What type of carrot is it. Classification of vegetables and vegetable crops. Botanical classification of vegetables

Carrot is a biennial (rarely annual or perennial) plant belonging to the plant kingdom, the flowering department, the dicotyledonous class, the umbellate order, the umbrella family, the carrot genus ( Daucus).

The Latin name for carrots comes from the ancient Greek word "δαῦκος", denoting all umbrella plants. The name passed into the Russian language from the Old Slavonic "mъrky", put in the genitive case - "mъrkъve".

Carrot: plant description, characteristics and photos

In the first season of growth, the plant forms a root crop and a lush bunch of pinnate, strongly dissected green leaves. Carrot roots are dense and fleshy, weighing up to 0.5 kg or more. Its shape can be cylindrical, truncated-conical or spindle-shaped.

Depending on the species, the color of carrots is yellow, orange, burgundy, orange-red or purple-orange, green, and also white.

The color of carrots depends on the percentage ratio between the pigments of the anthocyanin compounds group and natural dyes from the flavonoid class.

The chemical composition of carrots includes carotene, B vitamins, ascorbic and pantothenic acid, lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, sugars and other macro- and microelements necessary for the life of the human body.

For the second season, the carrot plant forms a complex inflorescence in the form of a 10-15-ray umbrella with small flowers of red, yellow or white. A carrot fruit up to 4 mm in size has an elliptical shape and contains two seeds.

Types and varieties of carrots, names and photos

In the diversity of the genus, 2 varieties of carrots are distinguished:

• wild carrot ( D aucus caro ta)

grows in natural conditions. The root of the plant is fleshy, with a white or yellowish color, absolutely not suitable for human consumption. The stem grows to a height of 0.25-100 cm. Its upper part branches and bears strongly cut leaves of a triangular or ovoid shape. The length of carrot leaves can reach 20 cm with a width of up to 5 cm. The flowering period of the plant lasts from June to July.

• Sowing carrots (Daucus carota sativus )

cultivated by man. It is a subspecies of the wild carrot. Within the subspecies there is a division into fodder And canteens varieties.

Forage carrots: types, varieties, photos

Forage carrots are grown for inclusion in the diet of cattle and small domestic animals. The root crop of the vegetable is cylindrical or elongated-conical, and its length ranges from 30 to 50 cm. In some varieties of carrots, it may have a cylindrical shape with a rounded end.

• Varieties of fodder white carrots: Arnimkriven white, White green-headed, Belgian white, Berlin giant, White Weibull, Vosges white, Giant white, Thick, Championship.
• Varieties of fodder yellow carrots: Long green-headed giant, Weibull yellow giant, Saalfelder yellow, Lobberich yellow carrot, Semi-long Arnim Kriven, Palatinate golden yellow, Flanders.
• Varieties of fodder red carrots: Long orange-red giant, Long fat blunt giant, Long red Altringham, Long red Brunswick, Giant red, Red fat, Orange-yellow Dippe.

Table carrots: types, varieties, photos

These varieties are grown for human consumption and are divided into early maturing (early), mid-season, late-ripening (later).

Early (early ripe) carrots: varieties and photos

The growing season of carrots does not exceed 100 days. Root vegetables are intended for consumption both raw and for heat treatment and are generally not intended for long-term storage. Below are some varieties of early carrots:

• Parisian carrot (carotele carrot)

with dark orange rounded roots, 3 to 6 cm in diameter and weighing up to 60 g, resembling. The pulp of this early carrot is juicy, tender, with a sweet taste.

• Carrot "Dragon"

a variety of early carrots with purple fruits of an elongated conical shape, up to 25 cm long and up to 15-30 mm in diameter, with bright orange pulp.

• Carrot "Amsterdamskaya"

a variety of early carrots with a root crop resembling a cylinder, up to 15-17 cm long and 20-25 mm in diameter. The juicy pulp of a vegetable with a small core has a bright orange color.

• Carrot "Fun"

with cylindrical, slightly pointed roots, the length of which reaches 10-15 cm, and weighing up to 60-100g. The pulp of early carrots is sweet and juicy, colored orange. This variety is suitable for long-term storage.

Mid-season varieties of carrots: description and photo

It takes up to 120 days from the moment the tops appear on the surface and until ripeness in carrots of this variety type. Root crops withstand long-term storage and are used as food after cooking. The best mid-season varieties of carrots:

• Carrot "Chantane"

with dense red-orange flesh and a pronounced yellow core. The root crop of carrot has the shape of a truncated cone with a blunt end. Its length does not exceed 15 cm, and its weight is 200 g. The skin is smooth with small "eyes" lentils.

• Carrot "Vitamin"

mid-season variety with cylindrical roots and a blunt tip, weighing up to 170 g and up to 13-15 cm long. Carrot skin and its flesh are colored orange. The core is small in size, round or star-shaped in color almost does not differ from the pulp of the fruit. This is the sweetest carrot among many other varieties.

• Carrot "Red Giant"

with orange fruits that resemble in appearance a long truncated cone. With a weight of about 130 g and a diameter of 5-6 cm, the length of carrots can reach 20-25 cm. In terms of beta-carotene content, this carrot variety is ahead of other varieties, regardless of the ripening period.

• Carrot "Samson"

mid-season variety with roots that have a cylindrical shape and a blunt tip. The pulp is juicy and sweet, colored orange. The length of carrots of this variety does not exceed 20 cm, and the weight is 200 g.

