Functions of political parties in modern society:
1 Determining the goals of the development of society
2 Expression and association of public interests
3 Political socialization of citizens
4 Mobilization of citizens
5 Formation of the political elite
Give examples of their implementation
- 1. Each political party has a program for the development of society, in which all their goals are spelled out, they can be different and relate to various aspects of public life
2. Political parties express the interests of certain sections of society (as, for example, the RSDLP expressed the interests of workers)
3. By holding all sorts of debates, speeches, they help the political socialization of citizens. People watch all these events, discover something new (about politics), etc.
4. Again, let's take an example from history, when the RSPRP managed to make a revolution. Indeed, most people followed them, believed in them
5. The political elite is the leaders of political parties
Using the text, state three functions of political parties. Name any two functions of political parties not named in the text and illustrate each of them with an example.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24
In modern science, political parties are defined as organizations seeking the election or promotion of their leaders to public office. Modern legislation provides for the following features of a political party: it is a freely created autonomous organization operating on the principles of self-government; a sustainable organization that unites citizens on a permanent basis; association in the party occurs on the basis of ideological factors - the commonality of beliefs and goals of its members, which is expressed in its program provisions; this is a non-profit organization that does not pursue the goals of making a profit, although its individual divisions may be engaged in production activities to meet the needs of the party; an organization built and operating on democratic principles and on the basis of publicity, publicity, openness; parties contribute to the formation and expression of the political will of the people, using peaceful and constitutional means, in particular participation in elections. In the countries of totalitarian socialism, it is believed that civil servants must be members of the ruling communist party, although there is no such legal obligation.
Laws on political parties contain rules on the finances and property of parties. First, they establish the sources of funding: contributions, property income, gifts, loans. Secondly, parties are required to keep records of all incoming contributions and donations, income and expenses. Thirdly, the laws of many countries provide for state financial support for election campaigns conducted by parties. For this, funds are allocated from the state budget. Such funding can be provided to all parties or only to parties that receive a certain percentage of the vote in an election.
Classification of parties is possible on a variety of grounds. These can be conservative parties that advocate the preservation of the old order, oppose reforms (the Conservative Party in the UK); clerical (religious) parties (Christian Democratic Union in Germany); liberal parties advocating freedom of economic activity, non-interference of the state in public life; reformist parties that act under the slogans of socialism for social justice while maintaining private property (social democratic parties in Europe); radicalist parties advocating a radical reorganization of state power. From the point of view of the organizational structure, it is customary to distinguish between cadre parties, mass parties and movement parties. From the point of view of the peculiarities of the legal status, parties are distinguished between registered and unregistered, legal and illegal. Legal parties are parties that operate legally. The party becomes illegal if it is prohibited by law, by a court decision, but continues its activities underground.
Explanation.
The correct answer must include the following items:
1) Functions of political parties from the text:
Represent their candidates to constituency voters;
Campaign for the election of their candidates;
Attract the masses to their side.
2) Other functions and examples for them:
Political socialization (for example, citizen N. began to understand politics, to understand it better when he became a supporter of the party);
A political party reflects the principles of a certain ideology in its program, charter (for example, the conservative party of country Z stands for respect for traditions, the importance of religion, for the ban on same-sex marriage and light drugs - this is one of the key points of its program).
Each state, each society, for its development, first of all, sets itself certain goals, and first of all, these are economic goals. Of course, these goals were different in different periods of human development. It is one thing when a person was still at the primitive stage of his development, another in the conditions of slavery or feudalism. But it is important for us to understand these economic goals in our time, in the period of modern development of both humanity and the economy.
The first and main goal of the economy, which is always mentioned (although often only declared) is the growth of the welfare of the country's citizens.
And, based on this goal, all its other tasks are determined, namely:
1. The growth of the welfare of citizens is not possible without a general state economic growth, without the development of the national economy, which constantly needs to improve social production, update technologies, connections, motivation, and so on.
2. Any well-being of citizens begins with their employment. The higher the level of employment of the population, the higher the social welfare, and vice versa. Every willing and able-bodied citizen must be provided with this very employment, either in the form of a mercenary, or an entrepreneur, or a state employee of any level.
