1. Verbs in the indefinite form in modern Russian tend to shift the stress to the beginning of the word.
For example, earlier the norm of pronunciation was glue. Now the standard pronunciation is glue.
This trend is most clearly manifested in two- and three-syllable verbs: to banish, to force.
In polysyllabic words, along with this, there is a tendency to the so-called balance of syllables, when the stress is placed in the middle of the word:
subscribe, dose, copy, tack, mount, motivate, telegraph, transport, electrify.
However, as in other cases, these processes occur in the language inconsistently and with different intensity (they are most clearly manifested in vernacular and colloquial speech). Sometimes both pronunciation options coexist in the literary language as equal or as basic and acceptable, that is, less desirable.
note
Pay attention to the place of stress in the following verbs:
but) the only normative option is with an accent at the end of the word: cheer up, cheer up, cheer up, cheer up, cheer up(but: hollow out), sparkle, sour, lighten, tickle, powder, powder, powder, powder, speed up, speed up, deepen, deepen, simplify, simplify, turn purple, occupy, start, understand, accept, mischievous, pamper, spoil, indulge, bombard, bombard seal, reward, equip;
b) the only normative option is with stress at the beginning and in the middle of the word: echo, silt, clog, clog, uncork, uncork, sugar, vulgarize, compel, coerce, strengthen, mold, mold, scoop, exhaust (!), run out, asphalt, asphalt, block, block, copy, compost;
in) equal options - with stress at the end of the word, in the middle and at the beginning of the word: swirl And swirl, sparkle And sparkle, oxidize And oxidize, oxidize And oxidize, rust And rust, rust - rust, rust - rust, corrugate And corrugate;
G) the main option is with an accent in the middle or at the beginning of a word, but it is acceptable - an accent at the end of a word: pepper - pepper, pepper - pepper, chill - chill.
Currently, orthoepic dictionaries give as valid pronunciations - aggravate, aggravate, however, such a pronunciation is still undesirable. It is preferable, especially in a formal setting, to pronounce - aggravate, aggravate.
The pronunciation of many of these verbs is an indicator of a person's speech culture. Pay special attention to the pronunciation of the words: cheer up, hollow out, facilitate, deepen, begin, understand, accept, indulge, vulgarize, force, mold, scoop, exhaust.
2. The past tense forms of verbs usually keep the same stress on the same syllable as in the indefinite form:
clog - clog, speed up - speed up, invest - invested, infect - infected, seal - sealed.
At the same time, in the formation of past tense forms for many monosyllabic and disyllabic verbs, a model is used that is characteristic of monosyllabic and disyllabic short adjectives: when forming the feminine form, the stress falls on the ending, in other cases - on the stem:
start - started, started, started, started; to tear - tore, tore, tore, tore; understand - understood, understood, understood, understood; accept - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.
note
Type forms started, understood, understood etc. not only are non-normative, but also indicate a very low culture of the speaker!
According to this model, past tense forms of verbs are also formed:
take, twist, drive, tear, wait, live, occupy, call, elect, curse, lie, pour, drink, swim, tear, blow up, be known, sleep and etc.
Basically, the past tense forms of the verbs take, give, weave are formed according to the same model, but here, as with short adjectives, there are some deviations from the model:
take - took, took, took and took, took; give - gave, gave, gave and gave, gave; weave - weave, weave and weave, weave, weave.
When forming prefixed verbs, the pattern is usually preserved, but the stress is often transferred from the root to the prefix ( give - gave, gave, gave, gave), although in recent decades there has been a tendency to preserve the stress on the root (along with the pronunciation gave away, gave away pronunciation allowed gave away, gave away).
note
It should also be noted that not all one- and two-syllable verbs form the past tense according to this model. In particular, the stress in the forms of verbs is unchanged. put, lay and their derivatives ( laid, laid, laid, laid; made, made, made, made). Moving the accent to the endings ( put) indicates a very low culture of the speaker!
