Home Useful properties of fruits Version. Where did the Japanese come from. Japanese The ancient self-name of Japan

Useful properties of fruits

Version. Where did the Japanese come from. Japanese The ancient self-name of Japan

(jap. 日本人 - Nihonjin, nipponjin) - representatives of the main population of Japan.

Word " Japanese" can be used as a neutral term to refer to all the inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago or as an ethnonym that refers to the cultural community - "Japanese ethnic group" (without the Ryukyus and Ainu) or the political - "Japanese nation" (together with the Ryukyus and Ainu).

Origin of the Japanese

The problem of the origin of the Japanese can be considered from three positions: racegenesis, ethnogenesis and nationogenesis.

Most Western scholars point out the inappropriateness of defining the Japanese as a race or group. However, Japanese scientists note the existence of the "Japanese race" as a separate biological taxon. They also associate the formation of the Japanese ethnos and nation with him. Today, the concept of K. Khanihara, officially published by him in 1990, is generally recognized. According to her, the modern Japanese are descendants of the proto-Mongoloid community of the Jomon period, close to which there are peoples of Southeast Asia. Beginning in the 3rd century BC and ending in the 7th century, these proto-Mongoloids mixed with new-Mongoloid migrants from Manchuria, Korea, and China. As a result of mixing, a Japanese racial type arose, which became the basis for the formation of the Japanese ethnic group. Despite the large number of flaws in the theory of K. Hanihara, her position can be found both in scientific works and school textbooks.

If specialists are ready to give a certain set of concepts-answers to the question of racial genesis, then the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Japanese looks much more complicated for them. Most scientists believe that the Japanese as an ethnic group emerged on the basis of the Yamato ethno-social group in the 6th-7th centuries, the basis of which was the state of Yamato in the Kinki region. However, a number of scholars argue that it is impossible to call the Yamatois Japanese, since they were only part of the ethnic map of Japan. For these scholars, "Japanese" is a political term that united the various ethnic groups of the Japanese archipelago at the end of the Edo period in the 19th century.

From the point of view of nation genesis, the Japanese emerged as a nation with the advent of the nation state - in response to the aggressive actions of the nation states of Western Europe and the United States. The vested cultural communities of the Japanese islands, including the Ainu and the Ryukyuans, were united into a single political and social organism.

The difficulties that arise when searching for the origin of the Japanese are associated with the lack of an agreed and clear terminology for "race", "ethnos" or "nation". There is also no consensus among scholars as to which of these terms to designate the Japanese. However, today the word "Japanese" is used mainly in a neutral sense, to refer to the inhabitants of Japan, or as a synonym for the phrase "residents of Japan".

Language

It is native to the vast majority of the world's Japanese and the official language in Japan. The graphic system of the language contains two alphabets (hiragana and katakana), as well as about 4 thousand borrowed Chinese. According to statistics from the Japanese Ministry of Education, 99% of the country's population is able to read and write Japanese.

The origin and classification of the language is still unclear. By the middle of the 20th century, it was believed that the Japanese language belongs to the group of Tungus-Altaic languages and is related, in particular, to Korean. However, modern researchers point to the similarity of the main Japanese vocabulary with the vocabulary of the languages of Southeast Asia. The commonality of grammar with the languages of the north and the proximity of the basic vocabulary of the Japanese language from the south of the Asian continent complicates the classification procedure. Therefore, it is customary to single out the Japanese language as an isolated one.

In addition to the Japanese language itself, there are Ainu and Ryukyu languages in Japan. These languages are considered by Japanese researchers as special ancient Japanese dialects, but a number of Western researchers define them as separate languages.

Culture and religion

It is believed that the basis of modern Japanese culture is the culture of the natives of the Japanese archipelago of the Jomon period. An integral and organic part of Japanese culture is the versatility of traditions that are now spreading all over the world - classical poetry, Japanese painting, tea ceremony, martial arts, architecture, samurai, the art of building ornamental gardens, flower arranging (), assembling figures (origami), traditional noo opera, bunraku puppet theater, city kabuki theater, japanese cuisine.

Oddly enough, it may seem that the formation of Japanese culture is a constant borrowing and "digestion" of foreign ideas. Traditionally, the main importers of world achievements were Korea, China, Spain, Portugal, Holland. Since the middle of the 19th century, the countries of Western Europe and the United States have acted as an "intellectual donor". Know-how adapted to the Japanese soil became the basis for the development of Japanese unique products and creations. Today, Japanese electronics, manga and anime are known among them.

Religion plays an important role in the life of the Japanese. However, its functioning is different from that in the West. Combination is characteristic, that is, simultaneous belonging to two or more religious movements. The main religions in Japan are Shinto and Buddhism. About 1% of the population is Christian.

ethnic groups

Japanese (Yamatoytsy, Ryukyuytsy,) - about 99%. The rest (Chinese, Koreans, Brazilians, Filipinos, others) - about 1%.

During the existence of the Japanese Empire (1867 - 1945), Koreans and Taiwanese were ranked among the "political" Japanese. Some of the Nivkhs who lived on Sakhalin also had Japanese citizenship. After the occupation of Sakhalin by the USSR, they were deported to Hokkaido as "Japanese".

According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the number of Japanese living abroad is about 1 million. Most of them live in the USA. They are followed by Japanese communities in China, Brazil and the UK.

Nikkei

The term Nikkei (日系 - "Japanese") is used to refer to people who have Japanese roots, whose ancestors immigrated from Japan and live abroad.

The etymology of the name is close to the Russian word "Russian". The latter is the one who belongs to "Rus", but is not "Russian". A similar thing is observed in the name Nikei - a person has a close connection with Japan, but he is not actually a "Japanese". In general, the entire Japanese diaspora is called the Nikei term. The Japanese diaspora has a 140-year history. The first Japanese emigrants began to move to Hawaii in 1868. About 750,000 people migrated abroad before World War II. Another 250,000 moved abroad in the second half of the 20th century.

