All languages change over time. Comparison of the Russian language of the period of "The Tale of Bygone Years", the times of A.S. Pushkin and the modern one shows us how language changes over the centuries.
If two people speaking the same language are settled in different places, then over time their languages will change in many directions. First, they will have a different accent, then the vocabulary of the language will change (either under the influence of other languages, or due to natural processes). When this happens, various dialects appear; but still people speaking different dialects will be able to understand each other. If dialects continue to develop on their own, there will come a time when spoken language cannot be understood. At this stage, people will begin to speak different languages.
There is a vivid example in the history of Western civilization emergence of different languages from one. Latin language was the language of the Roman Empire, AD. With the collapse of the empire in the 4th century, different parts of Europe: Italian peninsula, Gaul, Iberian peninsula, Carpathians became isolated from each other along with the peoples who inhabited them spoke Latin (folk Latin). The languages of these peoples began to develop independently and modern languages were formed: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian, etc..
Modern languages of India: Hindi, urdu, Punjabi, Bengal come from Sanskrit language spoken in North India.
Old Persian gave rise to such languages as Farsi, Kurdish And Pashto.
Over time, in the conditions of various migrations of peoples, one language can develop into a whole family languages.
A group of related languages with one common ancestor is called a language family. languages of one groups are closely related languages that have split in the last 1000 - 2000 years ( Latin, for example, gave rise to Romanesque group languages Indo-European family).
The languages of different groups of the same family can be considered as related languages. In most families, the separation of such languages occurred over 2,000 years ago. Every family has a different timeline.
Within the same family, languages share many common grammatical features and a large number of key words, especially words of earlier origin, that indicate a common origin. The table below gives an example of comparing the word "month" in various Indo-European languages:
You can compare this word month in languages of other language families (non-Indo-European).
Languages. Dialects.
The difference between the concept language" And "dialect" maybe more political than linguistic. For example, linguistically Croatian And Serbian very closely related dialects of the same language. However, they use different scripts; and the people who speak these languages belong to different religions: Catholic Christianity in Croatia and Orthodox Christianity in Serbia. For political reasons, these languages are considered separate.
Bulgarians think Macedonian dialect of their language, while they themselves Macedonians call it a separate language. Since Bulgaria has long claimed Macedonia as part of its own territory, the motives of each side become quite understandable!
Low German(which is spoken in Northern Germany) And Dutch (Netherlands) from a linguistic point of view are dialects of the same language, but politically they are different languages. Low German And Swiss German languages differ so much that speakers of these languages may not understand each other, but both are considered German. Between languages spoken in different cities Italy, much more difference than between Dutch, Norwegian And Swedish.
Main language Iraq And Morocco counts Arab, which is different here and there. Official language of China counts m Andarin
- other languages of the republic are considered as dialects (for example, Cantonese And at), while they are sometimes very different from each other.
By studying languages and their relationships, we get an idea of the migration of peoples over the course of history. We can also trace when the domestication of plants, the domestication of animals, the appearance of tools took place. Every language is a unique way of thinking. Those peoples who live in isolated parts of the world and are not technologically advanced have a less perfect language than those people who live in modern cities. Every language has simple and complex parts. But the complexity of a language does not depend on the way of life of the people who speak it (compare the grammar of Latin and French, Old Russian and Russian).
What are the requirements for LED and fluorescent lamps (luminaires) used to organize lighting in public spaces.
The most complete answer is contained in the letter of the Head of Rospotrebnadzor G.G. Onishchenko dated 01.10.2012 No. 01 / 11157-12-32 “On the organization of sanitary supervision over the use of energy-saving light sources”.
The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare informs that in accordance with the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” from January 1 2011, electric incandescent lamps with a power of one hundred watts or more, which can be used in alternating current circuits for lighting purposes, are not allowed for circulation in the Russian Federation. From January 1, 2011, it is not allowed to place orders for the supply of electric incandescent lamps for state or municipal needs, which can be used in alternating current circuits for lighting purposes.
For the organization of general and local artificial lighting in public spaces, it is recommended to use fluorescent and LED lamps as light sources.
On the Russian market there are models of compact fluorescent lamps (hereinafter referred to as CFLs) from more than 40 manufacturers, which differ in power, light characteristics, shapes, service life, size, and price. The volume of consumption of energy-saving lamps in the Russian Federation is constantly increasing. Imports of compact fluorescent lamps reached 107 million in 2011. In connection with the development of modern energy-efficient light sources, including LEDs and lighting devices based on them, it is necessary to ensure hygienic lighting standards in institutions of general and primary vocational education and in children's health organizations.