Certain fluctuations are also observed in the formation of past tense forms in reflexive verbs.
pay special attention into verbs be born, begin, take on, drink in, take on, hire: born And was born; has begun(not right - started, started); took, took(possibly outdated - took, not right - took); dug into(possibly outdated - got drunk), got drunk, got drunk(not right - got drunk, got drunk); got busy(not right - got busy), started(permissible - accepted, wrong - started).
3. In the present and future simple, the stress tends to move to the beginning of the word:
whiten - whiten, twirl - twirl, pray - pray, lay - lay, befriend - befriend, deserve - deserve, heal - heal, ship - ship, cook - cook.
But such a movement is not always the literary norm. So, pronunciation is considered a very gross mistake hammer instead of the normative hammering. The pronunciation is wrong turn on, close, call, infect and etc.
The following pronunciations are standard:
invigorate - invigorate, cheer up - cheer up, drill - drill, loosen - loosen, impute - impute, excite - excite, yell - yell, muffle - muffle, muffle - muffle, call - call, call, call - call - call call back, turn on - turn on, turn on - turn on, conclude - conclude, connect - connect, reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconciles), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconciles), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconcile), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconcile), to reconcile - to reconcile, to powder - to powder, to infect - to infect, to become infected - to become infected, to facilitate - to facilitate, to fasten - to seal a document with his signature, to fasten - to hold together, to deepen - to deepen, to diminish - to diminish, to aggravate - to aggravate(since the form is acceptable, but still undesirable - aggravate, then the form - aggravate).
Stress may also depend on the meaning of the word.
For example, the verb bring down in the meanings of "make fall, overturn" and the colloquial "shift responsibility, blame on someone" in the present tense has an emphasis on the basis ( The lumberjack cuts down a tree; The defendant blames others). Homonym verb bring down- “go, move in a crowd”; "to go, fall or rise in a solid mass, stream" ( The people are pouring in; Snow falls in flakes) - in the present tense it has two standard pronunciation options: the main one - with an accent on the ending ( knocks down), and less desirable, but acceptable, with an accent based on ( knocks down).
How to put stress in words? This question, one way or another, is asked at least sometimes by each of us. What words we use, how correctly we pronounce the stress - all this determines the literacy of our speech. A competent speech is a matter of honor for any self-respecting person.
We will talk about what it is and whether there are any rules for setting stress in Russian.
A bit of theory
Each word has its own stressed syllable, which is pronounced with slightly more force than all the others. This is the accent.
It is noteworthy that in Japanese the emphasis on the syllable is done with the help of pitch, in Latin - with the duration of the vowel sound, and Russian, French, English use stress.
But there are no clear rules regarding where to put the stress in a word, because in Russian it is free.
Here is what V. Pakhomov, editor-in-chief of the Gramota.ru website, says about this:
Rules and exceptions to the rules
But there are still rules with numerous exceptions regarding how stress is placed. They are used for different parts of speech, and for each of them they are different.
For verbs
For nouns
- if a word came to us from a foreign language, this does not mean that it will retain its stressed pronunciation: for example, it has changed in the word laptop, not laptop, and remains as it is in the words blinds, broth, champignon, etc .;
- in nouns that have the word “meter” in their composition, it is precisely it that is emphasized: kilometer, millimeter;
- the root “log” in words is stressed; the exception is analogue and words that indicate the occupation, for example, paleontologist;
- in nouns with the word “wire” in the meaning of “transport”, “WATER” is emphasized: water pipeline, oil pipeline; exception - electric wire, electric drive;
- verbal nouns retain the accent: provision - to provide.
For adjectives
- some adjectives are consonant with the nouns from which they originated: plum - plum;
- in some cases, in a short and comparative form, the emphasis is on the ending: slender - slender - slenderer;
- if in the initial form the stressed middle of the word, then in the comparative form it does not change: beautiful - more beautiful.
For the sacraments
- words with an accent on the end: filmed, locked, busy;
- participles with the first stressed syllable: ground from the verb to grind, bent from the verb to bend.
For adverbs
For gerunds
- stressed verbal syllables are preserved: raise - lifting, repay - repay.
Features of setting stress in Russian
In some words, stressed syllables change over time due to language changes. If earlier they said cook, roll, give, today such pronunciation cuts the ear. We correctly emphasize the words and say cook, roll, give.
