Life and scientific activity of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. The value of Glinka Konstantin Dmitrievich in a brief biographical encyclopedia Glinka Konstantin Dmitrievich biography

Soil scientist and geologist; genus. in 1867. At the end of the course in St. Petersburg. University was left in 1890 in the department of mineralogy and geology, and in the same year was appointed curator of mineralogy. office. In 1894 he moved to the Novoaleksandria Institute of Agriculture. household and forestry as an assistant in the departments of mineralogy with geology and soil science, and in 1895 he was appointed adjunct professor at the department of mineralogy with geology at the same Institute. In 1901, after the death of Prof. Sibirtsev, moved to the Department of Soil Science. Soil research began under the guidance of prof. Dokuchaev, taking part in two expeditions in the Poltava province. and in Voronezh. The most important works: "On the Question of Forest Soils" ("Mat. according to the study of Russian soils", issue V, 1889); "Steppe afforestation in connection with the question of the reasons for the settlement of the Russian steppes with predominantly herbaceous vegetation" ("Mat. according to the study of Russian soils", issue VII, 1893); "About a new twin intergrowth in gypsum" ("Tr. St. Petersburg. General. Natural.", 1894); "New deposit of pyromorphite" (ib., 1895); "Analcim from the neighborhood. Baku" ("Tr. Warsaw. Common. Est.", 1895); "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896, master's thesis); "Zur Frage über die Aluminiumsilicate und Thoûe" ("Zeitschr. f. Kryst.", 1899, vol. 32).

(Brockhaus)

Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich

Rus. soil scientist, acad. (since 1927, corresponding member since 1926). Student of V. V. Dokuchaev. In 1889 he graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t, specializing in mineralogy. Under the influence of Dokuchaev, he became interested in soil science and from the very beginning of his scientific activity, along with mineralogical. and geochemical research, studied the soil. In 1895, he took the chair of mineralogy and geology at the Novo-Alexandriysk Agricultural Institute. in-those, and in 1901, after the death of H. M. Sibirtsev, - the Department of Soil Science. In 1913 he organized Voronezh. s.-x. in-t, was his dir. and at the same time taught a course in soil science. Since 1922 - rector and prof. Len s.-x. in-ta. G. was the first dir. Soil Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

The main, deeply fruitful idea, expressed for the first time G. in his master's thesis. "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896), was to establish the stages in the processes of weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary ones. G. believed that in the process of weathering of aluminosilicates and silicates, hydrolysis is a typical reaction, as a result of which salts are converted into acids by replacing their bases with hydrogen. This process takes place gradually and goes through intermediate forms such as acid salts. The end products of weathering - silicoaluminous acids - as well as intermediate products, can retain crystalline. structure. G. first developed the method of mineralogical. studies of fine fractions of soils. His work in the field of weathering laid the foundations of the original Rus. school of soil mineralogy, which was widely developed in the Soviet era. G.'s first work on soil science (1889) was devoted to gray forest soils. In it, he considered these soils as a special independent type of soil formation that occurs under grassy broad-leaved forests. Thus, he refuted the view of S.I. Korzhinsky about the origin of gray forest soils as a result of the degradation of chernozems. Under the guidance of G. Dokuchaev conducted a soil survey in Poltava. (1894), Pskov. (1899-1906), Novgorod. (1903) and Smolensk. (1902-03) lips. He was the organizer and leader of numerous soil-geographical. expeditions to Siberia and Central Asia (1908-14), as a result of which huge land funds were opened for agricultural. development. The results of G.'s research made it possible to compile the first soil map of the Asian part of the USSR. G. paid much attention to the study of the zonality of the soil cover, questions of the genesis and classification of soils. The classification of soils proposed by G., in present. time has only a historical importance, but at one time it contributed to the general development of this problem.

In direct connection with the classification is the problem of soil evolution. In an article on the tasks of the historical Soil Science (1904) G. wrote that every particle of the soil is in perpetual motion. G. connected the "eternal variability" of the soil with the activity of living organisms. Later, however, he departed from a broad and correct understanding of the problem of soil evolution.

G. is the founder of paleosol science, which is of great importance for paleogeography.

Cit.: Soil formation, characteristics of soil types and soil geography. (Introduction to the study of soil science), P., 1923; Soils of Russia and adjacent countries, M.-P., 1923; Salt licks and solonchaks of the Asian part of the USSR (Siberia and Turkestan), M., 1926; Schematic soil map of the globe, "Yearbook of Geology and Mineralogy of Russia", 1908, v. 10, no. 3-4; Dispersed systems in soil, L., 1924; Essay on the soils of Yakutia, in the book: Yakutia, Leningrad, 1927; On the question of the classification of Turkestan soils, "Soil Science", 1909, vol. 11, no. 4; Soils, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1929; Russian soil science (A brief historical essay), "Notes of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute", 1924, vol. 1; Tasks of historical soil science, "Notes of the Novo-Alexandriysk Institute of Agriculture and Forestry", 1904, vol. 16, no. 2; Brief summary of data on soils of the Far East, St. Petersburg, 1910; Soil science, 6th ed., M., 1935.

Lit .: Prasolov L. I., K. D. Glinka in Asian soil expeditions and in the Dokuchaev committee, "Proceedings of the Soil Institute named after V. V. Dokuchaev", 1930, no. 3-4; Polynov B., Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka (To the 35th anniversary of scientific and pedagogical activity), "Notes of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute", 1925, v. 2; his own, Works of K. D. Glinka in the field of studying the processes of weathering of minerals, "Proceedings of the Soil Institute named after V. V. Dokuchaev", 1930, no. 3-4, (App., pp. 19-25); Neustruev S. S., Academician K. D. Glinka’s ideas on the genesis and classification of soils, ibid.; Berg L. S., K. D. Glinka as a geographer. there; In memory of K. D. Glinka, Collection, L., 1928; Liverovsky Yu., Creative path of academician K. D. Glinka, "Soil science", 1948, No. 6.

Ch And nka, Konstantin Dmitrievich

Genus. 1867, mind. 1927. Soil scientist, mainly engaged in soil science (zonality of soil cover, genesis and classification of soils). Since 1927 he has been an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Gli'nka Konstantin Dmitrievich, Soviet soil scientist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927). In 1889 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University and was left as an assistant at the Department of Mineralogy, whose professor was V. V. Dokuchaev. In 1895, he was an assistant at the Department of Geology and Mineralogy of the Novoaleksandriysky Agricultural Institute. institute, and after defending his master's thesis (1896) - adjunct professor of this department; at the same time, he headed the then only department of soil science in Russia at the same institute. In 1906 he defended his doctoral dissertation ("Research in the field of weathering"), in which he outlined the staging of the processes of weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary ones.

In 1906-10, under the direction of G., soil studies were carried out to qualitatively assess the lands of the Vologda, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, and other provinces. In 1908-14, he organized and led the work of soil-botanical expeditions of the Main Migration Administration in Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. Expeditions received materials characterizing the land funds of new areas of agricultural - x. development.

Since 1913, the director of the Voronezh agricultural. Institute, from 1922 - Leningrad Agricultural. Institute, where he simultaneously headed the Department of Soil Science. In 1927, director of the Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the 1st International Congress of Soil Scientists (1927) he was elected president of the International Society of Soil Scientists. G. conducted soil research in parallel with geochemical and mineralogical; they cover a wide range of issues of physical geography and soil weathering. G. contributed much that was new to the understanding of the laws governing the geographic distribution of soils, their genesis, the solonetz process, podzol formation, and the formation of brown semidesert soils. He is the founder of paleosol science. Of progressive importance was his propaganda in Russia and abroad of the fundamentals of genetic soil science.

Works: Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering, St. Petersburg, 1896; On forest soils, in the book: Materials for the study of Russian soils, v. 5, St. Petersburg. 1889; Laterites and red soils of tropical and subtropical latitudes and related soils of temperate sprats, Soil Science, 1903, vol. 5, no. 3; Research in the field of weathering processes, St. Petersburg, 1906; Soils of Russia and adjacent countries, M. - P., 1923; Degradation and podzolic process, Soil Science, 1924, no. 3-4; Soil science, 6th ed., M., 1935.

Lit .: Berg L. S., K. D. Glinka as a geographer, “Tr. Soil Institute. V. V. Dokuchaev”, 1930, c. 3-4; Levinson-Lessing F. Yu., K. D. Glinka, ibid.; Vernadsky V.I., Notes on the scientific works of prof. K. D. Glinka, “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1927, vol. 21, no. 18; Liverovsky Yu. [A.], The creative path of academician K. D. Glinka, "Soil science", 1948, No. 6.

Yu. A. Liverovsky.

Russian soil scientist, academician (since 1927, corresponding member since 1926). A student of Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev. In 1889 he graduated from St. Petersburg University, specializing in mineralogy. Under the influence of V. V. Dokuchaev, he became interested in soil science and from the very beginning of his scientific activity, along with mineralogical and geochemical studies, he studied soils. In 1895, he took the chair of mineralogy and geology at the Novo-Alexandria Agricultural Institute, and in 1901, after the death of N. M. Sibirtsev, the chair of soil science. In 1913, he organized an agricultural institute in Voronezh, was its director and at the same time taught a course in soil science (until recently this educational institution was named after Glinka, now it is Peter the Great). Since 1922 - Rector and Professor of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute. K. D. Glinka was the first director of the Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The main, deeply fruitful idea, first expressed by K. D. Glinka in his master's thesis "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896), was to establish a staging in the processes of weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary ones. K. D. Glinka believed that in the process of weathering of aluminosilicates and silicates, a typical reaction is hydrolysis, as a result of which salts are converted into acids by replacing their bases with hydrogen. This process takes place gradually and goes through intermediate forms such as acid salts. The end products of weathering, silico-aluminous acids, as well as intermediate products, can retain a crystalline structure. Glinka was the first to develop a method for mineralogical studies of fine soil fractions. His work in the field of weathering laid the foundations for the original Russian school of soil mineralogy, which was widely developed during the Soviet era. KD Glinka's first work on soil science (1889) was devoted to gray forest soils. In it, he considered these soils as a special amateur type of soil formation that occurs under grassy broad-leaved forests. Thus, he refuted the view of S.I. Korzhinsky about the origin of gray forest soils as a result of the degradation of chernozems. Under the leadership of Dokuchaev, K. D. Glinka conducted a soil survey in the Poltava (1894), Pskov (1899-1906), Novgorod (1903) and Smolensk (1902-03) provinces. He was the organizer and leader of numerous soil-geographic expeditions to Siberia and Central Asia (1908-14), as a result of which huge land funds were opened for agricultural development. The results of research by K. D. Glinka made it possible to compile the first soil map of the Asian part of the USSR. K. D. Glinka paid much attention to the study of the zonation of the soil cover, questions of the genesis and classification of soils. The classification of soils proposed by K. D. Glinka is currently only of historical significance, but at one time it contributed to the general development of this problem.

In direct connection with the classification is the problem of soil evolution. In an article on the problems of historical soil science (1904), K. D. Glinka wrote that every particle of soil is in perpetual motion. K. D. Glinka connected the “eternal variability” of the soil with the activity of living organisms. But later he moved away from a broad and correct understanding of the problem of soil evolution. K. D. Glinka is the founder of paleosol science, which is of great importance for paleogeography.

Bibliography

1. Biographical dictionary of figures of natural science and technology. T. 1. - Moscow: State. scientific publishing house "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", 1958. - 548 p.

Historical figures and representatives of world culture

His father, nobleman Dmitry Konstantinovich Glinka, one of the direct successors of the family of the great composer and musical figure M. Polynov, describing a photograph of those years in which Glinka and his wife are captured, emphasizes that the uniform of a sapper soldier ...

Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov

Faculty of Soil Science

Department of Soil Biology

Abstract on the course "History and methodology of soil science" on the topic:

"Life and scientific activity of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka"

Performed:

5th year student

Solovieva O.A.

Teachers:

Krasilnikov P.V.

Prokofieva T.V.

Moscow 2013

1. Socio-historical conditions of life K.D. Glinka
2. Biography of K.D. Glinka
3. The situation in soil science at the beginning XX century.
4. Teachers and predecessors of K.D. Glinka
5. The contribution of the scientist to the development of soil science
6. Disciples and followers
7. Bibliography (main works)
8. List of used literature

1. Socio-historical conditions

K.D. Glinka lived and worked at the end XIX - early XX centuries, during a difficult period for our state, a turning point. His birth coincided with the massive reforms of Alexander II covering all spheres of society:Land reform - on February 19, 1861, a manifesto was issued “On the most merciful granting to serfs of the rights of the state of free rural inhabitants and on the organization of their life”, according to which serfdom was abolished, former serfs received personal freedom, part of the land was given to the peasants free of charge, part for ransom , part left with the landowners; Administrative reform - January 1, 1864, Judicial reform - in November 1864, Military reform - January 1, 1874, School reform - in June 1864, the "Regulations on Primary Public Schools" were approved, according to which the creation of schools by city assemblies and city dumas, as well as "Charter for Universities" according to which the autonomy of universities was restored.