Late varieties of carrots: description and photo

The growing season of carrots of this species lasts up to 140 days. Late carrots have good taste and can be used both raw and after heat treatment. Carrot fruits have a long shelf life, up to a new harvest. The best varieties of late carrots:

• Carrot "Emperor"

with large blunt cylindrical roots and dense orange flesh. The length of individual fruits can reach 30 cm, and the weight of these giants is 200 g.

• Carrot "Flaccoro"

with bright orange conical fruits and a blunt nose. The length of individual specimens may exceed 35-39 cm, and weight 200 g.

• Carrot "Yellowstone"»

late variety of carrots with large roots and yellow juicy pulp, having a spindle-shaped appearance. Their length ranges from 20 to 25 cm, and the weight of an average carrot reaches 200 grams. A very productive variety.

• Carrot "Queen of Autumn"

with cylindrical fruits, the length of which does not exceed 20-25 cm, and the weight is 150-180 g. The dense and juicy pulp of carrots of this variety is painted in a bright red-orange color.

Where does carrot grow?

The distribution area of ​​wild carrots is very wide and includes the countries of the Mediterranean region: Israel and Spain, France and Egypt, Spain and Turkey, Tunisia and Italy. It grows in Austria and Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands, Switzerland and the UK. There is a lot of it in Australia and on the African continent. This plant is widespread in all countries of the post-Soviet space. Wild carrot grows in forest clearings and edges, along roads and ravines. Carrot cultivars are grown in all regions with a mild or temperate climate; only areas with arid climates and harsh conditions of the far north are not suitable for growing carrots.

Carrots: useful properties, vitamins and minerals. The use of carrots

In addition to the wide use of carrots in cooking raw or after heat treatment, this plant is successfully used in medicine and cosmetology. Dioscorides and Avicenna also mentioned the beneficial properties of carrots in their writings.

The beneficial properties of carrots are explained by the huge content of vitamins: B, C, PP, E, K. It contains beta-carotene, which is a precursor of vitamin A. And this vegetable also has a huge mineral composition: iron, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, cobalt , copper, iodine, zinc, chromium, nickel, fluorine.

For medicinal purposes, both root crops and carrot seeds are used. Carrot juice is an indispensable tool for the prevention of beriberi, stabilization of the redox processes of the body, taking place at the cellular level.

In addition, freshly squeezed carrot juice is prescribed as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agent, for some disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as for normalizing the processes of carbohydrate metabolism in the body.

From the seeds of the plant, an antispasmodic drug "Daukarin" is made, similar in its action to "Papaverine". In addition, essential oils are extracted from carrot seeds, which are used to make cosmetics.

Carrot tops: useful properties

• Carrot tops contain 6 times more vitamin C than the carrot itself.
• It contains a huge amount of chlorophyll, which cleanses the blood, lymph nodes and adrenal glands.
• A large amount of potassium and vitamin K (which is not found in the root crop, but is found in the tops of carrots) lowers blood pressure, maintains a normal metabolism, prevents osteoporosis and heart disease.
• Carrot leaf juice is used as an antiseptic.
• Useful and tea from carrot tops. It is recommended to drink it regularly at bedtime for people who suffer from edema, have problems with the kidneys and urinary system.

Harm of carrots and contraindications

• Eating carrots in large quantities can lead to excess beta-carotene and carotenemia (yellow skin color).
• Carrot consumption should be limited to heavy smokers, and non-smokers should also not go on carrot diets.
• With exacerbations of ulcerative processes, diabetes mellitus and problems with the thyroid gland, it is not recommended to consume carrots in large quantities.
• Carrots are grown industrially using mineral fertilizers. For this reason, if you regularly consume carrots, it is recommended that you find a trusted supplier that sells nitrate-free vegetables.

Planting and growing carrots. How and when to plant carrots?

Sowing carrots should be carried out in the soil at a temperature of 4-6 0 C. Therefore, the planting dates for early varieties of carrots fall in mid-April, and mid-season and late varieties - from the second decade of April to the second week of May. Many gardeners are wondering if it is possible to plant carrots in June. In principle, you can plant mid-season varieties, but do not forget to water the bed regularly (especially if your area experiences heat during the summer months) and prepare to harvest no earlier than October.

For planting carrots, even areas well-lit by the sun are selected, on which cucumbers, tomatoes, garlic or onions used to grow. Soil should not be used after parsley, fennel, cumin, dill and beans because these crops are very depleting of the soil.

The preparation of the selected site begins in the fall. To do this, it is saturated with complex fertilizers and humus, then dug up to a depth of 30-35 cm. Before planting carrots in the spring, the area is leveled.

Processing carrot seeds before planting

Before planting, carrot seeds are subjected to a special treatment to increase germination (you can choose one of the ways to prepare carrot seeds for planting):

• It is necessary to soak the seeds of carrots in an aqueous tincture of wood ash for one day. The temperature of the nutrient solution should be 30 0 C. During the treatment, the solution must be replaced with a new one at least 6 times. After that, carrot seeds are washed with clean water and placed for several days in a cool place (refrigerator).
• seeds placed in a bag of dense fabric are immersed for 20-30 minutes in a container with hot water, the temperature of which is not less than 50 0 C, after which they are sharply cooled with cold water.
• before sowing, carrot seeds are poured into a canvas bag, buried in the ground to a depth of 20-25 cm and kept in this state for ten days.
• carrot seeds intended for planting are saturated with oxygen for 20 hours in a plant growth regulator solution (Epin or Silk solutions). For this, barbaters or aquarium compressors are used.

