in relation to the previous three is a kind of "incompatibility". Dharma cannot be mixed with liberalism, socialism, or nationalism. It exists “in parallel”, because for it there is no opposition of the spheres of the life of society, opposition of the natural, social and individual. However, it contains elements of the leading values ​​of all three doctrines.

Notes

1 See: Upadhyaya, D. Integral Humanism / Deendayal Upadhyaya [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.bjp.org/.

2 See: Andersen, W. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism / Walter K. Andersen, Shridhar D. Damle [Electronic resource]. - Mode of access: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_brotherhood_in_saffron:_ the _ rashtriya _ swayamsevak_ sangh_and_hindu_revivalism.

3" Upadhyaya, D. Integral Humanism / Deendayal Upadhyaya [Electronic resource].

Access mode: http://www.bjp.org/.

4 See: Pre-occupation with materialism [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://en/wikipedia/org/wiki/Integral_humanism.

Valery Kim Ekaterina Ivanchenko

Some Features of China's Diplomacy in the Middle Ages

For thousands of years, a vast cultural China existed among barbarian nomadic tribes in the North and relatively small and weak state formations in the South and East. This situation, which persisted into the Middle Ages, was reflected in the foreign policy views of both the elite and the entire Chinese people, who considered their country the center of the earth and the rest of humanity, from which the cultured Chinese had nothing to learn. The complex of ethno-civilizational superiority was reflected even in such a pragmatic sphere of activity as diplomacy2.

It is known that the Chinese are one of the most courteous people in the world, their correctness in the business sphere and sociability in everyday life often become topics for numerous scientific works. The period of the Middle Ages became for China the era of various protracted wars and long interethnic contacts. Expanding the boundaries of the state, increasing tributaries from among foreign rulers was the goal of the foreign policy of many dynasties that succeeded each other in the political arena of China. Repeated wars were replaced by periods of unstable truce.

Using the information about the features of Chinese diplomacy, which are given below, one can avoid numerous miscalculations in interethnic contacts with the Chinese in modern international relations.

A retrospective excursion into the politics of China during the Middle Ages shows that with the fall of the Han Empire at the turn of the 2nd-3rd centuries. in China, a change of eras is taking place: the ancient period of the country's history ends and the Middle Ages begins3. The first stage of early feudalism went down in history as the time of the Three Kings.

actions (220-280). Three states formed on the territory of the country (Wei - in the north, Shu - in the central part and Wu - in the south), the power in which was close to a military dictatorship in type. But already at the end of the III century. political stability in China is again being lost, and it becomes an easy prey for the nomadic tribes that have poured in here, mainly settling in the northwestern regions of the country. From that moment on, for two and a half centuries, China was divided into northern and southern parts, which affected its subsequent development.

The strengthening of centralized power occurs in the 20s. 5th century after the foundation of the Southern Song empire here and in the 30s. 5th century - in the north, where the Northern Wei empire is growing, in which the desire to establish a unified Chinese statehood was more pronounced. In 581, a coup d'etat took place in the north: the commander Yang Jian removed the emperor and changed the name of the Sui state. In 589, he brought the southern state under his control and, for the first time after a period of four hundred years of fragmentation, restored the political unity of the country.

If we talk about the features of the development of China's political relations with other states in a later period, it should be noted that in the XV century. the southern direction of foreign policy is activated. China interferes in Vietnamese affairs and seizes a number of areas in Burma. From 1405 to 1433, seven grandiose expeditions of the Chinese fleet led by Zheng He (1371 - about 1434) were made to the countries of Southeast Asia, India, Arabia and Africa. In different campaigns, he led from 48 to 62 only large ships (this trip was made 100 years before the discovery of America by Columbus, and the flagship of Zheng He was more than twice the size of the famous "Santa Maria" of Columbus). The purpose of the voyage was to establish trade and diplomatic relations with overseas countries, although all foreign trade was reduced to the exchange of tribute and gifts with foreign embassies, while a strict ban was imposed on private foreign trade activities. Caravan trade also acquired the character of embassy missions.

Private trading activity was recognized as legal and profitable for the treasury, but public opinion considered it unworthy of respect and required systematic control by the authorities. The state itself led an active domestic trade policy. The treasury forcibly purchased goods at low prices and distributed the products of state crafts, sold a license for trading activities, maintained a system of monopoly goods, maintained imperial shops and planted state "commercial settlements".