Japanese emigrants and their descendants retain a sense of community and do not break ties with the country of their ancestors. They play an important role in the societies that have adopted them. An example is the reign of Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000), who came from a family of Japanese immigrants.

The Japanese are not the original inhabitants of Japan October 19th, 2017

Everyone knows that the Americans are not, just like they are now. Did you know that the Japanese are not native to Japan?

Who then lived in these places before them?

Before them, the Ainu lived here, a mysterious people, in whose origin there are still many mysteries. The Ainu for some time coexisted with the Japanese, until the latter managed to push them north.

The fact that the Ainu are the ancient masters of the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands is evidenced by written sources and numerous names of geographical objects, the origin of which is associated with the Ainu language. And even the symbol of Japan - the great Mount Fuji - has the Ainu word "fuji" in its name, which means "deity of the hearth." According to scientists, the Ainu settled the Japanese islands around 13,000 BC and formed the Neolithic Jomon culture there.

The Ainu did not engage in agriculture, they earned their living by hunting, gathering and fishing. They lived in small settlements quite remote from each other. Therefore, their area of residence was quite extensive: the Japanese islands, Sakhalin, Primorye, the Kuril Islands and the south of Kamchatka. Around the 3rd millennium BC, Mongoloid tribes arrived on the Japanese islands, who later became the ancestors of the Japanese. The new settlers brought with them a rice culture that allowed them to feed a large number of people in a relatively small area. Thus began hard times in the life of the Ainu. They were forced to move north, leaving their ancestral lands to the colonialists.

But the Ainu were skilled warriors, who were fluent in bow and sword, and the Japanese failed to defeat them for a long time. Very long, almost 1500 years. The Ainu knew how to handle two swords, and on their right thigh they wore two daggers. One of them (cheyki-makiri) served as a knife for committing ritual suicide - hara-kiri. The Japanese were able to defeat the Ainu only after the invention of cannons, having by this time managed to learn a lot from them in terms of military art. The code of honor of the samurai, the ability to wield two swords and the mentioned hara-kiri ritual - these seemingly characteristic attributes of Japanese culture were actually borrowed from the Ainu.

Scientists still argue about the origin of the Ainu. But the fact that this people is not related to other indigenous peoples of the Far East and Siberia is already a proven fact. A characteristic feature of their appearance is very thick hair and a beard in men, which representatives of the Mongoloid race are deprived of. For a long time it was believed that they may have common roots with the peoples of Indonesia and the Pacific natives, since they have similar facial features. But genetic studies ruled out this option. And the first Russian Cossacks who arrived on Sakhalin Island even mistook the Ainu for Russians, so they were not like Siberian tribes, but rather resembled Europeans. The only group of people from all the analyzed options with whom they have a genetic relationship turned out to be the people of the Jomon era, who were supposedly the ancestors of the Ainu. The Ainu language also strongly stands out from the modern linguistic picture of the world, and a suitable place has not yet been found for it. It turns out that during the long isolation, the Ainu lost contact with all other peoples of the Earth, and some researchers even single them out as a special Ainu race.

Today there are very few Ainu left, about 25,000 people. They live mainly in the north of Japan and are almost completely assimilated by the population of this country.

Ainu in Russia

For the first time, the Kamchatka Ainu came into contact with Russian merchants at the end of the 17th century. Relations with the Amur and Northern Kuril Ainu were established in the 18th century. The Ainu considered Russians, who differed in race from their Japanese enemies, as friends, and by the middle of the 18th century, more than one and a half thousand Ainu had accepted Russian citizenship. Even the Japanese could not distinguish the Ainu from the Russians because of their external resemblance (white skin and Australoid facial features, which are similar to Caucasians in a number of ways). When the Japanese first came into contact with the Russians, they called them the Red Ainu (Ainu with blond hair). It was only at the beginning of the 19th century that the Japanese realized that the Russians and the Ainu were two different peoples. However, for Russians, the Ainu were "hairy", "dark-skinned", "dark-eyed" and "dark-haired". The first Russian researchers described the Ainu as similar to Russian peasants with swarthy skin or more like gypsies.

The Ainu were on the side of the Russians during the Russo-Japanese Wars of the 19th century. However, after the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, the Russians abandoned them to their fate. Hundreds of Ainu were massacred and their families forcibly transported to Hokkaido by the Japanese. As a result, the Russians failed to win back the Ainu during World War II. Only a few representatives of the Ainu decided to stay in Russia after the war. More than 90% went to Japan.

Under the terms of the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1875, the Kuriles were ceded to Japan, along with the Ainu living on them. On September 18, 1877, 83 North Kuril Ainu arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, deciding to remain under Russian control. They refused to move to the reservations on the Commander Islands, as they were offered by the Russian government. After that, from March 1881, for four months they traveled on foot to the village of Yavino, where they later settled. Later, the village of Golygino was founded. Another 9 Ainu arrived from Japan in 1884. The 1897 census indicates 57 people in the population of Golygino (all Ainu) and 39 people in Yavino (33 Ainu and 6 Russians). Both villages were destroyed by the Soviet authorities, and the inhabitants were resettled in Zaporozhye, Ust-Bolsheretsky district. As a result, three ethnic groups assimilated with the Kamchadals.

The North Kuril Ainu are currently the largest subgroup of the Ainu in Russia. The Nakamura family (South Kuril on the paternal side) is the smallest and has only 6 people living in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. There are a few on Sakhalin who identify themselves as Ainu, but many more Ainu do not recognize themselves as such. Most of the 888 Japanese living in Russia (2010 census) are of Ainu origin, although they do not recognize this (full-blooded Japanese are allowed to enter Japan without a visa). The situation is similar with the Amur Ainu living in Khabarovsk. And it is believed that none of the Kamchatka Ainu survived.

