Fear- a natural reaction of a person to any real or imaginary situation that threatens life or health. It cannot be argued that in an emergency, fear harms or only benefits. It all depends on the specific situation.
In long-term survival, fear can be expressed in the form of a depressive state or constant tension. With the further development of depression, hysterical reactions and even suicide attempts are possible.
Such a state practically excludes proper rest, leads to rapid exhaustion of forces, mental breakdowns, and numerous mistakes.
Quite often, in an emergency, a person finds himself alone.
Before a person who finds himself face to face with the elements, there are problems both physical and moral. Alone, it is more difficult to equip a camp, it is more difficult to make a path in the virgin snow, to be provided with food.
A person who finds himself alone in emergency conditions is more prone to emotional stress. Solitary survival is characterized by rapidly developing reactive mental states, often a person falls into a deep depression. With a long isolation from the outside world, from people in distress, auditory and visual hallucinations can be observed.
In such a situation, it is important not to give vent to emotions and rely more on reason. We must strive to fill every minute with some useful work that will distract from unnecessary thoughts.
The main thing here is to follow the rule - "Thinking is harmful! Thoughts stain the brain", which is recommended for compliance in real life. I certainly do not urge not to think at all. It's impossible. You just need to separate the analysis of the situation from the invention of a perpetual motion machine out of nothing. Simply put, you don’t need to invent any nonsense, but you need to rely on what is known to solve issues and problems that arise in such a situation based on common sense, logical thinking and knowledge.
In some cases, when loneliness begins to depress, when an urgent, obsessive need for communication appears, you can talk to yourself, discussing the current situation aloud.
Everyone should be prepared to act in an emergency. The degree of readiness should be determined by the degree of difficulty of the upcoming route.
Moral preparedness for an emergency primarily implies knowledge of self-rescue techniques. Knowledge by each member of the group of their specific actions eliminates the possibility of panic.
Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the dangers of the upcoming route, calculate all probable and even improbable situations threatening an accident, think over the group's action plan in advance in each specific case and allocate responsibilities. Everyone should know what he will do in various emergency situations.
The degree of preparedness for action in an emergency situation can be significantly affected by the general level of physical and volitional training of a person. Although there are cases when strong, professionally trained people were lost in emergency situations, in general, it should be recognized that a person who owns his emotions, is able to make decisions in a short time, and shows great restraint and rationality in actions in an emergency, has a much better chance of salvation.
A special word needs to be said about survival skills.
Knowledge of self-rescue techniques, the basics of survival gains the greatest efficiency in cases where theory merges with practice. Therefore, to be able to make fires, handle an ax correctly, choose a place for a halt, read maps, etc. good for anyone to know. I didn't need it, thank goodness. And if you suddenly got into trouble, such knowledge will come in handy.
A question of life and death
Sooner or later we will die! This is the only thing I can guarantee you. Therefore, in our life the main thing is not how long we live, but how we live. Especially in an emergency situation.
At the same time, you need to remember that if in an extreme situation you find yourself in a group of people, you need to fight not only for your life, but also for the life of your partners in misfortune with the same zeal as we would fight for our own. Because there is a possibility that a few minutes later we will find ourselves in the same situation where our lives will already be in the balance and comrades will come to our aid.
We all know the tale about an old father who, before dying, asks his sons to break a broom. His guys were strong, but the broom was never broken. And in the end, the old man unties the broom and breaks it along the twig. This is how people are - alone they break like twigs, but all together if they are connected by bonds of common help and support to each other - they are a force that more than one element cannot break.
In a collective, our life is nothing compared to the life of a collective, and therefore, if there is such a need, it can be sacrificed for the sake of the lives of others. The only thing I can say is that by saving others you will immortalize yourself in the eyes of those people for whom you gave your life.
Psychological foundations of survival
Fear is a natural human reaction to any real or imagined situation that threatens life or health. It cannot be argued that in an emergency, fear harms or only benefits. It all depends on the specific situation.
In long-term survival, fear can be expressed in the form of a depressive state or constant tension. With the further development of depression, hysterical reactions and even suicide attempts are possible.
Such a state practically excludes proper rest, leads to rapid exhaustion of forces, mental breakdowns, and numerous mistakes.
Quite often, in an emergency, a person finds himself alone.
Before a person who finds himself face to face with the elements, there are problems both physical and moral. Alone, it is more difficult to equip a camp, it is more difficult to make a path in the virgin snow, to be provided with food.