Planting carrot seeds in open ground

After the treatment, carrot seeds are ready for planting in the ground. How to plant carrots in the ground without thinning? There is a tricky and easy way to avoid thinning carrots in the future: for this, narrow strips are cut from toilet paper, on which droplets of flour paste are applied at intervals of 3-4 cm, and then prepared seeds are dipped on them. After the glue dries, the strips are folded in half and twisted into a loose roll.

For sowing carrots, shallow grooves are prepared (no more than 2-3 cm in depth), they are well moistened and ribbons with seeds are unfolded in them. If you have not made such tapes, then you can plant carrot seeds directly into the ground at a distance of 3-4 cm. After that, the furrows are covered with soil and mulched with a layer of finely chopped straw or peat.

Such a step will prevent the appearance of a dense crust on the soil surface, which interferes with the free germination of carrot seeds. The distance between adjacent grooves must be at least 20 cm.

Carrots - a source of vitamins and other useful substances

Carrot(lat. Daucus) - a genus of plants of the Umbelliferae family, a biennial plant (less often one or perennial) with a rough woody whitish or orange root. The culture is widespread in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the United States.

History

The homeland of carrots is the Mediterranean. The culture itself has an exceptionally rich history. In ancient Rome, carrots were considered a delicacy. Then it was an annual plant with thin, slightly sweetish roots. It should be noted that during this time, under the influence of folk selection, it has changed a lot, becoming a two-year culture and enriching its nutritional and medicinal qualities.

In Europe, carrots were widely distributed in the XIV century. It came to Russia only two centuries later. Currently, carrots are grown almost throughout Russia. The varieties with orange-red color of root crops are of the greatest value.

In Russia, mainly table carrots are cultivated, and forage carrots are also grown - for livestock.

Growing carrots

Carrot is a whimsical plant

• The soil. Carrots are a rather whimsical plant that does not tolerate excess moisture. Often grown on sandy soils, dry, sandy loamy soil is optimal. The top layer of the soil should be homogeneous - this allows you not to interfere with the growth of the crop. The most important condition for normal growth is the pH level, a stable groundwater level and a combination of water holding capacity and drainage. Carrots grow well where cereals, onions, early potatoes, and beets were previously planted. It is only important that the soil structure has time to recover. Grow carrots in the same place should be no earlier than 5 years later.

• soil cultivation. For the growth of the crop, good cultivation of the soil is necessary, which must be in such a condition that the roots can grow without delay. The soil should not be cultivated when it is too damp. It is important to make sure that the top layer is loose. The soil must be homogeneous. Carrots must be well structured, otherwise you may end up with irregularly shaped fruits.

• Fertilizer. Fertilizers for carrots should contain the optimal level of all nutrients. The fertilizer application rate depends on the results of the soil analysis.

• Irrigation. Before germination of carrots, irrigation should be frequent, but not too plentiful. Water the culture should be early in the morning. This avoids problems with fungal diseases.

• Sowing. Carrots can be grown in beds or ridges. With problematic soil structure (for example, heavy soil), ridges are preferred. Ridges are recommended on light soils. The most common sowing options are: two-line sowing (two lines are sown in one row), three-line sowing (three lines in one row), single-line sowing (the sowing machine distributes seeds in a row).

• Weed control. Weeds can be controlled mechanically or chemically. Herbicides can be used both before and after crop germination. Before use, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with how they affect weeds and crops.

• Pests and diseases. Most often, carrots undergo leaf blight - this is the appearance of dark brown or black spots with yellow edges due to too sunny and humid weather. Black damp rot often appears during storage on the surface of the culture and gradually penetrates inside.

1. To which botanical family does the radish belong?

3. Cabbage

2. Specify the productive organ of rhubarb.

4. Petioles

3. In what vegetable crop do qualitative changes end in the first year of life?

4. Indicate which phase of growth and development of plants refers to the seed period.

2. Germination

5. What amount of water (in % of weight) is needed for swelling and germination of squash seeds?

6. Indicate which size group the sorrel seeds belong to

4. Very small

7. Name the variety or hybrid of tomato included in the State Register of Agricultural Plants for growing in the steppe zone of Ukraine.

4. Forget-me-not F1

8. What plant placement scheme is used when growing long-climbing melon varieties?

4. 140x140 cm.

9. On what vegetable crop is pinching carried out?

2. On tomato plants;

10. What is the depth of seed placement when growing tomato seedlings (cm).

Test #2

1. Indicate to which botanical family fennel belongs

3. Celery

2. Name a vegetable crop that has a two-seeded fruit

4. Name a vegetable crop that is very demanding on soil moisture.

5. Name the biological feature of the slime onion

2. Frost resistant

4. Form a false bulb

6. At what ripeness is the zucchini harvested?

1. Removable

2. Technological

7. What kind of irrigation method involves the daily application of nutrients, which is called fertigation?

3. Drip irrigation

8. What age (days) should pepper seedlings have when planting in open ground.

9. On what vegetable crops is the “blinding” of leaf axils carried out?

1. On cucumber plants;

10. What is the depth of seed placement when growing lettuce seedlings (cm).

Test #3

1. Specify the science-based annual rate of consumption of vegetables.

3. 120-140 kg.

