Continuation. See No. 10, 11, 12/2005

Botany in tables, diagrams, tests and terms

Scheme 5. The development cycle of a flowering plant

Table 11. The main features of the families of flowering plants

family name, number of species	flower formula	Inflorescence		Features of the structure of vegetative organs	Representatives and their practical application
Class Dicotyledonous
Cruciferous (cabbage), 3 thousand	W 2+2 L 2+2 W 2+4 R 1		Pod, pod	The stems are often shortened (rosette), the leaves are simple, whole or dissected; root modifications - root crops (radish, radish)	Vegetable: cabbage, radish, radish, horseradish, turnip. Oilseeds: rapeseed, mustard. Medicinal: hiccups, shepherd's purse. Decorative: levkoy, lunnaria. Weeds: wild radish, field yarutka
Rosaceae (pink), 3 thousand	Ch 5 L 5 TҐPҐ or H 5 L 5 TҐP 1	Brush, simple umbrella, shield	Drupe, apple or apple, polynut, frag	Stems often with thorns, shoot spines, leaves simple and compound with stipules	Fruit and berry: apple, pear, plum, cherry, almond, raspberry, strawberry. Medicinal: cinquefoil, cuff, wild rose, mountain ash. Decorative: sweet clover, spirea, hawthorn
Legumes, 18 thousand	W 5 L 1+2+(2) T (9)+1 P 1 Corolla petals: sail, oars, boat	brush head		The stems are often herbaceous lianas, the leaves are pinnately compound with large stipules, ternary; leaves can be modified into tendrils	Food: peas, beans, beans, lentils, soybeans, peanuts. Forage: clover, lupine, alfalfa, vetch. Medicinal: sweet clover, gorse, thermopsis
Solanaceae, 2.5 thous.	W (5) L (5) T (5) R 1	Brush, curl, panicle	berry, box	Stems of forked branching, leaves are simple; some have tubers - modified shoots	Vegetables: potatoes, peppers, eggplant, tomato. Technical: tobacco, shag. Medicinal: henbane, dope, nightshade, belladonna. Decorative: petunia, fragrant tobacco
Compositae (aster), 25 thousand	Flowers of 4 types: instead of a cup - films or tufts. L (5) T (5) P 1 - tubular, reed, L (3) T (5) P 1 - false reed; funnel-shaped (sterile)	Brush, curl, panicle. Basket	Hemicarp, often with pappus, sail, or spinules	Stems are often shortened (rosette), leaves are simple and compound	Oilseeds and vegetables: sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke. Medicinal: tansy, yarrow, calendula, string, chamomile
Class Monocots
Cereals (bluegrass), 10 thousand tons	O 2+(2) T 3 P 1	Complex ear, sultan, panicle, cob	Caryopsis with starchy endosperm	Straw stalk, hollow inside the internodes, with swollen nodes; leaves sessile with a sheath, entire, simple, linear with parallel venation	Cereals: wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, millet, sorghum. Technical: sugarcane. Forage: timothy, bonfire, bluegrass. Weeds: wheatgrass, bristle, chaff.
Lileynye 1, 3 thous.	O 3+3 T 3+3 P (3)	Umbrella, brush, whisk	box, berry	Almost all representatives have modified shoots: rhizome or bulb. Only flower stalks appear on the surface of the soil: leaves are simple, entire, linear or oval, with parallel or arcuate venation.	Vegetables: onion, garlic, asparagus. Medicinal: lily of the valley, kupena, hellebore, aloe. Decorative: lily, tulip

Table 12. Comparative characteristics of classes of flowering plants

Comparable Features	Class Dicotyledonous	Class Monocots
seed germ	Has two cotyledons - germinal leaves	Has one cotyledon
root system	Rod type, consists of main, lateral and adventitious roots	Fibrous type, consists mainly of adventitious and lateral roots
	As it grows, it thickens due to the division of the cambium - the ring of the lateral meristem; vascular bundles of an open type (have a cambium) are arranged in an orderly manner in the stem	As it grows, it does not thicken, since the cambium is absent; vascular bundles of a closed type (do not have cambium), arranged randomly in the stem
	Simple and complex of various shapes, petiolate and sessile, often with stipules; venation reticulate with palmate or pinnate arrangement of veins	Simple linear, oval, lanceolate, entire sessile and vaginal with parallel and arcuate venation
	Four-membered or five-membered with a double perianth, more often insect-pollinated	Three-membered (rarely four-membered) with a simple perianth, more often self-pollinated and wind-pollinated
life form	Trees and shrubs, annuals, biennials and perennials	Annual and perennial herbs (exception - tree-like aloe, palm trees)
Number of species and families	180 thousand species, 370 families	60 thousand species, 60 families