Analyzing the features of secret and official Chinese diplomacy in the Middle Ages, we conclude that it proceeded from the concept of “predetermined mentality” of the rest of the world from China, since “there is only one sky above the world, the Mandate of Heaven is given to the emperor, therefore, the rest of the world is a vassal of China. The Emperor received a clear order from Heaven to rule over the Chinese and foreigners... Since Earth and Heaven have existed, there has been a division into subjects and sovereigns, lower and higher. Therefore, there is a certain order in relations with foreigners ... "

The hieroglyph "fan" speaks about the essence of such a "certain order", denoting at the same time a foreigner, a stranger, a subordinate, a savage. According to the Chinese, their country is a circle inscribed in the square of the world, and in the corners of the square there are the aforementioned “fans”, which cannot be treated humanely, since “the principle of morality is for ruling China, the principle of attack is for

control of the barbarians. The corners of the world square conquered by China were given the following names: Andong (Humble East), Annan (Humble South).

The Chinese elite had knowledge of the world, but it was fundamentally ignored: the entire non-Chinese world was viewed as something peripheral and monotonous, the diversity of the world and reality were obscured by chauvinistic and China-centric dogma, which, perhaps, still makes itself felt in the mentality Chinese.

In practice, the apologists for the “predetermined vassalage” were satisfied with nominal vassalage: the main duties of the “vassal” were visiting Beijing (officially interpreted as a manifestation of loyalty) with gifts to the Chinese emperor (treated as tribute) and receiving by the “vassal” even more valuable gifts from the emperor, called “mercy and salary."

This phenomenon of Chinese diplomacy is explained by the fact that the concept of “predetermined vassalage” was designed not so much for foreigners as for the Chinese themselves: the appearance of vassalage is additional evidence of the power of the dynasty, which thus convinced the people that “all foreigners obeyed in trepidation”, "Countless states rush to become vassals, bring tribute and see the Son of Heaven." Thus, in China, foreign policy is at the service of domestic policy directly, and not indirectly, as in the West. In parallel with the conviction of the masses, in the desire of most countries to “join civilization”, a sense of external danger from hardened barbarians from the North was also inflated to unite society and justify cruel tax exploitation: “The absence of external enemies leads to the collapse of the state.”

In order to strengthen the psychological and ideological impact in the right direction on foreigners and their own people, the ceremonial side of diplomatic contacts was absolutized. In accordance with the kou-tou diplomatic ritual, which lasted until 1858, foreign representatives had to fulfill a series of conditions of an audience with the Chinese emperor that humiliated their personal and state dignity, including 3 prostrations and 9 prostrations.

In 1660, the Qing emperor commented on the arrival of the Russian mission of N. Spafaria in Beijing in the following way: “The Russian tsar called himself the Great Khan and, in general, there is a lot of immodest in his letter. The white king is just the head of the tribes, but he is arrogant and his writing is arrogant. Russia is located far on the western outskirts and is not civilized enough, but in sending the ambassador one can see the desire to fulfill the duty. Therefore, it is ordered to reward the White Tsar and his ambassador mercifully. N. Spafariy's refusal to kneel when receiving the emperor's gifts was regarded as "insufficient appeal of Russians to civilization." The Chinese dignitary frankly told the Russian ambassador that "Russia is not a vassal, but the custom cannot be changed." To which Spafarius replied: “Your custom differs from ours: we go to honor, and you go to dishonor.” The ambassador left China with the conviction that "it is easier for them to lose their kingdom than to leave their custom."

While official diplomacy played the role of an attribute of China's imperial greatness, the specific tasks of foreign policy were solved by the methods of secret unofficial diplomacy, that is, Chinese diplomacy - with a double bottom (secret diplomacy in the two countries solves only a few delicate specific tasks). The secret diplomacy of old China is imbued with the spirit of legalism and its priority of state interests at any cost (the end justifies the means) and proceeds from the real state of affairs, and not from the dogmas of official policy.

Since war has always been a burden for huge agricultural China, he constantly proceeded from the fact that "diplomacy is an alternative to war": "first break the plans of the enemy, then his alliances, then himself."

