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Trigeneration equipment selection. Alternative sources of energy supply Trigeneration (combined production of electricity, heat and cold) - presentation. Heat production and heat supply

Mini CHP (BHKW) , as a rule, it works in two main production modes:

generation of electricity and heat (cogeneration)
obtaining electricity, heat and cold (trigeneration).

Cold is produced by an absorption refrigeration machine that consumes not electrical, but thermal energy.

Absorption chillers (with an efficiency of 0.64-0.66) are produced by many leading manufacturers and operate on natural refrigerants, and the fuel used is oil, gas or their derivatives, bio-fuels, steam, hot water, solar energy or excess heat energy of gas turbines - reciprocating power plants.

For all their attractiveness, their use in the Russian Federation is still quite rare.

Indeed, until quite recently, in the Russian Federation, central climate systems were not considered mandatory in industrial and civil construction.

Trigeneration is beneficial because it makes it possible to efficiently use the recovered heat not only in winter for heating, but also in summer to maintain a comfortable indoor climate or for technological needs (breweries, milk cooling, etc.).

This approach allows the use of the generating plant all year round.

Power plants - units of these power plants are gas-piston or gas turbine power units.

Gases used for the operation of gas-fired thermal power plants:

The inverter conversion circuit allows you to get ideal, high-quality output parameters for current, voltage and frequency.

Concept: BHKW - Gas-fired modular mini thermal power plants

BHKW, CHP consists of the following main components:

internal combustion engines - piston or gas turbine
alternating current or direct current generators
waste gas boilers
catalysts
control systems
Means of automatic equipment of mini-thermal heating systems ensure the functioning of the units in the recommended range of operating modes and the achievement of effective characteristics. Monitoring and telemetry of mini-CHP are carried out remotely.

Modern universal modular concept

Joint generation of thermal and electrical energy.
Compact design with equipment located on the frame: engine, generator, heat exchanger and electrical panel
Preferred application at facilities with high consumption of electrical and thermal energy
Supplied with various electrical and thermal outputs. The electrical output of one module is, for example, 70, 140 or 238 kW, the thermal output is 81, 115, 207 or 353 kW
Can be used for parallel operation with the mains or as backup power
Use of heat contained in lubricating oil, coolant and engine exhaust gases
Several generators can be combined into a single power complex

Operation with reduced noise and low emissions

Quiet running gas internal combustion engine with four to twelve cylinders and variable catalyst. Noise level depending on module power is 55 - 75 dB(A)
Low Nitrogen Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Simple and convenient control

The module is controlled by a simple push of a button. Starting system with charger and vibration-resistant, maintenance-free batteries
Built-in switchgear under the frame cladding with clear control panel
Remote control of key functions with matched accessories

Fast installation, commissioning and maintenance

Complete, ready-to-connect unit with air-cooled synchronous generator for the production of three-phase 400 V, 50 Hz and hot water with a temperature curve of 90/70 °C at a standard temperature difference between flow and return of 20 K.
Any CHP module can operate depending on thermal or electrical loads in the range of electrical power 50%–100% (corresponding to 60–100% thermal power).
Trial run at the factory with a protocol and performance data entry
Trouble-free installation of the vibration-damping structure of the CHP unit without additional anchoring
Autonomous oil supply system with a 60 l oil storage tank.

Nowadays, no technical problem can be solved without a good control system. Thus, it is quite natural that control units are included in each node.

The control is carried out by sensors for oil pressure, coolant temperature, exhaust gas temperature in the catalyst, water temperature in the heating system and rotation speed, as well as sensors for minimum coolant pressure, minimum oil level and a safety temperature limiter, with wiring to the control cabinet

Autonomous power supply: microturbines

The following fuels are acceptable for microturbine power plants:

natural gas, high, medium and low pressure
associated petroleum gas (APG)
biogas
wastewater treatment gas
waste gas
propane
butane
diesel fuel
kerosene
mine gas
pyrolysis gas

Produced microturbines of the following unit electric power:

30 kW (thermal energy output 85 kW), noise 58 dB, gas consumption at nominal load 12 m3
65 kW (thermal energy output 160 kW kW)
200 kW
600 kW
800 kW
1000 kW

feasibility study BHKW

It is necessary to consider in each specific case, the cost of the fuel consumed by the installations in comparison with the cost of purchasing heat and electricity from the monopoly state company. In addition, the cost of connection compared to the cost of the installations themselves.