Table 13. General characteristics of bacteria

Cell shape and size	Features of the cellular structure	Nutrition and breathing	Reproduction and sporulation	Representatives and their meaning
Spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), curved (vibrio), spiral (spirilla); can form colonies: a thread of balls (streptococcus), a "bunch of grapes" (staphylococcus aureus). Dimensions within 0.1 - 10 microns (1 micron = 10-6 m). A. Leeuwenhoek first described plaque bacteria in 1683.	Prokaryotic (prenuclear) unicellular or colonial cells have a cell wall of murein protein and a mucous capsule of polysaccharides; in the cytoplasm there is a nucleoid (nuclear zone) with a circular DNA molecule (plasmids); in the cytoplasm there are also ribosomes, photosynthetic membranes (only in autotrophic photosynthesizers) and mesosome (respiratory organelle); cell membrane may have outgrowths - flagella and pili (organelles of movement)		They reproduce only asexually, by direct division into two (amitosis), which occurs under favorable conditions every 20 minutes; asexual reproduction may be preceded by a sexual process (conjugation, transduction, or transformation) leading to the genetic recombination of daughter cells. Under unfavorable conditions (lack of moisture, food, positive temperature, etc.), they proceed to sporulation: one large endospore is formed from one cell, covered with a thick protective shell, capable of withstanding drying, boiling, freezing, etc.	They provide the circulation of substances in nature and participate in the formation of humus - the fertile soil layer (decay bacteria); bind atmospheric nitrogen in the form of nitrates and nitrites available to plants (nodule bacteria). They are used in industry to produce curdled milk, yogurt, silage (lactic acid bacteria), antibiotics (actinomycetes, streptomycetes), feed protein (hydrogen bacteria). Causative agents of dangerous human diseases (plague, cholera, diphtheria, tonsillitis, etc.), animals and plants (burn of the bark of apple trees)

Table 14. Characteristics of the main representatives of fungi

Representatives	Structural features	Feeding method	Reproduction features	Meaning
Molds: mukor, or "white mold"	Mycelium (mycelium) colorless, multinucleate with rhizoids, sporangia on legs develop on mycelium	Saprophyte (feeds on dead organic matter). Develops on bread	With the help of spores formed in spherical black sporangia; when the nutrient medium is depleted, it switches to sexual reproduction	Food spoilage
Penicillium, or "green mold"	Mycelium is multicellular, greenish, with partitions between cells; at the ends of the filaments of the mycelium (hyphae), brushes (conidia) are formed that carry spores	Saprophyte. Develops on vegetables, fruits, jam	With the help of spores formed on conidia; when the nutrient medium is depleted, it switches to sexual reproduction	Mycelium cells produce penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of staphylococcus bacteria. This family was discovered by A. Fleming in 1929.
yeast fungi: bread yeast	Unicellular microscopic, without mycelium, forming colonies of oval cells	Saprophytes. They feed on the fermentation of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide with the release of heat.	Under favorable conditions, they reproduce vegetatively - by budding; when the nutrient medium is depleted, they switch to sexual reproduction	Known only in culture, widely used in bakery
	On the mycelium that develops in the ears of cereals, dark horns grow containing poisonous substances - hallucinogens.		The spores of the fungus are spread by insects attracted by the honeydew secreted by the fungus.	Flour prepared from infected ears can cause severe poisoning, accompanied by gangrene and convulsions.
	Mycelium develops inside the shoots of plants grown from infected seeds; the resulting ears acquire a “charred” appearance, since the mycelium, by the time they ripen, breaks up into spores		The spores of the fungus at the time of flowering of cereals are carried by the wind and, falling on the pistils of flowers, infect new plants.	Causes a disease of cereals - dusty, blistering, stem and hard smut
Hat mushrooms: white mushroom, boletus, boletus, russula, chanterelles, etc.	On multicellular mycelium, under favorable conditions (heat, moisture), fruiting bodies (sporophores) develop, consisting of a cap and a leg; spores develop on the underside of the cap in the spore-bearing layer (hymenophore) of a tubular or lamellar appearance		With the help of disputes; with the help of gametes formed at the ends of the mycelium; vegetatively; with pieces of mushroom	Destroy wood (tinder, mushrooms); used for food by humans and animals

Scheme 6. Scheme of the biological system of plants (basic taxonomic units)

Table 15. General characteristics of lichens

Habitat and representatives	External	internal	Nutrition and reproduction	Significance in nature and human life
On stones (graphis, lecanora), on tree trunks and branches (parmelia, usnea), on soil (cladonia, cetraria), on treated wood (ramalia, alectoria), in water (hydrothyria, dermacarpon)	In appearance, the thalli are distinguished: scale, or cortical (graphis), leafy (parmelia), bushy (cladonia)	The thallus consists of an upper and lower cortex, a core formed by fungal hyphae, and a layer of algae cells (gonidial layer)	Algae supplies the lichen with organic substances formed during photosynthesis, and the fungus supplies mineral salts and water. It reproduces vegetatively by pieces of thallus, groups of cells braided with fungal hyphae, blown through holes in the cortex (soredia)	They destroy rocks and form a soil layer (vegetation pioneers). They form the ground cover of the tundra and serve as food for reindeer (moss reindeer). They are used in industry to fix the smell of perfumes, to obtain dyes, indicators, etc.