The tools of Chinese diplomacy consisted not only of ingenious traps, but also of specific foreign policy doctrines developed for all cases of dangerous international life:

Horizontal strategy - at the very beginning and in the decline of the dynasty. A weak China enters into alliances with its neighbors against an adversary that is distant to China but close to its neighbors. Thus, the neighbors are diverted in the opposite direction from China;

Vertical strategy - at the apogee of the dynasty: Strong China is advancing on its neighbors "in alliance with the distant against the near";

Combination strategy - changing allies like gloves;

A combination of military and diplomatic methods: "the pen and the sword must act simultaneously";

- "the use of poison as an antidote" (barbarians against barbarians);

Simulation of weakness: "pretending to be a girl, rush like a tiger into open doors."

Summarizing all of the above, we come to the following conclusions:

Diplomacy - a game without rules - China quite successfully turned into a game by its own rules, using a stratagem approach, as a kind of diplomatic karate, inevitably fatal for the opponents of the Celestial Empire.

A stratagem is a special strategic plan in which a trap is laid for the enemy. Accordingly, a diplomatic stratagem is the sum of targeted diplomatic and other measures designed to implement a long-term strategic plan for solving the cardinal tasks of foreign policy.

Philosophy of intrigue, art of deception, active foresight; the ability not only to calculate, but also to program moves in a political game - this is precisely the diplomatic stratagem of China - the main means of combating external enemies of the state in the Middle Ages.

In modern conditions, Chinese diplomacy skillfully uses some of the techniques from the rich arsenal of "Chinese negotiation ceremonies" to settle inter-confessional and inter-ethnic conflicts.

Notes

1 Govorov, Yu. L. History of Asia and Africa in the Middle Ages / Yu. L. Govorov. -M., 2003.

2 Ismailova, S. World History / S. Ismailova. - M., 1996.

3 Polyak, G. B. World history: textbook. for universities / G. B. Polyak, A. N. Markova. -M., 2005.

• Dolan E.J., Lindsay D. Market: a microeconomic model. SPb., 1992.

• McConnell K.R., Brew S. Economics: principles, problems and politics: In 2 vols. T.1.M., 1992.

• Pindike R., Rubinfeld D. Microeconomics. M., 1992.

• Galperin V.M., Ignatiev S.M., Morgunov V.N. Microeconomics: In 2 vols. M., 1994.

• Emtsov R.G., Lukin M.Yu. Microeconomics. M., 1999.

• Course of economic theory / Ed. M.N. Chepurina, E.A. Kiseleva. Kirov, 2002.

• Ivashkovsky S.N. Microeconomics. M.: Delo, 2001.

• Maksimova V.F. Microeconomics. M., Somintek. 1996.

• Economics: Textbook / Ed. A.S. Bulatova. M., 1997.

Topic 1. Introduction to microeconomics

• 1.1. The emergence and development of economics as a science

• 1.2. Subject of economic theory, micro- and macroeconomics. The value of studying microeconomics.

• 1.3.Methods of economic research.

Economic schools:

• 1) mercantilists;

• 2) physiocrats;

• 3) classical political economy;

• 4) Marxism;

Economic schools:

• 5) marginalism;

• 6) Keynesianism;

• 7) neoclassical direction;

• 8) institutionalism;

• 9) neo-Keynesian direction, etc.

Mercantilism

• the economic doctrine of the 15th-11th centuries, whose representatives argued that wealth is accumulated as a result of foreign trade, and the sphere of circulation is subject to research. There are early and late mercantilists.

• Early mercantilists identified wealth with gold and silver and put forward the theory of "balance of money", proposing to prohibit the export of money from the country, as well as limit imports, increase the extraction of gold and silver, and establish high duties on the import of goods.

Mercantilism

Late mercantilists - T. Man, A. Serra, A. Montchretien and others - understood by wealth the excess of products that remained after meeting the needs of the country, but had to turn into money on the foreign market. The central point of late mercantilism was the "balance of trade system", according to which it was believed that the state becomes richer, the greater the difference between the sum of the value of exported and imported goods.

Physiocrats

An economic school formed in the middle of the 1111th century. dо France, they transferred the question of the origin of social wealth from the sphere of circulation to the sphere of production, but limited it only to agriculture, considering. That wealth is created only in this industry. The founder of the physiocratic school was F. Quesnay, and his followers were A. Turgot, P. S. Dupont de Nemours, V. Mirabeau.

Classical political economy

The first representatives of this school were William Petty (1623-1687) in England and Pierre Boisguillebert in France. They attempted to reduce the value of a commodity to labor and took a decisive step towards economic theory, which discovered the source of wealth in the sphere of production. Classical political economy reached its highest development in the works of the English economists Adam Smith (1723-1790) and David Ricardo (1772-1823).

