Home Kitchen garden on the windowsill The era of the Baroque. A brief description of. Baroque features Baroque art forms

Kitchen garden on the windowsill

The era of the Baroque. A brief description of. Baroque features Baroque art forms

Baroque is one of the most significant styles in the cultural life of Europe. He achieved the greatest popularity in countries such as Germany, Spain, Russia, France. Italy is considered his homeland. The Baroque era spans about two centuries - from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century.

The distinctive features of this style are pomp, solemnity and splendor. Moreover, the baroque encompasses not only artistic creativity, literature and painting, but also the way of thinking of a person, his existence, and also, to some extent, science.

The works of this time are expressive and expressive, they are characterized by sophistication of forms, the creation of an illusory space, as well as a whimsical play of shadow and light.

The Baroque era gave life to science. It was at this time that biology, anatomy, physics and chemistry, and other disciplines began to develop. Previously, their study was severely punished by the ministers of the church.

Wars, epidemics of various diseases such as plague and smallpox, various led to the fact that a person felt insecure and confused. His future was uncertain. More and more minds were gripped by various superstitions and fears. At the same time, the church splits into two religious camps - Protestants and Catholics, which also gives rise to many squabbles and battles.

All this leads to a new understanding of the Lord as the Creator of the universe. God was considered only as the creator of the essential, while man ruled the living and nonliving.

The Baroque era is also characterized by active colonization - English settlements are formed in the Old and New Worlds.

The architecture of that time is rich in colonnades, an abundance of various decorations on the facades and in the interior. Also, multi-tiered domes of a complex, multi-level structure prevail. The most famous architects of that time include Michelangelo Buonarroti, Carlo Maderna, Nikolay Sultanov.

In the painting of this era, religious and mythological motives, as well as ceremonial portraits, prevail. Quite often, the paintings depicted the Madonna surrounded by angels. Most of the Baroque era - Michelangelo Merisi, Iasento Rigo, Peter Paul Rubens.

It was at this time that such as opera and fugue were born. The music becomes more expressive. Baroque composers - Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Giovanni Gabrieli. As you can see, many outstanding personalities worked at that time.

The Baroque era is one of the most significant in the history of human development. It was at this time that new styles of literature, music, painting, architecture were born. New views on religion and man are being formed. New directions in science are emerging. Despite a certain bombast, this period gave world culture many cultural monuments, which are highly valued in our time. The names of the masters and artists of the Baroque era are still thundering all over the world.

The natural continuation of this style was the Rococo, which was formed in the first half of the 18th century. He managed to maintain his position until the end of the 18th century.

Baroque- characteristic of European culture of the 17th-18th centuries, in the era of the Late Renaissance, the center of which was Italy. The Baroque style appeared in the 16th-17th centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Mantua, Venice, Florence. The Baroque era is considered to be the beginning of the triumphal march of "Western civilization". Baroque opposed classicism and rationalism.

Baroque features

Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, striving for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); at the same time - a tendency towards the autonomy of certain genres (Concerto Grosso, Sonata, Suite in instrumental music). The worldview foundations of the style were formed as a result of the shock, which the Reformation and the teachings of Copernicus became for the 16th century. The concept of the world as a rational and permanent unity, which was established in antiquity, changed, as well as the Renaissance concept of man as a rational being. In the words of Pascal, a person began to realize himself "as something in between everything and nothing", "one who catches only the appearance of phenomena, but is unable to understand either their beginning or their end."

Baroque era

The Baroque era gives rise to a huge amount of time for the sake of entertainment: instead of pilgrimages - a promenade (walks in the park); instead of knightly tournaments - "carousels" (horseback riding) and card games; instead of mysteries - theater and masquerade ball. You can also add the appearance of a swing and "fiery fun" (fireworks). In the interiors, the place of icons was taken by portraits and landscapes, and the music from the spiritual turned into a pleasant play of sound.

