 A wooden royal palace, rich in decor. In 2010, a life-size model of the palace was built using new technologies. Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Fili. 1690-1694 Monument to the early Moscow baroque. The temple was built at the expense of uncle Peter I L.K. Naryshkina, therefore this style is called Naryshkin Baroque.

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Discoveries of Russian explorers in the 17th century I.Yu. Moskvitin. In 1639 he was the first to discover the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sakhalin Bay. S.I. Dezhnev. In 1648, he rounded the extreme northeastern tip of Asia and passed through the strait separating the Asian continent from America, drew up a drawing of the Anadyr River. V.D. Poyarkov. In 1643-1646. first penetrated the Amur River basin, collected valuable information about the nature and population of the Amur region. E.P. Khabarov. In the years 1649-1653. made a number of trips in the Amur region, made a "Drawing for the Amur River". V.V. Atlases. In the years 1649-1699. made hikes in Kamchatka. Gave the first information about Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. MAP Commemorative coin "Expedition of F. Popov and S. Dezhnev"

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1. Arrange the events in chronological order. 1) the opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy 2) The Hundred Years War 3) the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom 1. Arrange the events in chronological order. 1) Peace of Westphalia 2) Battle of the Ice 3) publication by Ivan Fedorov of the first printed book "Apostle" 231 231

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4. Write down the term in question. A special architectural style that appeared in Russia at the beginning of the 16th century and has no analogues in other countries. 4. Write the missing word. A specific style trend in Russian architecture of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, which owes its name to one boyar family oriented towards Western Europe. Tent style Naryshkinskoe Baroque

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17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column 5213 CULTURAL FACT BIOGRAPHY A) Simeon Polotsky B) Afanasy Nikitin C) Archpriest Avvakum D) Sofroniy Ryazanets 1) The polemic orientation of his works expressed in criticism of Nikon's reforms 2) The author of the famous travel records, known as "Walking the Three Seas" 3) The author of a work dedicated to the Battle of Kulikovo. 4) The author of the "Word of Law and Grace" 5) One of the first Russian poets. 6) Member of the Association of Traveling Exhibitions.

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17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. 2346 MONUMENT OF ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS A) Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed B) Church of the Intercession on the Nerl C) Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior on Ilyina Street D) Church of the Intercession in Fili 1) The architect who erected this monument is Aristotle Fioravanti. 2) This architectural monument was built in the 16th century. 3) This monument was created during a period of political fragmentation. 4) The Novgorod temple, where the frescoes of Theophanes the Greek have survived 5) The author of the project, according to which this architectural monument was built, is K. A. Ton. 6) Temple of the 17th century, a sample of the Naryshkin style

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17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. 6421 CULTURAL FACT BIOGRAPHY A) Vladimir Monomakh B) Aristotle Fioravanti C) Ivan Peresvetov D) Simon Ushakov 1) Evolution from icon genre to portrait genre is traced in his works. 2) One of the first Russian publicists 3) Built the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye 4) Built one of the cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin. 5) Under his editorship in the XVI century. was published by "Domostroy". 6) Author of "Teachings for Children"

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17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. 5462 MONUMENT OF CULTURE CHARACTERISTIC A) Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye B) Prayer of Daniel the Zatochnik C) Palace of the Facets of the Moscow Kremlin D) Printed book "Apostle" 1) The monument of culture was created in the Empire style 2) Creators - I. Fedorov and P. Mstislavets 3) Work contains the rules of etiquette 4) The work is written in the form of an appeal to the prince for help 5) This cultural monument was created in honor of the birth of Ivan the Terrible 6) The most ancient secular building in Moscow

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17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. 5126 MONUMENTS OF CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS A) Terem Palace 1) compiled by Sylvester B) "Domostroy" 2) dedicated to the capture of Kazan C) Church of the Intercession on the Moat 3) Dedicated to the birth of Ivan IV 4) author - Simeon Polotsky D) "Primer" 5) Located in Moscow Kremlin 6) by Karion Istomin

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Review the diagram and complete task 13. Fill in the blank in the sentence: “The historical significance of the expedition, indicated on the diagram with the number '2', was that its participants first passed ___________, separating Asia from America. Strait

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Slide Description:

Review the diagram and complete task 14. Indicate the name of the largest river, the surroundings of which were explored by the expedition, indicated on the diagram by the numbers "1" and "3". Amur

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Slide Description:

Review the diagram and complete task 15. Indicate the name of the 17th century pioneer who participated in the expedition, indicated by the number "2", after which one of the geographical objects in the area of ​​this expedition is named. Dezhnev

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Topic 3. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th century.