Beginning XX in. characterized by the growing discontent of the population, which prompts Nikolai II to new reforms.In 1906, Nicholas II issued the "Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order", according to which freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions were introduced, and a constitution was put into effect that established a dualistic monarchy in Russia.

It is also known that at the beginning XX c, the Ministry of Higher Education created various ideological obstacles.

In 1906, P. A. Stolypin appointed prime minister. In October, the Decree “On the abolition of certain restrictions on the rights of rural residents and persons of other former taxable estates” was issued, and on November 9, the famous “Decree on withdrawal from the peasant community” was published. Only 45 years later"decree of will" (from 1861) the peasants really became free, and a huge section of the population turned into a free economic agent. This reform aroused the interest of the faculty and students of the Institute (Novo-Alexandria), the desire to help its implementation.

The economic and political situation after the 1917 revolution was unstable - hunger and unrest, civil war, all this made itself felt. But Glinka returned to Petrograd at this difficult time. Later, Polynov B.B. will remember how they, along with K.D. they collected chips along the streets for heating apartments, as they met the dawn in lines for meat ..

But after the revolution, a new organizational model of domestic science was formed (1917-1930). The main course of state policy was to create the necessary conditions for the development of almost all major branches of knowledge. All science in Russia was controlled and financed only by the state, while for the state the development of science was one of the priority areas of its activity. Departmental networks of scientific organizations (people's commissariats of agriculture, health care, etc.) were created, the main types of scientific institutions were established: a central research institute, a branch institute at a university, grassroots institutions (factory laboratories, experimental stations) and regional institutes. It was at this time that the Institute of Soil Science was created, of which Konstantin Dmitrievich became director in 1927.

2. Biography of K.D. Glinka

KD Glinka was born on August 1, 1867 in the village of Koptevo, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolnskaya province. His father, nobleman Dmitry Konstantinovich Glinka (one of the direct descendants of the great composer and musical figure M.I. Glinka), was a respected and leading figure in the provincial zemstvo. He had an estate, and he was very successful in farming. A.A. Zavalishin and V.A. Dolotov write that Glinka's father taught his son to farming, devoting him to all the details, right down to accounting.

There is almost no information about KD Glinka's childhood and youth. It is known that in 1876 Konstantin entered the Smolensk classical gymnasium and graduated from it in 1885. In the same year he became a student of the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University and in 1889 received a first degree diploma in mineralogy and geology. After graduating from the university, he marries Antonina Georgievna Znamenskaya. Shortly before this event, the future scientist was serving military service. B.B. Polynov, describing a photograph of those years in which Glinka and his wife are depicted, emphasizes that the uniform of a soldier of the sapper service does not at all hide the inherent dignity of an intellectual.

That, perhaps, is all that is known about the childhood and youth of the future Russian academician. Neither he nor his relatives mention any difficulties of studying at the university. It is known that after graduation K.D. Glinka at the request of Professor V.V. Dokuchaev in 1890 "was left at St. Petersburg University to prepare for a professorship at the Department of Mineralogy and Geology for two years."

In December of the same year, he was approved as the curator of the mineralogical cabinet. In this position, he worked until 1894. At the same time, Glinka was preparing his master's thesis and participated in an expedition to study and evaluate the soils of the Poltava province (1890) and the "Special Expedition of the Forestry Department to test and take into account the methods and methods of forestry and water management in the steppes of Russia" (1892).

While studying at the university, K.D. Glinka was going to devote himself to mineralogy, and, in particular, to the study of weathering crusts. However, his research in this area for a long time remained out of the attention of geologists, although they were innovative. Thus, K.D. Glinka’s master’s thesis “Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering”, which he defended at Moscow University in 1896, served as the beginning of a completely new and original direction in mineralogy - the study of weathering processes.

In 1894, K.D. Glinka, having accepted the proposal of V.V. Dokuchaev, who at that time was the director of the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (now Pulawy - Poland), took the post of assistant to the Department of Mineralogy and Geology. After defending his dissertation, he was appointed professor of the same department. At the same time, he is acting as a professor of soil science instead of his sick friend, N.M. Sibirtsev.

In 1900, N.M. Sibirtsev leaves their lives. Soon after this, the first attack of a nervous breakdown occurs in V.V. Dokuchaev. He leaves for St. Petersburg, offering K.D. Glinka to head the Department of Soil Science. From that moment, he actually becomes a generator of ideas in soil science and the head of the training of specialists for it. From now on, K.D. Glinka is the successor of scientific studies of soils and soil assessment work carried out in the European part of Russia.

From this moment on, his life path will be conveniently described in several periods.

New Alexandrian period. 1894-1912

Quite a lot of memories of his students, associates and friends have been preserved about Glinka. These memoirs refer to different periods of the scientist's work. Particularly interesting (as an expression of high respect and devotion to K.D. Glinka) are the memoirs of B.B. Polynova and N.I. Prokhorov. They largely contributed to the disclosure of him as a scientist and especially as a person endowed by nature with optimism, love for everyone and everything around.

So, in 1894, young, full of strength and creative energy, K.D. Glinka settled in New Alexandria, at the Department of Mineralogy and Geology of the Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. Here, under the tutelage of his teacher V.V. Dokuchaev, who was its director until 1900, K.D. Glinka was formed as a scientist. During this period, he becomes an excellent teacher and an original researcher. This is facilitated by the atmosphere of active creative activity that prevailed at the institute.

This flourishing took place in spite of the ideological obstacles created by the retrogrades from the Ministry of Higher Education. In fairness, it should be noted that the radical transformations of the peasant economy, developed by the outstanding scientist and politician P.A. Stolypin.

His reform aroused the interest of the progressively inclined faculty and students of the Institute, the desire to help its implementation. It was then that the remarkable pedagogical abilities of K.D. Glinka, his talent as a scientific researcher.

Until 1901 K.D. Glinka taught a course in mineralogy and geology and intensively studied the processes of rock weathering. The purpose of these studies is to accumulate material for a future dissertation for the degree of doctor of mineralogy and geology. At the same time, the young scientist supervised practical classes, taught a course in soil science instead of the ill professor N.M. Sibirtsev. The year 1901 was for K.D. Glinka year of the final and irrevocable choice of the main field of his activity - soil science.

In 1901 K.D. Glinka headed the Department of Soil Science. At the same time, the scientist also took over the management of soil research in the Pskov province, which he started together with N.M. Sibirtsev. He began similar studies in the Smolensk and Novgorod provinces, and from 1908 he became the head of the soil and geobotanical work of the Resettlement Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture. The purpose of these studies is a scientifically substantiated selection of territories for the colonization development of Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia.

For K.D. Glinka is very fruitful, especially considering that at that time practically no one was engaged in the search and generalization of literary data in the field of soil science. Therefore, he had to do all this himself. With this “rough” work of K.D. Glinka coped quite easily.

During his stay in New Alexandria, K.D. Glinka published at least 65 publications, defended his master's and in 1909 his doctoral dissertations in mineralogy and geology.

According to B.B. Polynov, under K.D. Glinka, the Department of Soil Science of the Novo-Alexandria Institute "retained the importance of a major center for the development of new soil science. Young specialists who graduated from St. Petersburg University came here to improve in the field of soil science.Here K.D. Glinka establishes strong ties with foreign agrogeological organizations and soil agrogeologists in Hungary, Romania, Germany, France, etc.

In New Alexandria there were Hungarian scientists P. Treitz and E. Timko, a Romanian soil scientist Murgoch, in Budapest K.D. Glinka tours and discusses with Professor E. Raman on the problem of stormy forest soils. Hungarian scientists participate in field trips with K.D. Glinka in order to master the methodology of field research of soils. In 1910, the first translation of his book on the genesis, classification and geography of soils in German was published, after which he gained not only European, but also American and even Asian fame”

During the years of service K.D. Glinka was promoted to the rank of collegiate secretary, then titular councilor, collegiate assessor, collegiate and, finally, state councilor. He was awarded the silver medal of Alexander III with its wearing on the ribbon of the Order of Alexander Nevsky, as well as the orders of St. Anne of the 2nd and 3rd degrees. The Emperor of China awarded K.D. Glinka with the Order of the Two-Headed Dragon, 2nd Class, 3rd Category.

Since 1908 K.D. Glinka headed the soil and geographical research of the Resettlement Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture, in 1909 he was appointed a member of the Scientific Committee of the Main Administration of Land Management and Agriculture. These appointments paved the way for the scientist's move in 1911 to St. Petersburg.

Organizer and leader of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee (Petersburg period)

Moving K.D. Glinka to St. Petersburg was logical and associated with the organization of a center for the study of soils and the soil cover of the country. However, there was no solid material base for the scientist. K.D. Glinka was forced to open a privat-docent course in soil science at the natural department of the university. In 1912 he became a professor

Higher women's (Bestuzhev) courses. With his characteristic energy as an organizer of science, the scientist conducts classes, preparing the first women soil scientists in Russia: L.I. Tikheev, Z.N. Arkhangelskaya, A.I. Balts, Z.Yu. Shokalskaya, and others. At the same time, he expands his research on Asian soils and begins to more intensively generalize the incoming materials. At the same time, the scientist takes vigorous measures to organize the Dokuchaev Soil Committee on the basis of the Soil Commission of the Free Economic Society (VES). In particular, he seeks premises on Vasilyevsky Island and transports there equipment and property of the soil commission from the VEO, creates a soil laboratory and equips a small meeting room. In November 1912, returning from field work, K.D. Glinka sends out invitations to the grand opening of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee. The ultimate goal of the Committee's work, according to the scientist, was to be "activation of the expansion and improvement of domestic agricultural production." Institute named after Peter I, in managing the work of the Soil Science Department of the Institute of Experimental Agronomy, and, finally, in reorganizing the training of agronomic personnel in Petrograd-Leningrad.

As you can see, K.D. Glinka, on the one hand, vigorously supported the struggle begun by V.V. Dokuchaev for the recognition of soil science as an independent science of natural history, and on the other hand, he proved its real connection with practical problems and the main one - the improvement of domestic agriculture.

In 1912, unexpectedly for many, he accepted an offer to become the organizer and director of the newly created agronomic institute in Voronezh. The first two years are spent on preparatory work on designing the construction of the institute, as well as on the development of curricula and plans, and the selection of scientific and pedagogical personnel. Having established the work of the committee, of which he remained chairman, and with the support of S.S. Neustruev, L.I. Prasolova, N.D. Emelyanova, F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing and partly V.I. Vernadsky, a scientist at the end of 1913 moved to Voronezh. A new stage of work “on two fronts” begins - scientific in St. Petersburg and organizational and pedagogical in Voronezh. K.D. Glinka is still busy to the limit, but such a load does not burden him, but pleases him.

Organizer and leader of the new center of agronomic education (Voronezh period 1913-1922)

About ten years of intense organizational and scientific-pedagogical activity of K.D. Glinka gave the Voronezh Agronomic Institute. Peter I. So it was called until October 1917. Then it was renamed the Voronezh Agricultural Institute. Great was the role of K.D. Glinka - an educator, especially in the field of studying the soil of the chernozem-steppe zone. True, there is almost no mention of this in the literature, but on the other hand, the institute he created lives and expands. The organizational K.D., which has undergone various, sometimes not the best, transformations, continues to exist. Glinka Department of Soil Science. The contribution of the scientist to the formation of the Voronezh School of Chernozem Soil Scientists, the rich scientific heritage left by him, is also enormous.

Within 2-3 years, the construction was completed, the equipment was selected, the teaching staff was recruited, and the institute not only began to train specialists in agriculture, but also launched extensive research into the nature of the steppes. Voronezh becomes one of the centers of agricultural science in the black earth zone of Russia. Research is expanding on the fields of the Kamennaya Steppe experimental station, created by V.V. Dokuchaev and fortified K.D. Glinka. Thanks to his work, "Stone Steppe" eventually turned into a diversified research institute for agriculture.

At the Voronezh Agronomic Institute, K.D. Glinka sought to expand research work not only in the field of studying the soil cover of the province. The scientist focuses on the issues of its economy, water supply, steppe field-protective afforestation and many others. K.D. Glinka organizes and directs the study of soils and the compilation of a soil map of the province on a scale of 1:500,000. Then he has an id e I created a soil station to study the life (dynamics) of soils and the soil processes occurring in them. The scientist failed to fully realize this idea. He only started some research on the water regime and the dynamics of the humus state of chernozems, but their results were not published.