fast return on investment (payback period does not exceed four years)
consuming 0.3 cu. m of gas the ability to receive 1 kW of electricity and ~ 2 kW of heat per hour
no payment for connection to central power supply networks, last year the cost of connecting to the power grid in the Moscow Region reached 48,907 rubles per kilowatt of installed electrical capacity (from 1 kW to 35 kW). This figure is quite comparable with the cost of building one kilowatt of your own, home high quality microturbine power plant.
BHKW Leasing Opportunities
minimum fuel losses at the local power plant
Possibility to install BHKW in old boiler houses and central heating stations
no need to build an expensive power transmission line, transformer substation, extended power grid
the possibility of a rapid increase in electrical power by additional installation of energy modules

cost per kilowatt hour

The price of a kilowatt-hour differs, first of all, from the type of generating power plant. Various financial institutions use differentiated methodologies when estimating their electricity generation.

The cost of one kilowatt of nuclear energy is not easy to deduce. Different methods of evaluation and calculation are used.

The World Nuclear Association has compared the cost per kilowatt-hour that can be produced in new power plants of various types.

If the conditional rate on loans issued for the construction of a power plant is 10%, then a kilowatt-hour of electricity is worth produced at:

NPP - 4.1 cents
at a modern coal-fired power plant - 4.8 cents
at a gas power plant - 5.2 cents

If the credit rate for financing the construction of power plants decreases to 5%, then even smaller values will be obtained:

2.7 cents for nuclear power plants
3.8 - for a coal-fired power plant
4.4 cents - for a gas power plant.

The European Commission uses other data:

1 kilowatt-hour of nuclear and hydropower costs €0.05
coal thermal power plant - in €0.04 - 0.07
gas power plant - €0.11 - 0.22

According to the methodology of the European Commission, the opponents of nuclear power plants are only wind power plants, the cost per kilowatt-hour of which is €0.015-€0.02.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has calculated that the cost of nuclear power is 6.6 cents per kilowatt hour, while electricity generated from natural gas costs 3.7-5.5 cents.

According to the University of Chicago:

a kilowatt-hour of a nuclear power plant costs 6.4 cents
kilowatt-hour produced at a gas station - 3.3-4.4 cents.

According to the methods of the Institute of Nuclear Energy, in 2004 in the USA the cost of a kilowatt-hour produced by:

at nuclear power plants, was 1.67 cents
A kilowatt-hour of a coal-fired power plant cost 1.91 cents
power plants on HFO - at 5.40 cents
gas power plant - at 5.85 cents

Construction cost per kilowatt-hour

The issue of questions is the cost and duration of the NPP construction.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has calculated that the cost of construction is:

nuclear power plant from $2.1 thousand to $2.5 thousand per kilowatt of power
coal-fired power plant - $1.5 thousand-1.7 thousand
gas power plant - $1 thousand - $1.4 thousand
wind power plant (WPP) - $1 thousand - $1.5 thousand

Research centers that oppose the construction of nuclear power plants believe that these data do not show the real cost of building a nuclear power plant.

A typical nuclear power plant with a capacity of 1GW will cost at least $2.2 billion. A similar conclusion was made by the US Congressional Research Service. According to the estimates of the service, the cost of building a nuclear power plant, after 1986, ranges from $2.5 to $6.7 billion. The budgetary part of the nuclear power plant safety systems is 1/3 of the project cost.

The construction period of power plants is:

NPP - 5-6 years
coal power plant - 3-4 years
gas power plant - 2 years

The Institute for Nuclear Policy Research emphasizes that careful analyzes and calculations of the long-term cost of nuclear power never held.

Normal calculations do not take into account:

uranium enrichment cost
costs of dealing with the consequences of possible accidents
the cost of shutting down a nuclear power plant
transportation costs
storage of nuclear waste

The US has no experience in shutting down nuclear installations. The cost of a costly process can only be assumed. In 1996, the Department of Energy suggested that costs could range from $180 million to $650 million.

On the portal newtariffs.ru new, consolidated tariffs for electricity, prices for natural gas, cost - the level of payment for thermal energy and water supply, as well as price lists for housing and communal services are published.

trigeneration is the combined production of electricity, heat and cold. Cold is produced by an absorption refrigeration machine that consumes not electrical, but thermal energy. trigeneration is beneficial, because it makes it possible to effectively use the recovered heat not only in winter for heating, but also in summer for air conditioning or for technological needs. This approach allows the use of the generating plant all year round.