This category also includes the word ringing, with the correct pronunciation of which there is a lot of confusion. It is likely that over time we will begin to say calls, although today such a pronunciation is considered incorrect, but in colloquial speech it is allowed.
For any variant of stress in a word to become acceptable, it must be used by the majority of educated people.
And where to put the stress in the word means? Do you know?
In the words “means” and “means”, whether it is the means of production, finance or the media, the stress is always E. This is a rule without exception.
It should be noted that in some words the free stress performs a meaningful function. For example, maintenance - maintenance, feedback - feedback.
It can also be mobile if it changes when the form of the word changes, for example, fang, canine, fangs.
And it happens to be motionless when it does not depend on it, for example, clog, clog.
In Russian, there are words for which different pronunciations are acceptable:
What to do and how to remember
What to do when there are no uniform rules, and you do not want to repeat the wrong, with firmly rooted errors, words?
There is an exit:
Well, now let's try to pass the test - put the correct stress in the words:
Happened? Fine!
Conclusion
Let's work on our speech. Let your native language sound free and beautiful!
Stress in Russian, unlike, for example, French or Polish, is free. It can fall on any part of the word: be at its beginning, stem or end. Therefore, difficulties with its correct placement can be not only for those for whom Russian is foreign, but also for native speakers.
In contact with
Difficulties and annoying mistakes
Almost every person experienced uncertainty about how to properly stress a particular word. IN - words with movable stress. This means that its placement can change when the word form changes.
Therefore, people often doubt how to pronounce: FROM AIRPORT OR AIRPORT, directory or directory, cakes or cakes, clog or clog - that is, put the stress on the second or third syllable. In words, doused and turn on at the end or at the base? The list of doubts goes on.
A textbook example of an ingrained error in the masses is phrase you pr BUT you who persist in saying you are right, or calls instead of ringing. In official speeches, reports, etc. often instead of contract, you can hear the contract. You can make a list of office and stationery» words that are incorrectly pronounced by quite literate people, moreover, in their own language. Mistakes are repeated, fixed and become typical.
Correct speech says a lot about degree of education of a person, professionalism, intelligence and personal qualities. How to avoid annoying mistakes?
What to do?
How to put stress on borrowed words x in languages with static stress is easy to remember, since there is a single rule of orthoepy. For example, in French, firmly established in our everyday life: blinds, chassis, coupe, - the stress always falls on the last syllable.
In Russian, there is a single rule about how to put stress in "difficult" words, missing. Of course, how to check the correct accent with orthoepic dictionary, everyone knows. For reference, you can use both electronic and paper versions. But not everyone knows that there are other methods. They can not only check word stress, but also to fix in memory correct pronunciation.
You can check the correct stress using the spelling dictionary.
Memory is different
Specialists distinguish different types of memory. Each of them plays a role in the formation of human literacy:
- Visual memory will help preserve the visual image. Correct stress, highlighted with a bright marker, will be remembered for sure. The list can be hung both at home and in the office.
- Always putting the emphasis correctly in "difficult" cases will help auditory memory. To do this, you need to say the words aloud several times or even sing them. The arrangement will "settle" in memory. After all, it is no coincidence that the lines of hits are so easy to remember.
- speech motor memory with the help of physical organs of speech will help to remember , how to put the correct stress in a particular case. The word must be clearly pronounced aloud several times. Muscle memory will store the pattern of the movement made.
Attention! All methods of memorization are based on certain types of human memory. Usually, each person is dominated by some particular type of memory. Therefore, it is important to know which memory is most developed in you.
Memorization methods
Always in sight
Easier to remember words correct accent accompanied by funny pictures. They can be printed or drawn and kept in a conspicuous place.
Words with the correct stress of frequently used words business you can include in such a list and hang at home or in the office:
- rolled ABOUT G;
- including AND T;
- virgins E lopment;
- provide E chenie;
- quart BUT l;
- move BUT Thainess;
- prin I in;
- on Wednesdays BUT m;
- money BUT mi;
- great danes ABOUT R.
