Домой Ягоды Британский парламент на английском языке кратко. Реферат на тему British Parliament на английском языке. Парламент. Вестминстерский дворец

Британский парламент на английском языке кратко. Реферат на тему British Parliament на английском языке. Парламент. Вестминстерский дворец

БРИТАНИЯ И БРИТАНЦЫ

THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT

The UK Parliament is one of the oldest representative быть установлен in the world, having its origins in the middle of the 13th century. From the 14th century, parliamentary government in the United Kingdom has been based on a two-chamber system. The House of Lords (the upper house) and the House of Commons (the lower house) sit separately and are constituted on entirely different principles. The relationship between the two Houses is governed largely by convention but is in part defined by the Parliament Acts. The legislative process involves both Houses of Parliament and the Monarch.

In the beginning, Great Britain was an absolute monarchy, but in the 17th century, tensions increased between parliament and monarch. Civil War broke out the following year, leading to the execution of King Charles 1 in January 1649. Following the restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, the role of parliament was enhanced by the events of 1688-89 (the ‘Glorious Revolution’) which established the authority of Parliament over the King. The state political system became to be Parliament monarchy. Nowadays the Monarch is no more but a symbol and tradition of the nation.

The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen.

Today the House of Commons plays the major role in law-making. It consists of Members of Parliament. Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Members of Parliament are elected either at a general election or at a by-election following the death or retirement of one of them. Parliament has a maximum duration of five years. At any time up to the end of this period, a general election can be held for a new House of Commons and it is the Prime Minister who decides on the exact day of the election. The minimum voting age is 18. The election campaign lasts about three weeks, the British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The party which wins the majority of seats forms the government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his party to become the cabinet of ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area in the government. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and «shadow cabinet». The leader of the opposition is a recognized post in the House of Commons. The parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government and they only meet together on symbolic occasions, such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of the parliament. In reality, the House of Commons is the one of three which has true power.

The House of Commons is made up of six hundred and fifty elected members, it is presided over by the speaker, a member acceptable to the whole house. MPs sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party and the other for the opposition. The first two rows of seats are occupied by the leading members of both parties. Each session of the House of Commons lasts for 160-175 days. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings. As mentioned above, the House of Commons plays the major role in law making. The procedure is the following: a proposed law («a bill») has to go through three stages in order to become an act of parliament; these are called «readings». The first reading is a формальность and is simply the publication of the proposal. The second reading involves debate on the principles of the bill. And the third reading is a report stage. This is usually the most important stage in the process. When the bill passes through the House of Commons, it is sent to the House of Lords for discussion, when the Lords agree it, the bill is taken to the Queen for royal assent, when the Queen signs the bill, it becomes act of the Parliament and the Law of the Land.

The House of Lords has more than 1000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work of the house. Members of this Upper House are not elected, they sit there because of their rank and the chairman of the" House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor. And he sits on a special seat, called «Woolsack». It is another tradition of Great Britain. The members of the House of Lords debate the bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons. Some changes may be recommended and the agreement between the two houses is reached by negotiations.

QUESTIONS

1. When was the UK Parliament established?

2. When did the parliamentary government in the United Kingdom begin to be based on a two-chamber system?

3. How is the upper house called?

4. How is the lower house called?

5. How is the relationship between the two Houses governed?

6. Who are involved in the legislative process in the British Parliament?

7. Whom does the real power in the Parliament belong to?

8. When did the Monarchy restoration happen?

9. What happened to King Charles I?

10. When was the King Charles I executed?

11. Does the Monarch have the real legislative power in Great Britain nowadays?

12. Is the state political system of Great Britain an absolute monarchy today?

13. What political system does Great Britain have today?

14. Who decides on the exact day of the election to be held for a new House of Commons?

15. Who always stands in the official opposition in the Parliament?

16. How many members are there in the House of Commons?

17. How many members are there in the House of Lords?

18. Are members of the House of Lords paid for their parliamentary work?

19. What is the minimum voting age in Great Britain?

20. What is a maximum duration for the Parliament?

VOCABULARY

representative - полет, представительный

origins - происхождение, начало

two-chamber system - двухпалатная система

the House of Lords - палата лордов (верхняя палата британского парламента)

the House of Commons - палата общин (нижняя палата британского парламента)

to constitute - составлять; учреждать; создавать

to govern - править, управлять

convention - соглашение, договоренность, договор, конвенция

to define - определять, давать определение

to involve - взимать

tension - противоречия, напряженность

to break (past broke, p.p. broken) out - разразиться

restoration - ист. Реставрация (в 1660 p . в Англии)

to enhance - увеличивать, усиливать

to elect - выбирать, выбирать

retirement - выход в отставку; выход на пенсию; отход от дел

the Prime Minister - премьер-министр

to depend on - зависеть от MP - сокращение от член парламента)

responsible - ответственный, несущий ответственность, отвечающий

coronation - коронация

to make (past made, p.p. made) up - здесь: состоять из

the speaker - спикер

row - ряд

to attend - посещать; присутствовать

to mention - упоминать, ссылаться на

bill - законопроект, билль

proposal - предложение; план

royal assent - королевская одобрение, утверждение, разрешение

rank - ранг

chairman - председатель

the Lord Chancellor - лорд-канцлер

negotiations - переговоры

БРИТАНСКИЙ ПАРЛАМЕНТ

Парламент Великобритании является одним из самых древних представительных собраний в мире, беря свое начало с середины XIII столетия. С XIV столетия парламентский правительство в Великобритании был основан на системе с двумя палатами. Палата лордов (верхняя палата) и палата общин (нижняя палата) заседают отдельно, и их состав основывается на совершенно разных принципах. Отношения между двумя палатами строятся, в значительной степени, в соответствии с соглашением, но частично определяются парламентскими актами. Законодательный процесс объединяет в себе обе парламентские палаты и монарха.

