Saving working time ensures an increase in labor productivity and is the basic rule of a turner.
Before starting work, the turner must:
- check the serviceability of the machine, operation, all mechanisms, cooling systems, the presence of fences; if the machine is faulty, you must immediately inform the locksmith on duty;
- lubricate the machine, inspect all oilers, fill with oil and close their holes; good and timely lubrication with appropriate oil maintains accuracy and lengthens the life of the machine;
- get acquainted with the upcoming work; store the drawing and technological map in a convenient position for work; check the availability and serviceability of tools and fixtures;
- inspect the workpieces and check their compliance with the drawing in terms of allowances, the absence of external and other defects (casting skin, blacksmith scale, corrosion, etc.) that affect the quality of the part or tool life;
- remove from the workplace everything that is not needed for the upcoming work.
Responsibilities of a turner
During work, the turner must:
- strictly follow the established technological process; save lubricants and cleaning materials, as well as electricity, preventing the machine from running idle; do not leave the machine without the permission of the master; put each workpiece, machined part, fixture and tool (cutting and measuring) only in the places provided for them, and not throw it anywhere;
- use each item only for its intended purpose, i.e. do not use a chisel instead of a hammer, do not use random scraps instead of linings for the chisel, etc.;
- protect the working surfaces of the machine from shock and dirt, do not put cutting and measuring tools, keys and parts on the working surfaces of the machine;
- work only with a sharp, well-sharpened tool, since a blunt cutter greatly increases the load on the machine, gives an unclean surface of the part and leads to breakage of the machine and tool.
- At the end of the work, the turner must: put all the tools, etc. in their places; wipe all tools and working surfaces of fixtures with an oiled rag;
- present the processed parts to the controller along with the work order;
- put in the pantry more unnecessary tools and fixtures;
- sweep the chips from the machine with a brush, wipe the machine with cleaning material, carefully removing all dirt;
- throw oiled rags into the boxes provided for this; receive a task the next day in order to familiarize yourself with the drawing and the technological process in advance and prepare tools and fixtures.
Organization of the turner's workplace
Turner's workplace
The turner's workplace is equipped with:
One or more machines with a set of accessories;
A set of technological equipment, consisting of fixtures, cutting, measuring and auxiliary tools;
A set of technical documentation that is constantly at the workplace (instructions, reference books, auxiliary tables, etc.);
A set of machine and workplace care items (oilers, brushes, hooks, scoops, cleaning materials, etc.);
Tool cabinets, stands, tablets, racks, etc.;
Mobile and portable containers for blanks and manufactured parts;
Footrests, stools or chairs, and
Telephone or other means of communication.
A set of technological equipment and a set of maintenance items for the machine and the workplace of permanent use are installed depending on the nature of the work performed, the type of machine and the type of production. Turners working in conditions of single and small-scale production have the largest number of such equipment, and much less - turners working in conditions of serial and large-scale production.
The layout of the workplace, as well as its equipment, depends on many factors, including the type of machine and its overall dimensions, the size and shape of workpieces, the type and organization of production, etc. More often than others, two options for planning the turner's workplace are used:
The tool cabinet (bedside table) is located to the right of the worker, and the rack (receiving table) for parts is to the left (Fig. 4.4). Such a layout is rational if the processing of workpieces with installation in the centers with the left hand prevails;
The tool cabinet (bedside table) is located on the left side of the worker, and the rack is on the right (Fig. 4.5). This layout of the workplace is convenient when installing the workpiece and removing the machined part with the right hand or with two hands (in the manufacture of long and relatively heavy parts). This version of the layout of the workplace is most appropriate in the case of processing small batches of different types of workpieces that require frequent changes of cutting tools.
The duties of the turner include lubricating the machine and cleaning chips. The turner must periodically check the accuracy of the machine and adjust it in accordance with the recommendations set out in the instruction manual.
Poor organization of the workplace, cluttering it and aisles, malfunction of the machine and fixtures, insufficient knowledge by the worker of the device of the machine and the rules for its operation, malfunction of electrical equipment and wiring, lack of fences and safety devices, work with faulty tools, contamination of the machine and foot grate can lead to accidents .
The optimal organization of the workplace will bring positive results if the turner is extremely careful during the work, since the machine is an object of increased danger. For safe operation, it is necessary to correctly assign cutting conditions, securely fix the workpiece, use serviceable tools with chipbreakers, protective devices, etc.