Before a speech or report, it is enough for the owner of the list to run through the list with his eyes, and in the word the stress on the last syllable will be deposited in memory.
Correct word stress.
Attention! Competent public speech with thoughtful construction logic, correct pronunciation and intonation will make the desired impression on the audience.
funny rhymes
arrangement syllabic stress very important for the formation of poetic rhyme. Therefore, rhyme can be used to determine, in case of doubt, the stress that is the norm. In most cases, rhymed verses will help determine the stress in words.
funny memory rhymes is a good way to remember how to pronounce words that cause difficulties. For example:
- My blouse is off BUT, it turned out that it wasn't.
- I will go to Courchevel to eat shchav there E l.
- I drank in a hurry BUT and poured water BUT sing!
- The one who loves ABOUT mouths, don't wear shorts!
- If you are with money BUT we are going to Miami!
- I took into account our agreement and drew up a dog ABOUT R!
- Little came today I r, and yesterday the table came I R.
- Ouch! Just look: on my wall - graff AND you!
- My ears are ringing or someone is ringing to me AND T?
- He was tired and sat on a stump, tightened his rem E n.
As can be seen from the funny rhymes, it is not at all difficult to determine the normative stress in "insidious" words. Similar verses for memory training can be found on the Internet, in specialized literature, or you can come up with your own. This easy way of remembering is often used by graduates when passing the Russian language.
Funny rhymes like emoticons
Stories to remember
Get rid of doubts about correct accents short stories will help. For example, to remember what is removed in a word BUT the correct stress is placed on the last syllable, we come up with a plot: the thing is quickly removed because not TA. The consonance of the main (in which the stress is problematic) and the auxiliary word helps to remember the stressed syllable. In addition, the figurative-plot series is also included in the work of memory.
Another option is to present a story-picture. For example: "We draw THAT I sew THAT flu." Thus it is easy to remember that the stressed syllable in the word "t At flask" - " THAT».
Emphasis on words. How right?
We learn to put stress in a word. Literacy education
Output
Sometimes even educated people encounter stress problems: they make mistakes or are not quite sure of the correct choice of their option. Simple and affordable ways will help to get rid of these doubts forever.
1. In nouns, f.r. in the form of V.p. unit the accent falls on the ending or
on the basis - country - country, hand - hand (specified in the dictionary).
2. In nouns 3 cl. in R.p. plural the accent falls on the stem or
ending prank - pranks, Branch-Ostraley and branches.
3. Some nouns 3 cl. with prepositions in, on have an accent on
ending - in the chest, on the stove, sometimes the emphasis falls on the pretext - to no avail, behind the ear, From the forest, for two, three, in the evening.
4. If the stress is applied. in short form f.r. falls on the ending, then short.f.
cf. and m.r. the stress falls on the stem and coincides with the stress in the full form - white, white, white, white.
5. Adjectives in short form in plural there may be fluctuations in stress - white
white, low-low (excl. light, right).
6. If in short.f. attach. zh.r. the stress falls on the ending, then in compare. step.
On the suffix - full - full.
7. If in short.f. attach. zh.r. stress on the ending, then in comparative
degree, it falls on the base - more beautiful-beautiful.
8. In ch. past temp. unit zh.r. the correct accent will be not on the basis of the word, but on
ending - took, but did not take. The prefix you- “pulls” the stress on itself - kicked out, called out, but drove it away, called.
9. The particle sya- changes the stress in the verb. pl., sometimes in v. cf. units, in which
it coincides with the stress in the beginning of the f. - call - called, called, called, but called, called.
10. In most verbs. 2 conjugations Stress in present forms placed on the basis, and
not at the end - friendly, beckoning, but calling.
11. In ch. two groups are distinguished on - to - with an emphasis on I and on A -
telegraph, force, group, march.
12. In passive adverbs. Past time accent in f. zh.r. in some cases falls to
endings, in others - on the prefix - zadrana, Elected, named.
13. Passive adverbs. Past vr., formed from the verb. on –ated
(illustrate-illustrated), and the form on -illustrate corresponds to the form on -irOveny (to form - formed).