Сначала Великобритания была абсолютной монархией, но в XVII столетии напряжение в отношениях между парламентом и монархом увеличилось. Через год вспыхнула гражданская война, которая привела к казни короля Чарльза i в январе 1649 г. После восстановления монархии в 1660 г. усилилась роль парламента событиями 1688-1689 гг ., что установили приоритетную власть парламента над королем. Государственная политическая система стала парламентской монархией. В наше время монарх не более чем символ и традиция нации.

Британский парламент состоит из палаты лордов, палаты общин и королевы.

Сегодня палата общин играет главную роль в законодательстве. Она состоит из членов парламента. Каждый из них представляет область в Англии, Шотландии, Уэльсе и Ирландии. Члены парламента избираются или на общих выборах, или на дополнительных выборах после смерти или отставки одного из них. Парламент избирается на максимальный срок в пять лет. В любое время до конца этого периода могут быть проведены всеобщие выборы для формирования новой палаты общин, точную дату выборов устанавливает премьер-министр. Минимальный возраст избирателя 18 лет. Избирательная кампания длится примерно 3 недели, британская парламентская система зависит от политических партий. Партия, которая выигрывает большинство мест, формирует правительство, а ее лидер обычно становится премьер-министром. Премьер-министр выбирает примерно 20 членов парламента из своей партии, которые входят в кабинет министров. Каждый министр в правительстве отвечает за определенную сферу. Вторая по численности партия становится официальной оппозицией с ее собственным лидером и «теневым кабинетом». Лидер оппозиции является признанной должности в палате общин. Парламент и монарх имеют разные роли в правительстве, и они встречаются вместе только в символических случаях, таких как коронация нового монарха или открытия парламента. В действительности же, палата общин - это одна из трех ветвей власти, что имеет настоящую власть.

Палата общин состоит из выборных шестисот пятидесяти членов, возглавляемых спикером, кандидатура которого должна быть одобрена всей палатой. Члены парламента сидят с двух сторон зала: одна сторона - для правящей партии, и другой - для оппозиции. Первые 2 ряда мест заняты ведущими членами обеих партий. Каждая сессия палаты общин продолжается в течение 160-175 дней. Парламент имеет интервалы в своей работе. Члены парламента получают зарплату за свою парламентскую работу и должны посещать заседания. Как сказано выше, палата общин играет главную роль в законодательстве. Процедура такая: предложенный законопроект (билль) должен пройти три стадии, чтобы стать парламентским актом: они называются «чтение». Первое чтение является простой формальностью, это просто публикация предложения. Повторное чтение представляет собой дебаты о сути законопроекта. И третье чтение - стадия объявление. Это, как правило, важнейшая стадия процесса. Когда законопроект проходит через палату общин, он отправляется палате лордов для обсуждения; когда лорды соглашаются, этот законопроект отправляется королеве, чтобы она его одобрила, когда королева принимает законопроект, он становится парламентским актом и законом государства.

Палата лордов имеет более 1000 членов, хотя только примерно 250 принимают активное участие в ее работе. Члены верхней палаты не избираются, они заседают там благодаря своему статусу, председатель палаты лордов - лорд-канцлер. Он сидит на специальном месте, называемом «вулсек» (шерстяной мешок). Члены палаты лордов обсуждают законопроект после того, как он прошел через палату общин. Некоторые изменения могут быть рекомендованы, а соглашение между двумя палатами может быть достигнута путем переговоров.

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The British Parliament

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy composed of 4 constituent countries England Scotland Wales & Northern Ireland. Соединенное Королевство - конституционная монархия, состоящая из 4 административно- политических частей: Англии Шотландии Уэльса и Северной Ирландии.

The Union Jack The Union Flag (also known as the Union Jack) is the national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its design includes the flags of England Scotland and Ireland Государственный флаг Соединенного Королевства (также известный как « Юнион Джек») - национальный флаг Объединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. Его дизайн включает флаги Англии Шотландии и Ирландии

The Royal coat of arms The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom, and are officially known as her Arms of Dominion. The shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England; in the second, the rampant lion and double tressure flory-counterflory of Scotland; and in the third, a harp for Northern Ireland. The crest is a statant guardant lion wearing the imperial crown, himself on another representation of that crown. The dexter supporter is a likewise crowned English lion; the sinister, a Scottish unicorn. According to legend a free unicorn was considered a very dangerous beast; therefore the heraldic unicorn is chained Королевский герб Великобритании - это официальный герб британского монарха (в настоящее время - Елизаветы II). На обычном варианте герба два льва и семь геральдических леопардов: шесть золотых леопардов с лазоревым вооружением на щите, по три в 1-м и 4-м полях четверочастно разделённого щита (они соответствуют Англии). Червлёный, лев с лазоревым вооружением во втором поле олицетворяет Шотландию. Коронованный леопард в нашлемнике. Золотой коронованный лев в качестве щитодержателя поддерживает щит справа. С другой стороны щит поддерживает закованный в цепь единорог.