Brief historical background

Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. The consequence of the victory of the Moscow prince Basil II the Dark in the feudal war of the second quarter of the 15th century. was the final approval of the principle of inheritance of power in a direct descending line from father to son. To avoid further strife, the Moscow princes, starting with Vasily II the Dark (1425–1462), Along with the title of Grand Duke, a larger portion of the inheritance is allocated to the eldest sons, ensuring their superiority over the younger brothers.

After the death of Basil II, the throne passed to his son without any mention of the Horde. To the board Ivan III (1462-1505) The Moscow principality developed successfully: with practically no resistance, many Russian lands were annexed to Moscow - Yaroslavl, Rostov, as well as Perm, Vyatka, with non-Russian peoples living here. This expanded the multinational composition of the Russian state. Chernigov-Seversky possessions passed from Lithuania.

The Novgorod boyar republic, which had considerable power, remained independent of the Moscow prince. In 1471 Ivan III took decisive measures to subjugate Novgorod. The decisive battle took place on the Sheloni River, when the Muscovites, being in the minority, won a victory over the Novgorodians. IN 1478 g. republic in Novgorod was finally eliminated. A veche bell was taken from the city to Moscow. The city was now ruled by Moscow governors.

Overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke. Ivan III. Formation of the organs of power of a unified Russian state. Code of Law 1497 in 1480 g. the Horde yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after the clash between the Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on the Ugra River. The Khan stood at the head of the Horde troops Akhmat. Having stood on Ugra for several weeks, Akhmat realized that it was pointless to engage in battle. This event went down in history as "Standing on the Ugra". Russia, several years before Akhmat's campaign, finally stopped paying tribute to the Horde. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey inflicted a crushing defeat on the Golden Horde, after which its existence ceased.

IN 1497 g. a set of laws has been introduced - "Code of Law" by Ivan III, strengthening the power of the sovereign and establishing uniform legal norms throughout the territory of the state. One of the articles of the Code of Laws regulated the transfer of peasants from one owner to another. According to the Code of Law, peasants could leave the feudal lords only a week before and a week after St. George's Day autumn (November 26), having paid elderly(payment for living on land). National governing bodies of the country began to form - orders. There was parochialism- the procedure for obtaining positions depending on the nobility of the clan. Local management was carried out on the basis of the system feedings: collecting taxes from the population, the governors kept part of the funds. The sovereign's authority was strengthened by the marriage of Ivan III to the Byzantine princess Sophia Palaeologus.

Completed the father's case Vasily III (1505-1533), adding Ryazan and Pskov, having won from Lithuania Smolensk. All Russian lands were united into a single Russian state. During the reign of Vasily III, stone construction began in many Russian cities. In Moscow, the Annunciation Cathedral was built in the Kremlin and the Archangel Cathedral was finally completed, into which the remains of the great Moscow princes were transferred. The moat near the Moscow Kremlin was lined with stone. Wooden walls in Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna and Zaraisk were replaced with stone ones. And in Novgorod, which the Grand Duke of Moscow liked to visit, in addition to the walls, streets, squares and rows were rebuilt.

Middle reforms Xvi in. Ivan IV Grozny. After the death of Vasily III, the throne passed to the three-year Ivan IV (1533-1584), subsequently nicknamed Terrible. In fact, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. She entrusted all state affairs to the Boyar Duma. During the reign of Elena Glinskaya in the war with Lithuania, small territories in the west were annexed, and the raids of the Tatar cavalry on the Moscow lands were also repelled. A monetary reform was carried out: coins of various principalities were replaced by coins of a single sample - kopecks. In 1538 Elena died unexpectedly (there is an assumption that she was poisoned). After her death, the struggle for power between the boyar groups intensified.

Upon reaching the age of seventeen in 1547 g. Ivan Vasilievich was married to the kingdom, becoming the first king in Russia. The ceremony of accepting the royal title (wedding to the kingdom) took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. From the hands of the Moscow Metropolitan Macarius, Ivan IV received the Monomakh hat and other signs of the tsarist power.

Under the young tsar, a circle of friends was formed - The chosen one is glad. It included a nobleman Alexey Adashev, protopop Sylvester(confessor of the young king), prince Andrey Kurbsky, metropolitan Macarius. The task of these people was to help the tsar in running the state and to develop reforms.

IN 1549 g. the convocation of the first in the history of Russia Zemsky Cathedral, which included elected representatives from the boyars, clergy and service people, to discuss the reforms proposed by the Chosen Rada.