A person who finds himself alone in emergency conditions is more prone to emotional stress. Solitary survival is characterized by rapidly developing reactive mental states, often a person falls into a deep depression. With a long isolation from the outside world, from people in distress, auditory and visual hallucinations can be observed.
In such a situation, it is important not to give vent to emotions and rely more on reason. We must strive to fill every minute with some useful work that will distract from unnecessary thoughts.
The main thing here is to follow the rule - “Thinking is harmful! Thoughts dirty the brain”, which is recommended for compliance in real life. I certainly do not urge not to think at all. It's impossible. You just need to separate the analysis of the situation from the invention of a perpetual motion machine out of nothing. Simply put, you don’t need to invent any nonsense, but you need to rely on what is known to solve issues and problems that arise in such a situation based on common sense, logical thinking and knowledge.
In some cases, when loneliness begins to depress, when an urgent, obsessive need for communication appears, you can talk to yourself, discussing the current situation aloud.
Everyone should be prepared to act in an emergency. The degree of readiness should be determined by the degree of difficulty of the upcoming route.
Moral preparedness for an emergency primarily implies knowledge of self-rescue techniques. Knowledge by each member of the group of their specific actions eliminates the possibility of panic.
Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the dangers of the upcoming route, calculate all probable and even improbable situations threatening an accident, think over the group's action plan in advance in each specific case and allocate responsibilities. Everyone should know what he will do in various emergency situations.
The degree of preparedness for action in an emergency situation can be significantly affected by the general level of physical and volitional training of a person. Although there are cases when strong, professionally trained people were lost in emergency situations, in general, it should be recognized that a person who owns his emotions, is able to make decisions in a short time, and shows great restraint and rationality in actions in an emergency, has a much better chance of salvation.
A special word needs to be said about survival skills.
Knowledge of self-rescue techniques, the basics of survival gains the greatest efficiency in cases where theory merges with practice. Therefore, to be able to make fires, handle an ax correctly, choose a place for a halt, read maps, etc. good for anyone to know. I didn't need it, thank goodness. And if you suddenly got into trouble, such knowledge will come in handy.
Introduction
The relevance of this work lies in the fact that situations with extreme conditions happen often. These are not only natural disasters, hikes and sports and tourist trips, but also accidents, etc. and can happen to every person, and it is the duty of everyone to know, be able to and take those actions that will be saving and necessary in a given, specific situation.
The goal is to show the psychological side of human behavior in emergency situations.
Consider the basic psychological reactions of a person;
Analyze their causes and consequences;
Identify a list of knowledge that will help in the future to be prepared and not taken by surprise;
Exercises for training your nervous system are presented.
The object is the psychological aspects of survival in extreme conditions.
The subject is the consequences arising from non-compliance with proper measures. "Striving to survive" means "never give up."
Psychological aspects of survival
Fear
Fear is a natural human reaction to any real or imagined situation that threatens life or health. It cannot be unequivocally stated that in an emergency, fear only harms or only benefits. It all depends on the specific circumstances in which the person finds himself. The same action, performed under the influence of a feeling of fear, in one case can save a person, in another - hasten his death.
Fear not only accompanies an emergency, but often anticipates it. The impetus for forcing a sense of fear can be any unexpected event - weather deterioration, vehicle breakdown, loss of orientation, and the like. The resulting state of anxiety, anxiety, with a successful outcome of the incident, is forgotten, and with a further increase in the threat, a person begins to predict the development of events. And then anxiety can develop into a persistent feeling of fear.
With explosions, earthquakes, vehicle collisions and other unexpected dangers, a feeling of fear can arise instantly.
Behavioral reactions to danger are individual for each person and may manifest themselves differently in different situations. For people in an emergency situation, the most characteristic are several types of behavior.
The first can be conditionally defined as passive. When faced with danger, a person experiences a feeling of complete confusion. Clearly aware of the danger, he nevertheless does not know what to do at the moment so as not to aggravate his situation. A person makes erratic, meaningless movements: he suddenly starts to run, but immediately stops, starts talking, but immediately falls silent, often looks around, and the like.
Dozens of options for action flash in my mind, but none seems to be the only correct one. At such a critical moment, much depends on the leader of the group. It happens that it is enough loudly and clearly to give the appropriate command, to indicate to the person his place, to determine his actions - and the confusion disappears.