First of all, it is noteworthy that, despite the imperialist war, revolution, civil war, the Voronezh Institute worked hard, and K.D. Glinka continued to be not only the rector of the institute, but also the chairman of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee. Judging by the letter sent by F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing February 8, 1919, in the "Russian Soil World" disagreements began between the soil scientists of the Dokuchaev Committee and the soil scientists who started organizing the Moscow Soil Committee. The disagreements were not scientific, but organizational in nature. The Dokuchaev Committee considered itself the unifying and governing body of the country's soil scientists The Moscow Committee, headed by N.A. Dimo ​​and A.A. Yarilov, assumed the leading role, believing that since the government bodies were relocated from Petrograd to Moscow, it was “easier for it to carry out the unification of soil scientists than for the Dokuchaev Soil Committee.”

In those years, living in Voronezh was harsh and hard, especially for K.D. Glinka, accustomed to comfortable living and working conditions. He certainly could have gone south and further abroad at any time. But the scientist did not. Moreover, he decides to return to Petrograd. In 1922, he accepted a proposal to create an agricultural institute in Petrograd on the basis of three educational institutions: Stebutov and Kamennoostrovsky (Bestuzhev) higher courses and an agronomic institute - and become its director. At the end of 1922 K.D. Glinka and his family return to Petrograd, and the last stage of his energetic, highly creative activity begins.

Head of soil science and head of higher agronomic education (Leningrad period. 1922-1927)

So, in 1922, in the most troubled and difficult time of famine, devastation and the formation of a new government, K.D. Glinka returns to Petrograd. For that time, it was a bold decision: many, on the contrary, sought to leave for a place where life was more normal than in economically poorly food-supplied Petrograd and Moscow.

He was 56 years old, he was in the prime of his creative powers and searches, and with unprecedented energy he continued his scientific work in the Dokuchaev Soil Committee. The scientist began the reorganization of higher agricultural education in Petrograd. Having organized the Agricultural Institute in Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo), he took the place of director and head of the department of soil science at the plant growing faculty. At the same time, K.D. Glinka headed the Soil Science Department of the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy. N.I. Prokhorov (who also moved to Petrograd from New Alexandria) pointed out that K.D. Glinka has always advised government bodies on the organization of higher agronomic schools in various regions of the country. At the same time, he not only referred to the personal experience of the scientific leader, who put Dokuchaev's ideas and views into practice, but also deepened and developed them taking into account new socio-political attitudes.

In Petrograd around K.D. Glinka quickly formed a circle of students and followers. Young people were attracted by the teacher's ability to accurately and clearly express his ideas and methods of research, his scientific aspiration. The breadth of his views, the geographical approach to the phenomena under consideration K.D. Glinka forced not only to listen to himself, but also to follow his ideas. It was very difficult to carry them out at that time. He even had to coordinate all issues related to the management of the new agricultural institute with the members of the board. And all this in the presence of different views and approaches to higher education. K.D. Glinka, starting to create an agricultural institute in Petrograd, had in mind the training of agricultural specialists of the highest qualification. At the same time, he took into account Pasteur's position that “there are no applied sciences, but there are applications of sciences to life issues” and believed that “the ability to search for truth is given only by the scientific work that is carried out in higher education and without which this school is dead.” whether it be a university or a special school.”

In the new revolutionary situation, K.D. Glinka fought relentlessly to recreate a higher school with a stable teaching program, four years of study, broad plans for practical classes and qualifying practice for students, and, finally, the academicism of diploma theses finishing the course of sciences at a higher school. In the process of training agronomical figures, the scientist steadily adhered to the idea of ​​their broad education, instilled in students a love of knowledge in various ways, attracted them to the development of the latest ideas and results through scientific societies and circles. At one time he even headed the State Agricultural Museum. Despite the workload in higher education, K.D. Glinka actively participated in the work of the soil-geological commission of the Geological Committee. Commission of natural productive forces at the Academy of Sciences. Among other things, he set up scientific experiments in the laboratory and in the field.

Together with his students (Arkhangelskaya, Tikheeva, Okhotin, Malyarevsky, etc.), K.D. Glinka teaches soil science with great enthusiasm and organizes research in the field of soil genesis.

In Petrograd, as in Voronezh, Glinka opens a field soil station, where he studies the problems of the dynamics of soil processes - the current life of soils. Together with postgraduate students, he studies acidity and the reasons for its change, gleying as one of the most widespread processes in the northwest of European Russia, as well as the processes of soil evolution. The formulation of such studies, according to K.D. Glinka, was caused by the need to develop issues of increasing soil productivity and introducing reclamation techniques for improving them. As you can see, K.D. Glinka should be considered the first organizer of the study of the dynamics of modern soil processes.

The second brainchild of K.D. Glinka was the Dokuchaev Soil Committee. During this period, despite the financial insecurity, the committee significantly strengthened and expanded its research and scientific-organizational activities. The latter consisted in holding congresses, meetings and preparations for the first International Congress of Soil Scientists, united by the International Society of Soil Scientists (ISS). The Committee worked to a large extent at the expense of public contractual funds and was not able to fully meet the material needs of employees. Nevertheless, it existed and K.D. continued to be its ideological leader. Glinka, even despite his long absence from Petrograd. This situation was maintained thanks to the solidarity of a team of enthusiasts who created an unusual atmosphere of unity, trust and a very devoted attitude towards their leader.

The basis of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee was Dokuchaev's students: F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing, P.A. Zemyatchensky, S.S. Neustruev, L.I. Prasolov, B.B. Polynov, N.I. Prokhorov, M.A. Pankov, K.K. Gedroits, M.N. Antonova, Z.Yu. Shokalskaya, A.I. Baltz et al. K.D. Glinka applied maximum energy, ingenuity, and attention to the employees around him. Good relations with F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing, A.A. Yarilov and others allowed the scientist to use the assistance of the Academy of Sciences and many government agencies with which A.A. was associated. Yarilov. In this team, K.D. Glinka found full support for the plans for the realization of the cherished dream of Dokuchaev and his followers - the recognition of Dokuchaev's soil science as a theoretical, natural-historical discipline. K.D. Glinka widely used every opportunity to promote and popularize Dokuchaev's soil science in Western Europe and the USA. This was facilitated by the translation into German of his textbook.

K.D. Glinka continued to work on the unfinished works of past years. In addition, life required even greater attention to the problems posed by the new social and political development of Russia. The scientist is completing the chapters of the review of soil research in Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. The volume of this part of the review was 30 PL, but the publication of the manuscript was prevented by the revolution that had begun. Being a "pioneer in the study of Siberian soils", KD Glinka is in a hurry to publish everything new and interesting concerning their genesis and geography.

Thus, he draws up a soil map of Siberia and the Far East (scale 1 dm: 100 versts, 1908); prepares (together with L.I. Prasolov) the second edition of the soil map of Asia (1915), supplemented by materials from migration work; publishes detailed monographs ''Soils of Russia and Adjacent Countries', 'Salt licks and solonchaks of the Asian part of the USSR', as well as short courses in soil science, clay science, popular soil science, a textbook on geology, and an outline of the soils of the Voronezh province. In the 1920s, his books appeared: "Soil, its properties and distribution laws", "Dispersed systems in soil"; ''Soil Science'' is reprinted (in French and Italian); ''Essay on the Soils of Yakutia'' is published; the second and third editions of the course ''Soil Science'' are published, as well as many articles and reports on topical issues of soil science.

K.D. Glinka conducts a huge scientific-organizational and scientific-public activity, continuing to fight for the recognition of Dokuchaev's soil science as an independent scientific discipline. In 1922, in connection with the termination of the VEO, which included the Soil Committee, K-.D. Glinka seeks to include the latter in the CEPS of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Commission for Expeditionary Investigations of the Nature of the Union) as an independent soil department.

The transfer of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee to the jurisdiction of the Academy of Sciences accelerated its transformation into the Soil Institute. The main advocates for the creation of the Soil Institute were: Academicians F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing, V.I. Vernadsky and Professor K.D. Glinka. Thanks to their perseverance, such an institute was opened in 1925; in accordance with the charter of the Academy of Sciences, F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing. This act was preceded by the opening of departments of soil science in a number of universities in the country: in 1918-1919. - in St. Petersburg, in 1922 - in Moscow.

Merit recognition

In 1926, at the request of Academicians A.P. Karpinsky (President of the Academy of Sciences), V.I. Vernadsky and F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing. One candidate K.D. was nominated for the vacancy. Glinka. This was confirmed by the general meeting of the Academy of Sciences. April 2, 1927 (24 votes in favor, 1 against). April 5 K.D. Glinka was notified of this in a warm letter from the indispensable secretary of Academician S.F. Oldenburg.

The work of the whole life of K.D. Glinka: his long and hard struggle for the establishment of Dokuchaev's soil science ended positively for Russian science in general and for soil science in particular. The elections coincided with another equally important historical stage in the development of Dokuchaev soil science - the First International Congress of Soil Scientists, held in Washington in June-July 1927.

Preparations for it in Russia began at the end of 1926. K.D. was appointed head of our delegation. Glinka, and, naturally, he wanted to show the achievements of Russian soil scientists in the most complete variety, with all the depth of theoretical and practical developments. It was very important to do this for many reasons, and above all for 'consolidating the achievements of Dokuchaev's soil science in foreign countries'.

K.D. Glinka has previously participated in all international conferences related to soil science ('agrogeological' conferences, meetings in Budapest and Stockholm, etc.). In Budapest, K.D. Glinka was twice. The first was in 1909, when at an agronomic conference held there, he read a report ''Soil zones and soil types

European and Asian Russia”, which became one of the most important events of the forum. Having described the zonal types, K.D. Glinka also spoke about the meadow process of soil formation and about the soils of mountain regions. On the next trip to Budapest (1910) K.D. Glinka discussed this issue with E. Raman and in 1911 changed his mind and considered it possible to develop these soils in Russia. In 1922 he spoke in Prague, and in 1924 in Rome, where the MOP was organized at the fourth pedological conference. With his reports, K.D. Glinka introduced Western colleagues to the achievements of Russian soil scientists. But foreign scientists wanted to get as much information about our soil science as possible. Some of them (Marbut, Stremme, and others) even came to us for a deeper study of the foundations of Dokuchaev's soil science. The “curtain” behind which Russian soil science has been for many years has been broken. Mutual enrichment of knowledge and experience was considered very useful by both sides. It should be said that in 1922 K.D. Glinka was elected an honorary member of the MOP. So the participation of the scientist in the work of the congress was expected with great interest.

K.D. Glinka, taking into account the interest of foreign soil scientists in Russian soil science, wanted to show our achievements as widely as possible. To this end, an extraordinary congress of soil scientists was organized in Leningrad in January 1927, at which a program for the participation of Soviet specialists in the work of the congress was approved.

The last touches of life

I The international congress of soil scientists ended in triumph for Glinka - he was elected president of the MOP for the next three years, but this did not please the scientist, who felt worse and worse. Upon arrival home, in July 1927, he was transferred to Tsarskoye Selo, to a dacha or boarding house. The true diagnosis was hidden from K.D. (lung cancer). Catarrh of the lung is a sedative version of the disease for the scientist, which he contracted in the USA on an excursion to the cold store. At the end of October, he was placed in a clinic, but on November 2, 1927, Konstantin Dmitrievich passed away.

3.Situation in soil science at the beginning XX century

In a fairly short time of intensive study of soil science at the end XIX in. The outstanding scientists, whom we spoke about above, collected quite a lot of factual material, made discoveries of a fundamental and integral nature, prepared by the entire previous course of the development of science, which required scrupulous work to accumulate new facts and comprehend them on the basis of the principles of genetic soil science. In such a situation, it was important to have good leaders, but at first there were none. A certain confusion, unnecessary contradictions, mutual denials, which arose in the first years of the new century, are connected with this. But there was also an objective reason for this. In the hands of Dokuchaev and Sibirtsev, soil science was synthesized, now it required a reasonable differentiation into its component disciplines, and such a process in the history of any science is painful.

In the new century there was a differentiation of soil science; the following sections were separated in it: weathering and soil formation, geography and cartography of soils, general chemistry and colloidal chemistry of soils, physics and hydrology of soils, soil biology, applied soil science (including agronomy).

4. Teachers and predecessors of K.D. Glinka

KD Glinka is considered to be the successor of genetic and geographical soil science, which was founded by Dokuchaev. Therefore, it is obvious that Vasily Vasilyevich was his main teacher and predecessor.