The most pressing issue in the use of CFLs is still the problem of their disposal and safety of use. Each such lamp can contain up to 3-5 mg of mercury, which is in the state of aggregation in the form of vapors. The danger is the careless handling of used lamps. A broken or damaged lamp bulb releases mercury vapours, which can cause severe poisoning.
Currently, lamps using Amalgam technology are produced in the Russian Federation. As part of such a lamp, mercury is not in its pure form (liquid and / or vapor state), but in the form of an amalgam - a chemical solution of mercury in another metal, i.e. in a solid aggregate state. When the amalgam is heated to 60 C above, mercury vapor is released and participate in the lamp glow process. Such a technological solution excludes the ingress of mercury vapor into a room with room temperature in case of violation of the integrity of the glass flask.
In addition, CFLs are available for sale, made in a silicone circuit over the lamp. The silicone gasket protects the tube and flask, acting as a shock absorber in case of a fall, and limits the spread of mercury.
In order to minimize pollution of enclosed spaces in case of CFL damage, it is recommended to use lamps manufactured using these technologies.
In addition to compact fluorescent lamps, the lighting equipment market of the Russian Federation has been offering LED lighting sources since 2010, which have a number of advantages. LED lamps are economical and have an energy consumption of 80% less than incandescent lamps, have high shock and vibration resistance. LED lamps have no gas filling, they almost do not heat up, their service life can reach up to 100,000 hours. Such lamps do not contain mercury, which makes them safe in terms of environmental pollution.
In order to determine the possibility of using LED lighting and LED lamps of the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents of the RAMS Institution of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Center for Children's Health" of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences with the participation of employees of the State Enterprise "Scientific and Technological Center for Unique Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences" and the Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy Architecture and Building Sciences have conducted research on the psychophysiological effects of LED lighting and LED lamps on the human body.
The conducted studies have shown the possibility of using LED lighting and LED lamps in residential and public buildings.
In this regard, educational authorities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, educational and children's health organizations, design organizations should be notified of the possibility of ensuring hygienic lighting standards established by SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for conditions and organization of training in educational institutions", SanPiN 2.4.3.1186-03 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization of the educational and production process in educational institutions of primary vocational education" and SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03 "Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings, in institutions of general and primary vocational education, as well as in children's health institutions, by using LED light sources and lighting devices based on them, subject to a number of conditions. When used in general lighting systems in public buildings and in the educational process, luminaires with LEDs must comply with a number of qualitative and quantitative indicators of lighting.
- The conditional protective angle of the luminaires must be at least 90°. This parameter imposes requirements on the design features of lighting fixtures to limit the glare of LED lamps and is measured with a protractor and square. 2. Overall brightness of luminaires should not exceed 5000 cd/m. Due to the fact that the overall brightness of open LEDs is extremely high, it is impossible to use a luminaire with open LEDs for general lighting of premises. Lighting fixtures must include effective diffusers that reduce the overall brightness to the above values. The specified parameter is measured by a luminance meter.
- The permissible unevenness of the brightness of the outlet of the luminaires Lmax:Lmin should be no more than 5:1. It can be estimated after measurements with a luminance meter as the ratio of the maximum measured brightness to the minimum.
- The color correlated temperature of white light LEDs should not exceed 4000°K. You can estimate the color temperature of the LED source by marking on the base or packaging of the lamp. Color temperature is the temperature of a black body (Planck emitter) at which its radiation has the same color as the radiation of the object in question. It determines the color tone (warm, neutral or cold) of the space illuminated by these sources.
- It is not recommended to use LEDs with a power of more than 0.3 W in lighting installations. The power of the mounted LEDs is indicated in the marking of the lamp located on the base or on the package.
The passport data for lamps with LEDs intended for installations of general and local lighting in institutions of general and primary vocational education must contain information on the magnitude of the overall brightness, the unevenness of the brightness along the lamp outlet and the value of the color correlated temperature.
When carrying out supervisory activities, attention of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs should be drawn to the need for timeliness, completeness and reliability of production control over compliance with the requirements for general, local and combined lighting in buildings and premises.
Head G.G. Onishchenko
SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL AND PRODUCTION PROCESS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF PRIMARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations
SanPiN 2.4.3.1186-03
(EXTRACT)
2.4.1. Daylight
2.4.1.1. Educational, training and production, recreational, residential and other premises with a permanent stay of students have natural lighting.
Without natural lighting it is allowed to design:
shell, wash, shower, restrooms at the gym;
showers and restrooms for staff;
storerooms and storage rooms (except for rooms for storing flammable liquids);
radio nodes;
film and photo laboratories;
book depositories;
boiler, pump water supply and sewerage;
ventilation and air conditioning chambers;
control units and other premises for installation and control of engineering and technological equipment of buildings;
facilities for storage of disinfectants.