Organization of the workplace of the milling machine
The main equipment of the milling machine workplace is a milling machine or a group of machines with permanent sets of accessories for them. Organizational equipment at the workplace is placed depending on the location of the milling machine (machines).
Rice. 1.2
On fig. 5.5 shows an example of a typical layout of the workplace of a station wagon miller. There should be a wooden foot grate near the machine. Most milling machines have redundant controls, so the grate should be convenient for moving the worker along the facade of the machine (right and left).
With a group arrangement of milling machines, tool cabinets must be moved outside the workplace. In this case, a rack-shelf is installed at the workplace for tools, equipment and parts prepared for work. Devices such as dividing heads, rotary tables, pneumatic vices should be stored on racks and stands.
To prevent breakage of cutters and damage to the surface of the machine table, heavy cutters are first placed on a special wooden stand (in extreme cases, on a piece of thick board) on the machine table. To center the cutter with a spindle, it is moved along with the stand along the table surface or without a stand, using the table and the console of the machine. Then, by manually moving the sleeve or spindle slider (on horizontal machines, by moving the table), the cutter mandrel cone is inserted into the spindle taper hole and the cutter is fixed by manual screwing (into the mandrel threaded hole) or with a mechanized clamp.
The set of tools and equipment at the workplace of the milling machine is determined by the type of machine, the range of machined parts, the technological process and compliance with the requirement that only the most necessary, constantly used devices and tools be available at the workplace.
Processed parts as they accumulate should be taken away from the workplace. The floor must be level, without potholes and irregularities, and there must be no drips or drops of oil or coolant on it. Machine tools should be cleaned of chips in a timely manner. The noise level in the workplace should not exceed 70 dB. The optimum illumination is 200 lux. To protect the eyes from chips, it is necessary to use goggles, individual shields and special covers for milling cutters installed on the machine.
The turner's workplace is equipped with:
One or more machines with a set of accessories;
A set of technological equipment, consisting of fixtures, cutting, measuring and auxiliary tools;
A set of technical documentation that is constantly at the workplace (instructions, reference books, auxiliary tables, etc.);
A set of machine and workplace care items (oilers, brushes, hooks, scoops, cleaning materials, etc.);
Tool cabinets, stands, tablets, racks, etc.;
Mobile and portable containers for blanks and manufactured parts;
Footrests, stools or chairs, as well as telephone or other forms of communication.
A set of technological equipment and a set of maintenance items for the machine and the workplace of permanent use are installed depending on the nature of the work performed, the type of machine and the type of production. The largest number of such equipment is used by turners working in conditions of single and small-scale production, and much less - by turners working in conditions of serial and large-scale production.
The layout of the workplace, as well as its equipment, depends on many factors, including the type of machine and its overall dimensions, the size and shape of workpieces, the type and organization of production, etc. More often than others, two options for planning the turner's workplace are used:
The tool cabinet (bedside table) is located to the right of the worker, and the rack (receiving table) for parts is to the left. Such a layout is rational if the processing of workpieces with installation in the centers with the left hand prevails;
The tool cabinet (bedside table) is located on the left side of the worker, and the rack is on the right (Fig. 4.5). This layout of the workplace is convenient when installing the workpiece and removing the machined part with the right hand or with two hands (in the manufacture of long and relatively heavy parts). This version of the workplace layout is most appropriate in the case of processing small batches of different types of workpieces that require frequent changes of cutting tools.
The duties of the turner include lubricating the machine and cleaning chips. The turner must periodically check the accuracy of the machine and adjust it in accordance with the recommendations set out in the instruction manual.
Poor organization of the workplace, cluttering it and aisles, malfunction of the machine and fixtures, insufficient knowledge by the worker of the device of the machine and the rules for its operation, malfunction of electrical equipment and wiring, lack of fences and safety devices, work with faulty tools, contamination of the machine and foot grate can lead to accidents .
The optimal organization of the workplace will bring positive results if the turner is extremely careful during the work, since the machine is an object of increased danger. For safe operation, it is necessary to correctly assign cutting conditions, securely fix the workpiece, use serviceable tools with chipbreakers, protective devices, etc.
workplace turner is a section of the production area of the workshop, equipped with:
one or more machines with a set of accessories;
a set of technological equipment;
sets of cutting, measuring and auxiliary tools;
a set of technical documentation that is constantly at the workplace (instructions, reference books,
auxiliary tables, etc.);
a set of maintenance items for the machine and other elements of the workplace (oilers, brushes, hooks, scoops, cleaning materials, etc.);
tool cabinets, stands, tablets, racks, etc.