4. 140-160 kg.

2. Specify a vegetable crop that belongs to the class of monocots.

1. Sweet corn

3. Which family does mustard leaf belong to?

3. Cabbage

4. Name the direction of using the zucchini.

2. Technical

5. At what temperature does onion seed germination begin?

7. The role of crop rotation in the cultivation of vegetable crops:

3. Eliminates the possibility of damage to plants by pests.

8. Indicate which size group the carrot seeds belong to.

9. What is the optimal feeding area when growing early tomato seedlings (cm)?

10. Seedlings of parthenocarpic short-fruited cucumber hybrids should be planted in film greenhouses according to the scheme (see).

Test #4

1. Name the geographic center of origin of the eggplant

2. Indian

2. What phenological phase refers to the vegetative period of growth and development of vegetable crops

3. What are the optimal terms for sowing melons and gourds in the southern regions of Ukraine

4. Name the biological features of vegetable crops of the cabbage group.

2. Winter hardy

5. What type of harvest is used for pepper.

3. Reusable

6. Specify the most optimal scheme for planting tomato seedlings.

3. (90+50)x30 cm.

7. Indicate the seeding rate (in kg/ha) of onion for seeding.

4-7 days after emergence of mass seedlings.

3. To prevent stretching of the hypocotyl genus.

9. Seedlings of parthenocarpic long-fruited cucumber hybrids in winter block greenhouses are planted according to the scheme:

2. 110x30-40 cm

3. 160x45-50 cm

10. The optimal feeding area when growing seedlings of early white cabbage is (cm):

Test #5

1. Name a frost- and winter-hardy vegetable crop

4. Carrot

2. The growth of vegetable crops is:

3. Increase in the root system and above-ground mass of plants.

3. Specify the optimal concentration of CO2 in the air when growing tomatoes in protected ground

4. The main ways to regulate the light regime in open ground are:

5. What watering method provides for economical use of water?

3. Drip irrigation

6. Indicate the seeding rate of seeds of late varieties of white cabbage using the Klen precision seed drill.

2. 0.3-0.5 kg/ha

7. Specify the optimal time for sowing tomato seeds in the conditions of the south of Ukraine with a seedless method of cultivation.

8. Indicate the vegetable crop grown in seedlings and non-seedlings.

2. Leek

9. What is the optimal age for sweet onion seedlings (days)?

10. Seedlings of bee-pollinated cucumber hybrids in winter block greenhouses are planted according to the scheme: (cm)

3. 100+60x35-40

Test #6

1. Specify the botanical family to which spinach belongs.

2. Swan

2. Name a cold-resistant vegetable crop.

1. Groh vegetable

3. Indicate the vegetable crop in which the flower-bearing stem is formed in the first year.

4. What vegetable crops compact tomatoes?

3. Cauliflower

5. What type of cabbage can be grown?

2. Colored

6. What is the optimal time for planting seedlings of early white cabbage varieties in the southern regions of Ukraine?

7. Specify the optimal scheme for planting eggplant seedlings in the south of Ukraine.

8. What herbicide is used to control perennial weeds in vegetables and potatoes?

4. Roundup

9. What is the optimal feeding area when growing cucumber seedlings (cm)?

10. Seedlings of bee-pollinated cucumber hybrids should be planted in film greenhouses according to the scheme: (cm)

Test #7

1. Name the research institution for vegetable growing.

4. Research Center of UB UAAN.

2. Name the biological factor that affects the growth and development of vegetable plants.

4. Weeds

3. The main methods for regulating the thermal regime in open ground are:

1. Soil mulching

4. What vegetable crops require hilling?

2. Leek

5. When growing which vegetable crop, the use of herbicides is prohibited.

6. Specify the variety or hybrid of white cabbage recommended for growing in the conditions of southern Ukraine.

4. in 12-14 days

8. Indicate the layout of plants of long-leaf varieties and hybrids of cucumber with a seedless method of cultivation.

3. 140x20 cm.

9. Specify the optimal age of seedlings of early tomatoes (days).

10. Planting time for cucumber seedlings in the summer-autumn culture of winter greenhouses (light zone 6).

Test No.8

1. Name the geographic center of origin of asparagus.

3. Mediterranean

2. Relationship of carrots to soil moisture conditions.

2. Demanding

3. Name a vegetable crop that absorbs water well from the soil and uses it sparingly

4. Specify the optimal concentration of CO2 in the air when growing cucumbers in protected ground.

5. What is included in the preventive methods of combating diseases and pests?

3. Seed dressing

6. What is the row spacing with a strip width of 8 cm and a base track of 0.7 m.

7. What is the date of sowing green vegetable crops.

8. Specify the variety or hybrid of Brussels sprouts recommended for cultivation in the southern Ukraine.

1. Filimon F1

9. What is the optimal age for cucumber seedlings (days)?

10. Specify the time for planting cucumber seedlings in the winter-spring culture of winter greenhouses (light zone 6)?

Test #9

1. Specify the lifespan of a slime onion.

3. Perennial

2.