Lamps for educational rooms
Luminaire power 36 W, 4500 K, 3200 Lm, recessed.
Luminaire power 38 W, 5000 K, 3450 lm, built-in/surface-mounted.
Luminaire power 36 W, 4000 K, 3800 Lm, built-in / overhead. Option - emergency block.
Luminaire power 33 W, 4800 K, 2900 lm, IP54, recessed
2.4.1.2. The main system of natural lighting in classrooms is lateral left-hand lighting. The direction of the main light flux should not be in front and behind the students. With a depth of classrooms of more than 6 meters, a right-sided illumination device is required.
In training and production workshops, assembly and sports halls, lighting systems are used (side - one, two - and three-sided) and combined (top and side). The choice of lighting system is determined by the nature of visual work, the dimensions of the room and equipment, the characteristics of the light climate, etc. For workshops with great depth, the best systems should be considered two-sided side and combined (in one- and two-story buildings).
Direction of light from the side windows to the work surface, as a rule, is left-handed. In metalwork and turning workshops, the direction of light from the side windows is to the right (this ensures the least shading from the body of the working body and the bulky left side of the lathes).
2.4.1.3. In classrooms, the coefficient of natural light (KEO) should be 1.5% at a distance of 1 m from the wall opposite the light openings, technical drawing rooms - 2.0%. In the gym with side lighting - 1.0%, with top and combined lighting - 3.0%.
2.4.1.4. In training and production workshops and workplaces of students at enterprises, KEO is provided in accordance with the characteristics of visual work in accordance with the requirements for natural and artificial lighting. In premises specially designed for work or industrial training of adolescents, the normalized value of KEO is increased by one category and must be at least 1.0%.
2.4.1.5. The unevenness of natural lighting in educational and industrial premises should not exceed 3: 1 (the ratio of the average KEO value to the smallest within the characteristic section of the premises). The orientation of the windows of the classrooms should be on the southern, southeastern and eastern sides of the horizon. The windows of the drafting and drawing rooms, as well as the kitchen room, can be oriented to the northern sides of the horizon; the orientation of the computer room is to the north, northeast.
2.4.1.6. The ratio of brightness in the field of view should not exceed 3:1 - between the notebook and the surface of the table, 10:1 - between the notebook and the wall; 1:3 between blackboard and wall and 20:1 between skylight and wall.
2.4.1.7. For painting and finishing surfaces of the interior and equipment of classrooms and training workshops, diffuse-reflective materials of a light range of colors should be used: the ceiling and the upper part of the walls, doors and window frames are painted white, the walls are painted light yellow, light blue , light pink, beige, light green colors with a reflection coefficient of at least 0.6 - 0.7; tables - in light green and natural wood colors - with a reflection coefficient of at least 0.5; blackboards - in dark brown or dark green colors with a reflection coefficient of at least 0.2; floor - in light colors with a reflection coefficient of 0.4 - 0.5.
Luminaires for school corridors and utility rooms
Luminaire power 15 W, 5000 K, 1750 Lm, built-in/surface-mounted, IP30. Option - emergency block.
Luminaire power 18 W, 4000 K, 2100 Lm, built-in / overhead.
Luminaire power 32 W, 4000 K, 2800 lm, IP40, surface-mounted. Option - emergency block.
2.4.2.3. In the classrooms provide fluorescent lighting (allowed by incandescent lamps). Luminescent lamps LB should be used, lamps LHB, LEC can be used. Fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps should not be used in the same room.
For general lighting of classrooms (classrooms, classrooms, laboratories), fluorescent lamps should be used: LSO02-2x40, LPO28-2x40, LPO02-2x40, LPO46-4x18-005, other lamps of the type given with similar lighting characteristics and design can be used .
2.4.2.4. In classrooms, fluorescent lamps with ballasts (ballasts) with a particularly low noise level are used.
2.4.2.5. The required number of fixtures and their placement in the room is determined by lighting calculations, taking into account the safety factor in accordance with the requirements for natural and artificial lighting.
In classrooms, lamps with fluorescent lamps are placed parallel to the light-bearing wall at a distance of 1.2 m from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the inner one. The blackboard is equipped with spotlights and illuminated with two lamps of the LPO-30-40-122 (125) type, located 0.3 m above the upper edge of the board and at a distance of 0.6 m in front of the board towards the class.
They provide for separate switching on of lamps or their individual groups (taking into account the placement of educational and technological equipment).
2.4.2.6. Working artificial lighting in training and production workshops and enterprises design two systems: general (uniform and localized) and combined (local is added to the general).