3. But the employment of citizens should not be just employment, it should be effective employment, that is, with a certain level of social labor return. Otherwise, employment for the sake of employment may simply turn into a certain form of social support under the guise of socially useful labor.
4. In addition to the effective employment of citizens, a system should be established for the most optimal use of production and natural resources. It is on this that the costs of producers largely depend, and, consequently, the prices of goods produced and the possibility of their acquisition by the population.
5. In many ways, the order, the level of prices, their rise or fall determine the stability in the development of the economy. Any development needs a certain stability, and the economy even more so. If prices fluctuate greatly, it will be very difficult for both producers and consumers to adjust to them, and this will cause various large and small crises of overproduction here and there, bankruptcies of producers and a decrease in demand from consumers, and hence a general decline welfare of citizens.
6. But besides price stability, the most important factor in the development of the economy is the stability and fairness of legislation in the field of the economy and adjacent areas. The economy simply will not be able to develop normally if some laws are in force today and others tomorrow. For the development of the economy, the taxation system is very important, which should not only replenish the state treasury, but also perform other functions. Firstly, it should be fair (the one who has more should pay more, and not just randomly, as, for example, in Russia). Secondly, to stimulate the development of the economy, and especially its "white", official part, and not to push entrepreneurs and citizens to various concealments. If there are massive concealments of income or just some activity in the economy, then this is not the fault of citizens, but of the state, its Government and legislators.
7. Economic activity should have a certain freedom in its activities, in obtaining income, in the possibilities of opening, developing and closing its own business, hiring workers, and so on. The more various barriers stand in the way of economic development, the slower and less actively and effectively it will develop. Any activity permitted by law should be available to any citizen without any far-fetched bureaucratic reservations.
But, at the same time, any activity related to the health or safety of citizens should be sufficiently controlled, but not interfere with normal activities.
8. For the general well-being of citizens, the social economy must function in such a way that, on the one hand, it creates all the conditions for its growth, and, on the other hand, it distributes the total social product in such a way that there is no excess income for some at the expense of the impoverishment of others than, alas, the Russian economy is different today. Especially when it comes to the impoverishment of a large number of citizens with weak social protection of the state due to the dubious enrichment of others, using directly or indirectly access to budgets of various levels or other state functions, also of any purpose and level.
9. Another important task of any state is the correct foreign trade, which, firstly, should bring a positive trade balance (exports in monetary terms should exceed imports), and, secondly, the sales structure should be shifted towards the final product, not raw materials or supplies.
10. Finally, one more important task of the state should be noted. In addition to a positive trade balance, it is also necessary to have a positive balance between the export of capital (money), including the export of capital by citizens, and its import into the country. Since not only the trade balance of export-import of goods, works and services affects aggregate demand, but also the balance of import-export of funds, of course, including non-cash. And the growth of the economy is based on the growth of demand, which is formed, among other things, due to the positive balance of trade and investment balances.
This article highlights ten, in my opinion, priority tasks for solving the most important economic goals of any state. But, of course, there may be more of them, depending on the state of the state economy, on the political system of the country, on the presence or absence of certain resources, and many other factors.
One has only to understand the main thing, today in the world there are neither ideal political structures of states, nor even ideally built economic models. This is the main task of any Government, its representative bodies, if they, of course, want the benefit for their citizens, to find the right way to improve their economy in the interests of the majority of its citizens, and not a handful of insatiable individuals.
The success of any political party in society depends on many factors. Among them, it is necessary to note such as the form of government (presidential or parliamentary republic) and the type of national-territorial structure of the state (unitary or federal), within which it functions, the specifics of electoral legislation, the regime of government, etc. All this has an impact on the program, pre-election activity, daily activities of parties after summing up the results of the elections.
The nature of a political party is most clearly manifested through its functions:
1) Struggle for power (peaceful redistribution of power between various social forces makes it possible to avoid social upheavals when the balance of political forces changes). Winning the election allows you to form a government and start realizing the interests represented through public policy.
2) Social representation. Each party strives to unite, as far as possible, wide sections of society and represent various social groups, since success in elections can only be ensured by the party that will express not narrow group, but national interests.
3) Social integration. Achieving agreement with the existing system, social conformism, reconciliation of the interests of conflicting social groups.