The layout of the turner's workplace during the processing of workpieces,
which are set in the centers with the left hand.
A wooden grate is placed on the floor in front of the machine.
The top drawer of the tool cabinet stores drawings,
technological maps, work orders, reference books, measuring instruments. Cutters are placed in the middle box. Below
have cutting tools, adapter sleeves, centers,
clamps, pads. Pat-
rony, as well as cams to them. Don't clutter your closet
excess inventory of tools. Before starting work, all
mets, which are taken with the right hand, are placed to the right of the worker; and objects that are taken with the left hand - on the left; items,
which are used more often, are placed closer to the worker than before, which are used less often.
Often used keys and linings are placed on a tray, which is placed on the headstock, bed or special stand.
It is important to keep the workplace clean at all times, as dirt and clutter lead to lost working hours, accidents, downtime and premature wear of the machine. The floor in the workplace must be level and clean.
The air temperature in the workshop should be 15 ... 18 ° C.
In order to achieve high labor productivity with the fullest use of the technical capabilities of the equipment and the normal physical load of the worker, the organization of the workplace must meet the requirements of scientific research.
labor organization.
The scientific organization of labor provides for:
rational layout of the workplace;
equipping it with the necessary set of inventory, fixtures, cutting and measuring tools;
timely supply of the required number of blanks for
workplace and removal of finished parts;
timely control of parts by the inspector of the technical control department;
a clear organization of the receipt and delivery of tools, their timely sharpening;
providing technical documentation;
application of rational cutting modes.
The turner is obliged to maintain his workplace: daily clean the machine and the space around the machine.
Turning materials
Turning cutters are used for processing various surfaces of parts: cylindrical, conical, shaped, end, etc. Cutters are classified according to various parameters.
By appointment cutters are distinguished: through (straight, bent thrust), cutting (end), slotted (grooving), cutting, shaped, threaded and boring.
Depending on the type of processing Distinguish between rough and fine cutters.
By design the cutters can be solid, made of one material, and composite - the holder is made of structural steel, and the working part is made of a special tool material.
By blade shape there are straight, bent and cock incisors. Depending on cutting edge position incisors are divided into right and left. The right incisor works when feeding from right to left, and the left one works from left to right.
To determine the type of incisor, the palm of the right hand is applied
on its front surface. If the direction of the thumb and the main cutting edge are the same, then the incisor is right, if not, then left. The turning tool consists of a cutting part - cutter blades, which carries out the cutting process, and body, or holders, which is used to secure the cutter in the tool holder. The cutter blade has the following elements: front surface; rear surfaces(main and auxiliary), facing the workpiece; cutting edges: main, formed by the intersection of the front and main rear surfaces, and auxiliary, formed by the intersection of the front and rear auxiliary surfaces; blade tip- the place of conjugation of the main and auxiliary cutting edges.
The surfaces of the cutter are sharpened at certain angles. To determine the geometric parameters (angles) of the cutter, the concepts of the cutting plane and the main plane are introduced. cutting plane called the coordinate plane tangent to
cutting surface and passing through the main cutting
cutter edge. Main plane a coordinate plane is considered to be located parallel to the directions of the longitudinal and transverse feeds and coinciding with the lower support surface of the cutter. main cutting plane is the coordinate
a plane perpendicular to the line of intersection of the main plane and the cutting plane, i.e. a plane perpendicular to the projection of the main cutting edge onto the main plane.
Leading angle j is the angle between the projection of the main cutting edge onto the main plane and the feed direction.
Auxiliary angle in plan j¢ is the angle between the projection of the secondary cutting edge on the main plane and the feed direction. apex angle e is the angle between the projections of the main and auxiliary cutting edges on the main plane.
The angle of inclination of the main cutting edge called the angle between the main cutting edge and the plane passing through
the tip of the cutter is parallel to the main plane.
Sharpening of cutters
Sharpening of cutters is the main way to obtain the required geometric parameters of the tool, i.e. angles between cutting surfaces. Sharpening is necessary in the manufacture of tools and when they are worn. It is impossible to work with a worn tool, since the quality and accuracy of processing are sharply reduced, therefore, it is necessary to systematically regrind the cutters. In the machine shops of a single production, the turner has to sharpen the tool on his own on grinding and grinding machines. On the frame of this machine is a spindle head with a built-in two-speed electric motor. Grinding wheels are attached to both output ends of the rotor shaft. One of them is made of electrocorundum and is used
used for sharpening cutters made of high speed steel, other,
of green silicon carbide is used for sharpening hard
alloy cutters.