Table 16. Main life forms (according to K. Raunkier)

life form	Characteristic	plant examples
Fanerofit	Plants whose renewal buds are located at some distance from the soil surface (above 25 cm). This plant life form absolutely dominates (96%) in humid tropical forests (hylaea), and is also significantly represented in subtropical forest formations (65%)	Siberian pine, ash-leaved maple, drooping birch, sticky alder
	Low-growing succulents, grasses (creeping), whose renewal buds are located low above the soil surface (below 25 cm). Found in tundra, highlands and arid regions	Cowberry, blueberry, heather, cassandra
Hemicryptophyte	Plants in which the buds of renewal during the unfavorable period of the year for vegetation are stored at soil level and are protected by dead leaves or snow cover. Predominates in the composition of the vegetation of the tundra (60%) and steppes (63%)	Buttercup caustic, dandelion officinalis, spreading bellflower, some cereals
Cryptophyte	Perennial herbaceous plants in which renewal buds are laid in bulbs, tubers, rhizomes and are in the soil, due to which they are protected from direct environmental influences. The above-ground organs of these herbs die off with the onset of a period unfavorable for vegetation, and are subsequently restored from renewal buds hidden underground, present on rhizomes and other perennial underground plant organs.	Luciferous anemone, tulip, goose onion
	Annual plants that completely die off by winter, but retain viable seeds. These annual herbs dominate in semi-deserts and deserts (73%), in dry steppes	Samoseyka poppy, white gauze, levkoy icterus, gray hiccup

Table 17. Main plants - indicators of air pollution

Pollution Components	The most important tree species	Agricultural and ornamental plants
sulphur dioxide	Spruce (European, Serbian), European fir, Scotch pine, American ash	Wheat, barley, alfalfa, clover, cotton, violets
Hydrogen fluoride	European spruce, European fir, walnut	Grapes, apricot, gladiolus, lily of the valley, narcissus, tulip, rhododendron
	Common hornbeam, heart-shaped linden	Celery, shag
hydrogen chloride	European spruce, European larch, common hazel, sticky alder	Beans, spinach, radishes, currants, strawberries
	Weymouth pine	Tobacco, potatoes, soybeans, tomatoes, citrus fruits
Heavy metals	Canadian hemlock, smooth elm	Fescue, orchids, bromeliads

To be continued

Department Angiosperms (Flowers)
250 thousand species. Angiosperms are the dominant group of plants on Earth. Main features: the presence of a flower; the ovules are in the ovary, and the seeds are inside the fruit; pollination by insects and other animals is possible; double fertilization; vessels appear in the wood, and companion cells appear in the phloem. There are two classes of angiosperms: dicots and monocots.

sign	Class Dicotyledonous	Class Monocots
	Two cotyledons.	One cotyledon.
Root type	Rod	Fibrous.
	have cambium	no cambium
	Any leaves, often with stipules.	Leaves simple, stipules absent.
Venation	Cirrus and palmate.	Parallel and arc.
	Perianth any, flowers 4- and 5-membered.	Perianth simple, flowers 3-membered.

Class Dicotyledonous
Family Cruciferous (Cabbage)
Number of species: about 3000.
Life forms: annual and perennial herbs.
Rod root system, pinnate venation, erect stem, simple leaves without stipules. In many species, the leaves are collected in a rosette (shepherd's purse). The leaf arrangement is alternate.
2 cotyledons per seed. Flowers H 4 L 4 T 2+4 P (2). The petals are arranged perpendicular to each other (“cross” - hence the old name of the family). Inflorescence - brush or panicle. The fruit is a pod (the length is 4 or more times greater than the width; cabbage) and a pod (the length is equal to the width or exceeds it by no more than 3-4 times; yarutka). Seeds without endosperm.
Meaning :
5.1. Food. Inflorescence (cauliflower, broccoli), leaves (Chinese cabbage), buds (white cabbage), stem (thickened fleshy stem of kohlrabi), root crop (turnip, radish) are used for food.
5.2. Getting seasoned (horseradish)
5.3. Stern (turnip).
5.4. Obtaining oil (mustard, rapeseed).
5.5. Weeds (shepherd's purse, yarutka).
5.6. Honey (colza, sverbiga).
5.7. Decorative (levkoy).
5.8. Medicinal (mustard).

