A lot of readers on our site are interested in questions, one way or another related to the choice of RAM, and our site has a very strong desire to answer everyone. To make it interesting for you in the process of gaining knowledge, this article is presented by the author in the form of a fascinating story from which you will learn EVERYTHING about the computer's RAM!
You will learn not only how to choose and buy RAM from a quality manufacturer, but also how to properly install RAM modules in your computer and much more, for example:
- How much RAM does a modern computer need for the comfortable operation of all resource-intensive applications, for example: modern games at maximum settings, video, sound processing programs, etc. What should be a powerful modern computer?
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- What is the way out of the situation for the operating system when there is not enough RAM?
- Does the computer benefit from excess RAM?
- Do you need to completely disable the paging file if you have a large amount of physical RAM, for example, 16 -32 GB?
- How much better is the dual-channel operating mode of the RAM than the single-channel one? Is it better to buy one 8GB stick or two 4GB sticks?
- How to choose the right memory modules for dual-channel operation?
- What is the frequency of RAM and can you install RAM sticks with different frequencies in your computer?
- What is RAM latency (timings)? Can I install RAM sticks with different timings in my computer?
- What is the difference between the RAM strips used on laptops and regular RAM?
- Nowadays, DDR3 memory is actively used, but are there any DDR4 memory sticks on sale?
- If you have an old computer and you want to buy additional DDR2 RAM, then think a few times, because DDR2 memory is expensive, it might be better for you to replace the motherboard, processor and change the RAM to DDR3.
- How to choose a RAM manufacturer and is all RAM manufactured in China?
- Do you need to overclock the RAM and how much will the performance of the RAM increase during overclocking?
- Is a RAM heatsink really necessary?
- What is a RAM controller, why is it needed and where is it located?
- What does the ECC memory label mean?
How to choose RAM
Friends, in the last article you and I considered the issue of choice, and I thought about what kind of article to write next. It seems to be logical after the processor to choose a motherboard for it, but I usually do it differently. After choosing a processor, I choose memory and a video card, I don’t know why, it’s probably so simpler and you can immediately estimate how much to calculate, since choosing a motherboard is the most difficult part of choosing a computer configuration. In view of this, I decided not to deviate from my chosen tradition and devote this article to the choice of random access memory (RAM). Since this site is dedicated to the repair of personal computers, of course, the issue of choosing RAM will be considered, not only for new, but also for older PCs.
Just like choosing a processor, choosing RAM is not a difficult task at all, probably even lighter. But, as elsewhere, there are nuances. Often the choice of RAM comes down to its current price and the amount you are willing to spend. Recently, the trends in price changes for RAM modules are very ambiguous. Several years ago, there was a real boom in increasing the amount of RAM in personal computers. And this was due not so much to the growing requirements of modern applications and operating systems, but to the incredible reduction in the price of it.
A 4 gigabyte (GB) stick could be purchased for as little as $ 25 or less. As a result, exclusively for marketing purposes (for greater attractiveness and increase in sales of computers), this very memory began to be "poured" into new computers in huge volumes. So, the cheapest system unit, costing about $ 200-250, necessarily had 4 GB of memory, and the average one for $ 300-350 - all 8 GB. The sellers in the stores made a big emphasis on this, while keeping silent that these PCs would never be able to realize (fully use) this amount of memory, since the rest of the "stuffing", such as a processor and a video card, left much to be desired. This, in fact, was a kind of deception of buyers, or, to put it beautifully, - a marketing ploy ...
Unfortunately, gone are the days when it was possible to "freeze" the RAM for the most not indulge in, and now the price for it has increased significantly. It seems that we are once again "hooked" on the technical progress ... But is it really necessary to have a large amount of RAM?
How much RAM does a modern computer need
I must say that until recently, I was fond of modern computer games. Therefore, I always tried to keep my PC up to date. Probably, not a single year has passed since I assembled my first full-fledged PC in 1997, so that I would not indulge in the purchase of a new video card, processor or memory.
In those old (by the standards of computers) times, there was a certain division in the use of operating system components by computers. The games needed only a powerful video card, a little RAM, and the processor almost did not matter, since all the calculations were performed by a video card that has its own processor and its own memory.
To encode video, on the contrary, a powerful processor and a sufficient amount of RAM were needed, and the video card did not matter, etc. Modern gaming applications have "learned" to make full use of the previously "idle" powerful components of modern computers, such as the processor and RAM.
When it comes to using a PC as a gaming and entertainment platform, then, until recently, I did not come across games that could load at least 3 GB of memory by 100% even at maximum graphics settings. But in some cases, the total memory load approached this figure, despite the fact that the game itself consumed about 2 GB, and the rest were other applications such as Skype, antivirus, etc.
Note: Please note that we were not talking about 4 GB, but about 3 GB. The fact is that 32-bit Windows operating systems (OS) cannot use more than 3 GB of RAM and therefore simply “do not see” the "surplus" ... In fairness, it should be noted that for 32-bit operating systems built on the Linux kernel, there are no such hard restrictions. So, friends, there is no point in installing more than 4 GB of memory on a 32-bit "Windows", they simply will not be used.
For not very new, but still relatively old systems, on which a lot of memory can be installed, the use of a 64-bit OS, in some cases, can be problematic. Since 64-bit versions of drivers for some hardware may simply not exist.
Not so long ago, just at the time of the total reduction in the cost of memory, I purchased the same amount in addition to my 4 GB. But this was not caused by its drawback, but by the fact that on my, rather powerful motherboard, due to some misunderstanding) there were slots for the already almost outdated DDR2 memory and I was afraid that a little more and it could disappear completely or wildly to rise in price, and here such a "freebie" ... After that I switched to a 64-bit operating system, because otherwise this acquisition would not have looked so reasonable). You also need to take into account that I have a fairly powerful 4-core processor and an expensive modern video card, thanks to which I can play games at very high graphics settings, at which the consumption of RAM is maximum.