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
locked-error (correctly locked)
will make it easier - error (correctly facilitate)
for a long time
folded– error (correctly folded)
inhabited
seal - error (correctly sealed)
endowed
reward - error (correctly reward)
folded
more beautiful
encourage - mistake (correctly encourage)
get through
adopted
religions
perspicacious - error (correctly clear)
facilities- error (correct means)
significant
understood - error (correctly understood)
airports
most beautiful
document
utterly
Clala- error (correctly put)
before dark
pinch - error (correctly clamped)
more beautiful
bows - error (correct bows)
most beautiful
transfused
intention
water pipes - error (correct plumbing)
nadElit- mistake (correctly put on)
divided
starting
understood
leisure - error (correct leisure)
airports
catalog - error (correct directory)
kitchen
tamed - bug (properly tamed)
plum
delivered
before dark
withdrew
hyphen - error (correct hyphen)
accountants - mistake (correct accountants)
more beautiful
cakes - error (correct cakes)
ease
disabled - error (properly disabled)
fruit
agreement- error (correct agreement)
embraced
mosaic
get through
having arrived - error (correct arrived)
drenched
get through
amassed - error (correctly made)
CRANES – error (correct taps)
removed - error (correctly removed A)
will repeat- error (correctly repeat)
adolescence
drills - error (correctly drilled)
seal
dispensary
skinned
cakes - error (correct cakes)
plum
endowed
locked– error (correctly locked)
deepen
news
uncorked
more beautiful - error (correct is prettier)
started - error (correctly started)
embitter
An important part of linguistics is orthoepy - the science that studies pronunciation. It is she who answers the question of whether to emphasize in different cases. Without knowledge of this, competent oral speech is impossible. Incorrectly placed stress not only makes a person ridiculous in the eyes of interlocutors, but also seriously complicates the communication process, because the word can eventually change its meaning ... Our article is devoted to the topic "Correct stress in words." How to put stress correctly, we will consider in this publication in more detail.
Word stress is the emphasis of one of the syllables of a word with the help of voice. The pronunciation of a stressed vowel requires a special strain on the organs of speech and phonation. The syllable pronounced with the greatest force is called stressed.
In addition to verbal, there is also syntagmic stress (highlights a certain word in a syntagma), phrasal (highlights a syntagma in a phrase) and logical (highlights a word to emphasize its semantic dominance over others in a given context).
Types of word stress
Word stresses also have their subspecies. The division is carried out taking into account what means and methods of staging are used in a particular language. This is how they distinguish:
It should be noted that several means of acoustics can be combined in the same stress. In addition, in different words of the same sentence, stress can be more pronounced and vice versa.
Designation of stress in writing
In addition to the peculiarities of setting, there are still different ways of designation. For example, in the international phonetic alphabet, stress is indicated by a vertical line or a line above the syllable. In Russian, it is sometimes denoted by the sign “akut”, which is placed above. In English, they put a stroke at the end of the stressed word. In some dictionaries, stress is indicated by a combination of bold and
Stress in Russian
The stressed syllables of the Russian language have a longer pronunciation compared to other parts of the word. But the height of the selected vowel can change. There are many languages among the world's languages where stress is a stable and fixed thing. Like, for example, the French, who always emphasize the last syllable in a word if it is pronounced separately. And in the whole phrase, everything except the final word is unstressed. Only the last syllable of the rhythmic group (actually, the phrase) stands out.
There are no such patterns in Russian. The stress can fall on any syllable. Moreover, it can change in word forms. Therefore, it is not always easy to correctly place stresses. Especially for a person who is not a native speaker.
Who is having difficulty?
Of course, a person who was born and raised among native speakers of the literary Russian language, surrounded entirely by teachers, writers, university professors and other representatives of the intelligentsia, will never have big problems with stress. But are there many such people? Russia is huge, it is home to a large number of nationalities who communicate either in Surzhik or in their own dialects or languages. They have a hard time with literary speech.