Rosaceae family
Number of species: 3000.
Life forms: herbs (strawberries, gravel), shrubs (spirea), trees (apple tree).
Tap root system, pinnate or palmate venation, erect or creeping stem. The leaves are simple (apple tree) or compound (rowan - pinnate, strawberry - trifoliate), with stipules. The leaf arrangement is alternate.
2 cotyledons per seed. Flowers: H 5 L 5 T ∞ P (5) - apple tree; H 5 L 5 T ∞ P 1 - cherry; Ch 5 L 5 T ∞ P ∞ - wild rose. The flowers often have an extended receptacle, with which the bases of the tepals and stamens usually grow together. Inflorescence - brush (bird cherry), shield (pear), panicle (rowan). Fruits - apple (apple tree, pear), drupe (plum, peach), polydrupe (raspberry), polynutlet (gravilate). Seeds without endosperm.
Meaning :
5.1. Food (berry and fruit - pome and stone fruit crops).
5.2. Medicinal (hawthorn, galangal).
5.3. Decorative (rosehip).
5.4. Weeds (cinquefoil, gravel).
5.5. Honey (rosehip).
5.6. Obtaining rose oil used in cosmetics and perfumery.

Moth family (Bean)
Number of species: 12.000.
Life forms: herbs (clover, sweet clover, peas, camel thorn), shrubs (yellow locust), trees (acacia).
Rod root system, nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria can form on the roots. Pinnate venation. The stem is erect (melilot), creeping (clover), curly (beans), clinging (rank, peas). The leaves are compound: trifoliate (clover), palmate (lupine), paired pinnate (acacia). There are stipules. The leaf arrangement is alternate.
2 cotyledons per seed. Flower - H (5) L 1.2. (2) T (9).1 P 1. The petals have special names: the upper (largest) - sail, lateral - oars, 2 fused lower - boat. Fruit - bean. Inflorescence raceme (pea) or head (clover). Seeds without endosperm.
Meaning :
5.1. Food (beans, beans, soybeans, peas).
5.2. Decorative (lupine, sweet pea).
5.3. Feed (clover, alfalfa).
5.4. Honey plants (yellow acacia).
5.5. Medicinal (clover, licorice).
5.6. Enrich the soil with nitrogen - "green manure".
5.7. Obtaining oil (peanuts).

Solanaceae family
Number of species: about 2300.
Life forms: herbs.
Tap root system, pinnate venation. Stem erect or creeping. Some form an underground shoot - a tuber (potato). The leaves are simple, without stipules. The leaf arrangement is alternate.
2 cotyledons per seed. Flower H (5) L (5) T 5 P 1. Inflorescence - brush. Fruit type - berry (tomato, potato) or box (henbane). Seeds with endosperm.
Meaning :
5.1. Food (eggplant, pepper, tomato, potato).
5.2. Medicinal (henbane).
5.3. Poisonous (datura).
5.4. Feed (potatoes).
5.5. Decorative (belladonna, fragrant tobacco).
5.6. Weeds (black nightshade).
5.7. Use of infusion for pest control (tomato).
5.8. Manufacture of cigarettes (tobacco).

Family Compositae (Asteraceae)
Number of species: 25.000 (largest family of flowering plants).
Life forms: herbs.
Tap root system, pinnate venation. The leaves are simple, without stipules. A basal leaf rosette (dandelion) may form. The leaf arrangement is alternate, rarely opposite (sunflower). Stem erect or creeping. Some form underground shoots - rhizomes (thistle, thistle).
2 cotyledons per seed. Basket inflorescence. Flowers bisexual (dandelion) or unisexual (coltsfoot). Fruit type - achene, seeds without endosperm. Calyx strongly reduced, 5 petals fused together, 5 stamens, 1 pistil. Asteraceae are characterized by the following types of flowers:
- funnel-shaped - along the edges of the inflorescence near the cornflower,
- tubular - usually located in the center of the inflorescence (sunflower),
- reed - have a 5-toothed tongue, usually along the edges of the inflorescence (dandelion, sunflower),
Meaning :
4.1. Food (lettuce, Jerusalem artichoke).
4.2. Oilseed (sunflower).
4.3. Medicinal (dandelion, chamomile, yarrow, wormwood).
4.4. Decorative (aster, calendula, chrysanthemum, dahlia).
4.5. Weeds (thistle, thistle).
4.6. Honey (dandelion).
4.7. Replacement of coffee (chicory).
4.8. Dominant species of some communities (sagebrush semi-deserts).