If you have an entry-level or mid-range PC, 4 GB of RAM is enough for you., since you can comfortably play modern games only at low or medium settings, which do not require large amounts of memory. In such conditions, the installation of, say, 8 GB of RAM is a waste of money. But if your PC is powerful enough and is a gaming one, then I would still recommend installing 8 GB, as there is some tendency towards a gradual increase in RAM consumption by modern games.
For example, the recently released Call of Duty: Ghosts simply refused to launch if it found that you have less than 6 GB of RAM installed. Again, in fairness, it should be noted that craftsmen made a fix that allows you to bypass this limitation at startup and the game worked.
As for 64-bit operating systems, then you should know that it, like all 64-bit applications, consumes exactly 2 times more memory than 32-bit applications. Here it is already fully justified by the memory addressing technology and significantly increases performance.
What should be a fast computer
We will not go into details, but you must understand that in order to feel the speed increase, the following conditions must be met:
The central processing unit (CPU) must be 64-bit architecture, the operating system must be 64-bit.
The application that you want to use to improve the performance of certain operations must be 64-bit, the data that is processed must be streamed (video conversion, archiving), since the speed gain is achieved by processing more information in one pass. In this case, the increase will be very significant - up to 2 times. Under these conditions, using an Intel processor (with a longer pipeline) will give you the best possible performance for such operations. But, as you know, in games, data is transferred in small portions (since it is impossible to predict the next step of the user), therefore, even in those games where there are 64-bit versions of the game engine to run, there will be almost no gain. And yet the decisive role of the video card in them has not gone anywhere.
As for professional use, in such areas as video editing, 3D modeling, design, then specialists in these areas know exactly what hardware and how much memory they need. Usually it is from 16 GB or more. And if, say, in 3D modeling there is no streaming data processing, then here the volume and quality of the models can be so high that it “stupidly” needs a lot of RAM to accommodate this model.
If you are not a professional, but really like to convert videos, then 4-8 GB is enough for you.
Truly huge sizes of RAM can be demanded in scientific systems and highly loaded servers. In the latter, for example, the amount of memory from 64 GB is considered quite common. But the memory there is not a penny - server memory (with parity check and automatic error correction), since failures on them are not allowed.
Well, and also, for example, I will give a situation from my real life. During my training in networking and system administration, I often had to emulate a large number of concurrent operating systems and network hardware. Bundles such as 5-10 running in VirtualBox (or VMware) OS + as many emulated network devices in GNS can eat decent RAM. And it's good if, in addition to the powerful "process" supporting modern virtualization technologies, there will be 8-16 GB of "RAM", otherwise the brakes are provided ...
Why you can't disable the paging file
What happens when there is not enough RAM? It's very simple - the OS, in order to compensate for the lack of memory, begins to actively use the hard disk (the so-called paging file). By the way, God forbid you to turn it off. The system is very deeply tied to the paging file and disabling it will be more problematic than good. As a result, not only the work of the processor is slowed down, but also of the hard disk.
There is only one conclusion - there should be enough memory, if there is not enough memory, the computer starts to slow down terribly, but its excessive excess does not give any performance gain.
What is RAM
What kind of memory does not exist ...
A motherboard with memory chips is usually called a memory module (or "strip"). There are single-sided and double-sided memory modules. On the first, the chips are located on one side of the printed circuit board, on the second - on both sides. What's better? I don't know) There is an opinion that double-sided modules are better "chasing", what this means read further in this article. On the other hand, the fewer chips there are, the higher the module's reliability. More than once I have met cases when one side of the chips on the bar failed and the computer saw only half of its volume. But now I would not dwell on this.
The main thing you need to know is that if there are several memory modules in the computer, then it is desirable that all be either one-sided or double-sided. Otherwise, the memory does not always get along well with each other and does not work at full speed.
To date, the most modern memory is DDR3, which replaced the older DDR2, which in turn replaced the older DDR. A new, more modern DDR4 memory has already been developed, but it has not yet reached the masses... We will not go further.
When assembling a new PC, only the latest memory standard should be selected. At the moment it is DDR3.
Sometimes replacing a motherboard and purchasing a new type of memory is tantamount to the cost of adding an old type of RAM to an old motherboard.
The new memory will also be much cheaper than the older DDR2, which greedy manufacturers and sellers "beat" (keep) a high price, since there is not enough of it left and for those who want to upgrade a PC there is simply no other choice but to agree to such draconian conditions. In this case, you should think about it, or maybe add a little and buy more promising components? And if you still sell the old, and in general, you can get a plus, if you're lucky, of course)
Laptop memory
Laptops use the same memory as PCs, but with a smaller module size and called SO-DIMM DDR (DDR2, DDR3).
Memory characteristics. Frequency and timings
Memory is characterized primarily by its type. For desktop computers (desktops), memory types are used today: DDR, DDR2, DDR3.
The main characteristic of memory is its frequency. The higher the frequency, the faster the memory is. But this frequency must be supported by the processor and the motherboard, otherwise the memory will work at a lower frequency, and the money that you overpaid will be wasted.
Memory modules, like its types, have their own marking, which begins on PC, PC2 and PC3, respectively.
Today the most common memory is DDR3 PC3-10600 (1333 MHz). It will work at its native frequency on any computer. In principle, the speed of the computer is not very limited by the memory frequency. For example, in games this increase will be completely indistinguishable, while in some other applications it will be more noticeable. But the difference in price, for example, in comparison with DDR3 PC3-12800 memory (1600 MHz), will be very small. Here I am usually guided by the rule - if the price is slightly higher ($ 1-3) and the processor supports a higher frequency, then why not - we take faster memory.
Can I install RAM sticks with different frequencies in my computer?
The frequency of the RAM does not have to be the same, the motherboard will set the frequency for all strips according to the slowest module, but very often a computer with strips of different frequencies is unstable. For example, it may not turn on at all.