The Baroque era rejects tradition and authority as superstition and prejudice. Everything is true that is "clearly and distinctly" thought or has a mathematical expression, declares the philosopher Descartes. Therefore, the baroque is still the age of Reason and Enlightenment. It is no coincidence that the word "baroque" is sometimes taken to denote one of the types of inferences in medieval logic - to baroco... The first European park appears in the Palace of Versailles, where the idea of a forest is expressed extremely mathematically: linden alleys and canals seem to be drawn along a ruler, and trees are trimmed in the manner of stereometric figures. In the armies of the Baroque era, which received uniforms for the first time, much attention is paid to "drill" - the geometric correctness of the formations on the parade ground.

Baroque man

Baroque man rejects naturalness, which is identified with savagery, impudence, tyranny, brutality and ignorance - all that in the era of romanticism will become a virtue. A Baroque woman values the pallor of her skin, she wears an unnatural, pretentious hairstyle, a corset and an artificially extended skirt on a whalebone frame. She's wearing heels.

And the ideal man in the Baroque era is the gentleman - from the English. gentle: "Soft", "gentle", "calm". Initially, he preferred to shave his mustache and beard, wear perfume and powdered wigs. Why force, if now they kill by pulling the trigger of a musket. In the Baroque era, naturalness is synonymous with brutality, savagery, vulgarity and extravagance. For the philosopher Hobbes, the natural state (eng. state of nature) is a condition characterized by anarchy and war of all against all.

Baroque is characterized by the idea of ennobling nature on the basis of reason. Necessity not to endure, but "nice to offer in pleasant and courteous words" (Youth honest mirror, 1717). According to the philosopher Spinoza, drives are no longer the content of sin, but "the very essence of man." Therefore, the appetite is shaped in exquisite dining etiquette (it was in the Baroque era that forks and napkins appeared); interest in the opposite sex - in polite flirting, quarrels - in a refined duel.

The Baroque is characterized by the idea of a sleeping god - deism. God is conceived not as a Savior, but as a Great Architect who created the world just like a watchmaker creates a mechanism. Hence such a characteristic of the baroque worldview as mechanism. The law of conservation of energy, the absoluteness of space and time are guaranteed by the word of God. However, having created the world, God rested from his labors and does not interfere in the affairs of the Universe in any way. It is useless to pray to such a God - you can only learn from Him. Therefore, the true keepers of the Enlightenment are not prophets and priests, but natural scientists. Isaac Newton discovers the law of universal gravitation and writes the fundamental work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1689), and Carl Linnaeus systematizes biology ("System of Nature", 1735). Academies of Sciences and scientific societies are being established throughout European capitals.

The diversity of perception raises the level of consciousness - something like this says the philosopher Leibniz. Galileo for the first time directs a telescope to the stars and proves the rotation of the Earth around the Sun (1611), and Leeuwenhoek discovers tiny living organisms under a microscope (1675). Huge sailboats ply the vastness of the world's oceans, erasing white spots on the geographical maps of the world. Travelers and adventurers became literary symbols of the era: Robinson Crusoe, the ship's doctor Gulliver and Baron Munchausen.

“In the Baroque era, a fundamentally new development took place, different from medieval allegorical thinking. A viewer who can understand the language of the logo has formed. The allegory has become the norm of artistic vocabulary in all types of plastic and spectacular arts, including such synthetic forms as festivals ”.

Baroque painting(in the lane with it. - "bizarre") it is customary to call the artistic style that prevailed in the art of Europe in the 16-18 centuries.

It is this era that is considered the beginning of the triumph of "Western civilization".

It arose thanks to two important events in the Middle Ages. Initially, the worldview ideas about man and the universe changed, thanks to the epoch-making scientific discoveries of that time. In the future, it became necessary for the authorities to create an imitation of their own greatness against the background of material decline. For this, they began to use an artistic style that glorifies the power of the nobility and the church. However, a person began to feel like a doer and creator, and the spirit of freedom and sensuality broke through into the style itself.

This art style originated in Italy, in particular in Rome, Mantua, Venice, Florence, and spread to other countries after the Renaissance. In the 17th century, Italy lost its power in politics and economics. Its territory is beginning to be attacked by foreigners - Spaniards and French. However, exhausted by adversity, Italy did not lose its positions. Italy remained the cultural center of Europe. The church and the nobility tried to show their power and consistency, but since there was no money for this, they turned to the field of art. Thanks to him, the illusion of wealth and power was created.