Instant Fright(for example, as a result of an explosion, an avalanche, an unexpected encounter with a snake or a predatory animal) in some cases can cause a sharp motor and mental retardation. A person freezes in a stupor, unable to perform a single purposeful action. He can't run, he can't raise his hand, he can't scream, he can't really assess the threat. This condition often ends in fainting.
Another type of reaction to danger can be conditionally designated as active. This type of behavior is characterized by instantaneous action (“impulsive behavior”). A person bounces off a falling stone, runs away from a fire, pushes a dangerous object away from himself. The scheme of action in this case is simplified to an unconditioned reflex - to be as far as possible from the source of danger.
With individual survival, this type of behavior can in many cases justify itself. With group survival, it usually leads to an aggravation of the emergency. A person jumping sharply from a real or imagined danger can cause an avalanche, a rockfall, that is, endanger the entire group. A drowning person often seeks to stay afloat at the expense of his comrades, which complicates his rescue. Sharp movements, running at an unexpected meeting with a snake or a predatory animal can provoke their attack on nearby people.
There are frequent cases when people hastily left the vehicle (ship, yacht, raft), dooming themselves to death, instead of fighting to maintain its buoyancy.
The next type of behavior, which can be conditionally defined as reasonable, is most characteristic of people who are professionally and psychologically prepared to act in emergency situations. It has long been noted that, for example, during natural disasters, the greatest personal organization and endurance are shown by people whose production activities are associated with working in special conditions - firefighters, sailors, etc.
This type of behavior is characterized by: an instant assessment of the situation, the selection of the main, directly dangerous for people's lives from a variety of factors, the adoption of the most correct decision, and the immediate implementation of this decision.
In case of accidents of vehicles (ships, aircraft), during natural disasters, in poorly prepared tourist groups, one of the most dangerous manifestations of fear can be observed - mass panic. It is dangerous, first of all, by the "hurricane" growth of collective fear, which excludes the possibility of a rational assessment of the situation.
In long-term survival, fear can be expressed in the form of a depressive state or constant tension. In the first case, a person, having lost faith in the possibility of salvation, becomes passive, loses interest in what is happening. He reacts sluggishly to threatening situations, often incorrectly. Sometimes he can sit for hours, staring at one point. Under pressure from outside, he is able to perform simple work, but without initiative and interest in the final result.
With the further development of depression, hysterical reactions and even suicide attempts are possible.
Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation
Ural State University of Physical Culture
Department of Tourism and Service
TEST
By discipline Psychology of Survival in Extreme Conditions
On the topic: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SURVIVAL
Completed:
group student №300
Marchukova Z.S.
Checked by: Radionova N.A.
Chelyabinsk 2011
Introduction
Chapter 1. Psychological Aspects of Survival
Chapter 2. Natural psychological reactions of a person in emergency situations
1 Anxiety, fear
2 Annoyance and disappointment
3 Anguish, guilt
4 Loneliness
Chapter 3 Preparation
Bibliographic list
Introduction
The relevance of this work lies in the fact that situations with extreme conditions happen often. These are not only natural disasters, hikes and sports and tourist trips, but also accidents, etc. and can happen to every person, and it is the duty of everyone to know, be able to and take those actions that will be saving and necessary in a given, specific situation.
The goal is to show the psychological side of human behavior in emergency situations.
consider the main psychological reactions of a person;
analyze their causes and consequences;
identify a list of knowledge that will help in the future to be prepared and not taken by surprise;
exercises for training your nervous system are presented.
The object is the psychological aspects of survival in extreme conditions.
The subject is the consequences arising from non-compliance with proper measures. Striving to survive means never giving up.
Chapter 1. Psychological Aspects of Survival
.1 Fear
Fear is a natural human reaction to any real or imagined situation that threatens life or health. It cannot be unequivocally stated that in an emergency, fear only harms or only benefits. It all depends on the specific circumstances in which the person finds himself. The same action, performed under the influence of a feeling of fear, in one case can save a person, in another - hasten his death.
Fear not only accompanies an emergency, but often anticipates it. The impetus for forcing a sense of fear can be any unexpected event - weather deterioration, vehicle breakdown, loss of orientation, and the like. The resulting state of anxiety, anxiety, with a successful outcome of the incident, is forgotten, and with a further increase in the threat, a person begins to predict the development of events. And then anxiety can develop into a persistent feeling of fear.