Class Monocots
Liliaceae family
Number of species: 3500-4000.
Life Forms: Perennial herbs.
Fibrous root system, arcuate venation. A bulb (tulip) or rhizome (lily of the valley) is formed in the soil. The leaves are simple without stipules. The leaf arrangement is alternate, opposite and whorled (crow's eye). Stem erect or creeping.
1 cotyledon per seed. Flower O 3 + 3 T 3 + 3 P (3) - in the tulip, O (3 + 3) T 3 + 3 P (3) - in the lily of the valley. Inflorescence raceme, rarely umbel. In some species, the inflorescence is not formed - only single flowers. Fruits - berry (lily of the valley) or box (tulip). Seeds with endosperm.
Meaning:
5.1. Decorative (tulip, narcissus).
5.2. Food (onions, garlic, asparagus).
5.3. Medicinal (lily of the valley, aloe).
5.4. Poisonous (lily of the valley).
Many species are rare and listed in the Red Book.

Family Cereals
Number of species: 8000.
Life forms: annual and perennial herbs, tree-like plants (bamboo).
Fibrous root system, parallel venation. The stem is erect or creeping, in many - a rhizome (wheatgrass). Abundant branching (tillering) is characteristic. The stem has hollow internodes. Such a stem is called a culm. The leaves are simple. The leaf arrangement is alternate.
1 cotyledon per seed. Flower O 2 T 3 P 1. The flowers are bisexual (some cereals have same-sex flowers (corn), being monoecious plants), in spikelets collected in complex inflorescences. Inflorescences: compound ear (rye, wheat), panicle (oats), cob (female corn inflorescence), sultan (timothy). The fruit is a grain. Seeds with endosperm.
Meaning:
5.1. Food (rye, wheat, barley, corn, rice, oats). One of the most important food plants of this family is wheat. Wheat is soft and hard. In soft wheat, the grain at the break is loose and mealy, in hard wheat it is vitreous and dense. By the time of sowing, winter and spring varieties of wheat are distinguished. Winter crops are sown in late summer - early autumn, and before the cold weather, it has time to go through the tillering phase. Spring wheat is sown in spring.
5.2. Feed (corn, oats, fescue).
5.3. Weeds (wheatgrass).
5.4. Environment formers (fescue and feather grass in the steppes).
5.5. Obtaining sugar (sugar cane - its parenchymal cells contain up to 20% sugar).
5.6. Construction of dwellings, production of furniture and interior items (bamboo).

The teacher enters the classroom and addresses the students: Hello guys! In past lessons, we met with the main families of classes of angiosperms. Today our task is to consolidate the knowledge gained about the classification of plants and our lesson will pass in an unusual way, but in the form of a competition game. I will ask you to sit in groups, and to the commanders to present the members of their teams and a business card.

II. COMPETITION GAME

Competition 1. "Find the mistake"

So our first contest is called"Find the mistake" . Open envelope No. 1, take out cards with the systematic position of plants, they contain errors, find these errors and correct them, time is limited - 1 minute. For each error found, you are awarded 1 point.

1. Kingdom: Plants
   

Type: Angiosperms

Class: Monocots

Genus: Rosehip

Family: Rosaceae

Species: Rosehip cinnamon

1. Kingdom: Plants
   

Class: Monocots

Family: Liliaceae

Kind: Tulip forest

Genus: Tulip

1. Kingdom: Plants
   

Type: Angiosperms

Class: Dicotyledons

Family: Cereals

Species: wild cabbage

Genus: Cabbage

The teacher checks the answer cards, names the mistakes of each team, sums up the results of the first competition.

The next competition is: "Do you know the distinguishing features of mono- and dicotyledonous plants?".

The slide appears:

Competition 2

1. mesh
   
2. fibrous
   
3. cruciferous, rosaceous, nightshade
   
4. one cotyledon
   
5. cereal, lily
   
6. two cotyledons
   
7. parallel or arc
   
8. rod
   
9. simple
   
10. double
    
11. cambium
    

Teacher: open envelope number 2 and take out the number cards. Some words are missing in my text, your task is to find the right word or words from the list that you see on the screen, and raise the card with the number that belongs to this word. For each correct answer, your team receives 1 point.

The teacher reads the text:

“In plants of the class of monocots, the root system ..., and in dicots, ... In dicots, the seed embryo has ..., and in monocots - ... In plants of the class of monocots, leaf venation ..., and in the class of dicots - ... In dicots, the perianth of the flower is ..., and in monocots - ... In plants belonging to the class of dicotyledons, the stem has ..., but monocots do not have it. Of the studied plant families, the dicotyledonous class includes ..., the monocotyledonous class - ... ".

The teacher conducts a conversation with the students, frontally determining the correct answers and pronounces the number of points scored by each team for the 2nd competition.