Dokuchaev was an extraordinary person, a real genius:he discovered the law of universal functional connection in nature, the laws of latitudinal and vertical natural and soil zonality, the laws of soil science and the laws of zonality of agricultural kingdoms. He developed various land assessment methods, laid the foundations of soil cartography. He developed the theory of an ecological approach in the study of nature, proposed a system of sustainable farming in the steppe zone, and laid the foundations of museum work in natural science. Dokuchaev substantiated the idea of ​​soil zoning, relying on his views that soil is an independent natural body and on the dependence of soil on “soil formation factors” that he established.

According to the frequently quoted statement of V. R. Williams, “the doctrine of the soil cover as an independent category of natural bodies arose as a result of the creative work of three Russian scientists - V. V. Dokuchaev, P. L. Kostychev and N. M. Sibirtsev.”

Kostychev Pavel Andreevich -the initiator of the creation of agricultural experimental stations and the organization of special educational institutions in agriculture. He devoted his whole life to serving Russian science, the result of his many years of research work was the creation of the most important doctrine of the structure of the soil, as the main condition for its high fertility. It was Kostychev who was the first among scientists to discover the remarkable ability of perennial grasses to restore the finely cloddy structure of the soil. Kostychev was one of the first to develop methods for combating the formidable scourge of steppe agriculture - drought. He proposed a whole system of most valuable measures in the fight against drought: snow retention and stubble plowing, autumn plowing and field grass sowing, spring harrowing and fallow tillage, sowing with high-quality seeds and decisive weed control. His work on the issue of steppe afforestation is also very important.Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev (1860-1900) - Geologist, soil scientist. A student and associate of V. V. Dokuchaev. Graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1882. In 1882-1885. N. M. Sibirtsev took part in the expedition of V. V. Dokuchaev to study the geological structure and soils of the Nizhny Novgorod province. From 1885 to 1892 - Head of the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo Museum of Natural History, at the same time, on the instructions of the Geological Committee, conducted geological research in the Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Ryazan and Kostroma provinces. In 1892-1894. participated in the work of the "Special Expedition of the Forest Department for testing and accounting for various methods and methods of forestry and water management in the steppes of Russia" under the leadership of V. V. Dokuchaev. Since 1894 - Head of the Department of Soil Science at the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. N. M. Sibirtsev developed the doctrine of soil zones and the genetic classification of soils. Author of numerous works on geology, soil science and agronomy, including the first textbook on genetic soil science, which systematically outlines the views of V. V. Dokuchaev.

Theoretical soil science is based, however, not only on genetic aspects. Therefore, other scientists should be included among its co-founders, especially the German scientist Volney and the American scientist Gilgard.

Martin Ewald Wolny (1846-1901) - agronomist, physicist and soil scientist, since 1872 professor at the Munich Polytechnic, where he was in charge of the agricultural laboratory and experimental field, was a major organizer of science. Volney's contribution to soil physics is very great. He studied the properties of soil components—sand, clay, and organic matter. He linked the thermal and water regimes of the soil with meteorological conditions, establishing that these regimes also depend on the properties of the soil itself, primarily on its granulometric composition and structure. The second important direction in Volney's work was the study of the processes of accumulation and especially the decomposition of humus in the soil.Volney and his students developed precise methods for determining the physical and some other properties of the soil, designed various instruments for this. The fame of the scientist was great, and his influence spread to soil scientists and agronomists in many countries.

Evgeny Voldemar Gilgard (1833-1916) played an important role in the development of soil science in the USA. In 1893, he published a classification of soils, in which he divided them into: 1) residual, or having a constancy of occurrence (sedimentary or residual soils), which are the product of weathering of rocks in place; 2) displaced by water, gravity (this included colluvial and alluvial soils); 3) "eolian soils" - stony soils of deserts, sandy and dusty soils (Hilgard, 1906). Gilgard showed that the soils of tropical countries should also be divided into three groups according to moisture; he studied the saline and solonetzic soils of the southwestern United States; the first, which contain sodium chlorides and sulfates, he called white alkali (white alkali); soils with a predominance of normal soda - black alkali (black alkali). Dokuchaev used Gilgard's "excellent," in his words, research to establish the laws of zoning. Gilgard's works were also widely used by Volni, Glinka, Sibirtsev and others.

5. The contribution of the scientist to the development of soil science

1. The unfavorable and very difficult role of the main defender of Dokuchaev and the science he created fell to the lot of the scientist: he successfully argued the need to recognize soil science as an independent science of natural history (and not a section of geology-agrogeology or agronomy-agronomic soil science), used every opportunity to popularize Dokuchaev's soil science in Western Europe and USA. This was facilitated by the translation into German of his textbook. To put it in the words of Polynov, ".. Glinka completed the building of genetic and geographical soil science, which in its main features was laid by Dokuchaev."
2. The recognition of the world importance of Dokuchaev's soil science by scientists in many countries of the world is associated with the name of Glinka.
3. As a result of studies of the Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Yaroslavl and other provinces, a significant part of the Non-Chernozem belt was mapped, and a large amount of material on podzolic and marsh soils was accumulated.
4. Author of the classic textbook "Soil Science". It summarized everything that was known about soils before 1925-1926. The first edition appeared in 1908, and the fifth and sixth editions in 1932 and 1936. respectively.
5. He organized more than 100 expeditions to Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
6. In 1908-1914, he was the organizer and leader of numerous soil-geographic expeditions to Siberia and Central Asia, as a result of which huge new land funds were discovered for agricultural development.
7. In 1906 he compiled the first soil map of the world.
8. KD Glinka can be considered the first organizer of the study of the dynamics of modern soil processes.
9. Together with his associates, he contributed to the expansion of soil assessment work by the Zemstvos of the European part of Russia.
10. In 1912 he organized the Dokuchaev Soil Committee, which was later reorganized in 1927 as the Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
11. He outlined a classification approach, which is currently being developed as a morphogenetic or profile-genetic direction.
12. Glinka was the first to show that the transition of primary minerals into the clay mass is accompanied by a number of intermediate stages, represented by acid salts, and that one of the typical reactions of soil formation is hydrolysis. In essence, he developed the foundations of the future soil mineralogy.
13. One of the first, after Dokuchaev, organizer and reformer of higher agricultural education in Russia.
14. K.D. Glinka and the Dokuchaev Soil Committee headed by him played a big role in uniting the first generation of soil scientists in Russia
15. Works commissioned by provincial zemstvos, and then by the Resettlement Administration, made it possible, based on empirical data, to substantiate the research method, which later became known as "comparative geographical".
16. He contributed much to the understanding of the laws governing the geographic distribution of soils, the solonetz process, podzol formation, and the formation of brown semi-desert soils.

But the most important thing, in my opinion, is that after the death of Dokuchaev, Konstantin Dmitrievich became the very center of soil science in Russia, around which the best minds concentrated, which was the engine and set the vector for the development of all soil science in Russia.

Disciples and followers

In 1901, K.D. Glinka headed the Department of Soil Science at the Novo-Alexandria Institute, gradually it turns into a scientific and methodological center for research on the problems of genesis, geography and agricultural assessment of soil quality. Glinka attracts the most enthusiastic soil science students to work, who later become outstanding figures in soil science: V.P. Smirnov-Loginov (to whom he transferred the department in 1911), N.I. Prokhorov, N.A. Dimo, S.P. Kravkov, P.F. Barakov, A.I. Nabokih.

Having moved to St. Petersburg, as we remember, for an additional source of income, he becomes a professor at the Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses. It was there that he trains the first female soil scientists in Russia: L.I. Tikheev, Z.N. Arkhangelskaya, A.I. Balts, Z.Yu. Shokalskaya.

Also in Voronezh, he has such famous students as G.N. Tumin, A.M. Pankov, P.G. Aderikhin, N.D. Emelyanov.

In 1922, Glinka returned to Petrograd, where a circle of disciples-followers again formed around him, in general, it must be said that the students loved and respected Konstantin Dmitrievich very much, he was for them the "idol" of science and pedagogy, the owner of a rare ability to understand and direct the aspirations of young men to the knowledge of the fulfillment of the duty assigned by society. It is a remarkable fact that the students never called him either by his last name or by the address adopted at that time “Mr. Professor”, but simply called him Konstantin Dmitrievich.

In Petrograd, he teaches soil science already with his former students Arkhangelskaya, Tiheeva, Okhotin, Malyarevsky.

The last graduate students of the scientist were A.A. Zavalishin, A.I. Pronevich, B.A. Philosophers, L.P. Belyakova, Yu.A. Liverovsky. In the future, each of them made a feasible contribution to Dokuchaev's soil science, justifying the trust of his teacher.

7. Bibliographic list (main works of K.D. Glinka)

1889

1. About forest soils // Materials for the study of Russian soils. SPb. Issue. five.

1891

2. Romensky district // Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. SPb. Issue. 12. In et al. with V.V. Dokuchaev.

1892

3. Lokhvitsky district // Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. SPb. Issue. 12. Co-authors with V.V. Dokuchaev.

1893

4. On glacial and postglacial formations and groundwater of the Kamennaya Steppe of the Bobrovsky district of the Voronezh province, Tr. SPb. islands of naturalists. Dep. geology. T. 22, no. 2.

5. About the artesian borehole in the city of Smolensk // Ibid.

6. Steppe afforestation in connection with the question of the settlement of Russian steppes with predominantly herbaceous vegetation // Materials on the study of Russian soils. SPb. Issue. 8 .

1894

7. Geological nature of the soils of the Poltada province. // Materials for the assessment of land in the Poltava province. SPb. Issue. 16.

8 . Khrenovsky site // Tr. Special Expedition Lesn. dep. SPb. T. 1. Orography, geology, soils and groundwater. Issue. 1. Co-authors with N.M. Sibirtsev and P.V. Ototsky.

1895

9. On the issue of weathering of glauconite // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. Vol. 1, part 1."

10. To the question of the origin of glauconite: Preliminary, communication. // Protocol of St. Petersburg. islands of naturalists. No. 8.

11. Instructions for collecting a collection of mineralogy and geology // Zap. N.Alexandriys. in-ta sat down. economy and forestry. App. to 9 t.

12. New deposits of pyromorphite // Protocol of St. Petersburg. islands of naturalists.N® 6.

13. On a new twin intergrowth in gypsum, Tr. SPb. islands of naturalists. Dep. geology. T. 23.

14. Soil-geological studies in the Kozlovsky district of the Tambov province (Soils of the estate of V.K. Otto) // Materials for the study of Russian soils. SPb. Issue. nine.

1896

15. Geology; Lecture course. New Alexandria.

16. Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering. SPb. 111

1897

17. Analcim from the outskirts of Baku // Tr. Warsaw. islands of naturalists. T. 8.

18. Iron ores: Review lit. for 1896 // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. Vol. 3, part 3.

19. Preliminary report on soil-geological studies in the Novorzhevsky and Velikolutsky districts of the Pskov province. Pskov.

1898

20. The most important features in the history of the development of the globe and its inhabitants // Second Sat. publ. lectures, reading, in N. Alexandrijs. in-those. Warsaw.

21. Review of Russian mineralogical literature for 1896 // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. Vol. 3, part 3.

22. Report on a business trip to the VIII International Geological Congress, Zap. N. Alexandrijs. in-ta sat down. economy and forestry. T. 11, no. 2.

23. Petrographic character of the Novorzhevsk and Velikolutsk soils, Ibid.

1899

24. Note on soil research as an element of land assessment work. Novgorod.

25. From the summer expeditions of 1898 // Zap. N. Alexandrijs. in-ta sat down. economy and forestry.T. 12, no. one.

26. On the issue of aqueous aluminosilicates and clays, Ibid. Issue. 2.

27. Lectures on soil science at the New Alexandria Institute. T. 1, No. 1.

28. Recent work on the study of soil fertility and methods of soil appraisal // Soil Science. Vol. 1, N® 2.

29. Novorzhevsky district // Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Pskov province. SPb.Vyp. 2.

30. On the mineralogical composition of Pskov glacial clays and on the types of weathering, Zap. SPb. mineral, islands. Ser. 2.4.37.

31. On some reactions of aluminosilicates / / Ibid.

32. Soil research in the Pskov province // Eurasian Soil Science. T. 1, No. 3.

33. Preliminary report on the work of 1898 in the Pskov province (Opochetsky uyezd) // Materials on the assessment of the lands of the Pskov province. Pskov.

1900

34. Geological structure and soils of the Valdai district. Novgorod. In col. with S. Fedorovsky.

35. N.M. Siberians. His life and work / / Soil science. Vol. 2, N® 4. Co-authored with Barakov, Bogoslovsky et al.

36. Several observations in the field of post-Tertiary formations of Northwestern Russia // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. 1900-1901. T. 4.