With explosions, earthquakes, vehicle collisions and other unexpected dangers, a feeling of fear can arise instantly.
Behavioral reactions to danger are individual for each person and may manifest themselves differently in different situations. For people in an emergency situation, the most characteristic are several types of behavior.
The first can be conditionally defined as passive. When faced with danger, a person experiences a feeling of complete confusion. Clearly aware of the danger, he nevertheless does not know what to do at the moment so as not to aggravate his situation. A person makes erratic, meaningless movements: he suddenly starts to run, but immediately stops, starts talking, but immediately falls silent, often looks around, and the like.
Dozens of options for action flash in my mind, but none seems to be the only correct one. At such a critical moment, much depends on the leader of the group. It happens that it is enough loudly and clearly to give the appropriate command, to indicate to the person his place, to determine his actions - and the confusion disappears.
Instant Fright(for example, as a result of an explosion, an avalanche, an unexpected encounter with a snake or a predatory animal) in some cases can cause a sharp motor and mental retardation. A person freezes in a stupor, unable to perform a single purposeful action. He can't run, he can't raise his hand, he can't scream, he can't really assess the threat. This condition often ends in fainting.
Another type of reaction to danger can be conditionally designated as active. This type of behavior is characterized by instantaneous action (impulsive behavior). A person bounces off a falling stone, runs away from a fire, pushes a dangerous object away from himself. The scheme of action in this case is simplified to an unconditioned reflex - to be as far as possible from the source of danger.
With individual survival, this type of behavior can in many cases justify itself. With group survival, it usually leads to an aggravation of the emergency. A person jumping sharply from a real or imagined danger can cause an avalanche, a rockfall, that is, endanger the entire group. A drowning person often seeks to stay afloat at the expense of his comrades, which complicates his rescue. Sharp movements, running at an unexpected meeting with a snake or a predatory animal can provoke them
Type of work: Test Subject: PsychologyPsychological aspects of survival (abstract, term paper, diploma, control)
Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation Ural State University of Physical Culture Department of Tourism and Service CONTROL WORK In the discipline "Psychology of Survival in Extreme Conditions"
On the topic: " PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SURVIVAL«
Completed:
group student № 300
Marchukova Z.S.
Checked by: Radionova N.A.
Chelyabinsk 2011
FROMcontent
Introduction Chapter 1. Psychological Aspects of Survival
1.2 Stress Chapter 2. Natural psychological reactions of a person in emergency situations
2.1 Anxiety, fear
2.2 Annoyance and frustration
2.3 Anguish, guilt
2.4 Loneliness Chapter 3 Preparation References
The relevance of this work lies in the fact that situations with extreme conditions happen often. These are not only natural disasters, hikes and sports and tourist trips, but also accidents, etc., and can happen to every person, and it is the duty of everyone to know, be able to and take those actions that will be saving and necessary in this particular situations.
The goal is to show the psychological side of human behavior in emergency situations.
- to consider the main psychological reactions of a person;
- to analyze their causes and consequences;
- to identify a list of knowledge that will help in the future to be prepared and not taken by surprise;
- exercises for training your nervous system are presented.
The object is the psychological aspects of survival in extreme conditions.
The subject is the consequences arising from non-compliance with proper measures. "Striving to survive" means "never give up."
Glava 1 . Pspsychological aspects of survival
1.1 Fear
Fear is a natural human reaction to any real or imagined situation that threatens life or health. It cannot be unequivocally stated that in an emergency, fear only harms or only benefits. It all depends on the specific circumstances in which the person finds himself. The same action, performed under the influence of a feeling of fear, in one case can save a person, in another - hasten his death.
Fear not only accompanies an emergency, but often anticipates it. The impetus for forcing a sense of fear can be any unexpected event - weather deterioration, vehicle breakdown, loss of orientation, and the like. The resulting state of anxiety, anxiety, with a successful outcome of the incident, is forgotten, and with a further increase in the threat, a person begins to predict the development of events. And then anxiety can develop into a persistent feeling of fear.
With explosions, earthquakes, vehicle collisions and other unexpected dangers, a feeling of fear can arise instantly.
Behavioral reactions to danger are individual for each person and may manifest themselves differently in different situations. For people in an emergency situation, the most characteristic are several types of behavior.