Competition 3. "The fifth extra"

Open the envelope number 3 and take out the herbarium. Your task is to find in each herbarium an extra plant that does not belong to this family and indicate to which family the “fifth extra” really belongs. I will give you 1.5 minutes to complete this task. For each correct answer you get 2 points.

In the vegetable kingdom, the most numerous and perfect group is the department of angiosperms. In this article, we will introduce you to the general characteristics and meaning of the representatives of these plants, and talk about their structural features.

Origin

It is known that angiosperms originated from a group of algae that have not survived to our time. It was they who founded the development of seed ferns, from which gymnosperms and angiosperms originated.

Angiosperms have another name - flowering, which they received due to the presence of the main reproductive organ - a flower.

The first remains of flowering representatives date back to the early Cretaceous deposits. In the second half of the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic, angiosperms occupied a dominant position on the planet.

Main features

This type of flora has a variety of forms: trees, bushes, herbs. They are distributed in all natural areas. According to their structure, they consist of a root system, a stem, a leaf and a flower, from which a fruit with a seed is formed.

Rice. 1. Forms of plants.

The presence of a pericarp around the seed, which ensures their preservation and distribution, is a feature of angiosperms. In addition, the main features of this department are:

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• the presence of a flower;
• ovary and fruit retain ovules and seeds;
• can be pollinated with the help of water, wind, birds and insects;
• the female outgrowth is presented in the form of an eight-nuclear embryo sac;
• male - in the form of a pollen grain, which consists of two types of cells: vegetative and generative;
• double fertilization: sperm fertilize the egg and the nucleus of the embryo sac;
• The life cycle is generational change.

The cycle of development of a fertilized flower continues with such transformations: the ovary turns into a fruit, the ovule into a seed, the zygote into a seed embryo, the secondary nucleus into a secondary endosperm, which has a triploid set of chromosomes.

Rice. 2. Flowering plant.

The department of flowering plants is divided into two classes: Monocots and Dicots.

The name mono- and dicot is due to the presence of the number of cotyledons.

The distinguishing features of the classes can be studied in the following table:

sign	monocots	Dicotyledonous
Number of cotyledons
	Adventitious root system, fibrous form	Main root system, fibrous and rod shape
	Simple, solid plate	Complicated, simple. The plate is whole and dissected
Venation	arcuate and parallel	Mesh
Number of flower parts	multiple of three	multiple of four or five
families	Cereal and Liliaceae	Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Legumes, Compositae

Rice. 3. Characteristic features of monocots and dicots.

cereals

Stems (straws), mostly simple, in the form of a cylinder, separated by nodes. Leaf linear or lanceolate. The flower is collected in an ear in the form of small yellowish-green spikelets. An example of angiosperms of this family are wheat, rye, oats, sugarcane, corn, bamboo and others.

lily

Perennial species have bulbs as roots. The flower is bisexual, the perianth is corolla-shaped from free (non-fused) petals. The fruit is in the form of a berry or capsule. This family includes: onions, garlic, lilies of the valley, aloe, tulips, lilies and others.

Rosaceae

They have a special structure of the receptacle. The fruit is presented in the form of a nut, a drupe. Pollinated by insects. Representatives: roses, strawberries, raspberries, plums, cherries, pears, apple trees and others.

Legumes

A feature are erect, curly stems. The structure of the leaves is complex, they have a stipule. The flower has 5 sepals and the corolla has 5 petals. Bean-shaped fruit. Insects pollinate plants. Legumes include: peas, clover, soybeans, beans, alfalfa and others.

Nightshade

A feature of the structure is the next simple leaves with a whole or dissected plate. The corolla is tubular to which the stamens are attached. The fruit is represented by a berry or capsule. Representatives: potatoes, nightshade, eggplant, tomatoes, peppers, dope.

cruciferous

Plant flowers are presented in the form of racemose inflorescences. The sepals and petals are crosswise. Stamens 6: four long and two short. The fruit is in the form of a pod. Example: radish, cabbage, shepherd's purse, mustard, mattiola.

Compositae

A distinctive feature is the inflorescence basket, at the bottom of which are small flowers. The fruit is an achene with a tuft or crown. Representatives: sunflower, asters, dandelion, chamomile, cornflower.

Flowering uses:

• in the food industry;
• in medicine and pharmacology;
• as technological and fodder crops;
• in landscape design.

What have we learned?

Numerous representatives of the plant kingdom are angiosperms. Their feature is the presence of a flower, which serves as a reproductive organ. Depending on the number of cotyledons in the embryo, flowering plants are divided into monocots and dicots. All of them are widely used in nutrition, treatment, landscape design. We also studied in detail the properties of each family.

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Variety of wild and cultivated flowering plants and their classification. Elementary concepts of systematic (taxonomic) categories - species, genus, family, class, division.

