In Russian, consonants have several classifications. Let's analyze them separately.
Hard and soft, paired, unpaired
All letters of the Russian alphabet, except for vowels (a, o, u, e, s, e, u, i, ё, u), as well as hard (b) and soft (b) signs, are consonants. Only consonants can be divided into soft and hard.
For example, (b) - (b´): bolt-bit, (d) - (d´): oak - business. In the first case, the consonant sound is hard, in the second - soft.
By hardness-softness, consonants form pairs. There are 15 such pairs. Consonants do not have a pair - (c), (g), (w), (h), (u), (d). In this regard, they are called unpaired.
Among unpaired 4 consonants hiss when pronounced, that is, they are hissing. This is (g), (w), (u), (h). In this case, (w) and (g) are always hard, and (u) and (h) are always soft. It just needs to be remembered.
Thus, (w) and (g) are solid unpaired hissing consonants.
Features of the use of "zh" and "sh" in words
So, let's look at how these sounds manifest themselves in words. Let's do a sound analysis.
Shorts - (shorts). Here the sound (sh) stands next to the sound (o). There are no doubts about pronunciation and spelling.
Whisper - (sh o p a t). Since the sound (sh) is always hard, the sound (e) is not able to soften it, as, for example, in the word "children", where (d´) becomes soft. Doubts arise when choosing between "e" and "o". In this case, to check the spelling, we select a single-root word with “e” or “e” (whisper).
As for the sound (g), the same rule applies here. Only it is necessary to distinguish between the roots - burnt and -burn. To choose the correct spelling, we turn to the context.
For example, "Petya burned his hand." In this context, it means action. "Burn" is a verb, so "ё" is written. "Father had a severe burn." Here the word "burn" is a noun and it is written with "o".
Another rule: "zhi-shi always write through I." It means that after "w" and "sh" "s" cannot be written. In general, the exceptions are:
- foreign words (fichu, jury);
- foreign names (Jules);
- abbreviations (interbureau).
Russian has 21 consonants and 36 consonants. Consonants and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [e], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], r - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].
Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Scheme 1. Consonant letters and consonant sounds of the Russian language.
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon '] - con [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].
For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If a consonant letter in different words means either a soft or hard sound, then the sound refers to paired ones. For example, in the word cat, the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale, the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ']. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [v] and [k '] do not make a pair in hardness-softness, but make a pair [v] - [v ']. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [g] is always solid. There are no words in Russian where it would be soft [zh']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w ’], then it belongs to unpaired ones.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Thanks to voiced and deaf consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Deaf consonants are pronounced almost with a covered mouth; when they are pronounced, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.
Some consonants have a similar sound in terms of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - deaf or sonorous. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.
- paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.
Sonorant, noisy and hissing consonants
Sonorant - voiced unpaired consonants. There are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:
- Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [q], [h'], [w], [w'];
- Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [s ], [h'].
Hissing consonants (4): [g], [h '], [w], [u '].
Paired and unpaired consonants
Consonants (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:
Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonants. To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know
Municipal budgetary educational institution"Secondary school No. 19 of the city of Novoaltaysk, Altai Territory"
Synopsis of the lesson in Russian
in 1st grade
"Hissing consonants"
prepared
primary school teacher
Dmitrieva Svetlana Anatolievna
Novoaltaisk, 2012
Lesson topic "Hissing consonants"Target: Introduce sibilant consonants. Tasks: To develop in students the ability to recognize hissing consonant sounds, to distinguish between hard and soft hissing sounds, to teach them to designate them in writing with the corresponding letters. Equipment: cards for group work, syllable cards, keywords for defining the topic of the lesson. Organizing time.
- Calligraphic minute.
- Determining the theme and goals.
With a long, thin beak, a frog will grab it. A drop will drip from its beak. Who is it? (Heron)
Who walks in a stone shirt? In a stone shirt Walks ... (Turtle) As the riddles are guessed, syllable cards are attached to the board: shi pyaschie, key word of the topic of the lesson) - Why do you need to study hissing consonants?
- Working on new material.
What do we know? 1 - What else would you like to know? Fixing students' questions on this topic in the table. What do we know?
- Is it all hissing? What else is there in Russian? Exercise 71. Read tongue twisters.
- Misha's hat knocked down the bumps.
Hedgehogs and snakes lived in a living corner.
Compilation of a short record of hissing. Zh Sh Ts Ch Sh - hissing consonants
Vocabulary work. Look in the textbook dictionary for words that begin with hissing consonants. Yolk man honest thursday scarf chauffeur puppy
Commented letter. Drawing up sentences with vocabulary words by students, recording one of them with commentary. Find a base. Underline the hissing consonants.
Letter from memory. Exercise 72. I brush my puppy. I tickle his sides. (Mutual check) - Are there hissing words in these words or not? Underline them. - Compare the pronunciation of hissing? - Are they pronounced hard or soft?
Fizminutka. If there are hissing words, then clap your hands, if not, then silence.