37. A few words about the phosphate compounds of the Boruvka mountain of the Kielce province U / Ibid.

38. On some reactions of aluminosilicates, Zap. SPb. mineral, islands. Ch. 37, no. 2.

39. Soil research as an element of land appraisal work // Eurasian Soil Science. Vol. 2, N® 2.

40. Regarding the article by N.A. Adamova on the mechanical analysis of soil // Eurasian Soil Science.

41. Soil-geological research in the Pskov province / / Yearbook of pogeology and mineralogy of Russia. 1900-1901. T. 4.

42. Preliminary report to the Smolensk provincial zemstvo on the soil-geological studies of the Vyazemsky and Sychevsky districts. Smolensk.

1901

43. To the question of the absorptive capacity of soils // Diary of the XI Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors. SPb.

44. Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part of T. I. Vyazemsky district. Pskov. In col. with M.F. Kolokolov.

45. On deposits of gypsum (alabaster) in the Pskov district. Pskov.

46. ​​Post-Tertiary Formations and Soils of Northwestern Russia, Eurasian Soil Sci. 3, N® 2.

47. Post-Tertiary formations and soils of the Pskov, Novgorod and Smolensk provinces // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. T. 5.

48. Post-Tertiary formations of northwestern Russia // Diary of the XI Congress of Russian naturalists and doctors. SPb.

49. Soil-geological outline of the Valdai district. Novgorod. In col. with S. Fedorovsky.

50. Preliminary report on the soil-geological study of the Kholmsky and Toropetsky districts. Pskov.

1902

51. Several pages from the history of theoretical soil science // Soil Science. No. 2. P. 117-152.

52. Subject and tasks of soil science (pedology) // Ibid., N® 1.

53. Chemical nature of clays and other aluminosilicates, Zap. N. Lleksandriys.in-ta village. economy and forestry. Issue. one.

1903

54. Laterites and red soils of tropical and subtropical latitudes and related imposils of temperate latitudes // Soil Science. No. 3.

55. Something about the critical methods of Mr. Nabokikh // Ibid. No. 2, pp. 89-160.

56. Soil formation // Complete. encycle. Russian sat down household SPb. T. 5.

57. Soil coloring. organisms in the soil. The organic constituent of the soil. Ortstein // Ibid. T. 6.

58. In memory of V.V. Dokuchaeva: (res. speech) // Warsaw. a diary. No. 331.

59. Soil absorption capacity. Soils and subsoil. Soil science. Soils: swampy, lateritic, humus-carbonate, floodplain, skeletal, dry steppes (semi-deserts) and deserts, gray forest and tundra. Soil permeability // Full. encycle. Russian sat down household SPb. T. 7.

60. Soil formers and soil formation: At 3 o'clock N. Alexandria. 1903-1904.

61. Preliminary report on the soil-geological studies of the Dukhovshchinsky and Gzhatsky districts. Smolensk.

62. Connectivity of the soil - condensation of water vapor by the soil. Boreholeness of the soil // Full. encycle. Russian sat down household St. Petersburg, T. 8.

63. Salt licks // Ibid. T. 9.

1904

64. Tasks of historical soil science. Warsaw.

65. Research in the field of weathering processes. 1. Weathering in Chakk near Batum // Eurasian Soil Science. No. 4.

8. ZonnS.V. 113

6 6 . Terminal moraines of the Pskov and Novgorod provinces // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. SPb.

67. In memory of K.I. Malevsky // Ibid.

1905

6 8 . Research in the field of weathering processes. P. Weathering of biotite // Soil Science. N®1.

69. Pskov province. Vol. 3, no. 1. Pskov.

1906

70. Weathering of Tskha-Tskaro zeolites // Problems of the New Alexandria circle of natural science lovers. twenty .

71. Research in the field of weathering. SPb.

72. Report on a trip to the Kiev and Volyn provinces in 1905 // Protocols of the New Alexandria circle of natural science lovers. No. 2 2 .

1907

73. Soil science as an independent natural history discipline // Soil Science, N® 2.

1908

74. Instruction for soil research. St. Petersburg: Relocated, ex.

75. To the question of the mineralogical composition of soils and methods of its study //

Soil science. N®1.

76. Soil science: a course of lectures. 1st ed. SPb. 770 s.

77. Schematic soil map of the globe / / Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. SPb.

1909

78. To the question of the classification of Turkestan soils. Yuriev.

79. Materials on the study of the colonization regions of Asiatic Russia //Zap. Relocated, ex. T. 4.

1910

80. Note on soils of mountain slopes // Eurasian Soil Sci. No. 4.

81. Brief summary of data on the soils of the Far East: (preliminary report). SPb.: Relocated, ex.

82. The latest trends in soil science // Soil Science. N*' 1.

83. Bodenzonen und Bodentypen des EuropSisch und Asiatisch Russlands. Budapest.

1911

84. On the question of the difference between podzolic and bog type weathering // Soil Science. N® 2 .

85. On ancient weathering processes in the Amur region // Ibid. No. 3.

8 6 . On the so-called "burozems" // Ibid. N® 1.

1912

87. Geographic results of soil research in Asiatic Russia // Soil Science. N®1.

8 8 . Note on the organization of the Soil Institute and the establishment of departments of soil science

at universities. SPb.

89. Systematics of the soil map of Asiatic Russia. SPb.

90. Brief description of soils and vegetation zones of Asiatic Russia. St. Petersburg; In co-author. with B.A. Fedchenko.

91. Disturbance of the general zonality of Eurasian soils in Western Transbaikalia and Yakutsk Oblast, Eurasian Soil Sci. No. 4.

1913

92. To the question of the establishment of the soil department of the Voronezh Regional Agricultural Station. Voronezh.

93. Materials on the natural history study of the Voronezh province //

Ser. public access. essays. Book. 1. Voronezh, lips. zemstvo. SPb.

94. Soil formation, characteristics of soil types and soil geography. SPb.

95. Preliminary report on soil research conducted in 1912 //Materialy po naturalist. study Voronezh, lips. SPb. In col. with L.M. Pankov, K.F. Malyarevskiy.

1914

96. Map of soil zones in Russia // Atlas Asiat. Russia. St. Petersburg: Relocated, ex.

97. Soil zones of Asian Russia. Voronezh.

98. Soils of Asian Russia // Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: Relocated, ex. T. 2.

99. Soils along the line of the Tyumen-Omsk railway, Tr. Dokuchaev, soils,

someone. Issue. 1. Co-authors with V.P. Gorshenin, V.V. Stratonovich, A.A. I am carpet.

100. Program of Soil Research // Sat. programs for research. Siberia. SPb.

101. Die Tipen der Bodenbildung, ihre Classification und geographische Verbreitung.

B.368S.

1915

102. Soil science: a course of lectures. 2nd ed. Pg.

1916

103. Deep-soil humus formations and their genesis // Eurasian Soil Science. No. 1.

1917

104. Preliminary report on the organization and use of research work

soils of Asiatic Russia. Pg. 1908-1916.

1918

105. Materials on the natural history research of the Voronezh province.

106. On the development of soil science as an independent scientific discipline, Izv.

Dokuchaev, soil, someone. No. 1/2. S. 89.

1919

107. Lime in soils // Soil liming in connection with fertilization. M. ^

108. Kaolinite clays of the Voronezh province. Voronezh.

109. Soil, its origin and geographical distribution. Voronezh.

1921

ON. Questions of historical soil science // Eyu l. y Vseros. congress of soil scientists. No. 3/4.

111. Geology and soils of the Voronezh province. Voronezh.

112. A short course in clay science. Voronezh.

113. A short popular course in soil science. Voronezh: Ed. Voronezh. Gubnar-image.

114. Results of the Siberian expeditions of the Resettlement Administration of the former. Ministry of Agriculture.

1922

115. Soil, its properties and distribution laws. M.: Nov. village.

1923

116. Geology and soils of the Voronezh province. Voronezh. Dep. 1, part 1.

117. Petrograd Agricultural Institute, its tasks and methods of implementation.Pg.

118. Soil formation, characteristics of soil types and soil geography. 2nd ed. M.

119. Soils. Petrograd. (V-ka agricultural institute).

120. Soils of the Kyrgyz Republic. Orenburg.

121. Soils of Russia and adjacent countries. M.; Pg.

122. The current state of soil science in Russia, its shortcomings and needs // Pr51roda. N ® 1 - 2 .

123. Genesis und Geographie der russischen Boden. petrograd.

1924

124. Degradation and podzolic process // Soil Science. N®2.

125. Dispersed systems in soil. L.

126. Mineral resources of the Central part of Russia (Voronezh, Kursk, Tambov provinces). M.: Publishing house AN.

127. Soil regions of southeastern Russia. Rostov n/a. pp. 1-7.

128... Russian soil science: (historical essay) // Zap. Leningrad. s.-x. in-ta. T. 1.

129. Die Degradation und der Podzoliqe Prozess. Intern. Mitteil. f. Bodenkunde. b.

130. Divers Tipes de formation des sols et la classification de ces derniers. Revue intern, des. Renseignments Agricoles. P.

1925

131. Acidity of the soil of the metropolitan area // Zap . Leningrad. s.-x. in-ta. T. 2.

132. Latest achievements in soil science in the USSR and abroad, Izv. State. in-that experience, agronomy. T. 4, No. 1,2.

133. The simplest methods of studying soils in the field, Prilozh. to Vestn. knowledge. HP 26.

1926

134. Geology and soils of map sheet P-56 of the Leningrad Province. // Preliminary report Izv. Geol. someone.

135. Conference of the International Soil Science Society in Hungary // Soil Science.N® 3.

136. Leaflet of a soil scientist in a wreath of G.F. Morozova // Forest science and forestry. Issue. one .

137. International Meeting of Soil Scientists in Groningen, Nauch. worker. No. 7/8.

138. Training of agronomists and connection of the agronomic school with life // Agronomist.Dec.

139. Salt licks and solonchaks of the Asian part of the USSR. M.: Nov. village.

1927

140. Water in soils, Tr. Soils, Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Issue. 2.

141. Geology and soils of sheet P-56 of the Leningrad province. In col. with L.V. Tiheeva.

142. Geology and soils of the Pasha-Kopets forestry of the Tikhvin district of the Cherepovets region.

143. Dokuchaev as the creator of Russian soil science, Tr. Soil, in-ta im. V.V. Dokuchaev. Issue. 2.

144. Mineralogical composition of Voronezh soils, Tr. Soils, Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Issue. 2.

145. On the petrographic composition of soils in the southern part of the Voronezh province // Tr. V.V. Dokuchaev. Issue. 2.

146. Essay on the soils of Yakutia // Yakutia. L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. pp. 49-135.

147. Soil cover in the basins of the Grushevka and Ayuta rivers in the Don region, Tr. Soil, in-ta im. V.V. Dokuchaev. Issue. 12.

148. Soil cover in the environs of Persianovka, Don region, Tr. soil,

Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Issue. 2.

149. Soil science. 3rd ed., revised. 672 p.

150. Soil science. Washington. In English. lang.

151. Dokuchaiev's ideas in the development of pedology and cognate sciences. L.

1928

152. Soil science in the USSR over the past decade (from 1917 to 1927) / / Science and

USSR technology. 1917-1927. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1929.

153. Soils. 2nd ed. M.; L.

1931

154. Soil science. 4th ed. M.; L.

1932

155. Soil science. 5th ed. M.; L. 595 p.

1936

156. Soil science. 6th ed. M.

1978

157. Mineralogy, genesis and geography of soils. Moscow: Nauka, 279 p.

1. List of used literature:
2. Great Soviet Encyclopediahttp://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/K/KOSTYCHEV_Pavel_Andreevich/_Kostychev_P.A..html
3. Zonn S.V. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka 1867-1927. M.: Nauka, 1993. 127 p.
4. History of Russia in the 19th century

http://www.ote4estvo.ru/kratkaya-istoriya-rossii/608-istoriya-rossii-19-veka.html

1. Krupennikov I.A. History of soil science. M.: Nauka, 1981. 327 p.
2. Paleontological and Stratigraphic Museum of the Department of Dynamic and Historical Geology of St. Petersburg State University

http://paleostratmuseum.ru/Sibirtzev.html

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(now Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk region) - November 2, Leningrad) - Russian professor, geologist and soil scientist, organizer of science, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927).

Biography

Family of K. D. Glinka:

Education

In 1876-1885. studied at the Smolensk classical gymnasium. In 1885 he entered the Natural Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. In 1889 he graduated from the University with a diploma of the 1st degree. At the request of V. V. Dokuchaev, he was left at the Department of Mineralogy to prepare for a professorship. In 1890 he was appointed curator of the mineralogical cabinet at the University.