1. Stem crop

3. The development of vegetable crops is:

1. Quantitative changes in plants

2. The process of formation of new cells, tissues and organs

4. What is the optimal age of seedlings (days) should a celery culture have when planting in open ground?

5. Specify the place of growing seedlings of late varieties of white cabbage.

2. Open ground

6. What is the optimal time for planting seedlings of late white cabbage varieties?

4. June 25 – July 10

7. Name the characteristic features of green vegetable crops.

4. In the first year, flower-bearing stems are cut

8. What is the name of the sevka fraction up to 0.7 cm in diameter?

3. Oatmeal

9. Indicate the time for planting tomato seedlings in the summer-autumn culture of winter greenhouses (light zone 6).

10. Specify the optimal age of medium white cabbage seedlings (days).

Test #10

1. Name the vegetable crop of the cabbage production group.

1. Kohlrabi

2. Specify the life span of a parsnip.

2. Biennial

3. Which vegetable crop is more responsive to fresh manure application?

3. Broccoli

4. Name the geographical center of origin of celery.

3. Central Asian

5. Why harrowing of crops is carried out when growing vegetable crops, for:

3. Destruction of weeds in the phase of "strings"

2. Skvorushka

7. The maximum duration (hours) of soaking pea seeds before sowing is:

8. What is the average rate of vegetation irrigation of vegetable crops in Crimea (m3/ha)?

9. Specify the optimal time for planting tomato seedlings in winter-spring culture

(6 light zone).

10. Indicate the optimal age of late white cabbage seedlings (days).

Test #11

1. Which agrobiological group does coriander belong to?

1. Green

2. Specify the food organ of the katran.

3. Early autumn plowing for vegetable crops begins with:

3. Peeling

4. Which vegetables are salt tolerant?

5. In what crops is the pinching of the apical bud carried out when growing them in open ground?

6. The culture has a root and leaf variety:

2. Parsley

7. Indicate the seeding rate (kg/ha) of zucchini culture.

8. Indicate the rate of provocative irrigation (m3/ha).

9. The optimal age of eggplant seedlings for open ground is, (days):

10. Indicate the time for planting cucumber seedlings in spring culture in film heated greenhouses (light zone 6).

Test #12

1. What is the Latin name for watermelon?

1. Cucumis meloL.

3. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.

2. To which botanical family does lettuce belong?

3. Asters

3. Name the food organ of cauliflower.

2. Inflorescences

4. Name a vegetable that reproduces only sexually.

4. Onion batun

5. Indicate the optimal time for planting pepper seedlings in the Crimea.

6. What varieties of onions are more effective for forcing?

3. Multigerm

7. Name the brand of the seeder intended for planting cassette seedlings.

8. What is the seeding rate of sweet corn seeds (kg/ha).

9. The optimal age of early white cabbage seedlings is (days):

10. Specify the time for planting tomato seedlings in the extended culture of winter greenhouses (light zone 6)?

Test #13

1. Name the fruit of white cabbage.

4. Pod

2. What class does the onion crop belong to?

1. Monocots

3. Which agrobiological group does physalis belong to?

1. Fruit

4. What is the sowing depth (cm) of melon seeds?

5. What vegetable crop can be grown with a ribbon-nested planting scheme?

7. Specify the most optimal scheme for sowing lettuce seeds (cm).

8. What crop is grown during spring and summer sowing and planting?

1. Carrot

9. Specify the place for growing seedlings of vegetable crops for open ground.

3. Greenhouses, nurseries, film greenhouses;

10. Indicate the time for planting tomato seedlings in the spring culture of film heated greenhouses (light zone 6).

2. What type of fruit does a radish have?

1. Pod

3. Indicate the center of origin of corn.

2. South American

4. To which botanical family does lettuce chicory belong?

2. Asters

5. What is the most effective sowing method for growing onions?

2. Broadband

6. Indicate the seeding rate of squash (kg/ha).

7. Specify the sowing depth of small-seeded vegetable crops (cm).

8. Indicate the application rate of treflana herbicide (kg AI/ha) when growing tomatoes in a seedless way.

9. What is the optimal phase for picking seedlings?

4. cotyledons and the beginning - the formation of the 1st true leaf.