In 1979, the USSR crossed out the ethnonym "Ainu" from the list of "living" ethnic groups in Russia, thereby declaring that this people had died out on the territory of the USSR. Judging by the 2002 census, no one entered the ethnonym "Ainu" in fields 7 or 9.2 of the K-1 census form

There is such evidence that the Ainu have the most direct genetic ties in the male line, oddly enough, with the Tibetans - half of them are carriers of a close haplogroup D1 (the D2 group itself is practically not found outside the Japanese archipelago) and the Miao-Yao peoples in southern China and in Indochina. As for the female (Mt-DNA) haplogroups, the U group dominates among the Ainu, which is also found among other peoples of East Asia, but in small numbers.

sources

PRC: 127,282
Philippines: 120 000
Canada: 98 900
Peru: 90,000
Australia: 71 013
Great Britain: 63 017
Thailand: 45 805
Germany: 36 960
Argentina: 34 000
France: 30 947
The Republic of Korea: 28 320
Singapore: 23 000
Republic of China: 20 373
micronesia: 20 000
Mexico: 20 000
Bolivia: 14 000
New Zealand: 13 447
Italy: 12 156
Indonesia: 11 263
Paraguay: 10 321
Chile: 10,000
Vietnam: 9468
Malaysia: 9142
Switzerland: 8499
New Caledonia: 8000
Spain: 7046
Netherlands: 6616
Belgium: 6519
Marshall Islands: 6000
Palau: 5000
Russia: 2137 Language Religion Racial type

Number and settlement

The number is 130 million people, in Japan itself - 127 million. The Japanese also live in the USA (1.2 million people), mainly in the state of California and the Hawaiian Islands, Brazil (1.5 million people), Canada (99 thousand people) and other countries of America, in Europe, Asia and Australia.

Language

The mentality of the nation

If we consider the Japanese mentality as a whole, then, despite the huge influence of modern Western culture on it, it managed to retain its essence by adopting a lot of "outside".

Elusive, compromising, sensitive and reflective. Individually unselfish and extremely socially dependent. Absorbing and receiving, but with a rigid system of "friend / foe". Deep, rich internally, but strictly limited and structured in forms of expression.

In this system of values, which is based on a sense of duty and hierarchical social relationships, it is the individual who exists within and for the group, and not the group for the sake of the individual. At the same time, the inner "I" of the individual is carefully stored and protected inside, and its imposition on the outside world is not encouraged. The maximum smoothing of corners and the search for compromises are encouraged (even if due to uncertainty), while protrusion, categoricalness and the imposition of something are not approved and are extremely difficult within the framework of this system.

Thus, the Japanese mentality, being a compromise and group in nature, is the complete opposite of the Western mentality in the system of values and priorities. And even the fact that many typically Western external forms of social interactions were borrowed in a strange way in the shortest possible time and so effectively transferred, adapted to soil that was completely alien at first glance, is due to the natural development of the same harmonious Japanese system of values and priorities, prone to finding ways , interaction and compromises, with complete unity and integrity, the absence of serious variability between the interests of the group and the individual. In fact, a different (Japanese) content was embedded in the same external forms borrowed from the West.

The modern Japanese mentality, although it has undergone a significant influence of Western values (which somewhat changed the relationship between personal freedom and a sense of duty), nevertheless remained compromise and group in nature, retaining all its features in full.

Origin

For a long time it was believed that supposedly the ancestors of the Japanese, the so-called proto-Japanese ("Puyo") tribes, in the 1st millennium BC. e. (and according to some reports even earlier) by individual tribes moved to the Japanese archipelago from the Korean Peninsula. At the same time, the ancient indigenous population of Japan, the Ainu and the Austronesian tribes, were gradually forced out and assimilated by the proto-Japanese tribes, whose language (belonging to the Altaic language family) prevailed, adopting elements of the Austronesian substrate. Presumably in the 4th century (it is not known exactly), the first all-Japanese state appears - Yamato.

However, the available data do not confirm such massive migrations from the continent during this period. Although the very fact of the resettlement of individual Puyo tribes to the islands is undeniable, as well as their cultural role, but scattered over the islands and very limited in numbers at the first stage, they simply got lost among the autochthonous tribes (Austronesian and ancient Ainu). So there can be no talk of any assimilation at that time. Despite the decisive role of these tribes in the formation of the ancient Japanese state of Yamato (Wa).

As for the ancient Japanese state, there is ample evidence that its formation dates back to more ancient periods. According to Japanese chronicles - by the 7th century BC.

You should also not confuse the modern Japanese Ainu with the ancient indigenous population of the Japanese islands. In the light of many studies, it has been established that the modern Ainu formed quite late, at about the same time as the Japanese themselves. Although there is no doubt that culturally (especially in terms of language), and in many respects genetically, they are closer to the Ainoid proto-tribes of the Jomon era than modern Japanese (who are closer in this regard to the Buyeo tribes who migrated from the continent). But just like the Japanese themselves, they are the latest derivative, having passed the path of an equally long evolution through a number of cultures, eras, ethnic and genetic changes and borrowings.