A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom. The name is derived from the French parlement , the action of parler (to speak): a parlement is a discussion. The term came to mean a meeting at which such a discussion took place. It acquired its modern meaning as it came to be used for the body of people (in an institutional sense) who would meet to discuss matters of state. Парламент – высший представительный и законодательный орган, особенно в тех странах, чья система правительства основана на Вестминстерской системе. Название «парламента» происходит от французского parlement (parler - говорить), parlement - обсуждать). Термин означает встречу, на которой имееет место обсуждение вопросов государства группой людей. Parliament

Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy . This means that it has a monarch as its Head of the State. The monarch reigns with the support of Parliament. The powers of the monarch are not defined precisely. Everything today is done in the Queen’s name. It is her government, her armed forces, her law courts and so on. She appoints all the Ministers, including the Prime Minister. Everything is done however on the advice of the elected Government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process. In Britain the Queen is the Head of State, but in fact she does not rule the country as she has no power. The Queen is a symbol of the country history and its traditions. She is very rich. She travels about the united kingdom, meets different people and visits schools, hospitals and other special places. Великобритания - конституционная монархия. Это значит, что во Главе государства стоит Монарх. Монарх правит с поддержкой Парламента. Полномочия монарха точно не определены. Все сегодня принадлежит имени Королевы: правительство, вооруженные силы, суды и так далее. Она назначает всех Министров, включая Премьер-министра. Однако управляемая функция на совете принадлежит избранному правительству, и монарх не принимает участия в процессе принятия решений. В Великобритании, Королева – Глава государства, но фактически она не управляет страной, поскольку у нее нет никакой власти. Королева - символ истории страны и ее традиций. Она очень богата. Она путешествует по Соединенному Королевству, встречает различных гостей и посещает школы, больницы и другие специальные места.

The Government The most powerful person is the Prime Minister. He is the leader of his party, he is the head of the government and has a seat in the House of Commons. He chooses the Cabinet-Ministers, who are the Foreign-, Home- and Defense-Secretary and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. He recommends a number of appointments to the monarch. The Cabinet takes decisions about new policies, the implementation of existing policies and the running of the various government departments. The most popular Prime Ministers are Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, John Major and present one, Tony Blair. Самый влиятельный человек - Премьер-министр. Он - лидер своей партии, он - глава правительства и имеет место в Палате общин. Он выбирает Членов кабинета министров, которые являются Министром иностранных дел, Министром обороны и министром финансов. Он рекомендует назначения монарху. Кабинет принимает решения о новой политике, выполнении существующей политики и управлении различных ведомств. Самые популярные Премьер-министры - Уинстон Черчилль, Маргарет Тэтчер, Джон Мейджор и, на настоящий день, Тони Блэр.

The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. It originated in the 12th century. Parliament consists of: The House of Commons (646 elected Members of Parliament or MPs) The House of Lords (approximately720 unelected members, most of them appointed for life) The Queen (hereditary monarch) Британский Парламент является самым старым в мире и был основан в 12-ом столетии. Парламент состоит из: Палаты общин (646 избранных Членов парламента) Палата лордов (приблизительно 720 неизбранных участников, большинство из них назначенные) Королева (наследственный монарх)

The House of Lords The first one, which is less important, is the House of Lords. It can be described as politically conservative. It consists of different groups. There are the Lord Spiritual. Those are archbishops and bishops. Furthermore the Lords Temporal. These are hereditary peers, which got their titles from their fathers or grandfathers, and life peers, which got their titles for their whole life, and finally there are the Lords of Appeal, which are the High Court Judges. The Lords` main functions are to examine and to discuss the Bills introduced in the House of Commons. They can also delay the legislation for a year, but they can´t stop those Bills completely. They have also the function to introduce Bills which are mostly unimportant and non-controversial. They must approve a Bill, before it becomes an act. Палата Лордов менее важна. Это - политически консервативная партия, состоящая из различных групп. Лорды духовные - представлены духовенством английской церкви. Светские лорды – наследственные пэры, которые получили титул от их отцов или дедушек, и пожизненные пэры, и наконец судебные, являющиеся членами Верховного суда. Палата лордов имеет функции исследования и обсуждения Законопроектов, введенных в Палате Общин. Они могут также задержать законодательство в течение года, но они не могут остановить его полностью. Они обладают функцией внесения на рассмотрение Законопроектов, которые главным образом незначительны и неспорны. Они должны одобрить Законопроект, прежде, он станет актом.

The House of Commons The second House is the House of Commons. The 651 Members of Parliament (MPs) who sit in the Commons are elected representatives of the British people. Each MP represents one of the 651 constituencies into which the UK is divided. The House of Commons has a maximum term of five years, at the end of which a general election must be held. However, a general election can be called in the government at any time. MPs sit on parallel rows of seats known as benches with those who support the government on the one side and the opposition on the other. The important persons are the front-benchers, the less important ones are the back-benchers. The Commons` main functions are to define and to pass the laws and regulations governing the UK and to examine closely all the activities of the government. Вторая Палата - Палата общин, составляющая 651 Члена парламента, которые сидят в палате общин и являются избранными представителями британского народа. Каждый член парламента представляет один округ из 651 избирательного округа, на которые разделена Великобритания. У Палаты общин есть максимальный срок правления - пять лет, в конце которого проводятся всеобщие выборы. Однако, всеобщие выборы можно созвать в правительстве в любое время. Члены парламента сидят на параллельных рядах, известных как скамьи, с теми, кто поддерживает правительство - на одной стороне и оппозицию - на другой. Важные люди - переднескамеечники, менее важные - заднескамеечники. Палата общин выполняет функции определения и передачи законов и постановлений,исследовать действия правительства.