10. Indicate the time for planting cucumber seedlings in the spring culture of film unheated greenhouses (light zone 6).

Test #15

1. Of the listed vegetable crops, the Astrov family includes:

4. Tarragon

2. Name the food organ of the katran.

3. What production and biological group does vegetable peas belong to?

1. Fruit

4. What botanical class does rhubarb belong to?

2. Dicotyledons

5. Indicate a vegetable crop that can be effectively grown with organic fertilizers.

2. Cauliflower

6. Name a salt-tolerant crop that tolerates salt concentrations up to 1%.

7. Crops, which crops are prohibited from being treated with herbicides?

8. Indicate the seeding rate of dill for greens (kg/ha).

9. What is the standard greenhouse frame size?

3. 160x106 cm

10. Indicate the time for planting cucumber seedlings under film frame shelters (light zone 6).

Test #16

1. What botanical family does lettuce belong to?

1. Asters

2. Specify the food organ of kohlrabi cabbage.

4. Stem crops

3. Which vegetable crop has qualitative changes in the second year?

2. Carrot

4. Specify which phase annual vegetable crops do not have in the vegetative period.

1. Resting phase

5. What is the most optimal sowing scheme for growing late varieties of white cabbage with a seedless growing method?

4. 70x65-70 cm

6. Indicate at what concentration of CO2 in the soil the germination of seeds of vegetable plants stops.

7. Specify the most productive varieties of garlic in the conditions of the south of Ukraine.

4. Kharkiv purple

8. Name the most common pests of tomato in the open field.

1. Colorado potato beetle

9. Specify the most effective place for growing vegetable seedlings for winter greenhouses.

1. In winter seedling greenhouses and seedlings;

10. Indicate the time for planting tomato seedlings in the spring culture of non-heated film greenhouses (light zone 6).

Test #17

1. Indicate to which botanical family mustard leaf belongs.

2. Cabbage

2. Name a vegetable crop that has an inflorescence "extra-axillary curl".

3. At what depth is it desirable to carry out pre-sowing tillage when growing tomatoes in a seedless way (cm)?

4. Name the climatic factor.

1. Relative humidity and air composition

5. Name the morphological feature of tomato culture.

4. Forms a taproot or fibrous root system, depending on the method of cultivation

6. At what ripeness is the cucumber harvested?

2. Technical

7. Specify the optimal scheme for sowing onion seeds when growing from seeds.

3. (60+40+40) x5 cm

8. Indicate the age of seedlings of onion culture when grown in open ground.

4. 60-70 days

9. What is the optimal film thickness for heated spring greenhouses?

2. 0.18-0.20mm

10. Indicate the timing of planting cucumber seedlings in greenhouses (light zone 6).

1. The second crop after seedlings of early white cabbage;

Test #18

1. Specify the science-based rate of consumption of cucumber fruits (kg/year).

2. Specify the culture belonging to the class of monocots.

3. Slime onion

3. To which family do carrots belong?

3. Celery

4. Specify the phase of the reproductive period.

4. Budding

5.

3. Eggplant

6. Seeds of what vegetable crops remain viable for 8-10 years?

7. What is the most optimal scheme for sowing carrot seeds?

3. (50+20)x3 cm

8. Specify preparations for combating peronosporosis on onion crops.

1. Avixil

9. What areThe main structural elements of an in-depth greenhouse?

2. foundation pit, greenhouse frame, piping;

10. Indicate the time for planting tomato seedlings under film frame shelters (light zone 6).

Test #19

1. Name the center of origin of garlic.

1. Central Asian

2. What factor is biotic?

2. Conditions that develop around cultivated plants of natural macro- and microflora and fauna

3. Indicate plants that absorb water well, but use it sparingly.

4. Carrot

4. Name a frost-resistant vegetable plant.

4. Onion batun

5. What types of harvesting are used for tomato?

4. Combined

6. Indicate the most optimal scheme for placing lettuce plants (cm).

2. (50+20)x15-20

7. Specify the planting depth of the onion sets (cm).

8. Specify the most common variety or hybrid of Brussels sprouts.

3. Filimon F1

9. What is the optimum film thickness for insulated ground structures?

3. 0.06-0.08mm

10. What is the optimal soil density for growing cucumber seedlings, g/cm3?

Test #20

1. What botanical family do carrots belong to?

4. Celery

2. What production and biological group do squash belong to?

3. Fruit

3. Name a salt-tolerant vegetable crop (can withstand the concentration of soil solution up to 1%).

1. Eggplant

4. Seeds of which vegetable crop remain viable for no more than one year?

2. Pasternak

5. Name the sowing rate (kg/ha) of table beet.

6. What kind of root system do tomato plants form with a seedless growing method?

3. Rod

7. Specify the scheme of sowing seeds (cm) of beans.

2. (50+20)x10-12

8. What drugs are used to combat cruciferous flea on cabbage plants?

4. Valaton

9. What is the optimal film thickness for greenhouses and spring greenhouses without heating?

2. 0.10-0.15mm

10. What groups are greenhouse soils divided into?

4. Organic, organomineral, mineral.

Test #21

1. What botanical family does winter radish belong to?

3. Cabbage

2. Name the center of origin of vegetable peas.

1. Abyssinian

3. Indicate a vegetable plant in which the flower stem and seeds are formed in the second year.

2. Leek

4. Name a medium-salt-resistant crop (tolerates salinity up to 0.4-0.6%).

5. Seeds of which vegetable crop remain viable for up to 4-5 years?

4. Celery

6. From what part of the seedling is the main part of the beet root formed?

2. Hypodontal knee

7. Name the most optimal time for planting potatoes during spring cultivation.

8. Indicate the required number of seeds for the seedling method of growing sweet pepper.

2. 0.8-0.9 kg/ha

9. What is the inventory area of ​​a building?

2. The total area along the inner perimeter of the base of the structure;

10. What is used as a substrate in ionoponics?

3. Catonite, anion exchanger;

Test #22

1. Which botanical family does lettuce chicory belong to?

1. Asters

2. Name the center of origin of rhubarb.

2. Mediterranean

3. The result of human activity - tools, machines, fertilization, pesticides, pinching refers to the factors:

4. Anthropogenic

4. Which vegetable crops require hilling?

5. Indicate a culture with low moisture requirements.

1 sweet corn

6. Indicate the seeding rate (kg/ha) of zucchini.

7. Which vegetable crop can withstand high soil acidity (Ph 5.0-4. S)?

8. What drug is used against wireworm, beetle and Colorado potato beetle when growing potatoes?

4. Prestige

9. Which glass is suitable for covering greenhouses?

2. Sheet window glass 4 mm thick;

10. What is used as a substrate in aggregoponics?

1. Granite crushed stone, gravel, expanded clay, perlite;

Test #23

1. Specify the lifespan of watercress.

1. Annual

2. Specify the food organ of basil.

2. Leaves and stems

3. How much water do beet seeds require to germinate?

4. How many years do seeds of vegetable crops of the celery family remain viable?

5. Specify the seeding depth of spinach plants in the open field.

6. What varieties of onions are most effective for forcing

3. Multigerm

7. Indicate the optimal time for sowing carrots during the summer sowing period.

8. Indicate the potential yield of a tomato crop.

4. over 100 t/ha

9. What is the fence area of ​​the greenhouse?

1. The total area of ​​​​the entire coverage (the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe roof, walls, basement);