Apparently, the already ancient tribes that inhabited the Japanese islands in the Jomon era, and consisted mainly of Ainoid and to a lesser extent Austronesians, were a mixture of genotype and cultures. At the same time, separate tribes of newcomers from the continent scattered over the islands (“Puyeo” proto-Japanese-Korean tribes belonging to the East Asian branch of the Mongoloid race) were for a long time in an obvious minority, getting lost among the indigenous tribes. It seems quite clear that the newcomers had a significant cultural impact, contributing to the spread of irrigated agriculture and the emergence of a new type of culture (which spread during the Yayoi Period). Even at the stage of the formation of the Yamato state, it was more cultural and organizing than actually assimilation. It was simply not possible for them to displace or immediately assimilate the indigenous population (due to their small number). This process was very gradual and lengthy and was finally completed throughout the Japanese islands only in the 19th century AD. Only as the ancient Japanese state developed, as the number, unification and spread of the Puyo tribes on the islands increased, as the mixing of the Mongoloid (Puyo tribes), Ainoid and Austronesian racial types became more active, this new element could not only have a significant cultural but also racial influence on the indigenous population of the Japanese islands, which gradually formed the modern mixed genotype and ethnic group of the Japanese.

The rulers of Japan in all historical times were emperors (mikado), continuously leading their family for 124 generations, starting from the 7th century BC (the time of the first legendary emperor and the founding of the Japanese state according to Japanese chronicles). They were deified, considered the descendants of the sun goddess Amaterasu. In 1192, the feudal lords seized power, this period is called the shogunate and lasted until 1868. During this period, the imperial power was purely nominal, while military rulers, the shoguns, had real power. As a result of the Meiji Revolution in the 19th century, imperial power was fully restored, until 1945, when, after the surrender of Japan, it again became purely nominal - constitutional. The dynasty of Japanese emperors is the oldest of the royal dynasties that have survived to this day on Earth. Since 1989, the emperor and "symbol of the state and the unity of the people" - Akihito. Monarchy - constitutional, legislative exercised by Parliament. According to tradition, the emperor of Japan cannot be a woman, this rule has never been violated.

Despite the high integrity of the modern Japanese ethnos, separate ethnic groups are still distinguished within its framework, with their own customs and dialects that are mandatory for each locality. The Ryukyuans especially stood out, in the Middle Ages they even had their own statehood.

A specific phenomenon is "eta", officially called "tokushu burakumin" ("inhabitants of special villages"). These are the descendants of people of "mean" professions, tanners, scavengers, buffoons. Anthropologically, they are no different from the rest of the Japanese, they officially have all civil rights, but in everyday life their discrimination persists.

The completely independent ethnically Ainu people, not related to the Japanese, who had their own racial and cultural characteristics, their own language, ousted from Honshu, but inhabited Hokkaido and the northern islands in the 19th century, was finally assimilated by the Japanese in the first half of the 20th century. Anthropologically, the Ainu go back to the Ainoid proto-tribes of the Jomon era, and later to the Emishi tribes, assimilated by the Japanese in the Middle Ages to Honshu, but left their mark on their genotype and culture.

economy

The traditional branches of the economy are arable and irrigated rice cultivation. Tea, vegetables, citrus fruits are also grown, sericulture and fishing are developed. At present, Japan is a highly developed industrial country. Without their own resources, only on imported raw materials, the Japanese managed to develop complex and delicate industries: mechanical engineering, electronics, etc., and very quickly reached the world level, creating one of the world's leading manufacturing, technological economies.

Life, customs, culture

The villages have a linear layout. Traditional house - frame-pillar, usually 1-2 floors. Sliding walls made of frames pasted over with waxed paper or cardboard are characteristic. The floor is raised on small piles. It is almost completely covered with mats. Tables, chairs, armchairs are placed only in the living rooms. The tables are low, the Japanese usually sit on their knees, on pillows. There are no beds, they sleep on a mat, they put not a pillow under their heads, but a plank. The house is necessarily decorated with original paintings, on which there may be an image, a drawing, or an inscription (aphorism, quote). They are called kakemono.

From crafts, the manufacture of dolls from wood or paper, weaving of baskets, vases, fans are popular. Peculiar types of art are characteristic: making figures from paper (origami), arranging flower bouquets (ikebana).

In the visual arts, the Japanese have achieved great skill in engraving (classical Japanese engraving).

The national clothing of the Japanese is called kimono （着物） - this is a general type of outerwear, male and female. The main nagagi kimono (長着) is put on the bottom shirt - juban （襦袢）, adjusted to fit and secured with a narrow belt, over which a wide decorative belt　obi is tied. White socks are put on the feet - tabis with a separate thumb. An unlined summer casual kimono is called a yukata. There are two types of shoes: zori (草履) (sandals made of straw, leather, rubber, etc.) and geta - wooden shoes on two stands. At present, the Japanese wear European clothes in everyday life. Kimono can be seen on New Year's Eve, Coming of Age Day, and at Japanese weddings.

The women's kimono differs from the men's in the cut of the sleeves. In women, the sleeves serve as a kind of pockets.

It is known that from ancient times, the Japanese practiced a two-stage funeral ritual, and the first stage was the “Air Burial Rite”. This ritualism was supplanted by the rites of Buddhism.

Japanese food

Table etiquette in Japan is different from European. It is usually eaten from china cups with hashi chopsticks. Liquid food is drunk from bowls, but sometimes spoons are used. Knife and fork are used exclusively for European dishes. Slurping at food is considered quite decent, but sticking chopsticks into food, especially rice, is unacceptable. You can’t also put sticks with sharp ends to the left or across the cup, point them at something or wave them in the air, hold them in your fist, etc. It’s considered good form to pour drinks into the glasses of your neighbors, but not yourself.

The Japanese call rice “gohan”, (“boiled rice”, but this word can also be used in the general meaning of “food”; moreover, the respectful prefix “go” to the word “han” (rice) eventually became mandatory; all this speaks of the great importance of this dish for the Japanese). Rice is always present at the meal. Until the 19th century, only the rich ate rice, it was expensive. The rest took care of it for the holiday, replacing it with barley on simple days. Only in the 20th century did rice become available to the public. Dishes with noodles made from wheat (udon) or buckwheat (soba) are popular. Noodles go both in soups and as an independent dish, with additives and seasonings. Soy plays an important role in Japanese cuisine. Soups, sauces, soy cheese tofu, natto are prepared from it.