Timings
The next parameter of memory performance is the so-called latency (timings). Roughly speaking, this is the time that elapsed from the moment the memory was accessed until the moment it received the necessary data. Accordingly, the lower the timings, the better. There are dozens of different delays in reading, writing, copying, and various combinations of these and other operations. But the main ones, by which you can navigate, are only a few.
Timings are indicated (though not always) on the memory module label in the form of 4 numbers with hyphens between them. The first and most important is latency, the rest are derivatives from it.
The delays depend on the quality of the memory chips. Accordingly, the higher the quality, the lower the timings, the higher the price. However, it is worth noting that timings have a much smaller impact on performance than memory frequency. Therefore, I rarely attach any importance to this, only if the price is about the same, you can take memory with lower timings. Usually modules with ultra-low timings are positioned as top-end ones, come complete with radiators (which we will talk about later), in beautiful packaging and are much more expensive.
Marking of the main types, memory modules, their frequency and typical latency (CL)
DDR - obsolete (completely)
DDR-266 - PC2100 - 266 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR-333 - PC2700 - 333 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR-400 - PC-3200 - 400 MHz - CL 2.5
DDR2 - obsolete (sometimes still found and can be used to add to an old PC)
DDR2-533 - PC2-4200 - 533 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-667 - PC2-5300 - 667 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-800 - PC2-6400 - 800 MHz - CL 5
DDR2-1066 - PC2-8500 - 1066 MHz - CL 5
DDR3 - modern
DDR3-1333 - PC3-10600 - 1333 MHz - CL 9
DDR3-1600 - PC3-12800 - 1600 MHz - CL 11
DDR3-1800 - PC3-14400 - 1800 MHz - CL 11
DDR3-2000 - PC3-16000 - 2000 MHz - CL 11
Can I install RAM sticks with different timings in my computer?
Timings do not have to be the same either. The motherboard will automatically set the timings for all strips for the slowest module. There shouldn't be any problems.
Memory modes
Yes, yes ... Perhaps not everyone knew, but the RAM can work in different modes, the so-called: Single Mode (single-channel) and Dual Mode (two-channel).
In single-channel mode, data is written first to one memory module, and when its volume is exhausted, it starts to be written to the next free module.
In two-channel mode, data recording is parallelized and written simultaneously to several modules.
Here, friends, the use of dual-channel mode significantly increases the speed of memory. In fact, the speed of memory operation in dual-channel mode is up to 30% higher than in single-channel mode. But in order for it to work, the following conditions must be met:
The motherboard must support dual-channel RAM mode
There must be 2 or 4 memory modules
Memory modules must be either all one-way or all two-way
If any of these conditions are not met, the memory will work only in single-channel mode.
It is desirable that all the bars are as identical as possible: they have the same frequency, latency, and even have the same manufacturer. Otherwise, no one will be able to give any guarantees of the operation of the two-channel mode. Therefore, if you want your memory to work in the fastest possible mode, it is very desirable to immediately acquire 2 identical memory strips, because after a year or two you will not find exactly one like that.
Another question if you need to increase the amount of memory on your old computer. In this case, you can try to find the most similar memory module to the one you already have. If you have 2 of them, and there are 2 more free slots on the motherboard, then you will have to look for 2 more of the same modules. The ideal, but not always economical option, is to hand over the old memory as used and buy 2 new identical modules of a larger volume.
Of course, if your old computer is very weak, then there may not be much gain from the dual-channel mode. In this case, you can install any module, but it is still better to choose the most suitable one in order to exclude a possible conflict with old modules and complete inoperability of the computer. Try to agree in advance with the seller about the return, or bring a system engineer to him and let him try to find a suitable module.
RAM controller
It should be noted that memory controllers used to be in the chipset (set of logic) of motherboards. In modern systems, the memory controllers are located in the processors. In this regard, the dual-channel memory mode has 2 more sub-modes: Ganged (paired) and Unganged (unpaired).
In Ganged mode, memory modules work the same as in old motherboards, but in Unganged mode, each processor memory controller (in modern processors there are 2 of them) can work separately with each bar. This mode can be set in the BIOS of the computer, but usually it is automatically selected by the processor. If the bars are identical, then Ganged (but not necessarily), if different, then only Unganged. In any case, the memory will operate in dual channel mode. But I still recommend buying and installing 2 identical modules at once, this will eliminate distortions in their parameters and improve compatibility.
The dual-channel mode of RAM has only one drawback - 2 memory sticks are slightly more expensive than one of the same size. Therefore, many shops and private assemblers save money and set one bar. As a result, we have a modern computer that does not work at full capacity.
Some modern expensive motherboards, which usually have 6 slots for memory modules, can work even in three-channel mode.
By the way, if you have 2 or 3 memory strips, then in order for the two-channel or three-channel mode to work, all these strips must be inserted into slots of the same color.
Some desktop memory modules are labeled ECC..
It is a parity memory, a technology used in server systems. Do not pay any attention to this, since this technology is not critical in desktop PCs and, in most cases, does not work at all. This is still the same marketing ploy.
Memory slots
There is nothing to talk about at all. Each type of DDR, DDR2, DDR3 memory has its own socket on the motherboard of the same type (DDR, DDR2, DDR3). You will not insert memory of one type into a connector of another type, as there is a special protrusion (key) in the slot of the motherboard,
Which should line up with the slot on the memory module board. This is done in order not to accidentally confuse and install the bracket in the wrong connector and, as a result, not damage both the memory and, possibly, the motherboard. When buying memory, you need to know exactly what type of memory is supported by the motherboard.
About RAM heatsinks
Some memory modules are equipped with so-called heatsinks, which are lining made of aluminum plates, sometimes painted with copper or other colors, on both sides of the board. These pads are connected to the memory chips through special thermal spacers, which are designed to better transfer heat from the chips to the heatsinks. Radiators can be equipped with additional fins to increase the cooling surface and even better heat dissipation.