Dissertations

• PhD - 1896, Moscow University: "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering."
• Doctoral - 1909, Moscow University: "Research in the field of weathering processes."

In 1889 - 1906. was in the reserve of the army infantry. Dismissed for reaching the mandatory term in the reserve.

Scientific work

Geological and soil research began at the University under the guidance of VV Dokuchaev. Participated in his Poltava (1889-1890) and in the expedition of the Forest Department (1892). He organized research in Smolensk, Novgorod (early 1890s), Pskov (1898-1899) and Voronezh (1899, 1913) provinces.

In 1906-1910. K. D. Glinka directs soil and geological research on the evaluation of the lands of the Poltava, Tver, Smolensk, Novgorod, Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Simbirsk provinces.

In 1908-1914. headed the soil research of Asiatic Russia and participated in the expeditions of the Resettlement Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture in connection with the Stolypin agrarian reform.

In 1913-1917. founded and led

Organizational activity

Participated in the organization of international conferences:

• 1909 - I International Agrogeological Conference in Budapest.
• 1927 - I International Congress of Soil Scientists in Washington.

Awards

Ranks and titles

• 1891 - Collegiate secretary with seniority, according to the University diploma of the 1st degree.
• 1894 - Titular Councilor with seniority, for long service.
• 1897 - Master of mineralogy and geology, in rank.
• 1897 - Associate Professor
• 1898 - Collegiate assessor with seniority, for long service.
• 1900 - Professor of the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Mineralogy and Geology.
• 1909 - State Councilor with seniority

Membership in organizations

• Member of the Soil Commission at the Imperial Free Economic Society since 1889.
• Member of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists since 1892.
• Honorary Member of the International Society of Soil Scientists, State Institute of Experimental Agronomy
• Member of the Library Commission of the Institute (1899), Chairman of the Commission since 1900
• Member of the Moscow Soil Committee
• Member of the Agronomic Society at the Leningrad Agricultural Institute
• Member of the Hungarian Geological Society
• Full member of the Russian Geographical Society
• International magazine editor Internat Mitteluns fur Boden from the first year of its publication

Family

Memory

• In the USSR, the name of K. D. Glinka was assigned, where he was rector in 1913-1917 and 1921-1922 (In 2011 it was renamed)
• A street in the Levoberezhny district of the city of Voronezh was named after K. D. Glinka
• In 1990, a monument was unveiled near the Voronezh State Agrarian University.

Bibliography

K. D. Glinka from 1889 to 1927 wrote about 100 scientific papers on soil science, mineralogy and geology in Russian, German, French and Italian.

• Glinka K. D. On the issue of forest soils. St. Petersburg: type. t-va Societies. benefit. 1889. 20 p.
• Glinka K. D. About forest soils. St. Petersburg: type. t-va Societies. benefit. 1889. , 109 p. (Materials on the study of Russian soils; Issue 5).
• Glinka K. D. Romensky district. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. Zemstvo, 1891. 75 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 4).
• Glinka K. D. Lokhvitsky district. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. Zemstvo, 1892. 66 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. Natural-historical part: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 12).
• Glinka K. D., Sibirtsev N. M., Ototsky P. V. Khrenovsky area. St. Petersburg: ed. Ministry of agriculture and state. property, 1894. 124 p. (Proceedings of the expedition equipped by the Forest Department under the leadership of Professor Dokuchaev: Report to the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property; Issue 1).
• Agafonov V. K., Adamov N. P. Bogushevsky S. K., Vernadsky V. I., Glinka K. D. and others. Soil map of the Poltava province. Scale 1:420,000. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. zemstvos. 1894. 1 sheet. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. Natural-historical part: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 16).
• Glinka K. D. Geology: Course of lectures. Warsaw: type. Warsaw. textbook okr., 1896.
• Glinka K. D. Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering. St. Petersburg: type. E. Evdokimova, 1896. , 128, p. : tab.
• Glinka K. D. Preliminary report on soil-geological studies in the Novorzhevsky and Velikolutsky districts of the Pskov province. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1897. 20 p.
• Glinka K. D. The most important features in the history of the development of the globe and its inhabitants. Warsaw: type. Warsaw. textbook Okr., 1898. 41 p.
• Glinka K. D., Klepinin N. N., Fedorovskiy S. L. Novorzhevsky district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. zemstvo, 1899. , 103 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Pskov province. Natural and historical part: Report to the Pskov province zemstvo).
• Glinka K.D. Zur Frage über Aluminium-Hydrosilicate und Thone // Z. Kryst., Mineral. 1899. Bd. 32. S. 79-81.
• Glinka K. D. Fedorovsky S. L. Geological structure and soil of the Valdai district. Novgorod: ed. Novgorod. Zemstvo, 1900. 86 p.
• Barakov P. F., Glinka K. D., Bogoslovsky N. A. and others. N. M. Sibirtsev, his life and work // Soil Science. 1900. V. 2. No. 4. S. 243-281. ; Dep. ed. St. Petersburg: type. Herold, 1901. 40 p. : port.
• Glinka K. D. Preliminary report to the Smolensk provincial zemstvo on the soil-geological studies of the Vyazemsky and Sychevsky counties. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1900. S. 27 p.
• Kolokolov M. F., Glinka K. D. Vyazemsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. zemstvo, 1901. , 107 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part; Vol. 1)
• Glinka K. D. soil formation; Soil coloring; Organisms in the soil; Organic constituent of the soil; Ortstein; Soil absorption capacity; Soil and subsoil; soil science; Soils: swampy, lateritic, humus-carbonate, floodplain, skeletal, dry steppes (semi-deserts) and deserts, gray forest and tundra; soil permeability; Soil connectivity; Condensation of soil water vapor; Soil porosity; Salt licks // Complete encyclopedia of Russian agriculture: In 12 volumes. St. Petersburg: ed. A. F. Devrien. 1901-1905. T. 5-9.
• Glinka K. D. Several pages from the history of theoretical soil science // Soil Science. 1902. V. 4. No. 2. S. 117-152.
• Glinka K. D. The subject and tasks of soil science (pedology) // Soil Science. 1902. V. 4. No. 1. S. 1-16.
• Glinka K. D. Laterites and krasnozems of tropical and subtropical latitudes and related soils of temperate latitudes // Eurasian Soil Sci. 1903. V. 5. No. 3. S. 235-264.
• Glinka K. D. Research in the field of weathering processes: At 2 pm // Soil Science. 1904-1905: Part 1. Weathering in Chakva near Batum. 1904. V. 6. No. 4. S. 294-322; Part 2. . 1905. Vol. 7. No. 1. C. 35-62.
• Glinka K. D., Sonda A. A. Sychevsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1904. 90 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part. T. 2; Issue 1.)
• Glinka K. D., Kolokolov M. F. Gzhatsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1906. 56 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural and historical part; Vol. 3)
• Glinka K. D. Research in the field of weathering processes. SPb., 1906. 179 p. (Proceedings of St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists; T. 34. Issue 5. Department of Geol. and Mineral.).
• Glinka K.D. Untersuchungen im Gebiet der Verwitterimgsprozesse. St.-Pb.: Merkushev, 1906. , 178 p.
• Glinka K. D. Soil science. St. Petersburg: ed. A. F. Devriena, 1908. XI, 596 p.; Pg., 1915. XIX, 708 p. ; M.: "New Village", 1927. 580 p. ; 4th ed. M.; L.: Selkolkhozgiz, 1931. 612 p.; 1932. 602 p. ; 6th ed. 1935. 631 p.
• Glinka K. D., Abutkova L. V., Bessonova A. I. and others. Preliminary report on the organization and execution of work on the study of soils in Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1908. 82 p.
• Rudnitsky V. E., Glinka K. D. Soil-geological sketch of the Krestetsky district. Novgorod: type. M. O. Selivanova, 1908. , 54, 79 p.
• Glinka K. D. Schematic soil map of the globe. Scale 1:50 000 000 // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. 1908. Vol. 10: incl. l.
• Glinka K. D. On the classification of Turkestan soils // Eurasian Soil Science. 1909. No. 4. S. 255-318. Dep. ed. Yuriev: type. K. Mattisena, 1909. 64 p.
• Glinka K. D. Brief summary of data on soils of the Far East. St. Petersburg: type. Yu. N. Erlikh, 1910. , 81 p.
• Glinka K. D. The latest trends in soil science // Soil Science. 1910. No. 1. S. 1-25.
• Glinka K. D. On the question of the difference between podzolic and bog type weathering. Soil science. 1911. No. 2. S. 1-13.
• Glinka K.D. Die Verwitterungsprozesse und Böden in der Umgebung des Kurortes Bikszád // Földtani Közlöny. 1911. Bd. 41. S. 675-684.
• Glinka K. D. Geographical results of soil research in Asiatic Russia // Eurasian Soil Science. 1912. No. 1. S. 43-63.
• Glinka K. D. Dukhovishchensky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. Vol. 5. 90 p. Map. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part; T. 5)
• Glinka K. D. Natural-historical characteristics of a part of the Kirghiz region: The area of ​​the railway. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Moscow Railways, 1912. 57 p.
• Glinka K. D., Fedchenko B. A. Brief description of the soil and plant zones of Asian Russia: Explanations to the schematic soil and botanical-geographical map of Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: type. F. Weisberg and P. Gershunin, 1912. 35 p.
• Glinka K. D. On the disturbance of the general zonality of Eurasian soils in Western Transbaikalia and the Yakutsk Region, Eurasian Soil Sci. 1912. No. 4. S. 60-68.
• Porkhovsky district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. 53 p. (Pskov province: Summary of data from an estimated statistical study. V. 8; Issue 1)
• Glinka K. D., Vikhman D. N., Tikheeva L. V. Pskov district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. 68 p. (Pskov province: Summary of data from an estimated statistical study. Vol. 7; Issue 1)
• Glinka K. D. To the question of the establishment of the soil department of the Voronezh Regional Agricultural Station. St. Petersburg: ed. Voronezh. lips. zemstvos. 1913. 12 p.
• Glinka K. D.. St. Petersburg: type. Yu. N. Erlikh, 1913. , 132 p.; 2nd ed. M.: "New Village", 1923. 122 p.
• Glinka K. D., Pankov A. M., Malyarevsky K. F. Soils of the Voronezh province / Ed. K. D. Glinka. St. Petersburg: ed. Voronezh: lips. Zemstvo, 1913. 61 p. (Materials on the natural-historical study of the Voronezh province. Book 1.)
• Glinka K. D. Preliminary report on the organization and execution of work on the study of the soils of Asiatic Russia in 1912. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1913. 479 p.
• Glinka K. D.// Atlas of Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1914. S. 36-37.
• Glinka K. D. Soil zones of Asiatic Russia. Voronezh: Voronezh. lips. Zemstvo, 1914. 62 p.
• Glinka K.D. Die Typen der Bodenbildung, ihre Klassifikation und geographische Verbreitung. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1914. 365 S.
• Glinka K. D. Liming the soil in connection with the application of fertilizers. M.: B.I., 1919. 178 p.
• Glinka K. D. Kaolin clays of the Voronezh province. Voronezh: ed. Voronezh. Gubzemotdel, 1919. 34 p.
• Glinka K. D. Geology and soils of the Voronezh province. Voronezh: B.I., 1921. 60 p. (Voronezh Provincial Economic Conference; Issue 4) ; 2nd ed. 1924. 60 p.
• Glinka K. D. A short course in clay science: a manual for students of the ceramic department of the Voronezh State Technical School. Voronezh: B.I., 1921. 80 p.
• Glinka K. D.. M.: Publishing House of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture "New Village", 1922. 77 p. ; 3rd ed. L.: LSHI, 1925. 79 p.
• Glinka K. D. Soils. M.; Pg.: Gosizdat. 1923. 94 p.
• Glinka K. D. Soils of the Kyrgyz Republic. Orenburg: Rus.-Kyrgyz. type. Kirgosizdat, 1923. 85 p.; 2nd ed. M.; L.: Gosizdat, 1929. 85 p.
• Glinka K. D.. M.; Pg.: Gosizdat, 1923. 348 p.
• Glinka K. D. The current state of soil science in Russia, its shortcomings and needs // Priroda. 1923. No. 1/6. Stlb. 12-19.
• Glinka K.D. Différents types d'apres lesquels se forment les sols et la classification de ces derniers // Com. int. pedologie. 1923 Com. 4. No. 20. P. 271-282.
• Glinka K. D. Degradation and podzolic process // Eurasian Soil Science. 1924. No. 3/4. pp. 29-40.
• Glinka K. D. L.: Cultural and enlightening. work. Comrade "Education", 1924. 79 p.
• Glinka K.D. Die Degradation und der podsolige Prozess // Int. Mittl. Bodenkunde. 1924. Bd. 14. H. 2. S. 40-49
• Glinka K.D. Divers types de formation des sols et la classification de ces derniers // Rev. rensign. agricoles. 1924 Vol. 2. N 1. P. 1-13.
• Glinka K. D.. M.: "New Village", 1926. 74 p.
• Glinka K.D. The great soil groups of the world and their development. Michigan: Edwards Bros. 1927. 235 p.
• Glinka K.D. Allgemeine Bodenkarte Europas. Danzig, 1927. 28 S.
• Glinka K. D. Mineralogy, genesis and geography of soils: [Sat. works]. M.: Nauka, 1978. 279 p.