4) Political socialization of citizens. The inclusion of a person in the world of politics through the formation of value orientations, social and political attitudes, the skills of socio-political activity, the formation of public opinion in order to provide ideological support for the party and discredit its political opponents.
5) Political recruiting, the formation of the ruling elite. Training and promotion of personnel and coordination of their work in state authorities, public organizations and movements.
6) Development and implementation of a political course (it is necessary to formulate disagreements with other political forces on the main issues of social development).
In order to effectively implement these functions, political parties need material resources. Sources of funding for political parties can be grouped into the following three groups:
Own party funds. They are formed at the expense of entrance and membership fees, deductions from the salaries of leading party members, income from property and entrepreneurial activities. There are some restrictions here. For example, in Slovakia, political parties are prohibited from having property abroad, in Egypt and Ethiopia - to engage in entrepreneurial activities. In addition, this side of the activities of political parties can lead to the fact that, while engaging in entrepreneurial activities, parties merge with financial and industrial capital.
Private financing. It includes voluntary donations of individuals and legal entities. Most democratic states legally limit or completely prohibit financial support for political parties from charitable and religious organizations, state enterprises, anonymous sponsors, from abroad. So, in the USA, Israel is forbidden to accept assistance from private legal entities (societies, organizations, firms, etc.). Sometimes the law determines both the amount of donations and the specific activity to be financed.
State funding. The state provides direct financial support to those parties that have passed the electoral threshold. There is a practice of distributing finances depending on the number of votes received by the party in elections (Germany, Sweden). In Denmark, Finland, Italy, the amount of financial assistance is determined by the number of received deputy mandates. In addition, there is also indirect state support for political parties. Parties are provided with free airtime, places for publications and statements in the media, etc.
The leadership of a political party must publish reports on the sources of financial income, expenditure of funds, property of the party. Almost all countries have limits on campaign spending.
The political system of society is a set of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interaction and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised
determination of goals, objectives, ways of development of society;
organization of the company's activities to achieve the set goals;
distribution of material and spiritual resources;
coordination of various interests of the subjects of the political process;
development and implementation in society of various norms of behavior;
ensuring the stability and security of society;
political socialization of the individual, familiarizing people with political life;
control over the implementation of political and other norms of behavior, suppression of attempts to violate them.
Political science distinguishes four main elements of the political system, also called subsystems:
institutional,
communicative,
normative,
cultural and ideological.
Institutional subsystem - includes political organizations (institutions), among which the state occupies a special place. Of non-governmental organizations, political parties and socio-political movements play an important role in the political life of society.
Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. Allocate primary and secondary (derivative) political relations. The former include various forms of interaction between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, the latter - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.
Political relations are built on the basis of certain rules (norms). Political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society constitute the normative subsystem of the political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their statutory and program norms. In many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with written political norms, unwritten customs and traditions are of great importance.
Political culture is the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, in which knowledge, beliefs and behavior patterns of a person and social groups are combined. The main directions of the reform of the political system in our country are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by referendum on December 12, 1993.
Law is a historically established system of values that regulates social relations, the nomes of human behavior. The right can be enshrined in the form of a law that is binding on all members of society, or exist in the form of a model, an ideal.
Human rights are understood as a legally guaranteed measure of the possible behavior of an individual.
The legal status of a person is characterized by a set of rights and freedoms that belong to her by law.
Human freedom is defined as the legalized ability to act in accordance with one's will.
Natural law concept - human rights belong to him from birth by virtue of natural laws, they do not depend on the recognition of the state, they cannot be taken away or eliminated. The state must enshrine in laws, ensure the possibility of existence and create an effective mechanism for protecting human rights and freedoms.
The ideas of the world community about human rights and freedoms are reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Freedoms (adopted by the UN in 1948).
In 1993, the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrined fundamental human rights and freedoms.
In our country, the rights of man and citizen are proclaimed among the foundations of the constitutional system.
The most common classification of human rights and freedoms is their division in accordance with the spheres of social relations into civil, political, economic, social and cultural.
Civil rights include: the right to life, to liberty and security of person, to honor and dignity, to citizenship, equality before the law and court, freedom to choose a place of residence, etc.
Political rights ensure the participation of citizens in the political life of the country.
Economic rights include: the right to be an owner, the right to inherit, the right to work and free choice of profession, the right to rest, etc.