2.4.2.7. When performing indoor work of I-IV categories, a combined lighting system should be used. The illumination of the working surface, created by general lighting fixtures in the combined system, must be at least 10% in accordance with the requirements for natural and artificial lighting.
For general lighting in a combined system, predominantly fluorescent lamps should be used, regardless of the type of light source of local lighting. For local lighting, fluorescent lamps or incandescent lamps should be used.
2.4.2.8. Illumination levels for certain types of work performed by adolescents are presented in Appendix 1.
2.4.2.9. The choice of a light source should be made taking into account the characteristics of visual work, the level of illumination, the requirements for color discrimination in accordance with the requirements for natural and artificial lighting.
2.4.2.10. For general and local lighting of industrial premises with specific environmental conditions (dusty, humid, explosive, fire hazardous, etc.), lamps are used in accordance with their purpose and lighting characteristics.
2.4.2.11. Irregularity of lighting (the ratio of maximum illumination to minimum) should not exceed 1.3 for works of I - III categories with fluorescent lamps; with other light sources - 1.5; for works IV - VII categories - 1.5 - 2.0, respectively. For industrial premises in which work of I-IV categories is carried out, it is necessary to provide for the limitation of reflected brilliance.
2.4.2.12. Dust cleaning of general lighting fixtures should be done at least 2 times a year; replacement of burned-out lamps - as they fail. Students are not involved in this work. Faulty and burned out fluorescent lamps are collected and stored until delivery in places inaccessible to students.
Luminaire power 18 W, 4000 K, 2100 lm. Mounted on a vertical surface with brackets.
Do you have questions about coverage of educational institutions? Call us, we will be happy to answer all your questions.
In connection with the entry into force on February 15, 2013 of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of low-voltage equipment" (hereinafter TR TS 004/2011), changes are being made in Russia to the procedure for confirming the conformity of lighting products. The article provides a brief overview of national and interstate standards for LED products that have recently been introduced and are under development, as well as information on certification procedures for LED products.
The creation of white LEDs made it possible to use a fundamentally new, energy-efficient light source in lighting systems and served as the beginning of the rapid development of technologies and the production of new generation lighting products. Scientific research conducted by leading companies was aimed at increasing the efficiency of the luminous flux of semiconductor light sources, reducing their cost, and increasing their service life. Since 2005, the first domestic LED lighting systems have appeared. In 2008-2009 serial production of domestic LEDs begins, and competition arises in the Russian market for manufacturers of LED lighting systems. Currently, according to various estimates, more than 90% of the components imported into Russia are used for the production of LED lighting systems. However, the creation of an internal infrastructure for the production of LEDs and lighting products based on them is gradually taking place in Russia. One of the main problems of the Russian LED lighting market is the low quality of products. This is due to the fact that mass production is only being mastered, manufacturing technologies are being worked out, the market is just being formed, the legal framework is being formed, requirements for certification of LED products are being introduced, testing metrological centers are being created and gaining experience. A number of recent events in the field of LED lighting systems in our country inspire optimism.
SUE RM "NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin", in turn, is actively involved in this process and is carrying out certain work in the LED direction:
- development and production of LED lamps for direct replacement of general purpose incandescent lamps with a power of 25, 40 and 60 W;
- standardization of LED light sources and methods for monitoring their parameters within the framework of the Technical Committee TC 332 "Lighting products" created on the basis of LLC "VNISI" (Moscow), a member of which is SUE RM "NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin";
- metrological support of tests, testing and measurements of LED products;
- certification of LED products.
LED lamp
In 2012, the SUE RM "NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin" developed the design and manufacturing technology for a series of energy-saving environmentally friendly LED lamps with white LEDs with a power of 3, 5, 7 W, with an E27 base. In terms of their lighting and overall characteristics, they correspond to general-purpose incandescent lamps with a power of 25, 40 and 60 W and can replace them in household lighting installations. The service life of LED lamps is at least 30 thousand hours (or 10 years). On fig. Figures 1 and 2 show the appearance of the developed LED lamps, Table 1 shows their parameters. At the same time samples of LED lamps with a remote phosphor were manufactured and tested for efficiency. According to the results of measurements, LED lamps with a remote phosphor have an 8-10% higher luminous flux compared to lamps with white LEDs. All work was carried out with the support of the Government of the Republic of Mordovia, the Ministry of Industry, Science and New Technologies of the Republic of Mordovia.