The Party System Britain is normally described as having a two-party-system. One of the two big parties is the Conservative Party , also known as the Tories , which is right of centre and standing for hierarchical interference in the economy. They would like to reduce income tax and the give a high priority to national defense and internal law and order. A famous Tory is John Major, the former Prime Minister. The second big party is the Labour Party , which is left of centre and stands for equality, for the social weaker people and for more government involvement in the economical issues. Another smaller party is the Liberal Democratic Party . It was formed from a union of Liberals and the Social Democrats - a breakaway group of Labour politicians. Великобритания обычно описывается как наличие двух партийных систем. Одна из двух многочисленных партий - Консервативная партия, также известная как Тори, которая является правовой партией и обозначающей иерархическое вмешательство в экономику. Они хотели бы уменьшить подоходный налог, увеличить приоритет национальной обороны и внутренней законности к правопорядку. Известные Тори - Джон Мейджор, прежний Премьер-министр. Вторая многочисленная партия - лейбористская партия, называемая левой или левоцентристской, направленная на равенство и защиту более слабых людей и для большей правительственной причастности к экономичным проблемам. Другая меньшая партия - Либерально-демократическая партия, сформированная из союза Либералов и социал-демократов– отколовшаяся группа политических деятелей Лейбористской партии.


Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch as its Head of the State. The monarch reigns with the support of Parliament. The powers of the monarch are not defined precisely. Everything today is done in the Queen’s name. It is her government, her armed forces, her law courts and so on. She appoints all the Ministers, including the Prime Minister. Everything is done however on the advice of the elected Government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process.
Once the British Empire included a large number of countries all over the world ruled by Britain. The process of decolonisation began in 1947 with the independence of India, Pakistan and Ceylon. Now there is no Empire and only few small islands belong to Britain. In 1997 the last colony, Hong Kong, was given to China. But the British ruling classes tried not to lose influence over the former colonies of the British Empire. An association of former members of the British Empire and Britain was founded in 1949. It is called the Commonwealth. It includes many countries such as Ireland, Burma, the Sudan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and others. The Queen of Great Britain is also a Head of the Commonwealth, and also the Queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand…

The British Constitution. The British Constitution is to a large extent a product of many historical events and has thus evolved aver many centuries. Unlike the constitutions of most other countries, it is not set out in any single document. Instead it is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The constitution can be change by Act of Parliament, or by general agreement to alter a convention.
The Monarchy in Britain. When the Queen was born on 21 April 1926, her grandfather, King George V, was on the throne and her uncle was his heir. The death of her grandfather and the abdication of her uncle (King Edward VIII) brought her father to the throne in 1936 as King George VI. Elizabeth II came to the throne an 6 February 1952 and was crowned on 2 June 1953. Since then she made many trips to different countries and to the UK also. The Queen is very rich, as are others members of the royal family. In addition, the government pays for her expenses as Head of the State, for a royal yacht, train and aircraft as well as for the upkeep of several palaces. The Queen’s image appears on stamps, notes and coins.

The Powers of Parliament. The three elements, which make up Parliament –the Queen, the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons –, are constituted on different principles. They meet together only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the State Opening of Parliament, when the Commons are invited by the Queen to the House of Lords.

Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament. In reality, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which is true power. It is here that new bills are introduced and debated. If the majority of the members aren’t in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the monarch to be signed. Only than it becomes law. Although a bill must be supported by all three bodies, the House of Lords only has limited powers, and the monarch hasn’t refused to sign one.

The Functions of Parliament. The main functions of Parliament are: to pass laws; to provide, by voting taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; to scrutinise government policy and administration; to debate the major issues of the day. In carrying out these functions Parliament helps to bring the relevant facts and issues before the electorate. By custom, Parliament is also informed before all-important international treaties and agreements are ratified.

A Parliament has a maximum duration of five years, but in practice general elections are usually held before the end of this term. Parliament is dissolved and rights for a general election are ordered by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. The life of a Parliament is divided into sessions. Each usually lasts for one year – normally beginning and ending in October or November. The adverse number of «sitting» days in a session is about 168 in the House of Commons and about 150 in the House of Lords. At the start of each session the Queen’s speech to Parliament outlines the Government’s policies and proposed legislative programme.

The House of Commons. The House of Commons is elected and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). At present there are 60 women, three Asian and three black Mps. Of the 651 seats, 524 are for England, 38 for Wales, 72 for Scotland, and 17 for Northern Ireland. Members are paid an annual salary of ‡30,854. The chief officer of the House of Commons is the Speaker, elected by the MPs to preside over the House. The House of Commons plays the major role in law making.

MPs sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party and the other for the opposition. Parliament has intervals during its work. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings. MPs have to catch the Speaker’s eye when they want to speak, then they rise from where they have been sitting to address the House and must do so without either reading a prepared speech or consulting notes.

The House of Lords. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and the 24 next most senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consist of: all hereditary peers of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom; all other life peers. Peerages, both hereditary and life, are created by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister. They are usually granted in recognition of service in politics or other walks of life. In 1992 there were 1,211 members of the House of Lords, including the two archbishops and 24 bishops. The Lords Temporal consisted of 758 hereditary peers and 408 life peers. The House is presided over by the Lord Chancellor, who takes his place on the woolsack as the Speaker of the House.

The division of Parliament into two Houses goes back over some 700 years when feudal assembly ruled the country. In modern times, real political power rests in the elected House although members of the House of Lords still occupy important cabinet posts.

The Political Party System. The present political system depends upon the existence of organised political parties, each of which presents its policies to the electorate for approval. The parties are not registered or formally recognised in law, but in practice most candidates in elections, and almost all winning candidates, belong to one of’ the main parties.