10. What is used as a substrate in chemoponics?

1. Peat, straw, coconut;

Test #24

1. Name the vegetable crops of the Asteraceae family.

1. Artichoke

2. Specify the life span of shallot plants.

2. Biennial

3. Which vegetable crop requires higher doses of phosphate fertilizers?

4. Name a salt-tolerant vegetable crop that can withstand salt concentrations in the range of 0.1-0.4%.

5. Seeds of what vegetable crops remain viable for 4-5 years?

4. Cabbage

6. What vegetable crops absorb water well and use it intensively?

2. Beetroot

7. What is the duration of soaking tomato seeds?

8. Name the most common variety of sweet pepper.

3. Ivanhoe

9. What is the construction area of ​​the structure?

1. The area along the outer perimeter of the base of the structure;

10. What is used in aeroponics as a substrate?

3. Lack of substrate;

Test #25

1. Indicate to which botanical family does garden savory belong?

4. Lamiaceae

2. What production and biological group does spinach belong to?

4. Green

3. Specify a frost-resistant vegetable crop.

2. Onion batun

4. Indicate a vegetable crop that is moderately demanding for moisture.

5. Specify the most optimal sowing depth for melon seeds (cm).

6. Indicate the scheme of placement of plants of short climbing varieties of watermelon (cm).

7. Indicate the rate of application of the herbicide treflan when growing tomatoes in seedlings (kg of AI per 1 ha).

8. Indicate the most common variety of onion.

4. Chalcedony

9. What is the usable area of ​​a cultivation facility?

2. The general surface on which plants can be grown;

10. Agrotechnical measure "stepping" is:

2. Removal of side shoots;

Test #26

1. What production and biological group does pepper belong to?

4. Fruit

2. Specify the vegetable crop belonging to the class of monocots.

1. Leek

3. Which vegetable crop has qualitative changes in the second year of life?

3. Brussels sprouts

4. Name a vegetable crop that weakly absorbs water, but consumes it sparingly.

5. Specify the most optimal scheme for planting mid-season varieties of white cabbage (cm).

6. Specify a vegetable crop that reproduces sexually and vegetatively.

2. Onion batun

7. How much water is needed for watermelon seeds to germinate?

8. Specify the optimal time for planting seedlings of pepper and eggplant.

9. The agrotechnical measure "blinding" is:

1. Removal of side shoots and buds from leaf axils;

10. What is the classification of greenhouses according to the method of heating:

1. Biological, technical;

Test #27

1. Specify the center of origin of small-fruited cucumber.

1. Indian

2. What is called phylogeny?

3. The process from birth to the end of the life of each individual

3. What vegetable crops poorly absorb water and spend it uneconomically?

4. Specify the disadvantages of the broadband method of sowing (planting).

3. Mechanical weed control is difficult.

5. What are the largest seeds of cabbage?

2. Medium

6. What inflorescence does the pepper have?

4. Single flowers

7. Which tomato planting scheme is most effective in a one-time mechanized harvest?

3. (100+40)x25-30 cm

8. What sevok in diameter (cm) belongs to the first class?

9. What is chemoponics?

2. Growing plants on organic substrates;

10. What is the classification of greenhouses according to the terms of use:

3. Early, late, middle;

Test #28

1. What is the Latin name for vegetable peas.

3. Pisum sativum

2. Name the food organ of perennial vegetable crops.

3. Name a vegetable crop grown mainly in seedlings.

2. Sweet varieties of onions

4. Indicate the optimal time for planting potatoes during the spring growing period.

5. Specify the optimal age of seedlings of Brussels sprouts.

2. 55-60 days

6. Specify the most common tomato pest.

3. Cotton scoop

7. What types of harvesting are used for radishes?

2. Selective

8. Specify the most common varieties of potatoes in the conditions of the Crimea.

2. Slavyanka

9. What are winter greenhouses according to the method of cultivation?

4. Soil, hydroponic, rack, rackless.

10. Aggregatoponics is:

1. Growing plants on solid loose substrates;

Test #29

1. Give the Latin name for fennel.

4. Focniculum vulgare Mill.

2. Name the cents of the origin of the tomato.

1. South American

3. Specify an average salt-tolerant vegetable plant that can withstand a salt concentration in the range of 0.4-0.6%.

4. Which vegetable crop absorbs water well, but uses it sparingly?

5. What vegetable crop can withstand the pH of the soil solution - 4.5-5?

6. What amount of planting material is required for planting potatoes, t/ha?

7. Specify the sowing depth of onion seeds when grown in an annual crop.

8. Specify the most optimal scheme of sowing (planting) of tomato when grown using a set of working bodies PPR-5.4.

4. 140x15-20 cm.

9. Aeroponics is:

4. Placement of plant roots in the air with periodic spraying of their nutrient solution.

10. Specify the purpose of the protected ground:

4. Growing seedlings, vegetables for production, growing plants, preserving seedlings, forcing the food organs of plants.