Trigeneration and industry

In the economy, in particular in the food industry, there is a need for cold water with a temperature of 8-14 ° C, used in technological processes. At the same time, in the summer, the temperature of river water is at the level of 18-22 °C (breweries, for example, use cold water to cool and store the finished product, livestock farms use water to cool milk). Frozen food manufacturers work with temperatures ranging from -18°C to -30°C all year round. Applying trigeneration, cold can be used in various air conditioning systems.

Energy supply concept - trigeneration

During the construction of a shopping center in the Moscow region, with a total area of 95,000 m², it was decided to install a cogeneration unit. The project was implemented in the late 90s. The trade complex is powered by four gas piston engines with an electrical power of 1.5 MW and a thermal power of 1.8 MW. Gas piston units operate on natural gas. The heat carrier is water heated to 110 °C. Hot water is used both directly for heating and for heating the air coming from outside. Gas piston engines are equipped with silencers and CO 2 neutralizers.

The concept of energy supply uses the principle trigenerations. Electricity, heat and cold are produced together. In the warm season, the heat produced by the cogenerator unit can be utilized by the absorption refrigeration machine to cool the air in the premises. Thus, the cogeneration plant produces, depending on the season, heat or cold, keeping the temperature in the premises constant. This is especially important for furniture storage.

Trigeneration is provided by two bromine-lithium absorption chillers, each with a capacity of 1.5 MW. The cost of the fuel consumed by the installations in 2002 was several times less than the cost of purchasing heat and electricity from the monopoly state company. In addition, the cost of connecting to urban networks in many cases is comparable to the cost of the installations themselves and is equal to ~$1,000/kW.

Trigeneration - specifics

A feature of the absorption refrigeration unit is the use of a thermochemical compressor rather than a mechanical one to compress the refrigerant vapors. As a working fluid of absorption plants, a solution of two working fluids is used, in which one working fluid is coolant, and the other absorbent. One of the working fluids, acting as a refrigerant, must have a low boiling point and be dissolved or absorbed by the working fluid, which can be either liquid or solid. The second substance that absorbs (absorbs) the refrigerant is called the absorbent.

The independent energy company New Generation is ready, at its own expense, to install a 6.4 MW gas-piston cogeneration power plant manufactured by MAN B&W Diesel AG at your enterprise within 5–6 months.

The owners of the patent RU 2457352:

The invention relates to thermal power engineering. The method of combined production of electricity, heat and cold includes converting the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using a heat engine, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, transferring a coolant heated in a heat engine cooling circuit and exhaust gases using heat exchangers, at least two heating stages, for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for obtaining cold in an absorption refrigeration machine. Part of the coolant is diverted for the purpose of hot water supply, heating and ventilation before the heat exchangers of the second and / or subsequent heating stages, depending on the required temperature of the coolant in the hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems. The rest of the coolant is fed after the heat exchanger of the last heating stage to the absorption refrigeration machine. The proposed method allows to increase the coefficient of performance and the production of cold ACM. 2 ill.

The invention relates to thermal power engineering and can be used in the combined production of heat, cold and electricity.

A known method of operation of a mobile unit for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold, in which the generator converts the mechanical energy of the rotating shaft of the engine into electricity, the exhaust gases passing through the heat exchanger, give off heat to the liquid heat carrier for heat supply during the heating season or are used in an absorption refrigeration machine for refrigeration during summer period .

The disadvantages of this method of operation of the installation include low efficiency associated with the release into the atmosphere of a significant part of unused thermal energy.

There is also known a method of operation of the installation, in which the internal combustion engine produces useful energy, which is converted into electrical energy by means of an electric generator, the second internal combustion engine is used to drive the compressor of a refrigeration machine that produces cold during the warm season. The heat recovered from the engine jacket and exhaust gases is used to supply heat to consumers during the cold season.

The disadvantages of the method of operation of this installation are the incomplete use of waste heat from internal combustion engines, additional fuel costs for the operation of the second internal combustion engine used to drive the compressor of the refrigeration machine.

There is a known method of operation of the installation, which simultaneously provides heat / cold and electricity, in which heat supply during the cold period is carried out by utilizing the heat of the exhaust gases and the coolant of the internal combustion engine, the mechanical energy of the rotating shaft of the engine is converted into electricity, the cold is generated in the warm period of the year in compression chiller.

The disadvantages of the method of operation of this installation include low efficiency due to insufficient use of waste heat from the internal combustion engine, significant energy costs for the operation of the compressor of the refrigeration machine.