For the last 150 years there were only 2 parties: the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. A new party – the Liberal Democrats – was formed in 1988. Social Democratic Party is also the new one founded in 1981. Other parties include two nationalist parties, Plaid Cymru (founded in Wales in 1925) and the Scottish National Party (founded in 1934).

The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the Opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a «matter of confidence». In general, however, its aims are to contribute to the formation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism; to oppose government proposal — it considers objectionable; to seek amendments to government bills; and to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election.

Because of the electoral method in use, only two major parties obtain seats in the House of Commons. People belonging to smaller political parties join one of the larger parties and work from within to make their influence felt. The exception to this are members of the Scottish National and Welsh Nationalist Parties, who, because their influence votes are concentrated in specific geographical areas, can manage to win seats although their total support is relatively small.

Her Majesty’s Government: Prime Minister, the Cabinet. Her Majesty’s Government is the body of ministers responsible for the administration of national affairs. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and all other ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Most ministers are members of the Commons, although the Government is also fully represented by ministers in the Lords. The composition of governments can vary both in the number of ministers and in the titles of some offices. New ministerial offices may be created, others may be abolished and functions may be transferred from one minister to another.

The Prime Minister is also, by tradition, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. The Prime Minister’s unique position of authority derives from majority support in the House of Commons and from the power to appoint and dismiss ministers. By modern convention, the Prime Minister always sits in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of the general business of the Government. The Prime Minister’s Office is situated at 11 Downing Street.

The Cabinet is composed of about 20 ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. The functions of the Cabinet are initiating and deciding on policy, the supreme control of government and the co-ordination of government departments. The exercise of these functions is vitally affected by the fact that the Cabinet is a group of party representatives, depending upon majority support in the House of Commons. The Cabinet meets in private and its proceedings are confidential. Its members are bound by their oath as Privy Counsellors not to disclose information about its proceedings, although after 30 years Cabinet papers may be made available for inspection.

Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch as its Head of the State. The monarch reigns with the support of Parliament. The powers of the monarch are not defined precisely. Everything today is done in the Queen"s name. It is her government, her armed forces, her law courts and so on. She appoints all the Ministers, including the Prime Minister. Everything is done however on the advice of the elected Government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process.
Once the British Empire included a large number of countries all over the world ruled by Britain. The process of decolonisation began in 1947 with the independence of India, Pakistan and Ceylon. Now there is no Empire and only few small islands belong to Britain. In 1997 the last colony, Hong Kong, was given to China. But the British ruling classes tried not to lose influence over the former colonies of the British Empire. An association of former members of the British Empire and Britain was founded in 1949. It is called the Commonwealth. It includes many countries such as Ireland, Burma, the Sudan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and others. The Queen of Great Britain is also a Head of the Commonwealth, and also the Queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand...

The British Constitution. The British Constitution is to a large extent a product of many historical events and has thus evolved aver many centuries. Unlike the constitutions of most other countries, it is not set out in any single document. Instead it is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The constitution can be change by Act of Parliament, or by general agreement to alter a convention.
The Monarchy in Britain. When the Queen was born on 21 April 1926, her grandfather, King George V, was on the throne and her uncle was his heir. The death of her grandfather and the abdication of her uncle (King Edward VIII) brought her father to the throne in 1936 as King George VI. Elizabeth II came to the throne an 6 February 1952 and was crowned on 2 June 1953. Since then she made many trips to different countries and to the UK also. The Queen is very rich, as are others members of the royal family. In addition, the government pays for her expenses as Head of the State, for a royal yacht, train and aircraft as well as for the upkeep of several palaces. The Queen"s image appears on stamps, notes and coins.

The Powers of Parliament. The three elements, which make up Parliament –the Queen, the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons –, are constituted on different principles. They meet together only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the State Opening of Parliament, when the Commons are invited by the Queen to the House of Lords.

Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament. In reality, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which is true power. It is here that new bills are introduced and debated. If the majority of the members aren"t in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the monarch to be signed. Only than it becomes law. Although a bill must be supported by all three bodies, the House of Lords only has limited powers, and the monarch hasn"t refused to sign one.

The Functions of Parliament. The main functions of Parliament are: to pass laws; to provide, by voting taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; to scrutinise government policy and administration; to debate the major issues of the day. In carrying out these functions Parliament helps to bring the relevant facts and issues before the electorate. By custom, Parliament is also informed before all-important international treaties and agreements are ratified.

A Parliament has a maximum duration of five years, but in practice general elections are usually held before the end of this term. Parliament is dissolved and rights for a general election are ordered by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. The life of a Parliament is divided into sessions. Each usually lasts for one year – normally beginning and ending in October or November. The adverse number of "sitting" days in a session is about 168 in the House of Commons and about 150 in the House of Lords. At the start of each session the Queen"s speech to Parliament outlines the Government"s policies and proposed legislative programme.

The House of Commons. The House of Commons is elected and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). At present there are 60 women, three Asian and three black Mps. Of the 651 seats, 524 are for England, 38 for Wales, 72 for Scotland, and 17 for Northern Ireland. Members are paid an annual salary of ‡30,854. The chief officer of the House of Commons is the Speaker, elected by the MPs to preside over the House. The House of Commons plays the major role in law making.

MPs sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party and the other for the opposition. Parliament has intervals during its work. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings. MPs have to catch the Speaker"s eye when they want to speak, then they rise from where they have been sitting to address the House and must do so without either reading a prepared speech or consulting notes.

The House of Lords. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and the 24 next most senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consist of: all hereditary peers of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom; all other life peers. Peerages, both hereditary and life, are created by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister. They are usually granted in recognition of service in politics or other walks of life. In 1992 there were 1,211 members of the House of Lords, including the two archbishops and 24 bishops. The Lords Temporal consisted of 758 hereditary peers and 408 life peers. The House is presided over by the Lord Chancellor, who takes his place on the woolsack as the Speaker of the House.