Social rights include: the right to social security, the right to education, the right to medical care, the right to protection of motherhood and childhood, etc.
Cultural rights are rights that ensure the spiritual development and self-realization of the individual.
Human rights and freedoms can only be limited by law to protect the constitutional order and the interests of other citizens.
protecting - the right to life, to the inviolability of the person, etc.;
the activity of the person himself - the right to freedom of creativity, the right to earn a living by freely chosen work;
a group of rights obliging the state and society to take care of a person, create social security for him; the right to health care, etc.
A right is only a right when it is protected by a court. Each person must have a legal culture (know their rights and be able to protect them).
Constitution (lat.) - establishment, device. On December 12, 1993, the Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by popular vote - the first democratic Constitution in the history of Russia.
The constitution is an agreement between the government and the people, in which the people strive to fix their rights and freedoms, and the government approves such a form of government in which justice, protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens should be implemented.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the fundamental law of the country, which has the highest legal force.
consolidate and guarantee fundamental human rights;
streamline state power;
approve justice;
to regulate the formation of executive state authorities;
establish an electoral system.
The Constitution includes a set of legal norms that fix the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation; human rights, freedoms and obligations.
Public order is ensured by the cumulative action of various social norms that form the normative system of society.
Social norms of different types differ from each other in the ways of their formation, the way they are enforced, the forms of consolidation.
Customs (and traditions close to them) are the rules of behavior that have developed spontaneously, in a natural way and, as a result of repeated repetition, have been fixed in the minds of people. Non-compliance with customs entails a negative reaction from the environment (condemnation, censure), i.e. measures of public influence.
Religious norms are the rules of conduct enshrined in the sacred books of the respective religions. Compliance with these norms is ensured by the fear of "God's punishment", retribution awaiting sinners.
The norms of public organizations are the rules of conduct established by the highest body of an organization (for example, a political party). Compliance with these norms is ensured by the possibility of applying measures of public influence provided for by the same charter of the party (this may be a reprimand, exclusion from the ranks of the party).
The state establishes only the norms of law, no other social norms are created by the state. The state also protects only legal norms from violations, while the observance of other social norms is ensured by measures of social influence.
Moral norms are the rules that develop naturally in the course of the life of society and express people's ideas about good and evil, about justice, duty, and honor. Compliance with moral standards is ensured by the possibility of applying measures of social influence, but still, a person is mainly guided by certain moral standards because of his inner conviction that such behavior is necessary. The inner guarantor of morality is conscience.
Rules of law - clearly indicate what participants in a regulated relationship are allowed to do (i.e. what legal rights they have), what they must do (i.e. what legal obligations they have) and what they cannot do (legal prohibitions), and also what measures are applied to violators of these instructions.
Law is the sum of obligatory norms and rules of conduct established by the state.
Law is a special regulator of social relations of human behavior; it finds its expression in the system of legal (legal) norms (rules), which reinforce the ideas of order and justice that have historically developed in society.
subjective right, ensuring the freedom of the individual;
objective law - a set of generally binding rules expressed in laws.
Law is built on three elements:
moral:
state;
economy.
Law is a set of legal norms that establish:
who and when should perform them; under what conditions (hypothesis);
what should this performance (disposition) consist of?
what are the consequences of non-compliance (sanction).
A legal norm is a general rule that regulates the behavior of people, their teams by granting them subjective rights and imposing on them appropriate legal obligations.
The fundamentals of the legal status are enshrined in Chapter 2 of the Constitution, at the same time, the Basic Law of the Russian Federation explicitly states that the enumeration of fundamental rights and freedoms in it should not be interpreted as a denial or derogation of other generally accepted human and civil rights.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation, fixing the rights and freedoms of a person, proceeds from their natural, inalienable nature. According to the Constitution, in our state laws should not be issued that abolish or diminish the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen. At the same time, the exercise of rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of other persons, public and state interests.
Of great importance in the legal status of a person and citizen is the principle of equality before the law and the court, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, social origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations.
The Constitution provides for the possibility of restricting the rights and freedoms of a citizen in the state and public interests, but only by federal law and only to the extent necessary to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of others, to ensure the defense of the country and state security.