Group work.Choose appropriate words with hissing consonants.Cows _______________, magpies -_________________, mice -_______________, the Bears -________________, roosters -_______________, woodpeckers - _________________. 2
- Words for reference: squeak, crackle, fly, low, graze, shout, knock, growl, sleep.
- 1. There are 5 hissing consonants in Russian. 2. Exhaled air during the pronunciation of hissing consonants does not encounter obstacles. 3. Hissing consonants are only hard.
3
List of used literature:
1. Yakovleva S. G. Implementation of a new educational space:system potential L. V. Zankova, 2006
2. Gornostaev P. V. From Confucius to Zankov. The problem of the general development of students in the history of pedagogy, 2007
3. Collection. In partnership with parents. Issue. 1 (Library of a Zankovian teacher)
4. Collection. In partnership with parents. Issue. 2 (Library of a Zankovian teacher)
5. Collection. In partnership with parents. Issue. 3 (Library of a Zankovian teacher)
What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [s] — [s], [f] — [sh].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,IN,G,D,F,Z,Y,TO,L,M,H,P,R,FROM,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.
Consonants are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:
| Solid | [f] | [w] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [n❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)
Note: in elementary school, hard consonants are marked in blue, soft consonants in green, and vowels in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels BUT , ABOUT , At , S , E .
Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], injection[injection] - coal[ugal❜].
Unpaired voiced sounds [d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.
Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.
In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with
There are 21 consonants and 37 consonants in Russian:
| Letter | Sounds | Letter | Sounds | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | [b], [b"] | P | [P], [P"] | |
| IN | [in], [in"] | R | [R], [R"] | |
| G | [G], [G"] | FROM | [from], [from"] | |
| D | [d], [d"] | T | [T], [T"] | |
| F | [well], [w"] | F | [f], [f"] | |
| Z | [h], [h"] | X | [X], [X"] | |
| Y | [th"] | C | [c] | |
| TO | [to], [to"] | H | [h"] | |
| L | [l], [l"] | W | [w] | |
| M | [m], [m"] | SCH | [SCH"] | |
| H | [n], [n"] |
Consonants are hard and soft, voiced and deaf. The softness of sound in transcription is indicated by [ " ].
Hard and soft consonants
A solid consonant is produced when the consonant is followed by a vowel. A, O, U, S or E:
lo ku we fe
A soft consonant is produced when the consonant is followed by a vowel. E, Yo, I, Yu or I:
be le ki nu la
The softness of consonants is also indicated with a soft sign - b. The soft sign itself does not denote sound. It is written after a consonant letter and together with it denotes one soft consonant sound:
Lynx [lynx"], Fire [fire"], snowstorm [in the "th" ug].
Most consonants correspond to two sounds: hard and soft, such consonants are called paired.
Paired consonants for hardness - softness:
But there are consonants that correspond to only one of the sounds: hard or soft. Such consonants are called unpaired.
Unpaired hard consonants(always solid):
F [well], W [w], C [c].
Unpaired soft consonants(always soft):
H [h"], SCH[SCH"], Y [th"].
In Russian there is a long voiced soft sound [ w"]. It is found in a small number of words and is obtained only when pronouncing letter combinations. zhzh, zhzh, zhd:
reins, rattle, rain.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonants can be divided into voiceless and voiced.
Deaf consonants are called such sounds, the pronunciation of which does not use the voice. They consist only of noise. For example: sounds [ from], [w], [h"].
Voiced consonants are called such sounds, the pronunciation of which uses the voice, that is, they consist of voice and noise. For example: sounds [ R], [well], [d].
Some sounds make up a pair: voiced - deaf, such sounds are called paired.
Paired consonants for deafness - voicedness:
Unpaired voiced consonants: Y, L, M, N, R.
Unpaired voiceless consonants: X, C, H, W.
Hissing and whistling consonants
Sounds [ well], [w], [h"], [SCH"] are called hissing consonants. Sounds [ well] And [ w] are unpaired hard hissing consonants:
bug [bug], jester [jester]
Sounds [ h"] And [ SCH"] are unpaired soft hissing consonants:
siskin [h "izh], shield [shield]
Sounds [ h], [h"], [from], [from"], [c] are called whistling consonants.
Letter and sound Y
Letter Y(and short) denotes the sound [ th"]: Paradise [Paradise"].
Letter Y it is written:
- At the beginning of words:
iodine, yogurt.
- In the middle of words, before consonants:
husky, t-shirt, coffee pot.
- At the end of words:
paradise, may, yours.
Sound [ th"] is more common than letters Y, since it appears in words where there is no letter Y, but there are vowels I, E, Yu And Yo. Consider in what cases the sound [ th"] occurs in words that do not contain a letter Y:
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo are at the beginning of a word:
pit [th "ama],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo come after vowels:
blowing [blow it],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo stand after a dividing solid sign ( Kommersant):
entry [vy "ezd],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo stand after the separating soft sign ( b):
pouring [l "th" from],
- vowel AND stands after the separator soft sign ( b):
hives [st "th" and].