Rice. 1. Appearance of LED lamps with E27 base: a) SDL-E27-3; b) SDL-E27-5; c) SDL-E27-7
Rice. 2. Appearance of lamps with E27 base
Table 1. Lamp parameters
| Lamp type | Power, W |
Nominal operating current**, A |
Nominal luminous flux, lm |
color temperature, K |
Dimensions (no more), mm | Weight (no more), g | Plinth type | ||
| Rated* | Limit deviation | D | L | ||||||
| SDL-E27-3 | 3,0 | +0,5 | 0,350 | 250 | 2700-4000 | 48 | 50 | 60 | E27 |
| SDL-E27-5 | 5,0 | +0,5 | 0,350 | 400 | 60 | 108 | 113 | ||
| SDL-E27-7 | 7,0 | +0,5 | 0,350 | 600 | 60 | 132 | 150 | ||
Note:* - the lower power value and the upper value of the luminous flux are not limited; ** — reference value.
Standards for LED lamps
In 2011, SUE RM "NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin" developed three standards for LED products:
- GOST R 54814-2011/IEC/TS 62504:2011 LEDs and LED modules for general lighting. Terms and Definitions";
- GOST R IEC 62560-2011 "LED lamps with built-in control device for general lighting for voltages above 50 V. Safety requirements";
- GOST R 54815-2011/IEC/PAS 62612:2009 "LED lamps with built-in control device for general lighting at voltages above 50 V. Operational requirements".
For more information on these standards, see .
The procedure for examination, the release of a typographical version and the introduction of standards lags behind the development of scientific and technological progress in the field of LED technologies. GOSTs adopted in 2011 need to be revised, as changes have already been made to IEC standards, on the basis of which national standards were developed. Update required for:
- GOST R 54814-2011, since a new edition of the IEC 62504 standard was released in July 2012;
- GOST R IEC 62560-2011, since there is a change from October 2012 in the IEC 62560 standard regarding terms and tests;
- GOST R 54815-2011 - change in the IEC 62612 standard of February 2012
In 2012, the SUE RM "NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin" continued work (final editions) on the development of standards related to LED products:
- GOST R “Electric light sources. Methods for determining light and electrical parameters”;
- GOST R “Electric light sources. Methods for determining spectral and color characteristics”;
- GOST R IEC 62471 "Photobiological safety lamps and lamp systems" (IEC 62471:2006 Photobiological safety lamps and lamp systems (IDT)).
In 2012, the first drafts of the following standards were developed with notification of their placement on the Rosstandart website:
- GOST R IEC 62663-1 “LED lamps with base without control device. Part 1. Safety Requirements”;
- GOST R IEC 62663-2 “LED lamps with base without control device. Part 2. Operational requirements”;
- GOST R IEC 62707-1 “LEDs. Part 1. General requirements for binning and chromaticity grid for white LEDs”;
- GOST R IEC 62717 “LED modules for general lighting. Operational Requirements".
The development of national standards for LED products will allow manufacturers, consumers and other interested organizations to:
- uniformly classify LED light sources;
- provide a unified approach to assessing the quality and safety of manufactured and purchased LED light sources;
- apply objective methods for measuring light, color and electrical parameters, monitoring and predicting service life, etc.
In connection with the adoption of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of low-voltage equipment" (TR TS 004/2011), approved. By the decision of the Commission of the Customs Union dated August 16, 2011 No. 768, in the territory of three countries (the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan), interstate status standards GOST IEC, GOST IEC, STB IEC, STB IEC are put into effect to confirm compliance. Today, for example, for LED light sources, in addition to national standards, on the territory of the Russian Federation there are interstate standards of the Customs Union:
Many specialists, and not only lighting engineers, are wondering about the future demand for standards in the status of GOST R when switching to certification of LED products according to interstate standards. The answer is obvious: the national GOST R status standards will be gradually abolished, as is now happening with standards for other types of lamps. For example, GOST R 53881-2010 “Lamps with built-in ballasts for general lighting. Safety Requirements” by order of Rosstandart dated November 29, 2012 No. 1409 is canceled from January 2014 due to the entry into force of the interstate standard GOST 31999-2012 (IEC 60968:1988) “Lamps with built-in ballasts for general lighting. Safety requirements. General technical conditions".
Measurements and tests
The accredited testing laboratory of SUE RM "NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin" (registration No. ROSS RU.0001.22ME33) measures electrical and light parameters, colorimetric characteristics and other tests of LED products. Regular comparative tests allowed the specialists of the SUE RM "NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin" together with LLC "VNISI", FSUE "VNIIOFI", LLC "Archilight", the company "Optogan", CJSC "Svetlana-Optoelectronics" to develop 127 methods for controlling the parameters of LEDs and LED light sources, which were subsequently included in the GOST R projects “Electric light sources. Methods for determining light and electrical parameters”, GOST R “Electrical light sources. Methods for determining spectral and color characteristics. These GOST R projects are currently at the stage of examination.