The division of Parliament into two Houses goes back over some 700 years when feudal assembly ruled the country. In modern times, real political power rests in the elected House although members of the House of Lords still occupy important cabinet posts.

The Political Party System. The present political system depends upon the existence of organised political parties, each of which presents its policies to the electorate for approval. The parties are not registered or formally recognised in law, but in practice most candidates in elections, and almost all winning candidates, belong to one of" the main parties.

For the last 150 years there were only 2 parties: the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. A new party – the Liberal Democrats – was formed in 1988. Social Democratic Party is also the new one founded in 1981. Other parties include two nationalist parties, Plaid Cymru (founded in Wales in 1925) and the Scottish National Party (founded in 1934).

The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the Opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a "matter of confidence". In general, however, its aims are to contribute to the formation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism; to oppose government proposal - it considers objectionable; to seek amendments to government bills; and to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election.

Because of the electoral method in use, only two major parties obtain seats in the House of Commons. People belonging to smaller political parties join one of the larger parties and work from within to make their influence felt. The exception to this are members of the Scottish National and Welsh Nationalist Parties, who, because their influence votes are concentrated in specific geographical areas, can manage to win seats although their total support is relatively small.

Her Majesty"s Government: Prime Minister, the Cabinet. Her Majesty"s Government is the body of ministers responsible for the administration of national affairs. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and all other ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Most ministers are members of the Commons, although the Government is also fully represented by ministers in the Lords. The composition of governments can vary both in the number of ministers and in the titles of some offices. New ministerial offices may be created, others may be abolished and functions may be transferred from one minister to another.

The Prime Minister is also, by tradition, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. The Prime Minister"s unique position of authority derives from majority support in the House of Commons and from the power to appoint and dismiss ministers. By modern convention, the Prime Minister always sits in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of the general business of the Government. The Prime Minister"s Office is situated at 11 Downing Street.

The Cabinet is composed of about 20 ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. The functions of the Cabinet are initiating and deciding on policy, the supreme control of government and the co-ordination of government departments. The exercise of these functions is vitally affected by the fact that the Cabinet is a group of party representatives, depending upon majority support in the House of Commons. The Cabinet meets in private and its proceedings are confidential. Its members are bound by their oath as Privy Counsellors not to disclose information about its proceedings, although after 30 years Cabinet papers may be made available for inspection.

So Great Britain is the constitutional monarchy. Monarch is the Head of the State. But Queen or King rules with the support of the parliament. And practically monarch have no real political power. The main political decisions are made by the Parliament and Cabinet. And the House of Commons are more powerful.

Полномочия Парламента, его функции. Монарх как глава государства. Состав Палаты общин и лордов. Британская Конституция, ее основные отличия от конституций других стран. Содружество Британской империи и Великобритании. Система Политической партии.

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British Parliament

Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch as its Head of the State. The monarch reigns with the support of Parliament. The powers of the monarch are not defined precisely. Everything today is done in the Queen"s name. It is her government, her armed forces, her law courts and so on. She appoints all the Ministers, including the Prime Minister. Everything is done however on the advice of the elected Government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process.Once the British Empire included a large number of countries all over the world ruled by Britain. The process of decolonisation began in 1947 with the independence of India, Pakistan and Ceylon. Now there is no Empire and only few small islands belong to Britain. In 1997 the last colony, Hong Kong, was given to China. But the British ruling classes tried not to lose influence over the former colonies of the British Empire. An association of former members of the British Empire and Britain was founded in 1949. It is called the Commonwealth. It includes many countries such as Ireland, Burma, the Sudan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and others. The Queen of Great Britain is also a Head of the Commonwealth, and also the Queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand.

The British Constitution. The British Constitution is to a large extent a product of many historical events and has thus evolved aver many centuries. Unlike the constitutions of most other countries, it is not set out in any single document. Instead it is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The constitution can be change by Act of Parliament, or by general agreement to alter a convention.

The Monarchy in Britain. When the Queen was born on 21 April 1926, her grandfather, King George V, was on the throne and her uncle was his heir. The death of her grandfather and the abdication of her uncle (King Edward VIII) brought her father to the throne in 1936 as King George VI. Elizabeth II came to the throne an 6 February 1952 and was crowned on 2 June 1953. Since then she made many trips to different countries and to the UK also. The Queen is very rich, as are others members of the royal family. In addition, the government pays for her expenses as Head of the State, for a royal yacht, train and aircraft as well as for the upkeep of several palaces. The Queen"s image appears on stamps, notes and coins.

The Powers of Parliament. The three elements, which make up Parliament -the Queen, the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons -, are constituted on different principles. They meet together only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the State Opening of Parliament, when the Commons are invited by the Queen to the House of Lords.

Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament. In reality, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which is true power. It is here that new bills are introduced and debated.

The Functions of Parliament. The main functions of Parliament are: to pass laws; to provide, by voting taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; to scrutinise government policy and administration; to debate the major issues of the day. In carrying out these functions Parliament helps to bring the relevant facts and issues before the electorate.

A Parliament has a maximum duration of five years, but in practice general elections are usually held before the end of this term. Parliament is dissolved and rights for a general election are ordered by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. The life of a Parliament is divided into sessions. Each usually lasts for one year - normally beginning and ending in October or November. The adverse number of "sitting" days in a session is about 168 in the House of Commons and about 150 in the House of Lords. At the start of each session the Queen"s speech to Parliament outlines the Government"s policies and proposed legislative programme.