The main features of this style are solemnity, splendor, splendor, life-affirming character, dynamism.

Baroque art has bold contrasting scales of color, shade and light, combining fantasy and reality. The paintings of this direction are characterized by progressive ideas about the complexity of the universe, the boundless and diverse world, its impermanence.

Holy Family, Anthony van Dyck Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Arundel, Anthony van Dyck Portrait of Philadelphia and Elizabeth Wharton, Anthony van Dyck

A person is a part of the world, a complex personality who experiences life conflicts.

The interior was decorated with portraits that emphasize the position of a person in society. Also very popular are the portraits of the rulers, in which they are depicted with the ancient gods. Still lifes depicting the gifts of nature are also characteristic of the Baroque.

Giovanna Garzoni Good News, Philippe de Champaigne Giovanna Garzoni

Baroque artists

Famous representatives of the Baroque are Rubens, Van Dyck, Snyders, Jordaens, Maulberch.

Few artists, even outstanding ones, have earned the honor of being the founders of this style in the art of painting. Rubens was an exception. He created an exciting, lively manner of artistic expression. This way of writing is inherent in his early work "St. George Slaying the Dragon". Rubens' style is characterized by showing large and heavy figures in action - they are excited and emotional. His paintings are endowed with tremendous energy.

No one has succeeded in portraying people and animals in mortal combat like Rubens.

Previously, artists studied tamed animals, they depicted them together with people. These works usually demonstrated anatomical knowledge of the structure of animals. Their images were taken from Bible stories or myths. The artist's imagination gave rise to real pictures of people and animals fighting in a real fight.

Other masters of painting also belong to this style, for example, Caravaggio and his followers. Their paintings are lifelike and have dark colors.

Caravaggio is the most important Italian artist.

His paintings are based on religious subjects. He created a contrast of eras between late antiquity and modern times.

Martha and Mary Magdalene, Caravaggio Musicians, Caravaggio Christ at the pillar, Caravaggio

In Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Western Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, the Baroque style was intertwined with Rococo trends. So, in France, classicism was considered the main style of the 17th century, while baroque was considered a side stream until the middle of the century, but later both directions were combined into one large style.

Baroque (Italian barocco - "bizarre", "strange", "prone to excesses", port. perola barroca - "pearl of irregular shape" - a characteristic of the European culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

Baroque era

Baroque features

Baroque man

Baroque man rejects naturalness, which is identified with savagery, impudence, tyranny, brutality and ignorance. A Baroque woman values the pallor of her skin, she wears an unnatural, pretentious hairstyle, a corset and an artificially extended skirt on a whalebone frame. She's wearing heels.

And the ideal man in the Baroque era is the cavalier, the gentleman - from the English. gentle: "soft", "gentle", "calm". He prefers to shave his mustache and beard, wear perfume and powdered wigs. Why force, if now they kill by pulling the trigger of a musket.

Galileo for the first time directs a telescope to the stars and proves the rotation of the Earth around the Sun (1611), and Leeuwenhoek discovers tiny living organisms under a microscope (1675). Huge sailboats ply the vastness of the world's oceans, erasing white spots on the geographical maps of the world. Travelers and adventurers are becoming the literary symbols of the era.

Baroque in sculpture

Sculpture is an integral part of the Baroque style. The greatest sculptor and recognized architect of the 17th century was an Italian Lorenzo Bernini(1598-1680). Among his most famous sculptures are the mythological scenes of the abduction of Proserpine by the god of the underworld Pluto and the miraculous transformation into a tree of the nymph Daphne, pursued by the god of light Apollo, as well as the altar group "Ecstasy of St. Teresa" in one of the Roman churches. The last of them, with its clouds carved out of marble and the robes of the characters as if fluttering in the wind, with theatrically exaggerated feelings, very accurately expresses the aspirations of the sculptors of this era.

In Spain, during the Baroque era, wooden sculptures prevailed; for greater believability, they were made with glass eyes and even a crystal tear, real clothes were often worn on the statue.