Flowering (angiosperms) plants- this is the most numerous department of plants, which occupies a dominant position in modern flora. Flowering plants demonstrate various life forms: trees, shrubs, shrubs, herbs. Flowering plants have the following distinctive features: there is a flower - a modified shoot in which the processes of asexual and sexual reproduction take place; seeds develop inside the fruit, which protects them from adverse effects and promotes distribution; double fertilization; tissues are highly differentiated; the conducting system reaches the peak of its development - the vascular system is formed.

The department is divided into two classes: monocots and dicots. In turn, classes are subdivided into families. Families are subdivided into genera, and genera into species. When describing species, the binary nomenclature introduced by K. Linnaeus is used. According to the principles of binary nomenclature, the first word in the name of a plant is a noun and denotes a genus. It is written in capital letters. The second word is an adjective and means the name of the species. It is written in lower case. For example, May lily of the valley, Buttercup creeping, Violet tricolor. In the description of plant names, Latin is used. This makes it possible to unify various local names of plants, and botanists speaking different languages ​​to understand each other.

The body of higher plants is divided into organs: root and shoot (with the exception of bryophytes, in which the stem and leaves appear for the first time, but there are no roots yet). These organs include many different tissues. Higher plants have a well-developed conducting system, formed by bast and wood. Higher plants form a complex system of integumentary tissues, a complex stomatal apparatus, and conductive tissues develop.

A characteristic feature of higher plants is the correct change of generations - asexual sporophyte and sexual - gametophyte. The sporophyte is a diploid generation that produces haploid spores. Gametophyte - haploid sexual generation in the plant life cycle that produces gametes; in angiosperms, the female gametophyte is the embryo sac and the male gametophyte is the pollen.

The main families of the class Dicotyledonous (cruciferous, rosaceae, legumes, nightshade, Compositae).

cruciferous family covers approximately 3200 plant species. These are mainly herbaceous annuals, biennials and perennials. There are shrubs and shrubs.

Leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, may be dissected. Flowers bisexual, with double perianth. The calyx is formed by four free sepals. The corolla consists of four separate petals. The color of the petals is often yellow or white, less often purple or pink. There are six stamens: two are short and four are longer. There are nectaries at the base of the stamens. Pestle is one.

The flowers are collected in an inflorescence brush - simple or complex. The fruit is a pod or pod, it opens with two valves from the base to the top.

Among the cruciferous there are many vegetable and fodder crops: cabbage (different forms), turnips, turnips, horseradish. Oil plants - mustard, rapeseed, camelina. Ornamental plants - levkoy, night violet. There are malicious weeds - wild radish, colza, shepherd's purse. Essential oils, alkaloids, and fatty oils can accumulate in the seeds and vegetative organs of cruciferous plants.

Rosaceae family has over 3000 species. Among them there are annual and perennial herbs, deciduous and evergreen shrubs and shrubs, trees.

The leaves are alternate, the flowers are collected in various types of inflorescences - a brush, an umbrella, a shield, etc. The flowers are bisexual with a double perianth. A characteristic feature for rosaceous flowers is the formation of a cup, which is formed as a result of the fusion of the receptacle with the bases of the sepals, petals, stamens and takes part in the formation of false fruits. Calyx of five (rarely four) free sepals, sometimes with subcalyx. Corolla of five (rarely four) free petals. The color of the petals is white, yellow, pink, the number of stamens is a multiple of five. Pistil - one or many, the number of carpels varies from one to infinity.

There are nectaries. Rosaceae are insect pollinated plants. The fruits are diverse: drupes, multi-leaflets, multi-roots, multi-drupes, an apple. Seeds without eudosperm.

Fruit and berry crops - cherry, plum, apple, pear, peach, apricot, strawberry, raspberry, etc. Medicinal plants - wild rose, cinquefoil. Ornamental plants - roses, spirea.

Legume family (butterflies) unites 18,000 species, one of the most species-rich plant families. Legumes include annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, shrubs and trees. Legumes include deciduous and evergreen plants.

The leaves are compound, the leaf arrangement is alternate, rarely opposite. There are stipules. The flowers are collected in a variety of inflorescences - a brush, a head, an umbrella, an ear. Flowers bisexual, with double perianth. Irregular calyx of five fused sepals. The corolla is separate-petal: the upper petal is called a sail, the two side petals are oars, the two lower fused ones are called a boat. There are ten stamens, one is free, and the others are fused with stamen filaments into a tube. Pestle - one. The ovary of the pistil is surrounded by a staminate tube. Stamens and pistil are located inside the boat.

Legumes - insect pollinated plants, there are self-pollinated (peas).

A characteristic feature of the family is the bean fruit. This is a multi-seeded fruit, opening from the top to the base. The seeds are attached to the valves. Seeds without endosperm.