In practice, memory chips do not heat up significantly during normal operation and do not require additional cooling. The spacers between the chips and the heatsinks do not transfer heat as well as the thermal grease between the processor and the cooler. In addition, there is an air gap in the free space between the board and the heatsinks, which interferes with natural cooling and becomes clogged with dust over time, which is difficult to clean out from there. This design provides for active cooling using an additional fan or good airflow inside the case. Moreover, such modules can often cost more.
So who needs such joy, you ask? Well ask me)
Answer: enthusiasts, who are always not enough, who want to overclock everything, overtake everyone, etc. In addition, it's just beautiful) Yes, friends, if you consider yourself to this group of users, then such a memory is for you! Because such a cooling system will be effective only with a sufficiently high heating as a result of overclocking with an increase in voltage and mandatory additional airflow. Remember - radiators are not needed for normal memory operating normally.
An example of the correct use of memory with heatsinks in a powerful system
RAM overclocking
Overclocking is a slang word in the computer lexicon that involves manually setting more aggressive parameters for the operation of electronic components, such as processors, memory and video cards, than provided by the manufacturer. As a rule, such parameters are the frequency (there is also a multiplier in the processors). With particularly high overclocking, these components also increase the voltage for relatively stable operation. As a result, higher heating of the elements occurs, requiring improved cooling. The so-called overclocking itself is possible due to a certain margin set by the manufacturer, so that the product works stably, and not on the verge of its capabilities, or specifically for advanced users) In any case, this event makes the operation of the entire system less stable and reduces the service life of the overclocked components ... If you still decide to experiment, then first study all the aspects well and follow the instructions strictly. By the way, if components fail as a result of overclocking, you may void your warranty.
RAM manufacturers
Like other components, memory modules are manufactured by many manufacturers. And, as always, they are of different quality. I recommend paying attention to the following brands that have an optimal price / quality ratio: AMD, Crucial, Goodram, Hynix, Kingston, Micron, Patriot, Samsung, TakeMS, Transcend.
Enthusiast brands include: Corsair, G.Skill, Mushkin, Team. These firms produce a wide range of modules with heatsinks and advanced technical characteristics. I recommend avoiding cheap Chinese brands: A-Data, Apacer, Elixir, Elpida, NCP, PQI and other little-known manufacturers.
Memory modules that are not manufactured in China deserve special mention. Currently, there are not many such modules, for example, modules that are labeled as Hynix Original and Samsung Original are produced in Korea. The quality of such modules is considered higher, they cost a little more, but usually have a longer warranty (up to 36 months).
For the sake of fairness, it should be noted that even if you purchased the memory of a well-known and proven brand, this, unfortunately, does not mean that you will not come across a marriage or modules damaged during transportation. Of course, the products of top brands in individual packaging will have less defects (damage) than the cheapest modules that are transported and sold in bulk.
Individually packed memory module
How to choose memory for a new computer
Choose the most up-to-date memory type in use first. Today it is DDR3. Decide on the volume you need. Briefly summarizing this article, I will give general recommendations on the minimum amount of RAM for different PCs:
For an office or weak home PC - 2 GB
4. It is better to select the most identical strips (one-sided or two-sided), with the same frequency and latency. The ideal option is to sell the old memory as used and install a new one in the required amount.
5. If you supply memory with a higher frequency than your processor or motherboard supports, it will work at a lower frequency.
Make the right choice with us friends, and no dust for you, no breakdown)
The question of choosing RAM for a computer arises immediately after purchasing a processor or video card. RAM is one of the main components of the system, without which it simply will not work. User demands are growing and are driving the development of computer technology. It seems that quite recently a few megabytes were enough for normal operation, but today it is already counted in gigabytes. Demanding programs and even more voracious games require more and more RAM. So how do you choose the right RAM for your computer or laptop in 2018? We will try to fully explain this topical issue in today's article.
Before moving on to the technical parameters, you should define what RAM is and why it is needed. Random Access Memory is a volatile part of a computer that stores executable program code and processor data while it is running. Simply put, RAM serves as a kind of warehouse where files are stored and await further delivery. When you turn off the computer, all data from it is erased. In common people it is often called "memory" and "RAM".
Each executable program is first of all loaded into RAM, and only then it is implemented by the processor. If there is not enough memory, then the application is loaded in parts. Therefore, the larger the amount of "RAM", the faster the computer works. This includes the clock frequency, but more on that below. Without RAM, your laptop or computer simply won't turn on.
First of all
Choosing the right RAM is not only about buying a module with a huge volume. First of all, you should consider the processor model and the type of RAM. Like many other system components, RAM modules are not universal. RAM modules are installed on a motherboard that only supports certain types, which will be discussed below. The processor, as you might guess, also works directly with the "motherboard".
There is a constant relationship between these components. Inconsistency of at least one of them disrupts the performance of the entire system. A processor that is not suitable for the socket to the motherboard, of course, will not work at all. But the RAM, if it fits in the form factor (we will also talk about them), will most likely function. Here only problems with compatibility will be observed, and the performance will remain at a low level.
In order to choose the right RAM for a laptop or computer, the first step is to visit the motherboard manufacturer's website. Here you will learn the supported types and other important information.
After all the digressions, we will first of all talk about the types of RAM. It is this parameter, first of all, that users pay attention to, and the sellers themselves. The DDR SDRAM type is most often used in modern devices. It is not only the most popular, but also the most effective. Manufacturers are constantly improving it. Recently, DDR and DDR2 modules have been ubiquitous. Today, they are only remembered by experienced, old PC users. They were replaced by DDR3 RAM (clocked at up to 2400 MHz), which is more efficient. In 2018, DDR4 is gaining popularity (clocked at up to 4266 MHz).