Civil rights and freedoms express the humanistic foundations of society, protect individual freedoms from outside interference - these are the rights to life, liberty and personal integrity; state protection of the dignity of the individual; the right to secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, telegraph and other communications; the right of everyone to privacy, personal and family secrets, protection of their honor and good name; the inviolability of the home; the right to determine and indicate one's nationality; the right to use their native language, free choice of the language of communication, education, training and creativity; the right of legally located on the territory of Russia to freedom of movement and choice of place of stay, place of residence; freedom of thought and speech, the right to freely seek, receive, transmit, produce and distribute information in any legal way; freedom of conscience and religion; the right of every person to participate in associations and public events.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes democracy through the granting of political rights to its citizens: the right to participate in the management of state affairs, both directly and through its representatives, the right to apply directly, as well as send individual and collective appeals to state bodies of local self-government.
Everyone has the right to freely use their abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other activities not prohibited by law. The right of private property is recognized and protected by law, incl. to the ground. Everyone has the right to work, the right to freely dispose of their abilities for work, to choose the type of activity and profession. The right to wages not lower than the minimum established by federal law, the right to protection against unemployment, the right to individual and collective labor disputes, including the right to strike, are fixed.
The right to social security in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, the upbringing of children and in other cases provided for by law. The right to housing, health protection and medical care is also secured (a constitutional guarantee for the provision of free medical care in state and municipal medical institutions); general availability and free of charge of preschool, basic general and secondary vocational education in state or municipal educational institutions. There is even a right to a favorable environment, to reliable information about its condition, non-compensation for damage caused to people's health or their property by environmental offenses, and even the right to compensation for damage caused by the fault of state bodies and officials.
The Constitution of Russia guarantees state protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The right of everyone to protect their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests by all means not prohibited by law is also enshrined. A new duty of the state, its bodies and officials has been fixed to provide everyone with the opportunity to familiarize themselves with documents and materials that directly affect their rights and freedoms.
Among legal guarantees, judicial protection, which is guaranteed to everyone, is of particular importance. The Constitution establishes that decisions and actions of officials, state bodies and local self-government may be appealed in court. In addition, if all domestic legal remedies have been exhausted, a citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to apply to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms.
The Constitution guarantees everyone the right to receive legal assistance, the right of the accused to the assistance of a lawyer. Citizens have the right to state compensation for damage caused by illegal actions or inaction of state bodies and their officials. The highest guarantee is the establishment of the presumption of innocence by the Constitution, which is disclosed in Article 49.
In accordance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Family Code of the Russian Federation contains the rules of the rights of minor children.
Respect for the personality, honor and rights of the child, guaranteed by law, makes it possible to prepare him for an independent life in society.
basic, basic: for life, for equality in the exercise of rights, etc.;
family well-being of the child (obliges parents to take care of children, the state - to help children left without parents, etc.);
ensures the free development of the child's personality (the right to freely express one's opinion, to form associations, to have freedom of thought, conscience and religion);
ensures the health of children (the right to use the most advanced health care services, etc.);
ensures the education of children and their cultural development (the right to free education, the use of cultural achievements, etc.);
is designed to protect the child from economic and other exploitation, from involvement in the production and distribution of drugs, from inhuman detention and treatment in places of detention, etc.
The birth certificate of the child, issued by the registry office, is proof of the origin of the child from the parents indicated in it.
Personal legal relations include: the right of a child to a name, patronymic and surname, the right to receive education from parents, the right of children to protect their rights. Property legal relations include: the child's right to clothes, shoes, books, and other things purchased by parents. The child has the right to be provided with everything necessary for life, to receive alimony, to attend pre-school educational institutions, to receive free basic education and complete secondary education, the right to protection of honor and dignity, etc.
The right to education is one of the most constitutional ones, enshrined both in international documents and in the laws of many countries, which guarantee the general availability of education.
After graduating from basic school, a young person can enter a school where qualified workers are trained.
The right of citizens to education is guaranteed by the state and recognized by society.
Education is achieved in various ways. The initial stage takes place in the family - the first knowledge about good and evil, about duties and rights, teaching the basics of literacy, familiarizing with the values of life and culture. The most important stage of education is the school, where primary, basic and complete general education is given. Gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, private educational institutions - this is an alternative education - one of the signs of humanization.