Specialists of the State Unitary Enterprise RM "NIIIS named after A. N. Lodygin" photometer not only electric LED light sources, they also mastered the measurement of photoluminescent evacuation systems, the main lighting parameter of which is brightness. To evaluate it, in 2012, a Konica Minolta LS-100 luminance meter was purchased, which makes it possible to estimate the brightness value from 1 cd/m2 and higher. This device allows you to measure the brightness of LED lamps and light sources.
Certification of LED Products
On February 15, 2013, TR TS 004/2011 was put into effect, developed in accordance with the Agreement on uniform principles and rules of technical regulation in the Republics of Belarus and Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation dated November 18, 2010 in order to establish a Customs Union in the common customs territory unified mandatory requirements for application and fulfillment of requirements for low-voltage equipment (LV), ensuring the free movement of LW released for circulation in the common customs territory of the Customs Union.
If other technical regulations of the Customs Union have been adopted for the DO, which establish requirements for it, then the DO must comply with the requirements of these technical regulations of the Customs Union, which apply to it. For example, these include the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "Electromagnetic compatibility of technical means" (TR TS 020/2011), approved. Decision of the Commission of the Customs Union dated December 9, 2011 No. 879.
NR refers to electrical equipment intended for use at a rated voltage of 50-1000 V (inclusive) AC and 75-1500 V (inclusive) DC.
The list of NO, subject to confirmation of conformity in the form of certification in accordance with TR TS 004/2011, includes lighting equipment and light sources, including LEDs.
Thus, confirmation of conformity (certification) of lighting equipment and light sources in the Customs Union will be carried out in accordance with:
Standards for LED lamps and modules have been listed above. The list of standards from [ , ], which establishes safety requirements for the most common LED lamps:
- STB IEC 60598-1-2008 “Lights. Part 1. General requirements and test methods”;
- GOST IEC 60598-2-1-2011 “Lights. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 1. Stationary lamps for general purposes”;
- STB IEC 598-2-1-99 “Lights. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 1. Stationary lamps for general purposes”;
- GOST R IEC 598-2-1-97 “Lights. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 1. Stationary lamps for general purposes”;
- STB IEC 60598-2-2-99 “Lights. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 2. Recessed luminaires”;
- GOST R IEC 60598-2-2-99 “Lights. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 2. Recessed luminaires”;
- STB IEC 60598-2-3-2009 “Lights. Part 2-3. Additional requirements for luminaires for lighting streets and roads”;
- GOST IEC 60598-2-5-2012 “Lights. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 5. Floodlights;
- GOST R IEC 60598-2-5-99 “Lights. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 5. Floodlights;
- STB IEC 60598-2-5-2002 “Lights. Part 2. Particular requirements. Section 5. Floodlights.
Table 2. Description of procedures in accordance with certification schemes
| Procedures | ||
| Scheme 1s | Scheme 3c | Scheme 4c |
| Submission by the applicant to the product certification body of an application for certification with the attached technical documentation | ||
| Consideration of the application and adoption by the product certification body of a decision on the certification of products | ||
| Selection by the product certification body of samples for testing | - | |
| Testing of product samples by an accredited testing laboratory | Testing of each product unit by an accredited testing laboratory | |
| Carrying out by the product certification body of the analysis of the state of production | - | - |
| Generalization by the product certification body of the results of tests and analysis of the state of production, issuance of a certificate of conformity to the applicant | Analysis of test results and issuance of a certificate of conformity to the applicant | |
| Marking a batch of products with a single sign of circulation | Application of a single sign of circulation | |
| Inspection control over certified products | - | - |
Registration of a certificate of compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union is carried out in accordance with the document "Unified form of a certificate of compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union and the rules for its execution", approved. Decision of the Board of the Eurasian Economic Commission dated December 25, 2012 No. 293. Copies of issued certificates of conformity, if necessary, are made by the applicant on A4 white paper (210 × 297 mm), certified by his signature and seal.
Certificate blanks are printed in the Customs Union member states. At the same time, the typographical number of the form produced in the Republic of Belarus contains the designation "Series BY", in the Republic of Kazakhstan - "Series KZ", in the Russian Federation - "Series RU". Forms are filled in Russian using electronic printers. If necessary, the name of the manufacturer, its location, including the actual address (except for the name of the state), and product information (type, brand, model, product article, etc.) can be indicated using Latin letters. The reverse side of the certificate of conformity can be filled in the language of one of the member states of the Customs Union on a voluntary basis.
Certificates of conformity with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union are issued by certification bodies included in the Unified Register of Certification Bodies and Testing Laboratories (Centers) of the Customs Union. Tests for certification purposes are carried out by accredited testing laboratories (centers), also included in the Unified Register of the Customs Union.