One of the most popular Japanese dishes outside the country is sushi. There are several varieties, for example, the most popular type of sushi is nigirizushi (握り寿司: handmade sushi). It consists of an oblong ball of rice pressed with the palms of your hands, a small amount of wasabi, and a thin piece of stuffing (raw fish, shrimp, or caviar) that covers the rice (neta). Nigiri can also be tied with a thin strip of nori. Norimaki (海苔巻) is a cylindrical sushi consisting of a piece of raw fish wrapped in rice and wrapped in nori (pressed sheets of seaweed). One of the favorite dishes is sashimi (刺身) - pieces of raw fish. It is consumed with soy sauce, to which wasabi is added. Often sashimi is served together with chopped daikon radish and shiso leaves (lat. Perilla)

The Japanese have many different soups, but the most traditional is misoshiru (味噌汁). This is a miso paste soup (which is made from boiled, mashed and fermented soybeans with the addition of salt and malt). Such soups in each region are prepared in their own way. In addition, the Japanese widely consume vegetables and herbs (potatoes, carrots, cabbage, horseradish, dill, celery, parsley, tomatoes, onions, apples, daikon), fish, shark meat, seaweed, chicken meat, squid, crabs and other seafood.

The traditional and popular drink of the Japanese is green tea, and the alcoholic drink is rice wine sake and shochu.

Japanese mythology

According to the Shinto myth of the creation of the earth, the first beings were Izanagi and Izanami, who created the objects of nature and the rest of the gods.

The main principle of Shinto is to live in harmony with nature and people. The world of kami is not an otherworldly abode, but a common natural environment with the world of people. Therefore, people do not need to seek salvation in another world, but they should try to achieve harmony with the kami in this life.

Shinto is a deeply national Japanese religion and in some sense personifies the Japanese nation, its customs, character and culture.

There is a close connection between deities and people even by origin: the link is mikado, a descendant of Amaterasu and its representative on earth, as well as the ancestor of all Japanese. The most important legends regarding the deities that make up the Shinto pantheon are set out at the beginning of the history chapter. From them it can be seen that these deities have a close relationship with the forces of nature and often even represent their personification.

The main role between them is played by the sun goddess Amaterasu; then there are deities of the moon, earth, the underworld, wind, thunder, fire, water, hearth, food, contagious diseases, etc. The cult of ancestors is mixed in with the deification of nature in Shintoism: divine honors are paid here both to the former and to the reigning mikado , the souls of heroes and ancestors in general.

Buddhism comes later. In Japan, it breaks up into several sects and is intertwined with local Shintoism so much that it is not always possible to understand which sect is more imbued with Buddhism and which Shintoism. Each sect reveres its own gods. "Amidaist" sects of medieval origin rely on the savior Buddha-Amida (Amitaba). In the shingon sect, the supreme buddha is Dainichi-nyorai, “Great solar Buddha" In other sects, a group of five gods Myo, "Great Buddhas of Wisdom", one of them - Fudo-myo, is depicted as a stern warrior with a sword and an evil face. This means that it destroys greed, anger and ignorance. The main deities are the same as in other countries, their correspondences: Butsu - Buddha, Bosatsu - Bodhisattva, Syaka-Nyorai - Shakyamuni, Daruma, or Bodaidaruma - Bodhidharma.

The most massive sect, the Soka-gakkai, actively interferes in the political life of the country. Finally, the Zen sect became the most widespread. Her fans can be found far beyond Japan. Its essence is mystical self-deepening and comprehension of the truth outside the mind.

However, the ancient religion in Japan was not Shintoism, but the cult of tribal spirits (kami). He is unknown. The priests of this cult were called ura-be (fortunetellers) and im-be (casters). In addition, the group of gods "city fukujin", that is, the seven gods of happiness, is very popular among the people. These are: Jurojin (寿老人 - longevity), Daikoku (大黒 - wealth and agriculture),

In memory of Vasily Melent'evich Mendrin.

Vasily Melentyevich Mendrin was born on May 3, 1866 in Ekaterinodar, died on May 22, 1920 in Vladivostok, a major Russian orientalist. He was buried at the Intercession Cemetery in Vladivostok, his grave was not preserved, the scientific archive was lost, the translation of the History of the Shogunate in Japan or Nihon Gaishi remained with his comments and notes.

"KOJIKI" AND "NIHON GAISHI"

There is practically no written data on the ancient history of Japan. In semi-mythical works, which in Japan are called "Kojiki", the goddess Amatarasu, the great goddess of the sun, is mentioned. When descending from heaven to earth, the grandson of the great Goddess Amatarasu - "Ninigi no Mikoto", became the ancestor of imperial power in Japan. He was sent by the goddess Amatarasu to take over forever the power over the country, which is known to us as Japan, and in ancient times was called Yamato. The timing of the establishment of imperial power in Yamato is unknown today. It is also unknown what time the myths of the Kojiki belong to.

In a later period of Japanese history, part of the data was recorded and preserved to this day about the struggle of two large tribal families Taira and Minamoto for imperial power. This entry was made by the Japanese writer Rai Dze in his book "Nihon Gaishi", which in the translation of the Russian scientist Vasily Milentyevich Mendrin means "Free History of Japan". The Nihon Gaishi records that in 662-667 the struggle of three clans exerted a great influence on the formation of imperial power in Japan: Minamoto, Taira and Fujiwara.