To build a powerful gaming computer, we recommend choosing RAMDDR4. It is more promising, and the cost is not much more expensive than the previous generation. Please note that this type of memory requires an appropriate motherboard.
You can still find DDR2, and even DDR. They are not particularly in demand, and they are much more expensive than their modern brothers. It looks more advantageous to purchase a new motherboard memory, for which you can buy the latest types of RAM.
Despite the rise in popularityDDR4, still current memoryDDR3. If you are constrained in funds or performance is not important, then you can safely take the "RAM" of the third generation.
Another important parameter that many users make the most important when choosing RAM. Like, the more the better. Yes, you can agree with this, but with some reservations. Often, fans of modern games install memory modules in each free slot. But only a certain part of it is used, and the rest plays the role of ballast, for which you have to overpay.
The main component responsible for performance is the processor. RAM, as mentioned above, plays the role of a storage for executable files. As long as the total amount of RAM is not exceeded, everything works at full capacity. As soon as it fills up, the system starts using hard disk resources. Due to the specification of the hard drive, the speed of the computer is seriously degraded.
In general, you should choose the amount of RAM in 2018 based on the intensity with which you load your personal computer or laptop. Keep in mind that modern operating systems take about 1 GB for personal needs.
- 2-4 GB. This amount of RAM is recommended for budget systems. For watching movies, working with documents and surfing the Internet, 2 GB is enough, but 4 GB is recommended.
- 4-8 GB. For a general purpose computer, 4 GB is sufficient in most cases. If you like to play, use resource-intensive programs, then we recommend installing 8 GB of RAM.
- 16 GB. Today, this amount of RAM is enough for a gaming computer. It makes sense to buy more only for some games that will be released in the near future.
- 32 GB or more. This volume is intended for specialized systems. However, a lot depends on the tasks that the machine is aimed at.
Surveys and tests show that 8 GB of RAM is enough for users today. And few games require more volume. It makes sense to acquire memory for the future, but with some nuances. Chances are, the processor will become obsolete before you use up all the capacity. As we have already established, RAM does not work with every "stone", which will entail a possible replacement of modules.
Keep in mind that 32-bit operating systems only see 3.5 GB, and the rest of the volume will simply not be visible. 64-bit computers do not suffer from this problem.
RAM characteristics
In addition to the type and size, RAM has several other characteristics that directly affect the efficiency of its work. The most important of these are frequency and timings. Of course, it is not necessary for average users to take them into account, but fans of computer games will not be superfluous.
The speed of the RAM depends on this parameter. It is logical that the higher it is, the faster the system. Before choosing RAM, make sure at what frequency the motherboard and computer work. No, differences in values do not mean that the RAM will not start. The "RAM" will work, but its frequencies will be underestimated. It turns out that you simply overpay for them.
With motherboards, things are pretty straightforward. Budget solutions in 2018 support frequencies up to 2000 MHz. Middle class and solutions for assembling gaming computers - 3000 MHz. You can find out the supported frequency of the "motherboard" on the manufacturer's website or using special software.
Processors are a little more complicated and varied. Budget "stones" for DDR3 operate at frequencies up to 1333 MHz. Middle class - 1600 MHz. Powerful gaming processors can run at up to 1866 MHz. Modern chips have received support for fourth-generation RAM. They work with a frequency of up to 2133 MHz. You can find out what frequency your processor has on the manufacturer's website, or simply enter its name in a search engine.
High frequency memory
Attentive readers have noticed that the paragraph "Types of RAM" says: DDR3 up to 2400 MHz, DDR4 up to 4266 MHz. Yes, there is a "RAM" on sale with this frequency. How can this be if the processor supports lower values?
It's all about eXtreme Memory Profile technology. It was developed by Intel and is used in many of its products. Its peculiarity is that it allows the RAM to work at a real frequency.
Note that the technologyXMP must be supported by both the processor and motherboard. Without this technology, it makes no sense to choose RAM for a computer with high frequencies. Processors and motherboards withXMPs are more expensive than regular representatives and belong to the mid / high segment.
How is this possible? A motherboard with this technology is able to increase the speed of the memory bus, which is responsible for data transfer. Thus, high-frequency RAM can work at its maximum.
AMD also has a similar technology, it is abbreviated as AMP. The essence of the work is about the same. Used by AMP in expensive solutions, usually aimed at assembling gaming computers.
Does it make sense to spend money on high frequencies of RAM and a motherboard with supportXMP? There is. If you are building the most powerful PC for games or professional tasks, in which, in addition to the expensive "mother" and RAM, top-level hardware will be installed. For a middle-class computer, and even more so for a budget computer, in which there is no powerful video card and processor, this is more likely a waste of money.
Now let's go over them a little. What is it? Timings are usually called delays between various operations in RAM. Let's immediately note the obvious pattern: the less delay, the better. Few would argue about this. But the timings do not have a special effect on the speed of the RAM in 2018. In this regard, frequency is still more significant.
Timings are indicated on the memory modules. The higher the frequency, the higher the delay.
Timing is indicated by the letters CL and a number of numbers. When choosing RAM, you should pay attention to the first digit. For DDR3 with a low frequency, the normal value is 9. High frequencies - up to 11. For DDR4, this figure can go up to 16.
It is not advised to buy RAM with high timing. She may have performance and performance problems. As a rule, "RAM" with low timings is more expensive, but not much.
Supply voltage
An important point that many users forget or simply do not know. Those who buy additional RAM to expand the volume are especially affected. They bring home, and she refuses to work. Often, after such attempts, it fails. In the end, it turns out that two modules were installed with different voltages. Yes, dear reader, RAM also differs in voltage.
The motherboard, into which the "RAM" is installed, does not know how to give different voltages to different modules. If it is set in accordance with the lower voltage bar, the system is unstable. If it is set on the RAM bar of a higher voltage, then a module with a lower voltage may fail.