The central government bodies continued to form gradually - orders, then called huts. There were Ambassadors, Pomestny, Razryadny, Rogue orders, and the Chelobitnaya hut - the supreme control body of the state. IN 1550 BC a new Code of Law, confirmed the rule of St. George's Day. Created Strelets army. IN 1556 g. was the feeding system was canceled. Carried out labial and zemstvo reforms. IN 1551 g. adopted "Stoglav"- the decision of the church council, which streamlined the affairs of the church.

Oprichnina. IN 1565-1572 Ivan IV established the regime oprichnina, which led to numerous casualties and the ruin of the country. The territory of the state was divided into two parts: oprichnina and zemstvo. The tsar included the most important lands in the oprichnina. They were settled by nobles who were part of the oprichnina army. The guardsmen in a short time brought these lands to the most miserable situation, the peasants fled from there to the outskirts of the state. The population of the Zemshchyna was supposed to support this army. The guardsmen wore black clothes. Dog heads and brooms were attached to their saddles, symbolizing the canine loyalty of the guardsmen to the king and their readiness to sweep treason out of the country. At the head of the guardsmen, Ivan Vasilyevich made a punitive campaign against Novgorod and Pskov. The cities on the way to Novgorod, Novgorod itself and its environs were subjected to terrible devastation. Pskov managed to pay off with very big money. IN 1581 g. introduced "Reserved summers"- the ban on the transition of peasants to St. George's Day.

Expansion of the territory of Russia in Xvi in. Livonian War. In foreign policy, Ivan IV strove to strengthen the security of the Russian state: in 1552 g.- was taken Kazan, 1556- attached Astrakhan, 1581- the conquest began Siberian Khanate.

IN 1558-1583 passed Livonian war for Russia's obtaining access to the Baltic Sea. But this war ended in failure for Russia: according to Yam-For-Polish Peace (1582) Livonia departed to Poland, Plyusky world (1583) Sweden secured the Gulf of Finland, part of Karelia, fortresses Narva, Ivangorod, Koporye, Yam, Karela.

During the Livonian War and Oprichnina in the spring 1571 g. Crimean Khan Devlet Giray moved to Moscow. The oprichnina army could not resist the enemy. Moscow was burned down. The fire killed up to 80 thousand people.

Russian culture in Xvi in. Literature. A new genre has appeared - journalism. It is represented by the correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Prince Andrei Kurbsky, the works of Matvey Bashkin, Theodosius Kosoy, Ivan Peresvetov. The latter believed that the nobles destroyed Byzantium, and the boyars could destroy Russia. In the XVI century. the development of Russian history by Metropolitan Macarius began. Lives of Russian saints were collected and arranged according to months and days of their commemoration. Labor was named "Great Cheti-Menaion". A genre of storyline emerges, for example, "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia"(about the love of a prince and a simple girl). The secularization of culture is evidenced by the writing of a book containing a variety of useful information and guidance in both spiritual and worldly life - "Domostroy"(translated as home economics), the author of which is believed to be the member of the Chosen Council, Archpriest Sylvester. IN 1564 Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets laid the foundation for book printing in Russia (the book "Apostle", 20 editions, the first primer).

Architecture. In the first half of the XVI century. in Russian architecture, a national tent style arose. The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye became an outstanding monument of this style. IN 1554-1560 in honor of the capture of Kazan, by order of Ivan IV, the Intercession Cathedral was built on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral) (architects Barma and Postnik), which has become a symbol of Russia for many centuries. The Ivan the Great Bell Tower has been completed up to 82 m. In the XVI century. stone walls were built around many cities. The most famous builder of the fortifications was Fedor Horse. He built the walls of the White City in Moscow (on the site of the present Garden Ring), the walls of the Smolensk Kremlin.

Painting. At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century. the famous master of icon painting was Dionysius. His creations are characterized by delicate patterns, soft colors and a festive mood. Dionysius is the author of the famous paintings of the Ferapontov Monastery.

Material culture. Specialized enterprises are being built in Moscow: the Cannon Yard, the Armory (making precious weapons), and the Money Yard (minting coins). Master Andrey Chokhov created magnificent examples of artillery, including the Tsar Cannon.

Troubles of the end Xvi- the beginning XVII in. After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible in 1584, the Zemsky Sobor, made up of service people, recognized his son Fyodor as tsar. IN 1589 g. the patriarchate was introduced, which meant the independence of the Russian Church from Constantinople. In 1597 g. a decree was adopted on "Lesson years"- a five-year term to search for runaway peasants. IN 1598 g. after the end of the Rurik dynasty, the Zemsky Sobor by a majority of votes elected to the kingdom Boris Godunov.