When sharpening, the cutter is installed with the base on the handpiece.
Segment and rotary table adjust the position of the cutter
in relation to the center of the grinding wheel and produce it
installation at the required angle to the working surface of the circle.
The top of the cutter must be at the level of the center of the circle or
When sharpening, the cutter is slightly pressed by the surface to be sharpened against the rotating circle and continuously moved along the working surface of the circle. First, the main and auxiliary rear surfaces are sharpened, then the front surface. At the intersection of the main and auxiliary cutting edges, a rounding is made.
After sharpening, finishing (grinding) of the rear and front surfaces is carried out in narrow areas along the cutting edge, which ensures the straightening of the edge and increasing the tool life. The finishing of the cutter is performed on elbor (for high-speed steel) or diamond (for hard alloy) finishing circles.
When working on a grinding machine, the following must be observed: labor safety rules. Before you start sharpening, you must:
make sure that all mechanisms of the machine are in full working order, that the wheel guard is in good condition and that the direction of its rotation is correct (the wheel must rotate
towards the incisor);
check the correct installation of the hand rest: the gap between the working surface of the circle and the hand rest should not exceed 3 mm. The rearrangement of the handbrake is allowed only after the circle has completely stopped. It is forbidden to work without a helper and a circle fence;
close the sharpening area with a protective transparent screen or wear safety glasses.
To reduce the amount of wear during operation and reduce the number of regrindings, the turner must observe the following
rules for using cutters:
before turning off the feed, move the cutter away from the workpiece;
prevent significant blunting of the cutter along the rear surface, regrind the cutter until the cutting edge is destroyed;
periodically bring the cutting edge of the cutter;
do not fold the cutters in the tool cabinet "in bulk";
make sure that the edges of the cutters do not touch the walls of the tool cabinet, do not hit hard objects.
Bibliography.
Makienko N.I.: Plumbing with the basics of materials science. - M.: Higher school, 2004
Makienko N.I.:, Practical work on plumbing. - M.: Higher school, 2001
Kropivnitsky N.N.:, General course of plumbing. - L .: Mashinostroenie, 1997
Kuzmin A. V., Chernin I. M., Kozintsov B. S., Calculations of machine parts Reference manual Izd. 3rd, revised. And additional Minsk "Higher School" 1986
Starichkov V.S., Workshop on metalwork. M.,: "Engineering", 1985
Muravyov E.M. Plumbing is educational for students in grades 9-10. M. "Enlightenment" 1983
Locksmith of mechanical assembly works. Textbook for training workers in production. Ed. 4th, add. M., "Higher School", 1974.
Moscow, "Engineering", Editor B.I. Cherpakov
T.A. Bagdasarova technology of turning works textbook Review registration number 151
A workplace is a part of the production area of a workshop or workshop, equipped with equipment, tools, fixtures necessary to perform a specific production (or educational) task.
The organization of the workplace should ensure the least possible expenditure of time, the number of movements and efforts for the work performed, its required quality, the least fatigue, high worker efficiency, complete safety of work, economical use of the production area, safety and equipment.
At the turner's workplace there should be a tool cabinet (Fig. 20), in which cutting and measuring tools, small-sized devices necessary for work are stored. Blanks and finished parts are stacked on the rack. Cartridges, lunettes and other large accessories are stored on the bottom shelf of the rack.
A wooden grate is placed on the floor in front of the machine. The workplace must always be kept clean. Dirt and clutter lead to wasted hours, scrap, accidents, downtime and premature equipment wear.
The floor in the workplace must be flat and clean, free of oil and coolant smudges.
The general illumination of the workplace should be at least 75 lux (lux), and the processing area and the location of the main controls of the machine - 300 lux. The walls of the workshop (workshop) are painted in light colors. Workrooms must be equipped with reliable installations and devices that ensure the removal of polluted air and the supply of clean air. In the workshop (workshop), the air temperature should be 15-18 ° C.
A favorable working environment should be created in the workplace, which implies the introduction of industrial aesthetics and the maintenance of cleanliness and order.
Industrial aesthetics increases productivity and positively affects the well-being of the worker. Industrial aesthetics recommends the appropriate design of the workplace: painting the walls, the machine; use of ornamental plants, etc.
The concept of workplace maintenance includes the timely provision of production (training) assignments, blanks, technical documentation (drawings, technological maps, instructions) and equipment (tools and fixtures), as well as systematic monitoring and acceptance of finished parts, ensuring the serviceability of the machine, fixtures and electrical equipment .
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