Choose RAM for a computer with the same voltage in order to avoid problems.
The standard voltage for different types is as follows:
- 5 V - DDR
- 8 V - DDR2
- 5 V - DDR3
- 35 V - DDR3L (this is not a separate type, but a subspecies operating at a lower voltage)
- 1.2 V - DDR4
Note that only standard voltages are shown. Many manufacturers of RAM sticks for laptops and computers provide their product with excellent.
A little about the design of modules
The differences in RAM for a computer can be seen already in the modules themselves. The appearance has no practical meaning for most users, so you should not bother in this regard. In general, RAM sticks can be divided into one-sided and double-sided. It is understood that the memory chips are soldered on one or both sides. If you are assembling a new computer, choose any RAM modules. But in the case of adding memory to the existing one, you should give preference to similar modules. This will save the computer's RAM from instability and possible errors.
In 2018, RAM with heatsinks for cooling gained popularity. They are installed on strips with a high frequency, which get very hot during operation. They are more expensive than ordinary representatives. They may be interesting, except when assembling a gaming computer. In this case, special attention should be paid to ventilation and the system unit itself. As practice shows, the average user does not need them - an extra waste of money.
Memory modes
Many readers, I think, will be interested to hear about the modes in which the computer's RAM works. This moment is very important, especially for powerful PCs. There are four modes in total:
- Single channel
- Two-channel
- Three-channel
- Four-channel
Single-channel mode has long been outdated and is found only in the first and second generation of RAM. It works by writing data sequentially to each module. Multichannel modes are more effective in this regard. They write in parallel to all RAM modules. As it is not difficult to guess, the system performance increases significantly.
Again, support for operating modes directly depends on the motherboard. Modern models have a two-channel mode. Three-channel and four-channel are quite rare, only in very expensive motherboards.
There is also a nuance. Dual-channel modes work only when using two or four strips of RAM. Three-channel - three or six, four-channel - four or eight.
It is recommended to use the same RAM modules. Otherwise, performance in multichannel mode is not guaranteed. If you have a desire to overclock your old PC by adding a bar for dual channel mode, then find an identical module. Better to sell the old one and buy two new planks.
I must say right away that it differs only in one thing - in size. The RAM for the laptop is slightly smaller and is marked with the inscription SO-DIMM DDR. There are the same types as for a desktop computer. It does not differ in frequency, timings, voltage.
It should be borne in mind that laptops usually have 1 or 2 slots for installing RAM. Moreover, with serious volume restrictions. Before choosing RAM for a laptop, you should clarify the model specification.
We have not forgotten about the manufacturers of RAM either. There are a great many of them on the market. Many users are confused by this variety, so we have selected a few of the most popular and quality brands.
- Crucial. In 2018, the majority of users choose RAM from this company. Perfectly suits the price / quality ratio. Offers models for both the budget and gaming segment.
- Corsair. They produce excellent RAM modules, but the cost is significantly higher than their closest competitors.
- Goodram. Inexpensive RAM alternative from Corsair. It works quickly, without delays, and is inexpensive.
- AMD, Transcend, Patriot. These manufacturers can be put in one row. They produce good RAM modules at an affordable price. However, only budget models are in demand.
- Hynix, Samsung. Companies holding leading positions among manufacturers of RAM modules. In 2018, they lost some weight on the markets, the reason for which was fakes. Choose RAM from Hynix and Samsung carefully so as not to run into a Chinese copy.
- Skill, Geil, Team. I am sure that many readers do not know these companies. They will appeal to fans of RAM overclocking. They are inexpensive, the quality is at a high level.
- Kingston. Produces cheap models. They do not shine with a special quality, therefore, the RAM strips often fail.
The main rule: try not to purchase RAM from unknown manufacturers. To get started, study the reviews of his products on the appropriate forums.
Random access memory (RAM) modules are needed by a computer just like a processor. Without RAM, the processor will not be able to work. He writes to and reads from RAM the data he needs to perform certain operations. When fast access to data is needed, the processor cannot work directly with the hard disk, first of all, because of its too low speed.
The faster the RAM, the better. Memory speed is determined by its bus frequency, which depends on the memory type. Today, you can find the following types of random access memory in use (arranged according to the chronology of appearance):
SDR SDRAM (bus clock speed 66 - 133 MHz);
DDR SDRAM (100 - 267 MHz);
DDR2 SDRAM (400 - 1066 MHz);
DDR3 SDRAM (800 - 2400 MHz).
The principle of operation of these types of memory is the same. They process the processor instruction stream as a kind of pipeline. The main feature of this pipeline is that when a read command enters the memory device, the output data does not appear immediately, but after some time (after a certain number of bus cycles). This time is called latency or memory timings (English - SDRAM latency) and the shorter it is, the more productive the memory is. This parameter, like the bus frequency, must also be taken into account when choosing a RAM.
For example, there are two RAM modules of the same type with a bus frequency of 800 MHz and memory delays of 4-4-4 and 5-5-5. Of these, the first option will be more productive.
It is more difficult to compare memory with different frequencies. As a rule, in memory modules with a higher frequency, latencies are also higher, and the gain in speed from this frequency will actually not be as great as it seems at first glance. For example, DDR3-1333MHz with 9-9-9 timings is only slightly ahead of DDR2-800MHz with 4-4-4 delays, and DDR3-1333MHz with 7-7-7 delays in performance is somewhere equal to DDR2-1067MHz.
But the future belongs to newer types of random access memory. DDR4 SDRAM (2133 - 4266 MHz) has already been developed, the use of which, according to experts, by 2015 will become a mass phenomenon.
Different types of RAM modules also differ significantly externally (connector, number of contacts, etc.). If the motherboard is designed to use one type of memory, you cannot install another type of RAM on it, since it will not even physically fit into the slot. There are adapters that allow installing DDR2 modules in DDR slots, but they are not widespread, since they can only be used on motherboards whose system logic supports operation simultaneously with DDR and DDR2.