Most legumes have nodules on their roots. The nodules contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria that can use molecular atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a form that can be absorbed by plants. All organs of legumes contain a large amount of protein. Legumes - food (peas, beans, soybeans), fodder (alfalfa, clover), melliferous (lupine, sweet clover) plants.

Nightshade family includes about 2500 species. Herbaceous plants, in tropical areas - shrubs and trees.

Leaves simple, entire or dissected, without stipules. The leaf arrangement is alternate. Flowers solitary, often collected in inflorescence - a brush. Flowers bisexual with double perianth. The calyx of five fused sepals is preserved in the fruit, sometimes completely covering the fruit (physalis). Corolla of five fused petals in the form of a bell or funnel. Stamens - five, they grow on the corolla tube, anthers - in the form of a cone cover the style of the pistil. Pistil - one, formed by two carpels. The fruit is a berry, rarely a drupe or capsule.

Poisonous alkaloids are formed in various organs of the Solanaceae, so many of them are poisonous.

Compositae family includes about 25,000 species. This is one of the most extensive plant families.

Most Compositae are herbs, both annuals and perennials, less often shrubs. Shrubs, trees, lianas grow in tropical regions.

Leaves are simple, without stipules, entire or dissected. The leaf arrangement is often alternate, rarely opposite or whorled. Leaves can be collected in a basal rosette. In the vegetative organs of many species of Compositae, milky or resinous passages may be present. A characteristic feature of the family is the basket inflorescence. Baskets can be assembled into more complex inflorescences - corymb, panicle, etc. The basket has an extended axis of the inflorescence, forming a bed. From below, the basket is surrounded by apical leaves, or wrapping. On the bed of the basket are numerous flowers. Usually the flowers are bisexual, but can be unisexual, male or female, sometimes the flowers are asexual. The flowers in the basket may be the same in structure or different, usually the middle flowers differ from the marginal ones. The calyx consists of five membranous sepals, which are usually modified into hairs. The hairs form a tuft, attachments or bristles. The crest grows with the fetus and turns into a fly.

According to the type of fusion of corolla petals, the following types of flowers are distinguished:

Tubular - the petals grow together into a tube, expanding upwards. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual;

Reed - the tube of fused petals is short, there is a five-toothed limb, in the form of a tongue. Flowers bisexual;

Funnel-shaped - the corolla tube is long, curved, greatly expanded upwards. The flowers are asexual, located on the edge of the basket. They serve to attract insects.

Stamens five. The bases of the filaments adhere to the corolla tube, the anthers grow together and surround the style of the pistil. The pistil is one, formed from two carpels. The fruit is an achene, usually with a tuft, but may be without a tuft (sunflower). Seeds without endosperm.

The main families of the class Monocots (lilies and cereals).

To the family of linear includes about 1300 plant species. The vast majority of lilies are perennial herbs that have underground storage shoots: bulbs or rhizomes. Lianas and trees are less common.

Leaves linear or lanceolate, with parallel arcuate venation. The leaf arrangement is alternate, opposite or whorled. Flowers are either solitary or collected in inflorescences - panicle, brush, umbrella, spike. The flowers are bisexual with a simple corolla-shaped perianth. The perianth is divided into two-leaved or joint-leaved. There are six stamens, the filaments can adhere to the tube of the perianth perianth. Pistil one, usually formed by three carpels. Several columns depart from the top of the ovary - according to the number of carpels. Insect pollinated plants. The fruit is a capsule or berry.

Cereal family- one of the most species-rich plant families of the class of monocots. It includes about species.

Representatives of this family play an important role in the formation of herbaceous vegetation of meadows, prairies, savannas, etc.

Cereals are perennial herbaceous plants with a fibrous root system. Tree representatives of beeches cereals.

The stalk of cereals - straw - is cylindrical with hollow internodes. The leaf arrangement is alternate. The leaf consists of a cylindrical sheath and a narrow leaf blade. Cereals have intercalary growth. Branching in cereals takes place underground or above the soil surface - the tillering zone is located here: the bases of the shoots with close nodes. The above-ground part of the cereals dies off every year, only the above-ground and above-ground parts of the plant remain alive. The flowers are collected in spikelet inflorescence. Some form complex inflorescences - a panicle, a complex spike, etc. The spikelet consists of one to several flowers. On the main axis of the spikelet are scaly leaves, of which the two lower ones are called spikelets. Flowers small, bisexual. Perianthous films are located above the upper lemmas. There are usually three stamens. The filaments are very elongated, carrying the anthers out of the flower. Pistil one with two pinnate stigmas. The fruit is a grain. In caryopsis, the perianth fuses with the seed coat, the seed with the endosperm.

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