The first can be conditionally defined as passive. When faced with danger, a person experiences a feeling of complete confusion. Clearly aware of the danger, he nevertheless does not know what to do at the moment so as not to aggravate his situation. A person makes erratic, meaningless movements: he suddenly starts to run, but immediately stops, starts talking, but immediately falls silent, often looks around, and the like.
Dozens of options for action flash in my mind, but none seems to be the only correct one. At such a critical moment, much depends on the leader of the group. It happens that it is enough loudly and clearly to give the appropriate command, to indicate to the person his place, to determine his actions - and the confusion passes.
Instant Fright(for example, as a result of an explosion, an avalanche, an unexpected encounter with a snake or a predatory animal) in some cases can cause a sharp motor and mental retardation. A person freezes in a stupor, unable to perform a single purposeful action. He can't run, he can't raise his hand, he can't scream, he can't really assess the threat. This condition often ends in fainting.
Another type of reaction to danger can be conditionally designated as active. This type of behavior is characterized by instantaneous action (“impulsive behavior”). A person bounces off a falling stone, runs away from a fire, pushes a dangerous object away from himself. The scheme of action in this case is simplified to an unconditioned reflex - to be as far as possible from the source of danger.
With individual survival, this type of behavior can in many cases justify itself. With group survival, it usually leads to an aggravation of the emergency. A person jumping sharply from a real or imagined danger can cause an avalanche, a rockfall, that is, endanger the entire group. A drowning person often seeks to stay afloat at the expense of his comrades, which complicates his rescue. Sharp movements, running at an unexpected meeting with a snake or a predatory animal can provoke their attack on nearby people.
There are frequent cases when people hastily left the vehicle (ship, yacht, raft), dooming themselves to death, instead of fighting to maintain its buoyancy.
The next type of behavior, which can be conditionally defined as reasonable, is most characteristic of people who are professionally and psychologically prepared to act in emergency situations. It has long been noted that, for example, during natural disasters, the greatest personal organization and endurance are shown by people whose production activities are associated with work in special conditions - firefighters, sailors, etc.
This type of behavior is characterized by: an instant assessment of the situation, the selection of the main, directly dangerous for people's lives from a variety of factors, the adoption of the most correct decision, and the immediate implementation of this decision.
In case of accidents of vehicles (ships, aircraft), during natural disasters in poorly prepared tourist groups, one of the most dangerous manifestations of fear can be observed - mass panic. It is dangerous, first of all, by the "hurricane" growth of collective fear, which excludes the possibility of a rational assessment of the situation.
In long-term survival, fear can be expressed in the form of a depressive state or constant tension. In the first case, a person, having lost faith in the possibility of salvation, becomes passive, loses interest in what is happening. He reacts sluggishly to threatening situations, often incorrectly. Sometimes he can sit for hours, staring at one point. Under pressure from outside, he is able to perform simple work, but without initiative and interest in the final result.
With the further development of depression, hysterical reactions and even suicide attempts are possible.
1.2 Stress
In order to understand our psychological reactions in a life-threatening environment, it is necessary to learn more about stress.
Stress is not a disease that can be cured, each of us experiences stress from time to time. Stress is a reaction to tension, a feeling that results from the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual response to life's difficulties.
Need in stress
Since stress has many positive effects, we need it. Stress challenges us, thus giving us a chance to discover our virtues and strengths. Stress shows our ability to cope with difficulties, tests our adaptability and flexibility, and encourages us to give our best. Minor incidents are not usually considered as embarrassments, stress is a great indicator of the significance of an event to us, in other words, it indicates the importance of an event.
We need some stress, but an overdose of it can be harmful. The goal should be tension, not overvoltage. Too much stress leads to anxiety. Anxiety causes tension, which we are trying to get rid of and which is preferable to avoid. Listed below are some of the symptoms of anxiety that you or your peers may experience when under extreme stress:
Difficulty in making decisions, outbursts of rage, forgetfulness, lack of energy, constant worrying, propensity to make mistakes, thoughts of death or suicide, withdrawal from others, avoidance of responsibility, carelessness.
Stress can be constructive and destructive. It can encourage and discourage, move us forward or stop us, make life meaningful or seemingly meaningless. Stress can inspire you to be successful and make the most of your life in a life-threatening situation. It can also cause panic and make you forget all the skills. The key to survival is the ability to deal with inevitable stress. A survivor is one who works on his stress instead of letting the stress work on him.