Market Rules
Lighting equipment is put into circulation on the market if it complies with TR CU 004/2011, as well as other technical regulations of the Customs Union, which apply to it, and provided that it has passed confirmation of compliance with TR CU.
Equipment that meets the requirements of TR CU 004/2011 and has passed confirmation of conformity must be marked with a single sign of product circulation on the market of the Customs Union member states, approved by the Decision of the Commission of the Customs Union dated July 15, 2011 No. 711 (subject to changes approved by the Decision of the Commission of the Customs Union dated September 23, 2011 No. 800) (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Image of a single sign of product circulation on the market of the member states of the Customs Union
Lighting equipment, the compliance of which with the requirements of TR CU 004/2011 has not been confirmed, should not be marked with a single sign of product circulation and is not allowed to be put into circulation on the market of the Customs Union. The certificate of conformity for the requirements of the Customs Union will be issued for a period of up to 5 years for mass-produced products; for a batch (single product), the validity period of the certificate of conformity is not established.
When switching to confirmation of compliance with the requirements of TR TS, manufacturers will face some innovations in the procedure and problems, including:
- The need to acquire interstate standards and implement them at enterprises.
- The need to certify LED lighting products, which were not subject to mandatory certification before the entry into force of the TR CU and for which manufacturers received a voluntary certificate (street lamps, spotlights, LED lamps and modules) or sold without a certificate.
- Certification schemes for mass-produced products according to TR CU require an analysis of the state of production or the availability of a certified quality management system, which will lead to an increase in the cost of certification for manufacturers that have not yet had a certified quality management system according to ISO 9000 series standards.
In addition, the tightening of the requirements of Rosaccreditation to certification bodies (CB) and testing laboratories (TL) will also indirectly affect market participants.
In October 2012, new Accreditation Criteria were established, and at present, instead of six criteria for ILs, 94 criteria are presented, and 65 criteria are presented for OS instead of five. The purpose of establishing new criteria is to bring the organization of work of OS and IL closer to the requirements of international standards.
One of the conditions for the inclusion of testing laboratories in the Register of Laboratories of the Customs Union is the status of a laboratory both technically competent and independent, that is, testing laboratories created at manufacturing enterprises and accredited in the GOST R Certification System, if they want to continue their activities, they will have to decide on their legal status.
OS and testing laboratories, which often issued certificates very cheaply without proper testing, will either leave the market or be forced to carry out tests in full, and an increase in the actual labor intensity when testing in these testing laboratories will inevitably lead to an increase in testing costs and may lead to an increase in the cost of certification services.
In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that today the process of introducing LED lighting is taking on a civilized form, that is, it is proceeding systematically, although perhaps not as quickly as we would like. The emergence of standards for LED products will create favorable conditions for the introduction of energy-efficient products based on LEDs into lighting systems. A positive moment is also the domestic development of lamp designs, which is gaining momentum, the work on measuring and evaluating the quality of products and issuing certificates confirming the quality and safety of LED products.
Currently, there are regulations and Federal Laws, both prohibiting and allowing the use of LED light sources for lighting school classrooms. But, in the near future, this conflict may be eliminated.
The use of LEDs is allowed in:
SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions" (as amended on November 24, 2015). In accordance with 7.2.2 of this SanPiN:
“7.2.2. In the classrooms, the general lighting system is provided by ceiling lamps with fluorescent lamps and LEDs. Lighting is provided using lamps according to the color emission spectrum: white, warm white, natural white.
SP 52.13330.2016 "SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting". It was put into effect for voluntary use from May 8, 2017 by Order of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2016 N 777 / pr. In this fundamental regulatory document, there is no prohibition on the use of LED light sources for school lighting.
The use of LEDs is prohibited:
SP 251.1325800.2016“Buildings of educational organizations. Design Rules". This set of rules allows the use of LED fixtures only with remote phosphor.
SP 256.132500.2016 Electrical installations of residential and public buildings. Rules for design and installation. In this code of practice, LED light sources for lighting schools are prohibited.
Currently, these sets of rules are being amended to bring their requirements for lighting schools in line with the requirements of SP 52.13330.2016.
SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03"Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings." In accordance with 3.1.5 (5th paragraph) of this SanPiN: "In institutions of preschool, school and vocational education, as well as in the main functional premises of medical institutions, discharge lamps and incandescent lamps should be used."
In accordance with 1.4 and 1.6 SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03:
“1.4. Compliance with the requirements of these sanitary rules is mandatory for citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities involved in the design, construction, reconstruction and operation of buildings.