Baroque in architecture

For baroque architecture ( L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, B.F.Rastrell and in Russia, Jan Christoph Glaubitz in Rzeczpospolita) are characterized by spatial scope, cohesion, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. Large-scale colonnades, an abundance of sculptures on the facades and interiors, volutes, a large number of rivets, bow facades with ripping in the middle, rusticated columns and pilasters are often found. The domes acquire complex shapes, they are often multi-tiered, like those of St. Peter's in Rome. Typical baroque details are telamon (atlant), caryatid, mascaron.

Baroque in the interior

The baroque style is characterized by ostentatious luxury, although it retains such an important feature of the classical style as symmetry.

Wall painting (one of the types of monumental painting) has been used in decorating European interiors since early Christian times. In the Baroque era, it was most widespread. The interiors used a lot of color and large, richly decorated details: the ceiling decorated with frescoes, marble walls and parts of the decor, gilding. Color contrasts were characteristic - for example, the marble floor, decorated with checkerboard tiles. Abundant gilded decorations were a characteristic feature of this style.

The furniture was a piece of art, and was intended almost exclusively for interior decoration. Chairs, sofas and armchairs were upholstered in expensive, richly dyed fabric. Huge canopy beds with flowing down bedspreads and giant wardrobes were widespread. The mirrors were decorated with sculptures and stucco moldings with floral patterns. Southern walnut and Ceylon ebony were often used as furniture materials.

The Baroque style is not suitable for small spaces, as massive furniture and decorations take up a large volume of space.

Baroque fashion

The fashion of the Baroque era corresponds in France to the period of the reign of Louis XIV, the second half of the 17th century. This is the time of absolutism. Strict etiquette and complex ceremonial reigned at the court. The costume was subject to etiquette. France was a trendsetter in Europe, so other countries quickly adopted French fashion. This was the century when a general fashion was established in Europe, and national characteristics receded into the background or remained in the folk peasant costume. Before Peter I, European costumes were also worn in Russia by some aristocrats, although not everywhere.

The costume was characterized by stiffness, splendor, and an abundance of jewelry. The ideal man was Louis XIV, "the sun king", a skillful rider, dancer, shooter. He was short, so he wore high heels.

Baroque painting

The Baroque style in painting is characterized by dynamism of compositions, "flatness" and splendor of forms, aristocratic and uncommon plots. The most characteristic features of the Baroque are striking flamboyance and dynamism; a vivid example is creativity Rubens and Caravaggio.

Michelangelo Merisi (1571-1610), who was nicknamed after his birthplace near Milan Caravaggio, is considered the most significant master among Italian artists who created at the end of the 16th century. new style in painting. His paintings, painted on religious subjects, resemble realistic scenes of the author's modern life, creating a contrast between the times of late antiquity and modern times. The heroes are depicted in the twilight, from which rays of light capture the expressive gestures of the characters, contrastingly writing out their specificity. Followers and imitators of Caravaggio, who at first were called caravaggists, and the current itself caravaggism, such as Annibale Carracci(1560-1609) or Guido Reni(1575-1642), adopted the riot of feelings and characteristic manner of Caravaggio, as well as his naturalism in depicting people and events.

For example, in the 16th century, the order of the beginning of the Renaissance in Italy is populated by rice of a new style, the Baroque style, but Portuguese language means the shell of the wrong form, and the Italian means vibaglivy, chimeras.

The name of the qia, the name of the other styles, is completely clever. Vona conveys a depiction of a graphic style, such as the creation of an emotional pore, a fantastic, hourly, fantastic interpretation of the form, an unmistakable line and writing decor.

The most sophisticated style of doosyag in the creativity of the Italian architect and sculptor D. Bernin (1598 - 1680). Protecting the new style of rice can be noted in the works of the great artists of the Renaissance culture, the zokrem Mikelangelo. In the basis of the new style - the view from the canonized traditions of antiquity and the Renaissance, greater emotionalism, freedom of compositional acceptance, the practicality of education is not static, the completeness of the form, but of the dynamics, The elements of the baroque sound in a razor-sharp way among the nations of the world.