Having taken the side of the Minamoto clan, the military rulers (shoguns) from the Fujiwara clan practically exterminate the Taira clan. In 1181, during the last battle between the Taira clan and the Minamoto, power passes to the Minamoto clan. In 1185, the last emperor of the Taira clan, Emperor Antoku, dies.

New research has shown that the semi-mythical data about the goddess Amatarasu and the two imperial families Taira and Minamoto have ancient historical roots that are unknown to modern science.

These studies in the field of ancient history, based on the decoding of the texts of the "Old Testament", linguistic discoveries in the "progenitor language", made it possible to determine where the ancient emperors of Japan Taira and Minamoto came from to the islands, and also to find out the basis of the origin of the legend of the Goddess Amatarasu.

Empire Paradise

Everything that will be discussed further is a completely new historical hypothesis. It is based on transcripts of the texts of the "Old Testament" - the most ancient historical manuscripts in the world. These manuscripts, which the Jews call "Torah", are approximately 4,500 years old. They are known to everyone, have a huge number of translations into all languages of the world. However, only very rare specialists know that these manuscripts contain information written in cipher or cryptography.

As a result of a partial decoding of this information in 2007, I was able to discover that the cryptography contains historical material unknown to the scientific community. In particular, cryptography says that after the creation of man by a higher mind and its reproduction, the world's first large empire called Paradise was formed.

The Empire of Paradise was ruled by a tribal dynasty of pharaohs with the surname Ra (Solntsevs), which is why it was named after the surname of the pharaohs - Paradise. The surnames of the daughter dynasties of the ruling family of the Solntsevs (Ra) were formed from the words of the “proto-language” and also contained the syllable Ra (Solntsevs) in their surnames. In order of formation, these are dynasties with surnames: Matara, Kara and Jara.

All the peoples of the Earth at that time spoke the same language, which I here call "protolanguage". For 4000 years of its existence, Paradise has become a huge empire with borders from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean from west to east. The northern border of Paradise ran along the line: the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, further along the mountain ranges of the Caucasus, Tibet, Karakoram, Tien Shan to modern Korea. From this border, all the territory to the south belonged to the Empire of Paradise.

Due to the mistakes of scientists, we believe that Paradise is a kind of mythical garden of God, in which the first people originally lived. In fact, in the manuscripts of the "Old Testament" there is no word Paradise at all, and the first people lived in a place that is called Eden in the texts. The name Paradise became mythical after the destruction of the empire and its entire history, it began to appear in manuscripts of translations of the Old Testament and other ancient historical literature, but no one knew the meaning of this word. They replaced the Old Testament concept of Eden, but such a replacement was unlawful.

According to the secret writing of the "Old Testament", the Paradise empire occupied half of the entire land. The second half of the land was occupied by the empire of the Kara clan. In ancient documents, the empire of the kings of the Kara clan was called midnight, and the empire of Paradise was called midday. By the time the "Great Migration of Nations" began, around 2000 BC, these two empires existed peacefully together, but under the rule of the Empire of Paradise.

As a result of the geological cataclysm and global icing that happened in the Kara Empire, the "Great Migration of Nations" began, accompanied by large and lengthy military clashes between the two empires. The Paradise Empire was completely destroyed by settlers from the Midnight Empire. Part of the royal families of Paradise were forced to flee to the outskirts of their empire. Among them are two large royal families of the Paradise empire with surnames: Matara and Taira.

Proto-language and surnames of the emperors of Japan

In a comparative analysis of the records of the "proto-language" found in the "Old Testament" and the ancient Japanese imperial surnames, it turned out that three surnames: Amatarasu, Taira and Fujiwara, are read in the "proto-language" in a subtext completely unknown in Japan. Two of them: Amatarasu and Taira, are the most ancient imperial families of the Ra (Sun) family and are closely related to another ancient royal family, Jara.

Dynasty of kings Jara, ruled in ancient times in India. This dynasty was the fourth in order of formation from the first royal dynasty of Ra. The second dynasty in the table of ranks of the Ra dynasties was the Matara dynasty, the third was the dynasty with the family name Kara. It was from the surname Jara that the royal title of the rulers of India Raja originated, which arose from the rearrangement of syllables when reading the syllabic surname of Indian kings - Ja Ra (Ra Ja).

The royal families: Ra, Matara and Jara, were in direct biological relationship and lived side by side. At the same time, the clan of Ra was the main one and ruled over all the clans of Ra from the capital of the empire Paradise Babylon, the ancient name of which was read as Babila. The kings of the Matara clan, as I assume, ruled in the territory of modern Afghanistan. Linguistic studies of the "proto-language" show that the name of the Japanese Goddess Amatarasu is a late distortion of the surname of the Matara clan. The surnames of the later descendants of Matara received a distortion in Japan in the form of the ending "Moto", instead of "Mata".

For example, in the surnames Minamoto, Tsukamoto, etc. Even later descendants of the Ra clan, which are part of the Paradise empire, are kings with the surname Taira. They ruled in ancient times the regions of modern China and Thailand.

It turns out that the basis of the tribal imperial elite of ancient Japan were people from the regions of Afghanistan with the surname Matara (Amatarasu in Nihon Gaishi) and people from the region of modern China or Thailand with the surname Taira.

As a result of the “Great Migration of Nations”, under military pressure from the armies of ancient China, the Taira and Matara clans fled to the islands and defended themselves from complete annihilation there.

Here is one very ancient tradition - read about real dZi beads - stone amulets used in different beliefs and which can be found both in Tibet and in Japan.