In addition to the speed of work, an important characteristic of RAM is also its volume, which must correspond to the range of tasks solved with the help of a computer, as well as the software installed on it. For example, even 512 MB of RAM is enough for an office computer with Windows XP to work with text, browse the Internet and perform other simple operations. If the operating system Windows7 is installed on the same computer, at least 2048 MB of RAM will be needed to solve the same problems, since Windows7 itself requires more memory. If there is not enough RAM in the system, then when running resource-intensive programs, free memory may run out. In this case, the computer will use part of the hard disk to expand it (the so-called paging file or swap file specially reserved by the operating system). Considering that the speed of access to data on the hard disk is hundreds of times lower than the speed of access to RAM, the computer's performance in such cases drops dramatically, the hard disk busy indicator on the system unit is constantly on and the characteristic crackle of its hard work is heard.
When purchasing RAM modules, it is important to consider two more points:
1. If the computer will use a 32-bit operating system (which at the time of preparing this material was preferred by most users), there is no particular point in installing more than 4 GB of RAM on this machine, since the system will “see” only 3 GB of RAM and another 25 % of what's left (i.e. if you put 4 GB, only 3.25 GB will be used). To use more RAM, a 64-bit operating system is required;
Random access memory (RAM) is one of the main parts of a computer. It is a volatile component that stores machine code, input / output and intermediate data while the computer is running. The process of choosing RAM only at first glance seems clear, but it contains many nuances that must be taken into account in order to purchase quality components.
The easiest way to choose a RAM bar is to use the list of recommended modules on the website of the manufacturer of the motherboard installed on your computer. Since these parts of the PC are inextricably linked (including the processor), it makes sense to pay attention to the manufacturer's advice. The recommended RAM modules listed on his website will definitely work on your PC.
Another tip to follow when purchasing RAM strips is to match another hardware. When buying an inexpensive motherboard and budget processor, do not go for expensive RAM, because it will not reach its potential during operation. But it is very important to pay attention to the technical characteristics of the RAM.
main parameters
When buying a new RAM, pay attention to the main parameters that will help you make the right choice.
First, determine what type of RAM is right for your motherboard. This parameter is indicated in the description for it. There are four types today: SDRAM, DDR (DDR1), DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4.
The most common type of RAM today is DDR3. Unlike the modules of the previous generation, it operates at a clock frequency of up to 2400 MHz and consumes 30-40% less power compared to its predecessor. In addition, it has a lower supply voltage, so it emits less heat.
All types of random access memory are incompatible with each other in electrical (different supply voltage) and physical parameters (control holes are located in different places). The photo shows why the DDR3 RAM module cannot be installed in the DDR2 socket.
Healthy! Now the DDR4 standard is gaining popularity. It features lower power consumption and higher operating frequencies (the prospect of growth up to 3200 MHz).
The form factor characterizes the size of the RAM strips. There are two types:
- DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) - installed on stationary PCs;
- SO-DIMM - for installation in laptops or all-in-ones.
Bus frequency and bandwidth
RAM performance depends on these two parameters. The bus frequency characterizes the amount of information transmitted per unit of time. The higher it is, the more information will pass through the bus in the same time period. There is a direct proportional relationship between the bus frequency and the bandwidth: if the RAM frequency is 1800 MHz, theoretically it has a bandwidth of 14400 Mb / s.
Don't chase high RAM frequencies on a "more is better" basis. For the average user, the difference between 1333 MHz and 1600 MHz is imperceptible. It is important only for professional users who render video, or overclockers seeking to "overclock" RAM.
When choosing a frequency, start from the tasks that you set for the computer and from its configuration. It is desirable that the frequency of the RAM modules coincide with the frequency at which the motherboard operates. If you connect the DDR3-1800 bracket to a motherboard that supports the DDR3-1333 standard, the RAM will run at 1333 MHz.
In this case, the more, the better - this is the optimal description of the parameter. Today, the minimum allowable amount of RAM that must be installed on a computer or laptop is 4 GB. Depending on the tasks that are performed on the device, the amount of RAM can be 8, 32 or even 128 GB. An ordinary user will need 8 GB, for a specialist working with video processing programs, or for a gamer, 16-64 GB of "RAM" is needed.
RAM timings are characterized by delays in work. They are calculated in nanoseconds, and in the description they are indicated by a sequential set of numbers: 9-9-9-27, where the first three parameters are: CAS Latency, RAS to CAS Delay, RAS Precharge Time and DRAM Cycle Time Tras / Trc. They characterize the performance in the "memory-processor" segment, which directly affects the efficiency of the computer. The lower these values are, the lower the latency and the higher the speed of the PC.
Some companies in the description of RAM modules indicate only one number - CL9. It characterizes CAS Latency. Basically, it is equal to or below other parameters.
Good to know! The higher the frequency of the RAM, the higher the timings, so you need to choose the optimal ratio for yourself.
RAM strips with the designation "Low Latency" are on sale. This means that at high frequencies they have low timings. But their cost is higher than that of conventional models.
Modes
To increase the performance of the computer, special modes of operation of the RAM strips are used: one-, two-, three-channel and Flex-Mode. In this case, the speed of the system is theoretically increased by two, three or more times.
Important! The motherboard must support these modes of operation. The description for it indicates in which connectors you need to install the brackets in order to enable the desired mode.
- Single channel mode starts when one RAM module is used or all strips differ in parameters. In this case, the system operates at the bar speed with the lowest frequency.
- Dual channel mode turns on when two RAM modules with the same characteristics (frequency, timings, volume) are installed in the slots. The performance gain is 10-20% in games and 20-70% when working with graphics.
- Three-channel mode activated when three identical RAM strips are connected. In reality, it does not always outperform dual-channel in speed.