Stress in life threatening situations
Any event can cause stress, and as everyone may have experienced, such events do not always come one by one. Often stressful events happen at the same time. By themselves, they are not stress, but they cause it and therefore are called stressors. Stress is a response to stressors. Once the body recognizes the presence of a stressor, it tries to defend itself.
Experiencing stress, the body seeks to either overcome it or get rid of it. The body sends an internal SOS signal. When the organs respond to it, various reactions occur. The body releases stored fuel (sugars and fats) for rapid energy supply; breathing accelerates to saturate the blood with oxygen; muscles tense up to be ready for action. The blood coagulation mechanism is activated to prevent heavy bleeding, the senses are sharpened (hearing becomes clearer, the pupils dilate, the sense of smell becomes sharper) in order to be alert; heart rate and blood pressure increase to provide more blood flow to the muscles. This state allows the body to cope with potential dangers, but the body cannot maintain this level of alertness indefinitely.
Stressors are not very nice to us - the appearance of another stressor does not mean the disappearance of the old one, they overlap. The cumulative effect of minor stressors can lead to significant distress. The resistance of the body gradually falls, and the sources of stress continue their action, which leads to exhaustion. At this point, the ability to extract positive effects from stress dries up, and signs of an anxiety disorder appear. Preventing stress and developing a strategy to get rid of it are two ingredients of effective stress management.
injury, illness and death
Injury, illness or death is something that a person striving to survive can quite realistically face. Perhaps nothing is more stressful than being alone in an unfamiliar environment, facing the threat of being killed by an attack or accident. Injury or illness can increase stress by limiting your ability to move, get food and water, find shelter, and defend yourself. Even if the illness and injury does not lead to death, stress will increase due to pain and discomfort. It is only by controlling the stress associated with vulnerability to injury, disease, and death that one can muster enough courage to face the dangers of survival.
Uncertainty and loss of control
People have difficulty operating in an environment where everything is not clear. A life-threatening situation can only give one guarantee: nothing can be guaranteed. Actions in a situation where information about the environment and control over it is limited lead to tremendous tension. Uncertainty and loss of control is superimposed on the stress of being hurt, sick or killed.
Environment
Even under ideal conditions, nature is very formidable. Trying to survive, a person struggles with the stressors of weather, terrain, and the diversity of creatures inhabiting the territory. Heat or cold, rain, wind, mountains, swamps, deserts, insects, dangerous reptiles and other animals are just some of the threats that await man. Depending on how a person can cope with environmental stress, it can either become a source of water and protection, or cause extreme discomfort, leading to injury, illness or death.
hunger and thirst
Without water and food, the body weakens and eventually dies. Thus, food and water supplies become increasingly important over time in a life-threatening situation. For a person who has used his supplies, the search for food becomes a significant source of stress [23, www.site].
Fatigue
The more you try to survive, the more tired you become. It is likely that fatigue can reach the point where constant vigilance becomes a stressor.
Insulation
Being part of a team when facing danger comes with certain advantages. Contact with other people provides a sense of security, a sense that someone will come to the rescue if a problem arises. A significant stressor is that an individual or team must rely on their own strength.
This is not a complete list of stressors you may encounter. What is stressful for one may not be so for another. Experience, training, personal outlook, physical and psychological preparation, self-confidence will affect what you feel creating tension. The task is not to avoid stress, but to successfully cope with stressors and make them work for you.
Glava 2 . Natural psychological human reactions inemergency situations
2.1 Anxiety, fear
Throughout its existence, humanity has experienced many changes in its environment. Man's ability to physically and psychologically adapt to a changing world has kept us alive, while many other species gradually died out. The same mechanisms that allowed our ancestors to survive will help us survive. However, if we do not understand them, these mechanisms can work against us.
Not surprisingly, different people can have similar psychological reactions to a life-threatening situation.
Fear
Fear is our emotional response to dangerous conditions when we believe they can cause death, injury, or illness. This harm is not limited to physical damage only, the threat to emotional and mental well-being also causes fear. For a person trying to survive, fear can have a positive function if it encourages cautious action in situations where recklessness will lead to injury. Unfortunately, fear can paralyze a person.
A person can become so frightened that he fails to perform activities that are the basis of survival. Most people experience fear when entering an unfamiliar environment in adverse conditions. There is nothing to be ashamed of. Each person must train not to become a victim of their own fear. Ideally, through realistic training, we acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to increase our courage and thus cope with our fears.