The Great Migration to the Islands of Japan

According to the secret writings of the "Old Testament" about 2000 years BC. as a result of the "Great Migration of Nations", the Paradise empire was destroyed by settlers from the north. According to my research, one of the royal clans of this empire, the Matara clan (Amatarasu), was expelled from its territory by the ancient Chinese Han clan. The refugees of the royal house of Matara were divided into two groups: one fled to Egypt, the other, towards the modern Japanese islands. Around the same time, the Chinese rulers of the Qin clan, with the support of the older family of the Han Chinese rulers, seized the territory of the Taira clan for their settlements. The war for territory lasted for about a hundred years. Part of the descendants of the imperial house of Taira also fled to the islands of Japan.

The descendants of the imperial house of Matara (Amatarasu), as a result of long wars with the Khan dynasty (or as the Chinese write Han) were forced to flee their homeland, which, according to my information, was in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Afghanistan. Refugees go in two directions: to the west and to the east. A group of refugees moving east find themselves on the islands of Japan, where they are accepted as relatives by the Taira clan, which has already settled here. Another group of refugees reaches Egypt and is completely destroyed by the troops of the Khan (Han) clan.

The Matara clan, which settled on the islands of Japan, is older than the Taira clan; after some time, an internecine war for power arises between the descendants of these clans.

According to the Nihon Gaishi, we see only the last struggles of the older Matara clan (Amatarasu) and its representative Minamoto (correctly read Minamata) in the struggle for power with the younger imperial branch of the Taira. As a result of this fight, the Taira clan is destroyed by the Minamata clan, belonging to the branch of the Amatarasu clan. What we see in the Nihon Gaishi records

DISTORTION OF THE PROTO-LANGUAGE IN JAPAN FOR 3000 YEARS

Historians believe that in ancient Japan there was no written language and the Japanese borrowed writing from the Chinese. As new research shows, this assumption is wrong. The syllabic language of the Japanese is, along with the ancient Egyptian syllabary, the most ancient language on the planet. It turns out that the ancient Japanese originally wrote in the "proto-language", but, being under the political and biological pressure of the Chinese empire for more than 3000 years, they were forced to accept writing in Chinese characters.

However, the Japanese were unable to fully adapt their language to the Chinese spelling. As a result, two syllabic hieroglyphic alphabets arose in Japan: hiragana and katakana. With the help of "katakana", the Japanese began to write down words for which there were no Chinese semantic hieroglyphs.

During the transition to Chinese writing, many ancient Japanese words were distorted, and their exact meanings were lost. In the course of comparing the "proto-language" found in the secret writings of the "Old Testament" and other manuscripts of the Jewish people, and a number of Japanese names and surnames, it was possible to restore their original meanings.

The ancient ruler of the Amatarasu (Matara) clan, known in the ancient history of Japan as Emperor Yamato, gave the name "Yamato" to the state on the islands with his family name. This name lasted a short historical period, it meant in the "proto-language" - "The first-born of the Mata clan" or "The first of the Mata clan." The country later became known as Japan. This name is a distortion from the ancient syllabic phrase "proto-language" "Ia pan" (Ia pan). This is how the name of the islands of Japan is written on the ancient maps of the Vatican.

In the "proto-language" this syllabic combination IA PAN is read as "Land (pan) of the firstborn (ia)". The fact is that the Matara (Amatarasu) dynasty, after the death of the main Ra (Sun) dynasty in Egypt, considered itself the first imperial dynasty on Earth. The syllabic combination Mata Ra is read in the "proto-language" as "The Higher Sun". Therefore, the name "Land of the Firstborn" or Iapan (Japan) reflects the position of the ancient family in the table of ranks of the Empire of Rai.

The fourth dynasty of the Rai-Jara empire, which ruled in India, retained its territories during the invasion of the armies of China from the north by concluding inter-clan marriages with the conquerors. The surname of the Jara or Raja dynasty is read in the "proto-language" as "Shining Sun".

The Taira Dynasty, which fled to the islands of Japan, was the sixth dynasty in the Rai Empire's table of ranks. The surname of the Taira dynasty in the "proto-language" is read as "Great Sun".
Thus, the image of the sun on the banner of Japan is a symbol of a dynastic family, and not a geographical location or physical phenomenon, as is commonly believed.

New research shows that the title: "Emperor of China" is borrowed by Chinese settlers from the Taira clan, that is, from the ancestors of the Japanese.

Linguistic confirmation of the new hypothesis

A number of words and names preserved in Japanese culture confirm the hypothesis described here. Most of the meanings of ancient Japanese words are either unknown to the Japanese themselves or corrupted over time. But they can be read using the "proto-language" discovered in the secret writings of the "Old Testament".
In particular, the name of the warrior of the imperial army "samurai" in the syllabary of the "proto-language" is read as "a particle (sa) of warriors (mu) of Paradise."

The surname Fujiwara, in the syllabic version of Fu Ji Va Ra, has its own syllabic counterpart in the Indian language, where it is read as Ja Va Ra and means "Thunderbolt". In the "proto-language" this syllabic combination reads as follows: "Shining (Ja) in the water (Va) sun (Ra)". The meaning of the syllable "Fu" in Fujiwara's surname is not yet known. Vasily Melentyevich Mendrin believed that this syllable in ancient times meant "ruler" and was applied in relation to the ruler of the ancient Japanese imperial army.

Then the full surname Fujiwara should be read as "Lord of Lightning Strikes" or "Lightning Ruler". The ancient capital of Japan "Nara" in the syllabic "proto-language" is read as "the people of the Sun". The ancient military community of the Japanese was called Mura, which in “proto-language” means: “Warriors of the Sun” or “Warriors of the Solnts”. The Japanese word “kamikaze”, which is quite famous in the world, in the “proto-language” is read as “a killer whose death shines”.

The surname and name of the Japanese writer Rai Dze, who wrote down ancient Japanese legends, cannot be translated from Japanese into Russian. That is, in Japanese there is no understanding of what the ancient word Rai and the ancient word Dze mean. However, in the "proto-language" these names and surnames have a very definite meaning.
Paradise - belonging to the Solntsev family (Ra)
Dze - shining.