Among the common peoples of Europe, the time for the development of the Baroque style is formed from the development of national rice architects, from the vicarious creativity of the folk maystras (Ukrainian architecture of Belincy XVII - the ear of the XVIII century). The architecture of the lands of Islam, the Arab Retreat is free for its development. By writing quotes, the decorative style in Spain, Portugal and in the old colonies of the American era. It is possible to say that the baroque is not hour by hour, because its forms are not the same for other peoples. It is a water hour to form a vіlnogo kind of canons of a dynamic style, like bouv baroque, shirshhe, nіzh іnshi, hunt for the development of material and artistic culture of the era of feudalism.

Baroque style rice was seen in the works of architecture, in the vignified forms of furniture, in the dishes, in the motives for the ornament, in the creatively singing light perception, in the supernatural and in the inner struggle.

Baroque is a foldable manifestation of culture. From one side in the history of its development it spirals to the most expressive forces of the Renaissance, from the other - the old one for the Rococo style and classicism, as it completes the era of feudalism in the absolutist France of the monastic

The Catholic Church played a great role in the expanded style of the Baroque;

Irracialism of the Baroque is the most representative of the mystical ideas of the church. It’s a harsh hour not to celebrate, as there are classical canons, but a renewed discussion and decor have taken the development of the creative possibilities of folk maystras, workers, sculptors, painters and majesty. The architecture itself, the furnishings of the Baroque style, reach a high world of aesthetic perfection.

In architecture, the characteristic baroque rice is the curvature of the plans of the budinks, the composition of the dynamic, richly decorated elements, the contrast of light and tin. Baroque sculpture in a synthesis of architecture has its own self-meaning and is presented as an element of a decorative idea behind the scenes. With the further development of the Baroque, the decorativeness of the form became more and more significant.

At the end of the period, the life of the city is expanding, the king's and royal palaces are being built. The booths of the large stately established, barracks, mansions of large landowners and royal satraps, mortgage. In Ukraine, in the wake of the day, there will be regiments of the office, the palaces of the Russian courtiers, the great monastic complexes.

The greenery is of great importance, decorative parks and boulevards are located on the streets. Old places are being reconstructed and new places are being built, for example, St. Petersburg, where in the Baroque style the majestic royal palace (Nini Hermitage) was prompted by the numerical decorative sculpture and ceremonial gatherings of the characteristic baroque forms, the victorious architect of B.

For this project, a miracle of Andriyivska Church (1747 - 1753) was built at Kiev's Bula, as for its silhouette and in the unique color of the place. Inter'er її embellishments with written cutting details, embellishments with dynamism for the decor of domes. Svorіdnі forma mіstseva ukrainian architecture, majstri how to spiral on the folk trees architecture and development. Particularly great culture is reached by Ukrainian workers and architects in the history of the miraculous iconostases, which go up to the level of the majesty of the Italian mayors of the Renaissance. The forms are inspired by the motives of the Ukrainian nature and the ornament. On the numerical sporudes of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, the huge sporudes of Chernigov, cathedrals and churches of Kiev, Novgorod-Siversky, Mgara, Gustin, Sorochintsy, Poltavi, a pictorial dynamic, decorative style appeared.

In these sporudes, the wicked aesthetic harmony and temporality of form, unrepeatable plasticity and decorativeness of the details, created by folk masters, to the eye of the motifs, in which the essence of the architectural elements are transformed into motives. Particularly decorated with décor, entrance portals, windows and pediments, which will complete the awakening. One of the brightest memorials of tsiy directly є Brama Zaborovskiy (1746 r., Architect J. Shedel) at the Sofia monastery in Kiev, dzvinitsya on the Dalnykh pechery Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (1754 - 1761 r., Architect S. Kovnі)

In the inter'ers of the stones of the house in the period of the storage of the stone crypts, the inscriptions on the walls and steles. For scorching stoves, they were lined with majolica. The walls were adorned with paintings and Parsuns, with the help of those wither kilims. The Tsar's Palace of the Hours of Peter I and Katerini II Mali is a great number of primitives and boules, which are refreshed by the hands of the big cities. Parquet for pidlogi is made from growing woods. The walls were adorned with tapestries and numerous mirrors, the stele - with bold reliefs, the central part of which was filled with painting.