And it is even more difficult for Russian-speaking people living outside of Russia, where the influence of other languages is strong. Well, of course, foreigners who come to the Russian Federation to work or for permanent residence often do not understand at all how to properly emphasize this or that word. After all, there are no norms that determine the regularity of its placement in the Russian language as such!
Way out
What should a person do who wants to make the right stress in words? How to put them in a particular case? If we are talking about a foreigner who moved to Russia, then communication with the indigenous population will help him (but not with loaders at the station, of course). You need to look for the relevant areas, listen and remember. Television and radio stations are of great help in this matter. As a rule, the media administration monitors the literacy of its staff.
People living outside the Russian Federation will need a spelling dictionary or reference book, where you can always check the correct pronunciation. In addition, today there are all sorts of programs and Internet resources that help you quickly master literary Russian.
But problems arise not only among the above categories of citizens. Indigenous Russians, who by and large know how to speak correctly, also sometimes face a dilemma and do not know how to place the correct stress in words. How to put them correctly, for example, in foreign terms? Often there are difficulties with words that used to be pronounced this way, but now they are pronounced differently ... There are not many of them at all - about a few dozen. But some are so deeply ingrained in their delusion that even a professor of linguistics may have some doubts!
Correct stress in words: how to correctly stress the word "ringing"?
Perhaps the most textbook example of mispronunciation is the word "ringing". No matter how hard the teachers try, no matter how much the comedians ridicule the ignorant, the mistake in the mouths of the people continues to live on. Well, our population does not want to learn by heart how to correctly stress the word “ringing”!
Perhaps this is due to the fact that in many literary works, old films, etc., the pronunciation of this word did not meet modern standards. And linguists are even thinking about whether they should meet the masses and correct the rule? But so far this has not happened (and it is not known whether this will be done in the future), and it is necessary to put the accent in the word “ringing” correctly. It falls on the second syllable. And nothing else.
curd problem
Often there are difficulties with the word "cottage cheese". Some pronounce it with an emphasis on the first "o", others - on the second ... And there is a historical explanation for this. Because the term for this fermented milk product was pronounced differently at different times.
In the dictionaries of the nineteenth century, the norm is fixed, where the stress is the second syllable. And the famous linguist Dal insists on the first. Over the past century, people stubbornly used both options, and in the end, linguists agreed that in the case of the word "cottage cheese", the correct stress would not be fixed. True, in principle, is considered one type of pronunciation, and another. Both "o" can be stressed.
It only applies to everyday life. And in official speeches by politicians, speeches by journalists, etc., it is preferable to use "cottage cheese" with an emphasis on the second syllable.
These words must be learned
In addition to the two above, in Russian there are a number of words in the pronunciation of which mistakes are traditionally made. The following is a list of correct accents that you just need to memorize.
- Airport - stress on the fourth syllable.
- Pamper - on the last syllable.
- Include - stress on the second syllable.
- Development - on the second syllable.
- Money - stress on the second syllable.
- The contract is on the last syllable.
- Absolutely - stress on the second syllable.
- Blinds - on the last syllable.
- Clog - stress on the second syllable.
- Stroke - on the second syllable.
- Catalog - stress on the last syllable.
- Quarter - on the last syllable.
- More beautiful - stress on the second syllable.
- Providing - stress on the third syllable.
- Lighten - on the last syllable.
- On Wednesdays, the stress is on the last syllable.
- Having accepted - on the second syllable.
- Beet - stress on the first syllable.
- Plum - on the first syllable.
- Cakes - stress on the first syllable.
- Phenomenon - on the second syllable.
- Intercession - stress on the second syllable.
- Scoop - on the first syllable.
- Sorrel - stress on the second syllable.
This list can be titled as follows: "Speak correctly - put stress in the right places" - and hang it over your desk. Or over the bed to repeat at bedtime. Or on the bathroom mirror to start every morning smartly. For a quick effect, it is advisable not only to read the words to yourself, but also to pronounce them out loud. And loud. And several times. It will take only a couple of weeks (and for someone, maybe even days), and the correct pronunciation will harmoniously fit into oral speech. The main thing is desire, just a little effort - and everything will work out!