Anxiety
Anxiety is also associated with fear. Feeling anxious is just as natural to us as being afraid. Anxiety can be an uncomfortable feeling when faced with dangerous situations (physical, mental and emotional). In its healthy form, anxiety motivates us to cope with the danger that threatens our existence. If we never worry, we will have nowhere to get the motivation to change our lives. In a life-threatening situation, a person reduces anxiety by performing those actions that are aimed at successfully passing through difficult tests. By reducing anxiety, a person takes control of its source - fears. In this form, worry 0 is good, but it can also be devastating. Anxiety can overwhelm a person to such an extent that he becomes confused. Once this happens, making the right decisions will become more and more difficult. In order to survive, a person must learn techniques to reduce anxiety and keep it in such a framework that it is beneficial, not harmful.
2.2 Irritation and disappointment
Disappointment comes as a result of numerous fruitless attempts to achieve the goal. The goal of survival is to stay alive until you get to a place where you can be helped, or until help comes to you. In order to achieve the goal, you must complete certain tasks with a minimum amount of resources. It is likely that something will go wrong and get out of control. When life is at stake, every mistake is costly. Therefore, sooner or later, people have to cope with disappointment when their part of their plans is frustrated due to some circumstances. Disappointment creates irritation. There are many different situations that can be frustrating or infuriating. Damaged or forgotten equipment, weather, inhospitable terrain, and physical limitations are just a few examples of sources of frustration and annoyance. Frustration and irritation cause impulsive reactions, irrational behavior and ill-conceived decisions. But, if a person can direct the emotions of irritation and disappointment in the right direction, he will be able to overcome the trials that have fallen to his lot. If he fails to focus his emotions, he will waste a lot of energy on activities that will not do much for his survival, or for the survival of the people around him.
2.3 Anguish, guilt
Behavioral Extreme Psychological Nervous It is rare to find a person who, faced with hardship, does not at least for a moment fall into despondency. When it intensifies, we call it depression or sadness. Depression is associated with frustration and annoyance, a frustrated person becomes more and more annoyed when he cannot achieve his goals. If the irritation does not help the person, the level of frustration rises. The destructive cycle between disappointment and irritation continues until the person wears out physically, emotionally and psychologically. Depression is an expression of this feeling of hopelessness and helplessness. There is nothing wrong with being sad when you think about your loved ones and remember civilized life. Thoughts like these make you want to try even harder to get through another day. But if you allow yourself to fall into anguish, it will drain all your strength, and, most importantly, your will to survive.
Guilt
The circumstances that put you in a difficult situation can often be dramatic. It could be an accident or a disaster in which people lost their lives. You may have survived alone, or one of the few. Naturally, you are glad that you survived, but at the same time, mourn for the dead, who were less fortunate than you. It is not uncommon for survivors to feel guilty about being saved while others do not. This feeling, in a positive way, inspires people, giving them faith that life has been given to them so that they fulfill some of their destiny. Sometimes people try to stay alive in order to continue the work of those who died. Regardless of the reason you choose for yourself, don't let guilt get in the way of your life. Those who refuse the chance given to them will achieve nothing. This act will be the greatest tragedy.
2.4 Loneliness
Before a person who finds himself face to face with the elements, there are problems both physical and moral. Alone, it is more difficult to equip a long-term campfire bivouac, it is more difficult to make a trail in the virgin snow, to be provided with food, it is almost impossible, without special equipment, to organize reliable insurance when overcoming difficult terrain, and much more.
A person who finds himself alone in emergency conditions is more prone to emotional stress. Solitary survival is characterized by rapidly developing reactive mental states, often a person falls into a deep depression. With a long isolation from the outside world, from people in distress, auditory and visual hallucinations can be observed.
In such a situation, it is very important not to give free rein to your emotions and rely more on reason. We must strive to fill every minute with some useful work that will distract from unnecessary thoughts. In some cases, when loneliness begins to oppress, when an urgent, obsessive need for communication appears, you can talk to yourself, discussing the current situation aloud, you can communicate with inanimate objects, nature or distant loved ones. Often such a simple trick saved people who made long solo trips from insanity.
Chapter 3 Preparation
In an extreme situation, your mission is to survive. You may experience a rich variety of thoughts and emotions. It may work for you, or it may lead to your death. Fear, anxiety, irritation, frustration, guilt, depression, and loneliness are all possible responses to many stressors. Properly controlling them, you can increase the likelihood of survival. They encourage you to spend more time training to fight back fear, to take measures to ensure life and safety, to fight, even if the power is not on your side. If a person cannot properly control his reactions, this leads to his inaction. Instead of bringing into action their internal resources, a person begins to listen to his fears. He will suffer psychological defeat even before he dies physically.