The closest technical solution (prototype) is the method of operation of the installation for generating electricity, heat and cold, according to which the heat engine performs mechanical work, which is converted into electrical energy using an electric generator. The waste heat of lubricating oil, coolant and exhaust gases removed through the heat exchangers of the first, second and third stages of heating from the heat engine is utilized for heat supply to consumers. During the warm season, the recovered heat is partly used to provide consumers with hot water, and partly fed into an absorption refrigeration machine to provide cold to the air conditioning system.

However, this technical solution is characterized by a relatively low temperature of the coolant (80°C) supplied from the heat engine, which leads to a decrease in the coefficient of performance and the cooling capacity of the absorption refrigeration machine.

The objective of the invention is to increase the coefficient of performance and refrigeration power by increasing the temperature of the coolant supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine.

The task is achieved in the following way.

In the method of combined production of electricity, heat and cold, including the conversion of the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using a heat engine, the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, the transfer of a coolant heated in the cooling circuit of a heat engine and exhaust gases using heat exchangers at least two stages of heating, for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for obtaining cold in an absorption refrigeration machine, part of the heat carrier is removed for the purpose of hot water supply, heating and ventilation before the heat exchangers of the second and / or subsequent stages of heating, depending on the required temperature of the heat carrier in hot water supply systems , heating and ventilation, the rest of the coolant is fed after the heat exchanger of the last heating stage to the absorption refrigeration machine.

Due to the removal of part of the coolant for the needs of hot water supply, heating and ventilation, the mass flow rate of the heated coolant supplied to the heat exchangers of the subsequent heating stages will decrease, which means, other things being equal, without increasing the heating surface area, the temperature of the heated coolant that exits these heat exchangers increases. Increasing the temperature of the heat carrier discharged to the absorption refrigeration machine makes it possible to increase its coefficient of performance and, accordingly, the cooling capacity.

The proposed method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of one of the possible power plants, which can be used to implement the described method.

Figure 2 shows the dependence of the relative cooling capacity of the absorption refrigeration machine on the temperatures of the cooled, cooling and heating water.

The power plant contains the following elements: 1 - air compressor, 2 - combustion chamber, 3 - gas turbine, 4 - heat exchanger of the turbine lubrication system (first stage of heating), 5 - heat exchanger for cooling the turbine disks and blades (second stage of heating), 6 - heat exchanger outgoing (exhaust) gases (third stage of heating), 7 - heat supply system heat exchanger (heating, ventilation of consumers), 8 - absorption refrigerator, 9 - heat consumer (heating and ventilation), 10 - cold consumer, 11 - hot water consumer, 12 - dry cooling tower of the power plant, 13 - cooling tower of the refrigeration machine, 14 - pump of the circulating water circuit of the refrigerator, 15 - pump of the cooling circuit of consumers, 16 - pump of the hot water supply circuit of consumers, 17 - pump of the heat supply circuit (heating and ventilation), 18 - pump cooling circuit of the heat engine, 19 - electric generator, 20 - heat exchanger of the hot water supply system 21, 22, 23 - pipelines for supplying the heating medium to the heat exchanger of the hot water supply system (20), 24, 25, 26 - pipelines for supplying the heating medium to the heat exchanger (7) of the heat supply system (heating and ventilation), 27 - pipeline for supplying the heating medium absorption refrigeration machine, 28 - cooling circuit of the heat engine.

The method of operation of the installation is as follows.

The compressor 1 is the process of compressing atmospheric air. From the compressor 1, the air enters the combustion chamber 2, where the atomized fuel is continuously supplied under pressure through the nozzles. From the combustion chamber 2, the combustion products are sent to the gas turbine 3, in which the energy of the combustion products is converted into mechanical energy of the shaft rotation. In the electric generator 19, this mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Depending on the heat load, the unit operates in one of three modes:

I mode - with the release of heat for the purpose of heating, ventilation and hot water supply;

II mode - with the release of heat for hot water supply and for an absorption refrigerator;

III mode - with the release of heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply and for an absorption refrigerator;

In mode I (during the cold season), the coolant heated in the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (first stage of heating), the heat exchanger of the cooling system of disks and blades 5 (the second stage of heating) and the heat exchanger of flue (exhaust) gases 6 (the third stage of heating) through the pipeline 26 is fed into the heat exchanger 7 for heating and ventilation of consumers 9 and through pipelines 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 to the hot water heat exchanger 20.