- Flex-Mode (flexible)- increases PC performance when using two RAM strips of the same frequency, but different in volume.
Important! It is desirable that the memory strips are from the same delivery batch. On sale there are kits consisting of two to four modules, which are fully compatible with each other in operation.
When buying digital equipment, pay attention to the manufacturer. Among the companies involved in the production of RAM modules, the most popular are: Corsair, Kingston, GoodRam, Hynix, Samsung and others.
Interestingly, the market for the production of memory chips for RAM modules is almost completely divided between three large companies: Samsung, Hynix, Micron. And large manufacturers use their chips to make their own models.
Modern RAM strips operate with low power consumption, so they generate a small amount of heat. In view of this, it is not necessary to buy models with installed radiators. But if you are a fan of overclocking hardware, then take care of purchasing RAM modules with heatsinks. They will not let them burn out during overclocking.
If necessary, the user can purchase a RAM cooling system, consisting of heatsinks and fans. It is also intended for use by overclockers.
Choice to an existing bar
When purchasing a new RAM module for the one already installed in your PC, remember that often such combinations do not work together. But if you decide to buy, make sure that the timings and bus frequencies are the same. In addition, choose RAM sticks from the same manufacturer.
Video
If you don't fully understand how to choose RAM, watch this video.
Hello dear readers! Today I will talk about the types of computer RAM. There are many varieties of it - enough to get confused in the parameters.
In this article, you will learn:
A brief excursion into history
Once upon a time, when computers were large, programs were small, and viruses did not exist at all, SIMMs of several modifications were used: for 30, 68 and 72 contacts. They worked in conjunction with processors from 286 to 486 inclusive.
Now it is extremely difficult to find such a computer in a working condition: there is no modern software for it. Programs that could theoretically be launched turn out to be too cumbersome in practice.
DIMM
The main difference from its predecessor is that the contacts located on both sides of the bracket are independent, in contrast to the paired contacts on the SIMM. It already uses SDRAM technology - synchronous dynamic random access memory. 
The mass production of this type of memory began in 1993. Such modules were intended primarily for an Intel Pentium or Celeron processor on a 64-bit data bus.
SO-DIMM memory modules are more compact because they are used in laptops.
DDR
More precisely, this type of memory is correctly called DDR SDRAM. It appeared on the market in 2001 and was used as RAM and video memory. The difference from its predecessor is in the doubled frequency, since the bar is capable of transmitting data twice in one clock cycle.
This is the first type of memory module that can operate in dual channel mode.
You can learn more about what dual-channel mode is.
And so yes, DDR SDRAM and its descendants are produced in the DIMM form factor, that is, they have independent contacts on both sides.
DDR2
This type of memory was able to compete with its predecessor already in 2004 and held a leading position until 2010. Brackets were produced in DIMM form factors for desktop computers and SO-DIMM for portable computers.
Compared to its predecessor, this type of memory has:
- Large bandwidth;
- Less power consumption;
- Improved cooling due to design.
The disadvantages include higher RAM timings. What it is .
DDR3
Like its predecessor, they are produced in the form of a 240-pin strip, but they are incompatible due to different connectors (I will talk about this in more detail below).
The memory type is distinguished by an even higher frequency and lower power consumption, as well as an increase in pre-swapping from 4 to 8 bits. There is a DDR3L modification with an operating voltage reduced to 1.35 V. By the way, about the frequency. There are several modifications: 1066, 1333, 1600, 1866, 2133 or 2400 with the corresponding baud rate. 
Produced since 2012. Computers using this type of memory still work today. The volume of installed modules is from 1 to 16 GB. In the SO-DIMM form factor, the ceiling is 8 GB.
DDR4
The fourth generation doubled the number of internal banks, thereby increasing the transfer rate of the external bus. Mass production started in 2014. The top models have a bandwidth of 3200 million transfers per second, and they are available in modules ranging from 4 to 128 GB.
They already have 288 contacts. The physical dimensions of the part are the same, so the connectors are packed tighter. Compared to DDR3, the height is slightly increased. 
SO-DIMMs have 260 pins closer together.
What's next?
An interesting trend: each next generation of memory has higher timings, which engineers are trying to compensate for by increasing the operating frequency and data transfer rate. So effective that the next generation is faster than its predecessors.
That is why I once again draw your attention to the fact that when choosing components, try to "dance" from the DDR4 standard as the newest and most progressive.
Memory type compatibility
There is a misconception that, due to the nature of the interface, it is impossible to insert a memory strip into unsuitable slots. I will say this: a strong enough guy (and even some girls) will insert anything anywhere - not only RAM, but also an Intel processor into the AMD slot. True, there is one BUT: such an assembly, alas, will not work.
The rest of the users, who collect computers carefully, usually cannot insert the RAM into the wrong slot. Even if the strips have the same dimensions, the so-called wrench will not allow you to make it. There is a small protrusion inside the slot, which prevents the installation of an inappropriate type of RAM. There is a small cutout on a suitable strip in this place, so you can insert it without problems.
How to determine the model
The utilities built into Windows allow you to find out only the minimum information - the amount of installed memory. It is impossible to find out what type it is. A third-party software will come to the rescue, giving out complete information about the system - for example, Everest or AIDA64.
Also, the type of memory is registered in the BIOS. Where exactly this information is indicated and how to invoke the BIOS depends on its modification. In most cases, it is sufficient to hold down the Del button while starting the computer, however, there may be exceptions.
Naturally, the marking is indicated on the RAM itself, or rather on the glued nameplate. To get to the bar, you will have to disassemble the case and dismantle it. In the case of a laptop, this simple task turns into an exciting quest with detailed disassembly instructions.
That, in fact, is all about the types of RAM, which is enough to know for self-selection of components. And if you are building a gaming computer, I recommend that you familiarize yourself with the information.
Thank you for your attention and see you next time! Do not forget this blog and share publications on social networks.