Remember, the desire to survive is natural for everyone, but suddenly being between life and death, fighting for survival is not. Don't be afraid of your natural reactions to this unnatural situation. Prepare yourself and you will prevail over them.
Preparation includes making sure that your responses to an emergency will be productive, not destructive. The task of survival has given rise to countless examples of heroism, bravery and self-sacrifice. These qualities can come about through proper preparation. Listed below are a few tips for psychological preparation. Having studied this material, you will be able to form your own position, the position of a person striving to stay alive.
Know yourself
Through training, family and friends, find out who you are from the inside. Strengthen your strongest qualities and develop the abilities necessary for survival.
Warn your fear
Don't pretend you're not afraid of anything. Think about what will scare you the most if you find yourself in a situation where you have to survive alone. Train in areas that bother you. Your task is not to destroy fear, but to develop confidence that you can act in spite of it.
Be Realistic
Don't be afraid to be honest about the situation. Learn to see things as they are, not as you would like them to be. Keep your hopes and expectations within the estimated environment. If you find yourself in an emergency with unrealistic expectations, you will lay the foundation for bitter disappointment. Remember and follow the saying: "Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst." It is much easier to adapt to a pleasant surprise unexpectedly presented by fortune than to be upset because of unexpected unfavorable conditions.
Think Positive
Learn to see the positive side of everything. The search for good sides not only raises morale, but also perfectly develops your imagination and creativity.
Remember about that on the horse
Remember, poor psychological preparation for survival leads to reactions such as depression, carelessness, inattention, loss of faith, poor decision making, and goal abandonment. Your life and the lives of those who depend on you are at stake.
Train
By training and building up life experience, you will prepare yourself for difficult conditions. Demonstrating your skills in training will give you confidence when you have to put them into practice, in a real emergency situation. Remember, the more realistic the training, the more manageable the difficult situation. "It's hard to learn, easy to fight."
Learn to manage stress
People who are in a stressful situation are potential alarmists if they are not trained and psychologically prepared for any circumstances. Although we, in most cases, cannot control the situation in which we find ourselves, it is in our power to control the attitude towards it. By learning to manage stress, you can greatly develop the ability to stay cool and focus on saving yourself and others. It is necessary to develop relaxation skills, time management skills, assertiveness and cognitive restructuring skills (the ability to control your perception of the situation). Remember, "strive to survive" means "never give up."
Bibliographic list
1. Peter Darman "Textbook of survival in extreme conditions."
2. Buryak A. V. "Methods of autonomous human survival in nature" - Moscow, 2005
3. Volovich V. G. "Man in extreme conditions of the natural environment" - Moscow, 2007
4. Mikhailov L. A. "OBZh" - Moscow. 1999
5. Maslov A. G., Konstantinov Yu. S., Latchuk V. N. “Methods of autonomous survival in nature” - Moscow.
6. Yakovlev A. T., Kovalenko V. G. "Psychology of survival" - 2004
Fill out the form with current workOther jobs
coursework
CHAPTER I. MEANING AND SPECIFICITY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE 1.1.1 DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT The field of psychological assistance is a fairly new area of social practice for our country, since earlier, from the point of view of A.F. Bondarenko, the ideologization of public life did not imply a wide development of such institutions. Therefore, it becomes necessary to determine this ...
coursework
The relevance of research. The shortage of healthcare professionals is felt everywhere both in Russia and in all countries of the world. According to WHO, the total shortage of medical workers is estimated at four million specialists. Human resource issues are the highest priority in strengthening the national health system. Meanwhile, there is a trend...
Control
The founder of the French school of psychology is considered to be an outstanding scientist, T. Ribot (1839−1916). After graduating from the medical faculty at the Sorbonne, he took up the study of philosophy, received a doctorate in philosophy. In 1885 he became a professor at the Sorbonne, and in 1888 a professor at the College de France, one...
coursework
The relevance of research. Primary school age is a period of positive changes and transformations. Therefore, the level of achievements made by each child at this age stage is so important. If a child at this age does not feel the joy of learning, does not acquire the ability to learn, does not learn to make friends, does not gain confidence in his ...