All Japanese surnames ending in "moto" show their ancient relationship to the Matara dynasty. The fact is that the formation of royal or imperial families in antiquity had its own rules. The most distant relatives of the Matara surname could inherit only a part of the surname, to which some other word was added. This is how the surnames arose: Yamato (distortion of one letter from the surname Matara and cutting off part of the “ra”), Minamoto (distortion of two letters from the surname Matara and the addition of “mina”).

In modern Japanese surnames, these are already well-established distortions: Tsukamoto, Yamamoto, Matsumoto, Morimoto, etc. The origin of the syllabic combination "moto" has long been forgotten, but at the same time its modern translation is very close to the truth. The Japanese translate this word as "base". Indeed, the most ancient surname of the world, Mata, which eventually turned into “moto”, can be interpreted as “base” - the base, that is, the main one in the Empire. In the "proto-language", the syllabic combination Ma Ta is read as (Higher Secret).

Let me remind you, reading in the "proto-language" of all the mentioned dynasties of the Solntsev family:
Ra-Solntsevs (pharaohs of the main tribal dynasty, ruled in Babylon - the capital of the Paradise empire);
Ma Ta Ra - the Highest Secret of the Suns (the surname of the kings of the second dynasty of Raya, who ruled the region of the Paradise empire, presumably in modern Afghanistan);
Ka Ra - the Killer of the Sun (the surname of the kings of the third dynasty of the Sun family, who ruled the midnight empire)
Ja Ra - Shining Suns (the surname of the kings of the fourth dynasty of Paradise, who ruled in ancient India, the region of the Paradise empire.
Tai Ra - the Great Suns (the surname of the kings of the sixth dynasty of Paradise, who ruled the region of the Paradise empire, presumably in the region of modern China and Thailand).

The inquisitive reader may ask. Why don't the emperors of Japan have ancient surnames, while among ordinary Japanese there are many of them? The fact is that there is another ancient tradition of the empire. This is the tradition of giving lifetime and posthumous names to emperors. When it arose is still unknown, but it was this tradition, as I suppose, that broke the system of direct transmission of surnames in the ancestral home of the Japanese emperors. For example, the current emperor Akahito after death will be called Emperor Heisei. The tradition of assigning lifetime and posthumous names to emperors greatly confused the ancient history of this dynasty.

The same situation arose in ancient Russia. Russian "Grand Dukes" and tsars, due to the tradition of calling them by their names and nicknames, are still unknown by their surnames. Take for example Yaroslav the Wise, Vsevolod Chermny and Ivan the Terrible. Due to the falsification of chronicles in the XII century, these people are considered the Rurik dynasty. In fact, according to their real names, these are Yaroslav Ivan, Vsevolod Volk, Ivan Monomakh.

Conclusion

Although studies of the ancient history of Japan have not yet been fully completed, and at the moment can only be considered as a new hypothesis, it can be said with a high degree of certainty that the Matara clan (Amatarasu) moved to Japan from the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Afghanistan or from the western part of India.

Representatives of the Matara clan (Amatarasu), having lost the war to the Chinese troops during the “Great Migration of Nations” (about 2000 years before the birth of Christ), fled in two directions: to Egypt and to Japan. Representatives of the Matara clan who fled to Egypt were destroyed there by the advancing troops of China. Akin to the dynasty of the Matara emperors, the family of the Taira emperors moved to the islands of Japan from the regions of modern China and Thailand.

Both of these imperial families, fighting for power among themselves, also fought with China. During the long wars (about 4000 years), political and biological pressure from the Han and Qin Chinese tribal associations, Japan lost its written language and a large period of its ancient history. According to a preliminary estimate, the two imperial clans of Amarasu and Taira were formed 5000-6000 years before Christ. at the same time, the surname Amatarasu, which is a distortion of the ancient surname Matara, according to the secret writing of the "Old Testament", is the most ancient after the disappeared surname of the pharaohs Ra (Sun), finally destroyed by the ancient Chinese of the Khan (Han) clan in Egypt.

That is why the ancient name of Japan (IA PAN) contained a name that in the "proto-language" is read as "Land of the Firstborn".

Part of the Matara dynasty that fled to Egypt completely perished. But in the ancient drawings in the graves of the descendants of this dynasty, a woman is depicted, allegedly swallowing and giving birth to the sun - this is Matara. The ancient symbolism of the drawing was misinterpreted by Egyptologists. Her surname was also spelled incorrectly through Maat. In fact, here you need to correctly put the letter "T", and get - Mata. And the sun, which she supposedly swallows and actually gives birth to, on the one hand, is part of her surname Ra and must be read in full Matara, on the other hand, the sun being born shows that she is the founder or “foremother” of the Ra (Sun) dynasty.

Since the main dynasty of the pharaohs Ra and their relatives from the Matara clan, who fled to Egypt, died, the part of the Matara clan, from which the Japanese descended, can be considered older than the Egyptians.

REFERENCES:

1. Mendrin V.M. History of the Shogunate in Japan: Nihon Gaishi: in 2 vols. / trans. from Japanese -T.2-M.; St. Petersburg: Russian State Library: Summer Garden, 1999.-384p. (Eastern Collection). ISBN 5-89740-035-0 Pashkov House Publishing House.

2.Secrets of ancient history / Alexander Tkachev. -M.: Veche, 2014.-320s. ISBN 978-5-4444-2004-1

3. World history: The formation of the states of Asia / A.N. Badak, I.E. Voinich, N.M. Volchek and others - Mn.: Harvest m.: AST, 2000.-544p. ISBN 985-433-787-1. T.5