The House of Commons. The House of Commons is elected and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). At present there are 60 women, three Asian and three black Mps. Of the 651 seats, 524 are for England, 38 for Wales, 72 for Scotland, and 17 for Northern Ireland. Members are paid an annual salary of ‡30,854. The chief officer of the House of Commons is the Speaker, elected by the MPs to preside over the House. The House of Commons plays the major role in law making.

The House of Lords. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and the 24 next most senior bishops of the Church of England.

The Political Party System. The present political system depends upon the existence of organised political parties, each of which presents its policies to the electorate for approval. The parties are not registered or formally recognised in law, but in practice most candidates in elections, and almost all winning candidates, belong to one of" the main parties.

For the last 150 years there were only 2 parties: the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. A new party - the Liberal Democrats - was formed in 1988. Social Democratic Party is also the new one founded in 1981. Other parties include two nationalist parties, Plaid Cymru (founded in Wales in 1925) and the Scottish National Party (founded in 1934).

The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the Opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a "matter of confidence". In general, however, its aims are to contribute to the formation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism; to oppose government proposal - it considers objectionable; to seek amendments to government bills; and to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election.

Because of the electoral method in use, only two major parties obtain seats in the House of Commons. People belonging to smaller political parties join one of the larger parties and work from within to make their influence felt. The exception to this are members of the Scottish National and Welsh Nationalist Parties, who, because their influence votes are concentrated in specific geographical areas, can manage to win seats although their total support is relatively small.

Her Majesty"s Government: Prime Minister, the Cabinet. Her Majesty"s Government is the body of ministers responsible for the administration of national affairs. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and all other ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Most ministers are members of the Commons, although the Government is also fully represented by ministers in the Lords. The composition of governments can vary both in the number of ministers and in the titles of some offices. New ministerial offices may be created, others may be abolished and functions may be transferred from one minister to another.

The Prime Minister is also, by tradition, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. The Prime Minister"s unique position of authority derives from majority support in the House of Commons and from the power to appoint and dismiss ministers. By modern convention, the Prime Minister always sits in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of the general business of the Government. The Prime Minister"s Office is situated at 11 Downing Street.

The Cabinet is composed of about 20 ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. The functions of the Cabinet are initiating and deciding on policy, the supreme control of government and the co-ordination of government departments. The exercise of these functions is vitally affected by the fact that the Cabinet is a group of party representatives, depending upon majority support in the House of Commons. The Cabinet meets in private and its proceedings are confidential. Its members are bound by their oath as Privy Counsellors not to disclose information about its proceedings, although after 30 years Cabinet papers may be made available for inspection.

So Great Britain is the constitutional monarchy. Monarch is the Head of the State. But Queen or King rules with the support of the parliament. And practically monarch have no real political power. The main political decisions are made by the Parliament and Cabinet. And the House of Commons are more powerful.

Британский Парламент

Великобритания - конституционная монархия. Это означает, что монарх Глава государства. Монарх правит с поддержкой Парламента. Полномочия монарха не определены точно. Все сегодня сделано от имени Королевы. Это ее правительство, ее вооруженные силы, ее законные суды и так далее. Она назначает всех Министров, включая Премьер-министра. Все решается на совете избранного Правительства, и монарх не принимает участия в процессе принятия решений. Когда-то Британская империя включала большое количество стран, которыми во всем мире управляла Великобритания. Процесс деколонизации начался в 1947 с независимости Индии, Пакистана и Острова Цейлон. Теперь нет никакой Империи, и только немного маленьких островов принадлежат Великобритании. В 1997 последняя колония, Гонконг, была дана Китаю. Но британские правящие классы попытались не потерять влияние на прежние колонии Британской империи. В 1949 была основана ассоциация прежних членов Британской империи и Великобритании. Их называют Содружеством. Оно включает много стран, таких как Ирландия, Бирма, Судан, Канада, Австралия, Новая Зеландия и другие. Королева Великобритании, также Глава Содружества, и также Королева Канады, Австралии, Новой Зеландии.

Британская Конституция. Британская Конституция - в большой степени продукт многих исторических событий и таким образом развивалась в течение многих столетий. В отличие от конституций большинства других стран, все это не изложено ни в одном документе. Вместо этого все это составлено из права, выраженного в законах, общего права и соглашений. Конституция может быть изменена в соответствии с парламентским актом, или в соответствии с общим соглашением, чтобы изменить соглашение. Монархия в Великобритании. Когда Королева родилась, 21 апреля 1926, ее дедушка, Король Джордж V, был на троне, и ее дядя был его наследником. Смерть ее дедушки и отданы были все полномочия ее дяди (Король Эдвард VIII), пришел ее отец трон в 1936 как Король Джордж VI. Элизабет II пришла на трон 6 февраля 1952 и была коронована 2 июня 1953. С тех пор она совершала много поездок в различные страны и в Великобританию также. Королева очень богата, как и члены других королевских семей. Кроме того, правительство платит за ее расходы в качестве главы государства, оплачивает королевские яхты, поезда и самолеты, так же как и содержание нескольких дворцов. Изображение Королевы появляется на печатях, примечаниях и монетах.

Полномочия Парламента. Вот три элемента, которые составляют Парламент - Королева, Палата лордов и избранная Палата общин - они составлены на различных принципах. Они встречаются вместе только в случаях символического значения, таких как государственное Открытие Парламента, когда палата общин приглашена Королевой в Палату лордов.