Passed by the great, apparently before the demise of primacy, the doors were hindered, as they were filled with writing portals. The wooden parts of the doors were wedged into the design or by the drawings. Especially fashionable are boules of tapestries, tapestries (vuzki smuzhki fabrics) and mirrors. On the windows of that number of doors there were important oxamitny curtains. Vzdovzh stin was placed on small pedestals of antique sculptures and busts of kings and nobles. The number of small children of the family of svitilniks and candelabra has increased. Chandeliers hung near the great halls, and a little candle on their throats.

Furniture XVII - XVIII cent. in aristocratic small houses, they bring out written decorativeness of architectural forms. The amount of furniture for the seat has changed, the size of the back has changed. For upholstery vikoristovuyut oxamite in rich colors with a large pattern. Wood parts incrustated and embellished for designs. Nіzhki and pіdlokіtniki crystals and canapes are mali to finish the vignut shape. Stoli buli round or bagatokutnoy form, incrustated or writed with marmur. Shafi, bureau, chest of drawers, which are also mali crooked shafi and nizhki, have become fashionable. The stench was filled with reliefs from gilded bronze.

The expansion of fashionable furniture has led to the development of furniture, in the middle of a range of furniture in the style of "Boulle" - for the name of French furniture. In Russia and the largest land of furniture, they set up the picturesque majesty for fashionable looks.

Great versatility reached the shape of the dishes, which were made of earthenware and curses, for the first time they felt the storage of glib dishes and pershі stravies. Especially famous is the Rusian and Delphian faience because of the blue patterns on the white field. Chinese porcelain, zabdyakov this unsolved secret, becoming a great wealth and value.

At the costumes, from the point of view of the class expansion of the suspension in the 17th - 18th centuries, there are figures of folk, bourgeois and aristocratic costumes. Yakscho Pershi two boule bіlsh simply i less then pіdkoryalisya іnternatsіonalnіy modі, vtіlyuyuchi in sobі okremі natsіonalnі, Folk Elements odyagu then aristokratichnі suit Shvydko zmіnyuvali svoї outline zavdyaki primham Modi, yak often resembled od korolіv that їh favoritіv i vіdtvoryuvala їhnі relishes, scho zmіnyuvalisya vіdpovіdno up ichny vіku and character.

Bourgeois costume in Europe in the Baroque period was a further development of French Protestant fashions of the 16th century. The newcomer saw the ethical look of the burghers: the modesty, thriftiness that bazhannya did not see the call of the middle. The choloviks wore wide trousers-culottes, which were tied with a bow on a bow, and they wore panchokhs and large skewers with square noses, with great buckles. Krim chereviks, they wore high boots. On top of a natural shirt with a great open box, a yak was called a shemiza, a captan was put on, a curly zgori and flared up to the bottom. A sleeveless camisole was put on from above. In modi buli, broad-polished droplets, chilled pir'yam, in England - droplets with a high top - on the eye of the cylinder.

The head element of a female dressing bullet is a robe - dovga, which is taller to the ground, sleeves of a robust bullet to a liktya or three lower, a small napivkrugliy viriz navkolo shia.

The sp_dnitsya bullet is very wide, they were put on wide lower sp_dnitsi. Fashionable bulo to wear a kind of hvartukha. In the cold season of rock, women wore warm furs and trimmed fur coats for the occasional Viennese. The women wedged in the head of the common family with bandages, knickers and eyelets. Procurement boules are modest, smooth, straight ahead, with a university on the street.

Introduced in the end of the XVII century. I went to Europe, Petro І at once with the latest innovations brought to Russia a new modi odyagu, as it was especially zastosuvav and accepting the conservative stake of the Russian boyars. Seemingly, not too well before I would ascend the throne of Peter I, the "hundred-domed" church cathedral took a note about those who hate the gods of the beard, who have created a man "in his own image." Ale before the onslaught of the tsar of the panіvnі cola of Russia, they began to systematically vikoristovuvati near the modi of Zakhіdnaya Europe.