In mode II (during the warm season), depending on the required temperature in the hot water supply system, part of the coolant is removed after the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (first stage of heating) and / or the heat exchanger of the cooling system of disks and blades 5 (second stage of heating) and / or heat exchanger outgoing (exhaust) gases 6 (of the third stage of heating) through pipelines 21, and/or 22, and/or 23 to the hot water heat exchanger 20, and the remaining coolant is fed through pipeline 27 to the absorption refrigeration machine 8 to obtain cold used for cooling consumers 10.

In mode III (in the autumn-spring period), depending on the required temperatures in the hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems, part of the coolant is removed after the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (the first stage of heating), and / or the heat exchanger of the cooling system of disks and blades 5 (the second stage heating), and/or flue (exhaust) gases heat exchanger 6 (third heating stage) through pipelines 21, and/or 22, and/or 23 to hot water heat exchanger 20, part of the coolant after the lubrication system heat exchanger 4 (first heating stage), the heat exchanger of the cooling system of disks and blades 5 (the second stage of heating) and/or the heat exchanger of exhaust (exhaust) gases 6 (the third stage of heating) through pipelines 24 and/or 25 and/or 26 is supplied to the heat exchanger 7 for heating and ventilation of consumers 9 , the part of the coolant remaining in the cooling circuit of the heat engine 28 is fed through the pipeline 27 to the absorption refrigerator 8 to obtain cold, using available for cooling consumers 10. The coolant cooled in heat exchangers 7, 8 and 20 is pumped by pump 18 for heating to heat exchangers 4, 5, 6. If there is no need for thermal energy, excess heat is removed through dry coolers 12 to the atmosphere.

For example, when the plant is operating in mode II, in the case of the selection of the coolant for the purpose of hot water supply after the heat exchanger of the third stage of heating, the coolant with a temperature of 103.14°C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine through pipeline 27.

In the case of the selection of 30% of the heat carrier for the purpose of hot water supply after the heat exchanger of the second stage, a heat carrier with a temperature of 112.26 ° C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine, which gives an increase in cooling capacity (according to figure 2) by 22%.

In the case of the selection of 30% of the heat carrier for the purpose of hot water supply after the heat exchanger of the first stage, a heat carrier with a temperature of 115.41 ° C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine, which gives an increase in cooling capacity (according to figure 2) by 30%.

The technical result that can be obtained by implementing the invention is to increase the coefficient of performance and the cooling capacity of the absorption refrigerator by increasing the temperature of the coolant removed from the engine cooling circuit. The use of a coolant with higher parameters, obtained as a result of a decrease in its average flow rate in the cooling circuit of a heat engine due to the removal of a part of the coolant when it reaches the required temperature for heat supply, allows increasing the cooling capacity of the absorption refrigerating machine.

Sources of information

1. Patent No. 2815486 (France), publ. 04/19/2002, IPC F01N 5/02-F02B 63/04; F02G 5/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/04; F01N 5/00; F02B 63/00; F02G 5/00; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/00.

2. Patent No. 2005331147 (Japan), publ. 12/02/2005, IPC F25B 27/00; F25B 25/02; F25B 27/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 25/00; F25B 27/02.

3. Patent No. 20040061773 (Korea), publ. 07/07/2004, MCP F02G 5/00; F02G 5/00.

4. Patent No. 20020112850 (USA), publ. 08/22/2002, IPC F01K 23/06; F02G 5/04; F24F 5/00; F01K 23/06; F02G 5/00; F24F 5/00.

A method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold, including the conversion of the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using a heat engine, the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, the transfer of a coolant heated in the cooling circuit of a heat engine, and exhaust gases using heat exchangers of at least two heating stages, for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for obtaining cold in an absorption refrigeration machine, characterized in that part of the heat carrier is removed for the purpose of hot water supply, heating and ventilation before the heat exchangers of the second and / or subsequent heating stages, depending on the required temperature of the heat carrier in systems of hot water supply, heating and ventilation, the rest of the coolant is fed after the heat exchanger of the last stage of heating to the absorption refrigeration machine.

Drawings to the RF patent 2457352

The invention relates to thermal power engineering and can be used in the combined production of heat, cold and electricity.

The disadvantages of this method of operation of the installation include low efficiency associated with the release into the atmosphere of a significant part of unused thermal energy.

The objective of the invention is to increase the coefficient of performance and refrigeration power by increasing the temperature of the coolant supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine.

The task is achieved in the following way.

The proposed method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of one of the possible power plants, which can be used to implement the described method.

Figure 2 shows the dependence of the relative cooling capacity of the absorption refrigeration machine on the temperatures of the cooled, cooling and heating water.