To narrow the search results, you can refine the query by specifying the fields to search on. The list of fields is presented above. For example:

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When writing a query, you can specify the way in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search based on morphology, without morphology, search for a prefix, search for a phrase.
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To include a value in an interval, use square brackets. Use curly braces to escape a value.

9.1 Main literature:

1. Dolan E., Lindsay D. Market: microeconomic model / Per. from V. Lukashevich and others; Under total ed. B. Lisovik and V. Lukashevich. 2004

2. Kulekeev Zh.A., Sultanbekova G.K. Microeconomics: A textbook for universities, 2nd edition. - Almaty RSE "Kazstatinform" 2001.

3. Nureev R. M. Course of microeconomics: a textbook for universities - M: NORM) - INFRA, 2000.

4. Pindyk R., Rubenfeld D., Microeconomics.- M., 2008

5. Khaiman D.N. Modern microeconomics: analysis and application. In 2 volumes - M., Finance and statistics, 2008.

6. Course of economic theory: General foundations of economic theory.
Microeconomics. Macroeconomics. Fundamentals of the national economy.: Textbook / Ed. Doctor of Economics, prof. A.V. Sidorovich; Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov- M., Ed. Business and Service, 2001

9.2 Further reading:

1. Marshall A. Principles of political economy.- M.: Progress, 1976.

2. Maksimova B.F. Microeconomics - M.: SOMINTE, 2004.

3. Micro-, macroeconomics. Workshop / Under the general. ed. Yu.A. Ogibina - St. Petersburg, 1994

4. Ovchinnikov G.P. Microeconomics. Macroeconomics. - St. Petersburg. Ed. Mikhailova V.A., 1997.

5. Paul Heine. Economic way of thinking. - M.: 1992.

6. Robinson J. The economic theory of imperfect competition: Transl. from English-M.: Progress, 1986.

7. Hal R. Varian. Microeconomics. Intermediate level. Modern approach. - M., UNITI 1997.

8. K. Heksever, B. Render, R. Russell, R. Murdik. Management and organization in the service sector: theory and practice. - St. Petersburg: Piter. 2002.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakh Humanitarian Law University

« I APPROVE"

Vice-Rector-Director of the Higher School

economics, business and social sciences

Candidate of Historical Sciences ___________ Mukataeva L.K.

________________________________

"_____" ________________ 2012

Name of the discipline "Microeconomics of the social sphere and tourism"

A S T A N A - 2012

1. Information about the course instructor: Master of Economics., Senior Lecturer of the Department of Economics and Management Smagulova Aizhan Kenesovna, office No. 417.

Scientific interests of the teacher:

Economics of the enterprise, Macroeconomic policy of the state, Efficiency of investment projects.

Language skills: Kazakh - native, Russian - perfect.

Department data: Department of Economics and Management, main building of KazGUU

Course Prerequisites: a student studying the discipline "Microeconomics of the social sphere and tourism" must:

Know the basic economic concepts, categories, laws;

Be able to take notes of lecture material;

Be able to work with educational, scientific literature, periodicals;

Possess the skills of independent research work.

Course postrequisites: studying the discipline "Microeconomics of the social sphere and tourism" will allow students to successfully master such disciplines as "Tourism Economics", "International Tourism", etc.

Description of discipline:

Title: Entrepreneurship and business planning in the social sphere»

Number of credits: 2

Venue: main building

The purpose of the discipline: the study of the mechanism of decision-making by economic entities and individual choice in the social sphere, causal relationships between microeconomic variables in the social sphere and tourism, as well as factors affecting the behavior of market entities.

Objectives of the discipline: studying the discipline:

Formation of students' fundamental knowledge of the theory of microeconomics;

To develop students' ability to understand the methodological principles of the analysis of microeconomic models;

To develop students' ability to use theoretical knowledge in practice.

A student who has completed the study of the discipline "Microeconomics of the Social Sphere and Tourism" must have knowledge that allows him to analyze any microeconomic behavior patterns of individual economic entities. The student should be able to substantiate causal relationships and dependencies between microeconomic variables with reason. The student must possess the methodological and methodological apparatus of microeconomics and be able to use it to interpret and analyze microeconomic situations, make rational decisions in the course of their professional activities.