Literature about K. D. Glinka

• Berg L.S. Glinka as a geographer // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 29-30.
• Vernadsky V.I.// Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. 6. 1927. Vol. 21. No. 18. S. 1529-1536.
• Zavalishin A. A., Dolotov V. A. In memory of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Soil Science. 1942. No. 9. S. 117-120.
• Zakharov S. A. Scientific activity of acad. K. D. Glinka // Tr. Kuban agricultural in-ta, 1929. V. 6. S. 1-12.
• Zonn S.V. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. Moscow: Nauka, 1993. . 127 p.
• Karpinsky A. P., Levinson-Lessing F. Yu.// Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. 6. 1926. V. 20. No. 18. Retrieved. from the duct. S. 1683-1685.
• Kovalevsky V.I. A few words in memory of K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 26-28.
• Keller B. A. Academician K. D. Glinka as a person and researcher // Zap. Voronezh. s.-x. in-ta. 1928. No. 11. S. 7-11.
• Krupenikov I. A. The role of K. D. Glinka in the development of soil science in the 20th century: (To the 120th anniversary of his birth) // Eurasian Soil Science. 1987. No. 12. S. 5-14.
• Levinson-Lessing F. Yu. K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 3-18.
• Levirovskiy Yu. A. Creative way of Academician K. D. Glinka // Soil Science. 1948. No. 6. S. 381-394;
• Levirovskiy Yu. A. The creative path of K. D. Glinka // Ibid. 1968. No. 5. S. 7-16;
• Levirovskiy Yu. A. Academician K. D. Glinka’s career // Mineralogy, genesis and geography of soils. M.: Nauka, 1978. S. 7-15.
• Neustruev S. S. Ideas of academician K. D. Glinka on the genesis and classification of soils // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 32-45.
• Organization of soil research // Organization of science in the first years of Soviet power (1917-1925). L.: Science. 1968. S. 186-189.
• In memory of K. D. Glinka [Sat. Linen. s.-x. in-ta]. Leningrad: Selkhozgiz, 1928. 224 p.
• Plaksin V.N. Life and scientific activity of Academician K. D. Glinka in the historical and social dimension // Vestn. Voronezh. state agricultural university. 2012 No. 3 (34). pp. 132-138.
• Polynov B. B. Academician Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka: [Obituary] // Nature. 1927. No. 12. Stlb. 935-942.
• Polynov B. B. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka: On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of scientific and pedagogical activity // Zap. Leningrad. s.-x. in-ta. 1925. Vol. 2.
• Polynov B. B. Works of K. D. Glinka in the field of studying the processes of weathering of minerals // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 19-25.
• Prasolov L.I. In memory of K. D. Glinka // Izv. State. Institute of Experimental Agronomy. 1927. V. 5. S. 396-398.
• Prasolov L.I. KD Glinka in Asian soil expeditions and in the Dokuchaev Committee // Ibid. pp. 46-50.
• Prasolov L.I. World soil map of K. D. Glinka // Priroda. 1928. No. 6. Stlb. 573-579.
• Prokhorov N.I. Pages of memories of K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 51-57.
• Rode A. A. Dokuchaev soil science at the Academy of Sciences in the 20-30s // Priroda. 1974. No. 5. S. 59-67.
• Sedletsky I.D. New days in soil science: [In memory of K. D. Glinka] // Priroda. 1938. No. 5. S. 19-22.
• Shkolnik G.A. The first academician-soil scientist K. D. Glinka // Our countrymen-naturalists. Smolensk: book. publishing house, 1963. S. 69-81.
• Yarilov A. A. Legacy of V. V. Dokuchaev // Soil Science. 1939. No. 3. S. 7-19.
• Russell E. J. Prof. K. D. Glinka: [Obituary] // Nature. 1927 Vol. 120. No. 3033. P. 887-888.

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Notes

1. Academician K.D. Glinka. History reference, .
2. The inscription on the monument on the grave of K.D. Glinka.
3. Certificate of the New Alexandria Institute of Agriculture dated December 31, 1911
4. Zonn S.V. Stages of the lived; The main dates of the life and work of Konsantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 11; 110.
5. Glinka Konstantin Dmitrievich. Great Russian Encyclopedia. M.: Publishing House Bolshaya Ross. encycle. T. 7. S. 233.
6. Zavalishin A. A., Dolgotov V. A. In memory of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Soil science, 1942. No. 9. P. 117-120.
7. Zonn S.V. App. 3: Certificate of the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture dated December 31, 1911 // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 120-125.
8. // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
9. Zonn S.V. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. , 127 p.
10. Characteristics of K. D. Glinka, compiled by V. V. Dokuchaev for submission to the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. May 6, 1894 Zonn S.V. Appendix 2 // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 120.
11. K. D. Glinka. Curriculum vitae prof. K. D. Glinka // Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. LO. F. N. Op. 4. D. 728. (according to Zonn S.V. Applications // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 118-119.)
12. lung cancer from smoking
13. Levinson-Lessing F. Yu. K. D. Glinka // Proceedings of the Soil Institute. V. V. Dokuchaev. 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 3-18.
15. Information system GGM "", 2014.

Links

• in the Electronic Library "Scientific Heritage of Russia"
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Glinka Konstantin Dmitrievich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• - thematic page on facebook

An excerpt characterizing Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich

Qui eut le triple talent,
De boire, de battre,
Et d "etre un vert galant ...
[Having a triple talent,
drink, fight
and be kind...]
- But it's also difficult. Well, well, Zaletaev! ..
“Kyu…” Zaletaev said with an effort. “Kyu yu yu…” he drew out, diligently protruding his lips, “letriptala, de bu de ba and detravagala,” he sang.
- Oh, it's important! That's so guardian! oh… ho ho ho! “Well, do you still want to eat?”
- Give him some porridge; after all, it will not soon eat up from hunger.
Again he was given porridge; and Morel, chuckling, set to work on the third bowler hat. Joyful smiles stood on all the faces of the young soldiers who looked at Morel. The old soldiers, who considered it indecent to engage in such trifles, lay on the other side of the fire, but occasionally, rising on their elbows, looked at Morel with a smile.
“People too,” said one of them, dodging in his overcoat. - And the wormwood grows on its root.
– Oo! Lord, Lord! How stellar, passion! To frost ... - And everything calmed down.
The stars, as if knowing that now no one would see them, played out in the black sky. Now flashing, now fading, now shuddering, they busily whispered among themselves about something joyful, but mysterious.

X
The French troops were gradually melting away in a mathematically correct progression. And that crossing over the Berezina, about which so much has been written, was only one of the intermediate steps in the destruction of the French army, and not at all the decisive episode of the campaign. If so much has been written and written about the Berezina, then on the part of the French this happened only because on the Berezinsky broken bridge, the disasters that the French army had previously suffered evenly, suddenly grouped here at one moment and into one tragic spectacle that everyone remembered. On the part of the Russians, they talked and wrote so much about the Berezina only because far from the theater of war, in St. Petersburg, a plan was drawn up (by Pfuel) to capture Napoleon in a strategic trap on the Berezina River. Everyone was convinced that everything would actually be exactly as planned, and therefore they insisted that it was the Berezinsky crossing that killed the French. In essence, the results of the Berezinsky crossing were much less disastrous for the French in the loss of guns and prisoners than the Red, as the figures show.
The only significance of the Berezina crossing lies in the fact that this crossing obviously and undoubtedly proved the falsity of all plans for cutting off and the validity of the only possible course of action required by both Kutuzov and all the troops (mass) - only following the enemy. The crowd of Frenchmen ran with an ever-increasing force of speed, with all their energy directed towards the goal. She ran like a wounded animal, and it was impossible for her to stand on the road. This was proved not so much by the arrangement of the crossing as by the movement on the bridges. When the bridges were broken through, unarmed soldiers, Muscovites, women with children, who were in the French convoy - everything, under the influence of inertia, did not give up, but ran forward into the boats, into the frozen water.
This endeavor was reasonable. The position of both the fleeing and the pursuing was equally bad. Staying with his own, each in distress hoped for the help of a comrade, for a certain place he occupied among his own. Having given himself over to the Russians, he was in the same position of distress, but he was placed on a lower level in the section of satisfying the needs of life. The French did not need to have correct information that half of the prisoners, with whom they did not know what to do, despite all the desire of the Russians to save them, were dying of cold and hunger; they felt that it could not be otherwise. The most compassionate Russian commanders and hunters of the French, the French in the Russian service could not do anything for the prisoners. The French were ruined by the disaster in which the Russian army was. It was impossible to take away bread and clothes from hungry, necessary soldiers, in order to give them not to harmful, not hated, not guilty, but simply unnecessary Frenchmen. Some did; but that was the only exception.
Behind was certain death; there was hope ahead. The ships were burned; there was no other salvation but a collective flight, and all the forces of the French were directed to this collective flight.
The farther the French fled, the more miserable their remnants were, especially after the Berezina, on which, as a result of the St. Petersburg plan, special hopes were placed, the more passions of the Russian commanders flared up, blaming each other and especially Kutuzov. Believing that the failure of the Berezinsky Petersburg plan would be attributed to him, dissatisfaction with him, contempt for him and teasing him were expressed more and more strongly. Joking and contempt, of course, was expressed in a respectful form, in a form in which Kutuzov could not even ask what and for what he was accused. He was not spoken seriously; reporting to him and asking his permission, they pretended to perform a sad ceremony, and behind his back they winked and tried to deceive him at every step.
All these people, precisely because they could not understand him, it was recognized that there was nothing to talk about with the old man; that he would never understand the full depth of their plans; that he would answer his phrases (it seemed to them that these were only phrases) about the golden bridge, that it was impossible to come abroad with a crowd of vagabonds, etc. They had already heard all this from him. And everything he said: for example, that you have to wait for provisions, that people are without boots, it was all so simple, and everything they offered was so complicated and clever that it was obvious to them that he was stupid and old, but they were not powerful, brilliant commanders.
Especially after the unification of the armies of the brilliant admiral and the hero of St. Petersburg Wittgenstein, this mood and staff gossip reached its highest limits. Kutuzov saw this and, sighing, shrugged his shoulders. Only once, after the Berezina, did he get angry and write to Bennigsen, who delivered the following letter to the sovereign separately:
“Due to your painful seizures, if you please, Your Excellency, upon receipt of this, go to Kaluga, where you await further command and appointment from His Imperial Majesty.”
But after Benigsen's departure, the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich came to the army, who made the beginning of the campaign and was removed from the army by Kutuzov. Now the Grand Duke, having arrived at the army, informed Kutuzov about the displeasure of the Emperor for the weak successes of our troops and for the slowness of movement. The Sovereign Emperor himself intended to come to the army the other day.
An old man, just as experienced in court affairs as in military affairs, that Kutuzov, who in August of that year was chosen commander-in-chief against the will of the sovereign, the one who removed the heir and the Grand Duke from the army, the one who, by his power, in opposition to the will of the sovereign, ordered the abandonment of Moscow, this Kutuzov now immediately realized that his time was over, that his role had been played and that he no longer had this imaginary power. And it was not just from court relations that he realized this. On the one hand, he saw that the military business, the one in which he played his role, was over, and he felt that his calling had been fulfilled. On the other hand, at the same time he began to feel physical weariness in his old body and the need for physical rest.
On November 29, Kutuzov entered Vilna - his good Vilna, as he said. Twice in his service, Kutuzov was governor in Vilna. In the rich surviving Vilna, in addition to the comforts of life, which he had been deprived of for so long, Kutuzov found old friends and memories. And he, suddenly turning away from all military and government concerns, plunged into an even, familiar life as much as he was given rest by the passions that boiled around him, as if everything that was happening now and about to happen in the historical world did not concern him at all.
Chichagov, one of the most passionate cutters and overturners, Chichagov, who wanted to first make a diversion to Greece, and then to Warsaw, but did not want to go where he was ordered, Chichagov, known for his bold speech with the sovereign, Chichagov, who considered Kutuzov blessed by himself, because when he was sent in the 11th year to conclude peace with Turkey, in addition to Kutuzov, he, convinced that peace had already been concluded, admitted to the sovereign that the merit of making peace belongs to Kutuzov; this Chichagov was the first to meet Kutuzov in Vilna at the castle where Kutuzov was supposed to stay. Chichagov in a naval uniform, with a dagger, holding his cap under his arm, gave Kutuzov a drill report and the keys to the city. That contemptuous respectful attitude of young people towards the old man who had gone out of his mind was expressed to the highest degree in the entire appeal of Chichagov, who already knew the accusations leveled against Kutuzov.
Speaking with Chichagov, Kutuzov, among other things, told him that the carriages with dishes he had recaptured from him in Borisov were intact and would be returned to him.
- C "est pour me dire que je n" ai pas sur quoi manger ... Je puis au contraire vous fournir de tout dans le cas meme ou vous voudriez donner des diners, [You want to tell me that I have nothing to eat. On the contrary, I can serve you all, even if you wanted to give dinners.] - flaring up, said Chichagov, who wanted to prove his case with every word and therefore assumed that Kutuzov was also preoccupied with this. Kutuzov smiled with his thin, penetrating smile and, shrugging his shoulders, answered: - Ce n "est que pour vous dire ce que je vous dis. [I only want to say what I say.]
In Vilna, Kutuzov, contrary to the will of the sovereign, stopped most of the troops. Kutuzov, as his close associates said, unusually sank and physically weakened during his stay in Vilna. He reluctantly took care of the affairs of the army, leaving everything to his generals and, while waiting for the sovereign, indulged in a dispersed life.
Having left with his retinue - Count Tolstoy, Prince Volkonsky, Arakcheev and others, on December 7 from Petersburg, the sovereign arrived in Vilna on December 11 and drove straight to the castle in a road sleigh. At the castle, despite the severe frost, there were about a hundred generals and staff officers in full dress uniform and an honor guard of the Semenovsky regiment.
The courier, who galloped to the castle on a sweaty troika, ahead of the sovereign, shouted: "He's on his way!" Konovnitsyn rushed into the hall to report to Kutuzov, who was waiting in a small Swiss room.
A minute later, a fat, large figure of an old man, in full dress uniform, with all the regalia covering his chest, and his belly pulled up by a scarf, swaying, came out onto the porch. Kutuzov put on his hat along the front, took gloves in his hands and sideways, stepping with difficulty down the steps, stepped down from them and took in his hand the report prepared for submission to the sovereign.
Running, whispering, the troika still desperately flying by, and all eyes were fixed on the jumping sleigh, in which the figures of the sovereign and Volkonsky were already visible.
All this, according to fifty years of habit, had a physically unsettling effect on the old general; he anxiously hurriedly felt himself, straightened his hat, and at that moment, as the sovereign, getting out of the sleigh, raised his eyes to him, cheered up and stretched out, filed a report and began to speak in his measured, ingratiating voice.
The emperor glanced at Kutuzov from head to toe, frowned for a moment, but immediately, overcoming himself, came up and, spreading his arms, hugged the old general. Again, according to the old, familiar impression and in relation to his sincere thoughts, this embrace, as usual, had an effect on Kutuzov: he sobbed.
The sovereign greeted the officers, with the Semyonovsky guard, and, shaking the old man's hand once more, went with him to the castle.
Left alone with the field marshal, the sovereign expressed his displeasure at the slowness of the pursuit, for the mistakes in Krasnoye and on the Berezina, and told him his thoughts on the future campaign abroad. Kutuzov did not make any objections or comments. The same submissive and senseless expression with which, seven years ago, he listened to the orders of the sovereign on the field of Austerlitz, was now established on his face.
When Kutuzov left the office and with his heavy, diving gait, head down, walked down the hall, someone's voice stopped him.
“Your Grace,” someone said.
Kutuzov raised his head and looked for a long time into the eyes of Count Tolstoy, who, with some small thing on a silver platter, stood in front of him. Kutuzov did not seem to understand what they wanted from him.
Suddenly, he seemed to remember: a barely perceptible smile flickered on his plump face, and he, bending low, respectfully, took the object lying on the dish. It was George 1st degree.