The method of operation of the installation is as follows.

I mode - with the release of heat for the purpose of heating, ventilation and hot water supply;

II mode - with the release of heat for hot water supply and for an absorption refrigerator;

III mode - with the release of heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply and for an absorption refrigerator;

Sources of information

1. Patent No. 2815486 (France), publ. 04/19/2002, IPC F01N 5/02-F02B 63/04; F02G 5/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/04; F01N 5/00; F02B 63/00; F02G 5/00; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/00.

2. Patent No. 2005331147 (Japan), publ. 12/02/2005, IPC F25B 27/00; F25B 25/02; F25B 27/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 25/00; F25B 27/02.

3. Patent No. 20040061773 (Korea), publ. 07/07/2004, MCP F02G 5/00; F02G 5/00.

4. Patent No. 20020112850 (USA), publ. 08/22/2002, IPC F01K 23/06; F02G 5/04; F24F 5/00; F01K 23/06; F02G 5/00; F24F 5/00.

CLAIM

Heat value
Heat sources
Heat production and heat supply
Use of heat
New technologies of heat supply

Heat value

Heat is one of the sources of life on Earth. Thanks to fire, the birth and development of human society became possible. From ancient times to this day, heat sources have served us faithfully. Despite the hitherto unprecedented level of technological development, a person, like many thousands of years ago, still needs warmth. With the growth of the world population, the need for heat increases.

Heat is among the most important resources of the human environment. It is necessary for a person to maintain his own life. Heat is also required for technologies, without which modern man cannot imagine his existence.

Heat sources

The oldest source of heat is the Sun. Later, fire was at the disposal of man. Based on it, man created a technology for obtaining heat from fossil fuels.

Relatively recently, nuclear technologies have been used to produce heat. However, the combustion of fossil fuels is still the main method of heat production.

Heat production and heat supply

Developing technology, a person has learned to produce heat in large volumes and transfer it over quite considerable distances. Heat for large cities is produced at large thermal power plants. On the other hand, there are still many consumers who are supplied with heat by small and medium-sized boiler houses. In rural areas, households are heated by domestic boilers and stoves.

Heat generation technologies make a significant contribution to environmental pollution. By burning fuel, a person releases a large amount of harmful substances into the surrounding air.

Use of heat

In general, a person produces much more heat than he uses for his own benefit. We simply dissipate a lot of heat in the surrounding air.

Heat is lost
due to the imperfection of heat production technologies,
when transporting heat through heat pipelines,
due to the imperfection of heating systems,
due to the imperfection of housing,
due to imperfect ventilation of buildings,
when removing "excess" heat in various technological processes,
when burning production waste,
with vehicle exhaust gases on internal combustion engines.

To describe the state of affairs in the production and consumption of heat by a person, the word wastefulness is well suited. An example of, I would say, notorious wastefulness is the burning of associated gas in oil fields.

New technologies of heat supply

Human society spends a lot of effort and money to get heat:
extracts fuel deep underground;
transports fuel from deposits to enterprises and dwellings;
builds installations for heat generation;
builds heating networks for heat distribution.

Probably, one should think: is everything reasonable here, is everything justified?

The so-called technical and economic advantages of modern heat supply systems are inherently momentary. They are associated with significant environmental pollution and irrational use of resources.

There is heat that does not need to be extracted. This is the warmth of the sun. It must be used.

One of the ultimate goals of heat supply technology is the production and delivery of hot water. Have you ever used an outdoor shower? A container with a tap installed in an open place under the rays of the Sun. A very simple and affordable way to supply warm (even hot) water. What's stopping you from using it?

With the help of heat pumps, a person uses the heat of the Earth. A heat pump does not need fuel, it does not need an extended heating main with its heat losses. The amount of electricity required to run a heat pump is relatively small.

The benefits of the most modern and advanced technology will be nullified if its fruits are used stupidly. Why produce heat away from consumers, transport it, then distribute it to dwellings, heating the Earth and the surrounding air along the way?

It is necessary to develop distributed heat production as close as possible to the places of consumption, or even combined with them. A method of heat production called cogeneration has long been known. Cogeneration plants produce electricity, heat and cold. For the fruitful use of this technology, it is necessary to develop the human environment as a single system of resources and technologies.

It seems that in order to create new technologies for heat supply, one should
review existing technologies,
try to get away from their shortcomings,
collect on a single basis for interaction and complement each other,
take full advantage of their strengths.
This implies understanding