Парламент состоит из двух палат, известных как Палата лордов и Палата общин. У парламента и монарха есть различные роли в правительстве страны, и они только встречаются вместе в символических случаях, таких как коронация нового монарха или открытие Парламента. В действительности, Палата общин - только одна из трех, которая является истинной властью. Именно здесь новые законопроекты вынесены на рассмотрение и обсуждены.

Функции Парламента. Главные функции Парламента: принимать законы; обеспечивать, утверждать налогообложение, средства продолжения работы правительства; тщательно исследовать правительственную политику и администрацию; обсуждать главные проблемы дня. В выполнении этого Парламента функций помогает принести соответствующие факты и проблемы перед электоратом.

У Парламента есть максимальная продолжительность существования - пять лет, но в практике всеобщие выборы обычно проводятся перед концом этого срока. Парламент расторгнут, и права для всеобщих выборов заказаны Королевой на совете Премьер-министра. Жизнь Парламента разделена на сессии. Каждый обычно длится в течение одного года - обычно начало и окончание в октябре или ноябре. Неблагоприятное число "сидящих" дней на сессии - приблизительно 168 в Палате общин и приблизительно 150 в Палате лордов. В начале каждой сессии речь Королевы к Парламенту обрисовывает в общих чертах политику Правительства и предложила законодательную программу.

Палата общин. Палата общин избрана и состоит из 651 Членов парламента (MPs). В настоящее время есть 60 женщин, три выходца из Азии и три черных Mps. Из 651 места, 524 для Англии, 38 для Уэльса, 72 для Шотландии, и 17 для Северной Ирландии. Участникам платят ежегодную зарплату 30,854. Старший помощник Палаты общин - Спикер, избранный MPs, чтобы осуществлять контроль над Домом. Палата общин играет главную роль в законном создании.

Палата лордов. Палата лордов состоит из Духовной палаты лордов и светских членов палаты лордов. Духовная палата лордов является Архиепископами Кентерберийскими и Йорком, и 24 самыми старшими епископами Английской церкви.

Система Политической партии. Существующая политическая система зависит от существования организованных политических партий, каждая из которых представляет свою политику электорату для одобрения. Стороны не зарегистрированы или формально признаны в законе, но практически большинство кандидатов присутствуют на выборах, и почти все побеждающие кандидаты, принадлежат одному из главных сторон.

В течение прошлых 150 лет было только 2 стороны: Консервативная партия и лейбористская партия. Новая партия - Либеральные демократы - была сформирована в 1988. Социал-демократическая партия - также новая, основана в 1981. Другие стороны включают две националистических партии, Плед (основанная в Уэльсе в 1925) и шотландская Национальная партия (основанный в 1934).

Эффективность партийной системы в Парламенте опирается в значительной степени на отношения между Правительством и Оппозиционными партиями. В зависимости от относительных сил сторон в Палате общин Оппозиция может стремиться свергнуть Правительство, побеждая это в голосовании по "вопросу уверенности". Вообще, однако, его цели состоят в том, чтобы поспособствовать формированию политики и законодательства конструктивной критикой; чтобы выступить против правительственного предложения - это считается нежелательным; искать поправки к правительственным счетам; и выдвигать его собственную политику, чтобы улучшить его возможности победы следующих всеобщих выборов.

Из-за использования избирательного метода только две главных стороны получают места в Палате общин. Люди, принадлежащие меньшим политическим партиям, вступают в одну из больших партий и работы изнутри, чтобы сделать их влияние четким. Исключение к этому - члены шотландских Национальных и Уэльских Националистических партий, потому что их голоса влияют и сконцентрированы в определенных географических областях, может удастся выиграть места, хотя их полная поддержка является относительно маленькой.

Правительство Ее Величества: Премьер-министр, Кабинет. Правительство Ее Величества - министры, ответственные за администрацию государственных дел. Премьер-министр назначен Королевой, и все другие министры назначены Королевой по рекомендации Премьер-министра. Большинство министров - члены палаты общин, хотя Правительство также полностью представлено министрами в палате лордов. Состав правительства может измениться и в числе министров и в названиях некоторых офисов. Новые министерские офисы могут быть созданы, другие могут быть отменены, и функции могут быть переданы от одного министра другому.

Премьер-министру также, по традиции, подчиняются первый лорд казначейства и Министр по делам государственной службы. Уникальное положение Премьер-министра власти происходит из поддержки большинства в Палате общин и от власти назначить и уволить министров. В соответствии с современным соглашением, Премьер-министр всегда сидит в Палате общин. Премьер-министр осуществляет контроль над Кабинетом, ответственен за распределение функций среди министров и сообщает обо всех делах Королеве на регулярных встречах общего бизнеса Правительства. Канцелярия премьер-министра расположена на 11 Даунинг-стрит.

Кабинет составлен приблизительно из 20 министров, выбранных Премьер-министром. Функции Кабинета назначают и выбирают политические направления, высший контроль правительства и координацию ведомств. Осуществление этих функций жизненно затронуто фактом, что Кабинет - это группа партийных представителей, в зависимости от поддержки большинства в Палате общин. Кабинет встречается конфиденциально, и его слушания являются конфиденциальными. Его участники обязаны быть под присягой как Тайные Консультанты и не раскрыть информацию о его слушаниях, хотя после того, как бумаги Кабинета 30 лет были не могут быть сделаны доступными для осмотра.

Таким образом Великобритания - конституционная монархия. Монарх - Глава государства. Но Королева или Король управляют с поддержкой парламента. И фактически у монарха нет никакой реальной политической власти. Главные политические решения приняты Парламентом и Кабинетом. И Палата общин более сильна.

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