The next day, the field marshal had a dinner and a ball, which the sovereign honored with his presence. Kutuzov was granted George 1st degree; the sovereign gave him the highest honors; but the sovereign's displeasure against the field marshal was known to everyone. Decency was observed, and the sovereign showed the first example of this; but everyone knew that the old man was to blame and good for nothing. When at the ball Kutuzov, according to the old Catherine's habit, at the entrance of the sovereign into the ballroom ordered the taken banners to be thrown down at his feet, the sovereign grimaced unpleasantly and uttered words in which some heard: "the old comedian."
The displeasure of the sovereign against Kutuzov intensified in Vilna, especially because Kutuzov, obviously, did not want or could not understand the significance of the upcoming campaign.
When the next day in the morning the sovereign said to the officers gathered at his place: “You saved more than one Russia; you saved Europe,” everyone already understood then that the war was not over.
Only Kutuzov did not want to understand this and openly expressed his opinion that a new war could not improve the position and increase the glory of Russia, but could only worsen its position and reduce the highest degree of glory on which, in his opinion, Russia now stood. He tried to prove to the sovereign the impossibility of recruiting new troops; talked about the plight of the population, about the possibility of failure, etc.
In such a mood, the field marshal, naturally, seemed only an obstacle and a brake on the upcoming war.
To avoid clashes with the old man, a way out was found by itself, consisting in, as in Austerlitz and as at the beginning of the Barclay campaign, to take out from under the commander-in-chief, without disturbing him, without announcing to him that the ground of power on which he stood , and transfer it to the sovereign himself.
To this end, the headquarters was gradually reorganized, and all the essential strength of Kutuzov's headquarters was destroyed and transferred to the sovereign. Toll, Konovnitsyn, Yermolov received other appointments. Everyone said loudly that the field marshal had become very weak and upset with his health.
He had to be in poor health in order to hand over his place to the one who interceded for him. Indeed, his health was poor.
How naturally, and simply, and gradually Kutuzov appeared from Turkey to the state chamber of St. a new, needed figure appeared.
The war of 1812, in addition to its national significance dear to the Russian heart, was supposed to have another - European.
The movement of peoples from west to east was to be followed by the movement of peoples from east to west, and for this new war a new figure was needed, having other properties and views than Kutuzov, driven by other motives.
Alexander the First was as necessary for the movement of peoples from east to west and for the restoration of the borders of peoples as Kutuzov was necessary for the salvation and glory of Russia.
Kutuzov did not understand what Europe, equilibrium, Napoleon meant. He couldn't understand it. The representative of the Russian people, after the enemy was destroyed, Russia was liberated and placed on the highest degree of its glory, the Russian person, as a Russian, had nothing more to do. The representative of the people's war had no choice but death. And he died.

Pierre, as is most often the case, felt the brunt of the physical hardships and stresses experienced in captivity only when these stresses and hardships were over. After his release from captivity, he arrived in Orel, and on the third day of his arrival, while he was going to Kiev, he fell ill and lay ill in Orel for three months; he became, as the doctors said, bilious fever. Despite the fact that the doctors treated him, bled him and gave him medicines to drink, he still recovered.
Everything that happened to Pierre from the time of his release to his illness left almost no impression on him. He remembered only gray, gloomy, sometimes rainy, sometimes snowy weather, inner physical anguish, pain in his legs, in his side; remembered the general impression of the misfortunes and sufferings of people; he remembered the curiosity of the officers and generals who questioned him, which disturbed him, his efforts to find a carriage and horses, and, most importantly, he remembered his inability to think and feel at that time. On the day of his release, he saw the corpse of Petya Rostov. On the same day, he learned that Prince Andrei had been alive for more than a month after the Battle of Borodino and had only recently died in Yaroslavl, in the Rostovs' house. And on the same day, Denisov, who reported this news to Pierre, mentioned the death of Helen between conversations, suggesting that Pierre had known this for a long time. All this only seemed strange to Pierre at the time. He felt that he could not understand the meaning of all this news. At that time he was only in a hurry, to leave these places where people were killing each other as soon as possible, to some quiet refuge and there to come to his senses, rest and think over all the strange and new that he had learned during this time. But as soon as he arrived in Orel, he fell ill. Waking up from his illness, Pierre saw around him his two people who had come from Moscow - Terenty and Vaska, and the elder princess, who, living in Yelets, on Pierre's estate, and learning about his release and illness, came to him to walk behind him.
During his recovery, Pierre only gradually weaned from the impressions that had become habitual to him of the last months and got used to the fact that no one would drive him anywhere tomorrow, that no one would take away his warm bed, and that he would probably have lunch, and tea, and supper. But in a dream he saw himself for a long time in the same conditions of captivity. Just as little by little, Pierre understood the news that he learned after his release from captivity: the death of Prince Andrei, the death of his wife, the destruction of the French.
A joyful feeling of freedom - that complete, inalienable freedom inherent in a person, the consciousness of which he first experienced at the first halt, when leaving Moscow, filled Pierre's soul during his recovery. He was surprised that this inner freedom, independent of external circumstances, was now, as it were, surrounded with excess, with luxury, by external freedom. He was alone in a strange city, without acquaintances. Nobody demanded anything from him; they didn't send him anywhere. Everything he wanted he had; The thought of his wife, which had always tormented him before, was no more, since she was no more.
- Oh, how good! How nice! he said to himself when a cleanly laid table with fragrant broth was moved to him, or when he lay down at night on a soft, clean bed, or when he remembered that his wife and the French were no more. - Oh, how good, how nice! - And out of old habit, he asked himself the question: well, then what? What will i do? And at once he answered himself: nothing. I will live. Ah, how nice!
The very thing that he had tormented before, what he was constantly looking for, the purpose of life, now did not exist for him. It was no coincidence that this desired goal of life now did not exist for him only at the present moment, but he felt that it did not exist and could not exist. And this lack of purpose gave him that full, joyful consciousness of freedom, which at that time constituted his happiness.
He could not have a goal, because he now had faith - not faith in any rules, or words, or thoughts, but faith in a living, always felt god. Previously, he had sought it for the purposes he had set for himself. This search for a goal was only a search for God; and suddenly, in his captivity, he recognized, not by words, not by reasoning, but by direct feeling, what his nanny had told him for a long time: that God is here, here, everywhere. In captivity, he learned that God in Karataev is greater, infinite and incomprehensible than in the Architecton of the universe recognized by the Masons. He experienced the feeling of a man who found what he was looking for under his feet, while he strained his eyes, looking far away from him. All his life he looked somewhere, over the heads of the people around him, but he had not to strain his eyes, but only look in front of him.
He was not able to see before the great, incomprehensible and infinite in anything. He only felt that it must be somewhere and looked for it. In everything close, understandable, he saw one thing limited, petty, worldly, meaningless. He armed himself with a mental telescope and looked into the distance, to where this shallow, worldly distance, hiding in the fog, seemed to him great and infinite only because it was not clearly visible. This is how he imagined European life, politics, freemasonry, philosophy, philanthropy. But even then, in those moments that he considered his weakness, his mind penetrated into this distance, and there he saw the same petty, worldly, meaningless things. Now, however, he had learned to see the great, eternal, and infinite in everything, and therefore, naturally, in order to see it, to enjoy its contemplation, he threw down the trumpet into which he had looked up to now over the heads of people, and joyfully contemplated around him the ever-changing, eternally great , incomprehensible and infinite life. And the closer he looked, the more he was calm and happy. The terrible question that previously destroyed all his mental structures was: why? no longer existed for him. Now to this question - why? a simple answer was always ready in his soul: then, that there is a god, that god, without whose will a hair will not fall from a person’s head.

Pierre hardly changed in his outward manners. He looked exactly the same as he had before. Just as before, he was distracted and seemed preoccupied not with what was before his eyes, but with something of his own, special. The difference between his former and present state was that before, when he forgot what was in front of him, what he was told, he wrinkled his forehead in pain, as if trying and could not see something far away from him. . Now he also forgot what was said to him, and what was before him; but now, with a barely noticeable, as if mocking, smile, he peered at the very thing that was in front of him, listened to what was being said to him, although he obviously saw and heard something completely different. Formerly he seemed, though a kind man, but unhappy; and therefore involuntarily people moved away from him. Now a smile of the joy of life constantly played around his mouth, and his eyes shone with concern for people - the question is: are they happy just like he is? And people enjoyed being in his presence.