Early 17th century - period Time of Troubles. The causes of the Troubles were the aggravation of social, estate, dynastic and international relations at the end of the reign of Ivan IV and under his successors.

1) In the 1570-1580s. the most economically developed center (Moscow) and the north-west (Novgorod and Pskov) of the country fell into desolation. As a result of the oprichnina and the Livonian War, part of the population fled, while others perished. The central government, in order to prevent the flight of the peasants to the outskirts, took the path of attaching the peasants to the land of the feudal landowners. In fact, a system of serfdom was established on a national scale. The introduction of serfdom led to an aggravation of social contradictions in the country and created conditions for mass popular demonstrations.

2) After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, there were no heirs capable of continuing his policy. In a reign of soft in nature Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598) the de facto ruler of the country was Boris Godunov. In 1591 in Uglich, under unclear circumstances, the last of the direct heirs to the throne, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, died. Popular rumor attributed the organization of the murder to Boris Godunov. These events triggered a dynastic crisis.

3) At the end of the XVI century. there is a strengthening of the neighbors of Moscow Russia - the Commonwealth, Sweden, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire. The aggravation of international contradictions will become another reason for the events that erupted during the Time of Troubles.

During the Time of Troubles, the country was actually in a state of civil war, accompanied by Polish and Swedish interventions. Rumors were widespread that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive, "miraculously escaped" in Uglich. In 1602, a man appeared in Lithuania posing as Tsarevich Dmitry. According to the official version of the Moscow government of Boris Godunov, the man posing as Dmitry was a fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev. He went down in history under the name False Dmitry 1.

In June 1605, a protege of the Polish gentry, False Dmitry I, entered Moscow. However, his policies displeased the boyars. As a result of the conspiracy of the boyars and the uprising of Muscovites in May 1606 g. False Dmitry was killed. Boyars proclaim king Vasily Shuisky.

IN 1606 1607 there is a popular performance led by Ivan Bolotnikov. In the summer of 1606 Bolotnikov moved from Krom to Moscow. On the way, a small detachment turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, townspeople and even detachments of nobles led by Prokopy Lyapunov. The Bolotnikovites besieged Moscow for two months, but as a result of treason, some of the nobles were defeated by the troops of Vasily Shuisky.

In March 1607 g. Shuisky published "Code on the peasants", which introduced a 15-year term for detecting fugitive peasants.

Bolotnikov was driven back to Kaluga and besieged by the tsarist troops, but he escaped from the siege and retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by Vasily Shuisky himself. The Upa River was blocked by a dam and the fortress was flooded. After V. Shuisky's promise to save the life of the rebels, they opened the gates

Tula. Breaking his word, the king cruelly dealt with the rebels. Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol.

At the time when Vasily Shuisky was besieging Bolotnikov in Tula, a new impostor appeared in the Bryansk region. Relying on the support of the Polish gentry and the Vatican, in 1608, he set out from Poland to Russia. False Dmitry II. However, attempts to take Moscow ended in vain. False Dmitry II stopped 17 km from the Kremlin, in the village of Tushino, for which he received the nickname "Tushinsky thief".

The government of Vasily Shuisky, unable to cope with False Dmitry II and the Poles who came with him, concluded an agreement with Sweden. The Swedes provided troops to fight the "Tushinsky thief", and Russia renounced its claims to the Baltic coast.

The Polish king Sigismund III ordered the gentry to leave Tushino and go to Smolensk. The Tushino camp fell apart. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was soon killed. The Tushino boyars invited the son of the Polish king, Tsarevich Vladislav, to the Moscow throne.

In the summer of 1610, a coup took place in Moscow. Shuisky was overthrown, power was seized by the boyars headed by F.I. Mstislavsky. This government was named "Seven Boyars". Despite protests Patriarch Thermogen, The "seven-boyars" concluded a treaty on the calling of Tsarevich Vladislav to the Russian throne, and let the Polish invaders into the Kremlin.

Only by relying on the people could it be possible to win and preserve the independence of the Russian state. At the beginning of 1611 was created First people's militia led by Lyapunov, but due to disagreements between the participants, it disintegrated, and Procopius Lyapunov was killed. By this time, the Swedes captured Novgorod, and the Poles, after a siege of many months, captured Smolensk. The Polish king Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian tsar, and Russia would enter the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In autumn 1611 g. was created Second people's militia headed by the Nizhny Novgorod Posad head Kuzma Minin and the prince Dmitry Pozharsky. IN 1612 g. Moscow was liberated from the Poles.

IN 1613 g. a sixteen-year-old was elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, son of Patriarch Filaret (Fedor Romanov).

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