1.6. State sanitary and epidemiological supervision over the implementation of these sanitary rules is carried out by institutions of the state sanitary and epidemiological service of the Russian Federation.
Thus, the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision has the right to prohibit the conduct of the educational process in general educational institutions in which LED lamps are installed, despite the fact that there are permits and regulations.
Currently, some schools have installed LED lamps, despite the existing prohibitions. In the case of using LED lamps in schools, it will not be superfluous to coordinate the adopted technical solutions with the regional department of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, so that their representatives give official permission for non-compliance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03.
SP 52.13330.2011"SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting".
The Order of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation of February 10, 2017 N 86 / pr “On Amendments to Certain Orders of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation” states:
“Clause 2 of the order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated November 7, 2016 N 777 / pr “On the approval of SP 52.13330 “SNiP 23-05-95 * Natural and artificial lighting” shall be stated as follows:
"2. Since the entry into force of SP 52.13330 "SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting" to recognize as not applicable SP 52.13330.2011 "SNiP 23-05-95* Natural and artificial lighting", approved by order of the Ministry of Regional Development Russian Federation dated December 27, 2010 N 783, with the exception of paragraphs of SP 52.13330.2011"SNiP 23-05-95 * Natural and artificial lighting", included in the List of national standards and codes of practice (parts of such standards and codes of practice), as a result of the application of which on a mandatory basis compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2014 N 1521 (hereinafter - the List), is ensured until the relevant changes are made to the List."
Thus, in the said List, there is still 7.18 of the set of rules SP 52.13330.2011, according to which:
“7.18 The choice of light sources according to color characteristics for public, residential and auxiliary premises should be made on the basis of Appendix I, taking into account 7.3 and 7.4.
in preschool institutions, school and vocational education, as well as in the main functional premises of medical institutions, fluorescent (including compact) lamps and halogen incandescent lamps should be used.
In other public spaces, the use of halogen incandescent lamps for general lighting is only allowed to meet architectural and artistic requirements.
That is, until the replacement of the set of rules SP 52.13330.2011 with SP 52.13330.2016 in the specified List, the use of LED lamps in schools is a direct violation of the Federal Law "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures", adopted by the State Duma on December 23, 2009 and approved by the Federation Council December 25, 2009.
In the set of rules SP 52.13330.2016, which entered into force on May 8, 2017, LED lamps in schools are not prohibited. But in 7.3.1 there is a ban on the use of LEDs in preschool educational institutions and in the main functional premises of medical and preventive institutions.
Given that the set of rules SP 52.13330.2016 will eventually replace the set of rules SP 52.13330.2011 in the List of national standards and sets of rules (parts of such standards and sets of rules), as a result of the application of which on mandatory basis compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures" is ensured, then in the coming years the use of LED lamps in kindergartens and in the main functional premises of medical and preventive institutions will be prohibited at the level of the Federal Law.
Defending the possibility of using LEDs in schools, they often refer to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No.
There is no ban on the use of fluorescent lamps in educational institutions (schools) in Government Decree No. 898 of August 28, 2015.
According to this Decree (paragraph 4 of paragraph g)): “a ban on the purchase of luminaires for double-ended fluorescent lamps with a G13 base, except for cases when lighting in accordance with sanitary rules and regulations that establish requirements for artificial and mixed lighting cannot be applied LED Light Sources.
In accordance with the sanitary rules and norms of SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03, as noted above, for institutions of school and vocational education, as well as in the main functional premises of medical institutions, discharge lamps and incandescent lamps should be used.
The Government Decree No. 898 of August 28, 2015 contains a ban on:
Acquisition of double-ended fluorescent lamps with a diameter of 26-38 mm with a calcium halophosphate phosphor and a color rendering index of less than 80 with a G13 base;
Prohibition on the purchase of non-electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps;
Prohibition on the purchase of fixtures for arc mercury fluorescent lamps.
Conclusion
Problems with the use of LEDs in schools, apparently, will begin after the removal of restrictions on their use in regulatory documents. In essence, soon the set of rules SP 52.13330.2011 will be replaced in the List of mandatory documents by SP 52.13330.2016. And only SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03 will be a prohibitive document. But in the near future, appropriate changes may be made to it.
Presumably, this SanPiN will include specific requirements for LED lighting in terms of color temperature, maximum LED power, etc. And many existing LED lighting installations in schools may not meet these requirements.
It is worth paying attention to the standard of the Association of Manufacturers of LEDs and Systems based on them STO.69159079-01-2017 “LED lamps. Requirements for technical and operational parameters. This standard sets out many of the requirements for LED luminaires for schools and it is highly desirable not to use luminaires with parameters inferior to the recommendations of this document.
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