The basis of the new Russian costume of Petro I took a large stream of English and nimetsky mods. Turning from behind the cordon, I gave a mandate, in what a spring, saying, that all Russian children, criminals, men and women, blame to wear a beard and wear a little dress. Three disobedient persons took a penalty when they went to the streets of Moscow. To merchants, it was barred to sell, and to the kravtsy to sew Russian, cleaned up with fear of punishment with kanchuks.

The legislator of aristocratic fashions in the XVII century. Bula Francia and її "king-son" Louis XIV, which voted on the principle: "power is tse I". Tsi modi inherited from Europe. The stinks were called Versailles, they were trimmed from the middle of the XVII to the first tenth of the XVIII century and Mali in their development three periods, apparently until the change of time and savor of Louis XIV.

If Petro I had spent time at the lands of European Europe, the Versailles mods were going through another period of development, before the hour of what an aristocratic costume approached the bourgeois one. Win was formed from a cholovich shirt-shemi-zi, a sleeveless camisole, which was put on over a shirt, and a captain in figures with great swarms from the sides. The sleeves of the kaptan mali are great on the sleeves on the gudziks, chilled with fancy ones. Wearing a scarf on a tie, on the legs - pants-culottes and pans with panchokhs, on the head - tricot drops.

Effortlessly, the elements of the boule costume are rational and more handy, less traditional middle-aged, more decent, less florentine mods. An hour after showing that, stretching out a few attackers, they lost the elements of a bourgeois suit: a shirt, trousers, a vest-camisole and a captan-pidzhak.

Turn to Versailles fashions, then explain the reason for appearing in the costume of such details, like a wig. Ludovik XIV has a wonderful head of hair from his youth, a little more than a head, and the "king-son" becomes a skull. I had a chance to rob a piece of hair-wig with writing coachmen, ale the courtiers of Louis XIV made a wig with a necessary element of an aristocratic costume.

On the cob (the first ten years) of the XVIII century France had the instruction of the third period of Versailles fashions. The old German king could not do without a muff for his hands, which hung on his breasts, without a warm cloak and a stick, on the yaku was spirited. Yogo weak eyes could not grow apart without a lorgnette, which hangs on the page. On the head of the wine, wearing a whole sporium of curls, they closed the upper part of the old body right up to the waist.

As a matter of fact, you won't be indulgent for those who are, Louis XIV, having built a suit, is obligatory for all his courtiers.

Unimportant for the whole lack of glamor of Versailles fashions, especially of the last, third period, the stench was known to the epithets in the aristocratic stakes of the 18th century. in the Bagatioh powers of Europe.

The last part of history has gone through the stormy days of bourgeois revolutions, great popular insurrections, and encyclopedias. Tse bulo storіchchya, yak presented the light of the great Lomonosov, Radishchev and the genial Ludwig van Beethoven.

In addition, the overthrow of the bourgeoisie brought the overthrow of a new suspension mode, the overthrow of bourgeois power over feudal power, oversight over modernism, overthinking over craft, bourgeois law over middle age preferences. The development of capitalism in the Russian lands, the development of national tendencies, as well as the development of two cultures in the leather national culture was brought about before the fact that the bourgeoisie, as a pan-cultural class, is not promising but nі in the period of further development. The very styles of material and artistic culture, such as the celebrations of the 18th century, are more attuned to the tastes of the noble aristocracy, not the bourgeoisie of Western Europe.

The last part of the meeting in Ukraine and in Russia took place in the most recent social and economic minds. Agrarian aid Russia lived in the minds of feudal formations and fundamental law, the very style of baroque rice was introduced in Russia and in Ukraine right up to the 70s of the capital, a step-by-step sound way, so it sounds for a new style masterpieces of the architectural architecture of the 18th century - the ear of the 19th century. Such a rank, chronological period of the style of the Western European architecture and architecture of Russia and Ukraine does not stand out. In the first half of the 18th century, France is experiencing the Louis XV style - rococo, while Russia is developing a style close to the baroque.