Test #30

1. Give the Latin name for watercress.

1. Lepidium sativum L.

2. What are called phenological phases?

1. Changes in signs in the process of phylogenesis associated with the growth and development of plants.

3. Which vegetable plant uses fruits in technical and biological ripeness for food?

4. How much carbon dioxide is contained in the air when growing vegetables in open ground?

5. What are the advantages of agrofibre compared to other polymeric materials in the cultivation of vegetables and potatoes?

2. Passes air and water

6. Specify the optimal age of seedlings of late-ripening varieties of white cabbage.

4. 45-55 days

7. Specify the row spacing for a band width of 24 cm and a base necklace of 1.4 m.

8. Name the most common variety of carrots in the Crimea.

9. Name the main types of closed ground:

2. Insulated soil, greenhouses, greenhouses, phytotrons;

10. Ionitoponics is:

4. Use as a substrate of cation exchanger and anion exchanger.

Everyone knows such a plant as carrots. The family to which it belongs is very diverse. Parsnips, dill, celery, fennel... You can't list them all. From our article you will learn about the features of the structure and growth of carrots, its beneficial properties and applications.

Characteristics of dicot plants

Let's start with the classification. Carrots are dicotyledonous plants. The characteristic features of this systematic group are the presence of two cotyledons in the seed embryo, reticulate leaf venation, tap root system, and the presence of lateral educational tissue in the stem. Dicotyledons are a large and widespread group, including several dozen families.

What family do carrots belong to?

Dicotyledons also include such a name they acquired by the characteristic inflorescence, which is called a complex umbrella. What is its feature? From the top of the common axis of such a structure, simple umbrellas diverge. The bases of each of them are surrounded by bracts.

parsley, celery, carrots... What family do they represent? Of course, Umbrellas. All of them have regular small bisexual flowers. Most often, their petals are painted white. But there are blue and yellow cups. The number of petals is five, the pistil is one. The calyx looks like teeth or is not developed at all.

Leaves with pinnate venation, plates of a dissected form. The fruit of the Umbelliferae is a bipartite achene. After maturation, it splits into two parts.

Close relatives

In terms of structural features, Pink and Legumes are very similar to Umbelliferae. All of them have five-membered flowers. no exception and carrot. The cruciferous family, unlike them, has four petals in a flower. Otherwise, their characteristic features are very different. This applies primarily to the flower. So, in Pink it is correct, with a large number of stamens, while in Legumes it looks like a moth or a boat with a sail and oars.

Variety of Celery

In addition to the well-known carrots, the Umbrella family is represented by a wide range of medicinal, food and aromatic plants. The first group includes fennel and anise. These plants contain aromatic oils that are widely used in the pharmaceutical, perfume and soap industries. The cake left over from their processing is rich in proteins. Therefore, this product is used to feed livestock.

Parsley, parsnip, cumin, dill, coriander should be attributed to spicy-aromatic Umbrella. Moreover, different parts of such plants have valuable properties: leaves, roots, fruits and seeds.

Among the Umbelliferae there are also poisonous representatives. For example, hemlock. This property is due to the presence of a number of alkaloids. Even in the days of Ancient Greece, this substance was used as an official poison, which was used to kill those who were condemned to death. But since the time of Hippocrates, hemlock has been used as a medicinal plant.

Obvious benefit

Carrots, family which are also Umbrella, has not only pleasant taste. The chemical composition of this product makes it also useful. Carrots are rich in vitamins of groups B, C, E. Of the trace elements, sodium, potassium, magnesium and chlorine can be called, and of the micro - iodine, copper, manganese and cobalt.

But this product is especially rich in vitamin A. Its deficiency causes a disease such as hemeralopia, or night blindness. A person suffering from it, poorly distinguishes the outlines of objects at dusk. And if he goes out of the light into the darkness, he will get used to it for a long time.

Vitamin A is also of great importance for the mucous membrane of the eye. Its deficiency leads to atrophy of the lacrimal glands. The consequence of this is the dryness of the cornea, its injury and reduced protective functions. In turn, this can lead to the development of eye infections.

Economic importance

Carrots have long occupied a leading position in terms of sown area among vegetable crops. For example, in Russia, out of 20% allocated for these plants, a useful root crop takes 15. Carrots are stored until the next harvest, which is also its advantage.

Valuable nutritional qualities are due to the high content of carbohydrates, in particular sucrose and glucose. Therefore, root crops are used in cooking both as an independent dish and as an additive to salads and vegetable stews.

Forage species serve as food for cattle, piglets and poultry. Carrots are also grown as a technical crop in order to obtain carotene in industry.

Biological features

Carrots are biennial plants. This means that in the first year it does not produce fruits and seeds. In summer, only root crops with rosettes of leaves appear. Thanks to the modified main root, the plant endures an unfavorable cold period, and in the new spring forms a seed bush. Thus, the root crop is a storage organ. The aerial part is represented by hollow stems of a rounded or ribbed shape, reaching a length of about 1.5 m. The leaves are compound, with a dissected plate.

In the spring of the second year of development, inflorescences develop - complex umbrellas. The outer flowers are larger. The fruits ripen closer to autumn. Each of them consists of two seeds that are freely separated.

So, Carrots belong to the Umbelliferae family. The characteristic features of this systematic group are a five-membered flower, a complex umbrella inflorescence and a fruit, which, after ripening, splits into two parts. This family includes valuable food, medicinal and spicy-aromatic plants.