• 1. What are the features of the modern information society? What is human capital, what is its role in the knowledge economy?
• 2. What foreign and domestic scientists have made a significant contribution to the formation and development of the theory of human capital?
• 3. Explain the relationship between the categories "human capital", "labor force", "labor resources", "human resources", "labor potential", "human potential", "human assets", "intellectual capital".
• 4. What elements make up the human capital of an individual, an organization? Name the types of human capital known to you.
• 5. What is investment in human capital? What expenses do they include and how are they different from other types of investments?
• 6. What economic entities can invest in human capital? What benefits do they receive, what goals do they pursue?

Literature

• 1. Armstrong M. The practice of human resource management / M. Armstrong; per. from English, half ed. S. K. Mordovina. 10th ed. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2012. - 848 p.
• 2. Becker G. Human capital (chapters from the book). Impact on the earnings of investments in human capital // USA: economics, politics, ideology. - 1993. - No. 11. -S. 109-119.
• 3. Brooking E. Intellectual capital / E. Brooking; per. from English, under. ed. L. N. Kovalik. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 288 p.
• 4. Genkin B. M. Economics and sociology of labor: studies for universities / B. M. Genkin. - M.: NORMA: IIFRA-M, 2000. - 356 p.
• 5. Davydova OA Investments in human capital: dynamics, evaluation, efficiency: thesis .... cand. what. Sciences. - M. : ProSoft, 2002. - 142 p.
• 6. Dobrynin A. I., Dyatlov S. A., Tsyrsnova E. D. Human capital in a transitive economy: formation, evaluation, efficiency of use. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1999.-309 p.
• 7. Doktorovich A. B. Socially oriented development of society and human potential: modern theories, methods of system research: dis. ... Dr. Econ. Sciences. - M.: ProSoft-M, 2005. - 360 p.
• 8. Dolan E. J. Market: a microeconomic model / E. J. Dolan, D. E. Lindsay. - St. Petersburg: Pech. yard, 1992. - 416 p.
• 9. Ilyinsky IV Investments in the future: education in investment reproduction / IV Ilyinsky. - St. Petersburg: S'PbUEF, 1996. - 164 p.
• 10. Castells M. Information era: economics, society, culture trans. from English. / M. Castells; ed. O. I. Shkaratana. M., 2000. - 382 p.
• 11. Kendrick J. The total capital of the USA and its formation / J. Kendrick. - M.: Progress, 1978.- 118 p.
• 12. Korotkov E. M. Management of the quality of education: textbook, manual for universities / E. M. Korotkov. - M. : Academic Project: Mir, 2006. - 320 p.
• 13. Kritsky M. M. Human capital / M. M. Kritsky. - L .: Leningrad Publishing House. university, 1991. - 194 p.
• 14. McConnell K. R. Economics: principles, problems and politics: in 2 volumes: per. from English. / K. R. McConnell, S. L. Brue. - M.: Respublika, 1992. - T. 2 - 400 p.
• 15. Martsinkevich V.I., Soboleva I.V. Human Economics: textbook, manual for high schools. - M.: Aspect Press, 1995. - 286 p.
• 16. Stepanova T. E. Laws of the economy based on knowledge / T. E. Stepanova. - Samara: Izl-vo Samar, state. economy acad., 2005. - 336 p.
• 17. Sudova T. L. Investments in human capital and their role in the formation of the information society: thesis .... Dr. Econ. Sciences. - M. : ProSoft-M. 2003. - 308 p.
• 18. FisherS. Economics: per. from English. / S. Fisher. R. Dornbusch, R. Schmalenzi. - M. : Case LTD, 1993.-864 p.
• 19. Labor Economics / ed. M. A. Vinokurova, N. A. Gorelova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2004. - 656 p.
• 20. Bontis N. The knowledge toolbox: a review of the tools available to measure and manage intangible resources / N. Bontis, N. C. Dragonetti, K. Jaconsen and G. Roos // Europian Management Journal. - 17 (4). - P. 391-402.
• 21. Bow en H. R. Investment in Learning / H. R. Bowen. - San Francisco etc: Jossey-Bass, 1978.
• 22. Schultz T. Investment in Human Capital / T. Schultz // Economic Growth - an American Problem. - Englew "ood Cliffs. - 1964.
• 23. Stcw "art T. A. Intellectual Capital. New" Wealth of Organizations / T. A. Stewart. - N.Y.,
• 1997.
• 24. Thurow L. Investment in Human Capital / L. Thurow. - Belmont. 1970.
• 25. Toffler A. The Third Wave / A. Toffler. - N.Y., 1980.