3 dialect words and their meaning. Miscellaneous vocabulary. The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S. Turgenev and V.G. Rasputin

From dialects, from "soil", then he, like

Ancient Antaeus, would have lost all his strength

And would be like a dead language, which

Now is the Latin language.

L.V. Shcherba

The language of writing, science, culture, fiction, official business documents is the literary language, but the means of everyday communication for a considerable part of the inhabitants of Russia is their native dialect. .

A dialect, or dialect, is the smallest territorial variety of a language spoken by residents of several nearby villages, if their speech is uniform, or one village. Dialects are characterized by phonetic, grammatical features, as well as specific vocabulary.

Dialectisms are the words of local dialects that are found in the speech of people from a certain dialect environment and are used in the language of fiction as a means of stylization (in order to create local color, speech characteristics of characters).

Depending on the nature of the differences between a dialect word and a literary one, the following types of dialectisms are distinguished:

1. Phonetic dialectisms reflect the features of the sound system of dialects. This is a okan, yak, clatter, pronunciation of [γ] fricative, pronunciation of [x] and [xv] in place of [f]: milk, byada, na[γ ]a, hvartukh, potato, custo. Yes, in a ditty How Baranovsky girls say a letter "tse": "Give me soap, a towel and tsulotski on the pepper!"- the clatter is reflected, which is characteristic of the Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Ryazan and many other dialects.

2. Grammatical dialectisms reflect the features of the grammatical structure of dialects. For example, nouns may differ in gender ( red sun, my towels, gray mouse), number ( the heat was strong) belonging to another type of declension, to have an ending in one case or another that is unusual for the literary language. Here is an example from A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”: Pincushion and scissors, how cute! Pearls ground into white! Noun whitewash(only plural) in the accusative case, the ending is -ы, which reflects the peculiarity of the dialect of Moscow, which at the beginning of the 19th century was considered a literary norm. It was also permissible in those days to use [t] soft in the 3rd person of verbs, which is now assessed as a dialectal feature characteristic of the South Russian dialect. For example, the poet S. Marin (1776-1813) rhymes a verb in an indefinite form be in love from belongs, standing in the form of 3 persons, which indicates the pronunciation of soft [t] : You can’t have doubts, So that I could love another, If every movement of the heart belongs to You alone.

The special use of prepositions also belongs to grammatical dialectisms ( He came from Moscow), constructions unusual for the literary language (Be breaking your cup).

3. Lexical dialectisms subdivided into:

but) proper lexical- local names of objects and phenomena that have synonyms in the literary language ( Basque - beautiful, bayat - talk, lead - hayloft, hefty - very);

b) lexical-phonetic dialectisms reflect irregular (represented by isolated cases and "unpredictable", in contrast to okanya, yakanya, clatter, etc.) phonetic features ( cherry - cherry, hollow - hollow, tease - tease, breakfast - breakfast). A variety of lexical-phonetic dialectisms are accentological- words that differ from literary stress ( h but dry - zas at ha, in e rba - willow but, X about cold - cold about).

in) lexical and derivational dialectisms - words that have some differences in the word-formation structure compared to the words of the literary language ( stay - visit, fox - fox, groin - smell).

4. Semantic dialectisms- these are words that have a different meaning than in the literary language (garmelon "pumpkin", good-natured "porcini mushroom", bridge "floor", teapot "a person who loves to drink tea").

5. Ethnographic dialectisms- names of objects, phenomena that have no analogues in the literary language. This is due to the peculiarities of life, housekeeping, the flow of rituals in a certain area. This includes the names of residential and outbuildings, their parts, tools, clothes, kitchen utensils, dishes (poneva “a type of skirt worn by married peasant women”, novina “severe canvas”, tues “a vessel made of birch bark”, a door opener “a person who opens door during the wedding ceremony).

6. Phraseological dialectisms- these are stable combinations of words that occur only in dialects ( enter into goodness “enter into trust”, bring yourself out “arrange your life”, tie your head up “stop doing something”).

Linguist V.I. Chernyshev noted: “Vocabulary of the village is richer than the reserves of the city ... When we want to expand our historical and philological education, then knowledge of the national language will provide us with invaluable services.”

Due to the preservation of many archaic features, dialects serve as material for historical and linguistic research, explanations of the ancient monuments of the language. So, in some dialects, soft hissing [zh], [sh] are still preserved.

The study of dialects helps to better understand the relationship of the Slavic languages. For example, in Russian dialects, the custom to help each other in work, if it needs to be completed urgently or it is time-consuming, is called help/help, cleanup/cleanup(compare with Belarusian talaka/taloka), and the feast of the completion of the harvest - backs / backs / backs.

The fate of the dialect is inseparable from the life of the people. The boundaries of linguistic phenomena often coincide with ancient political boundaries. For example, word boundaries petun "rooster", leash "flail" quite accurately correspond to the borders of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Therefore, dialectology is closely connected with such branches of scientific knowledge as history, archeology, ethnography, and folklore.

Many Russian writers loved the living folk word. Especially often S.T. Aksakov, N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, M. Sholokhov resorted to dialectisms.

The literary language constantly affects the dialects, and they are gradually destroyed, losing many features, but the dialects, in turn, affect the literary language. So, from the dialects came the words strawberry, plow, bagel. Especially often the literary language lacks expressive vocabulary, which quickly "fades", loses its original expressiveness. In these cases, dialects come to the aid of the literary language.

(gr. dialectos - adverb, dialect), have in their composition a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia, the stag is called grip, clay pot - mahotka, bench - condition etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; in an official setting, dialect speakers usually switch to a common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.

The original language of the Russian people was imprinted in the dialects, in certain features of local dialects, relic forms of Old Russian speech were preserved, which are the most important source of restoration of historical processes that once affected our language.

Dialects differ from the common national language in various features - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group the dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common features.

1. Lexical dialectisms- words known only to speakers of the dialect and outside of it, having neither phonetic nor derivational variants. For example, in South Russian dialects there are words beetroot (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (speak), in the northern sash (belt), peplum (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In the common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects, concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain locality: shanezhki - "pies prepared in a special way", shingles - "special potato pancakes", nardek - "watermelon molasses", l / anarka - "kind of outerwear", poneva - "a kind of skirt", etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the national language, since the objects themselves, designated by these words, have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothes, food, plants, etc.

3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge- "floor in the hut", lips - "mushrooms of all varieties, except white", shout (someone)- "call for", myself- "master, husband", etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect cai(tea), chain(chain) - the consequences of "clattering" and "choking" characteristic of northern dialects; hverma(farm), paper(paper), passport(the passport), life(a life).

5. Word-building dialectisms - words that have received a special affix in the dialect: stump(rooster), goose(goose), upskirt(calf), strawberry(strawberry), bro(brother), Shuryak(brother-in-law), darma(for nothing) forever(always), from where(where), pokeda(till), Evonian(his), theirs(them), etc.

6. Morphological dialectisms - forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go), ending - am nouns in the instrumental plural ( under the pillars), ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: me, you and etc.

Dialect features are also characteristic of the syntactic and phraseological levels, but they do not constitute the subject of study of the lexical system of the language.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. There are words in Russian that are not used everywhere, but, for example, only in a separate region, city, or even terrain.

It is sometimes even difficult for an outsider to understand what is at stake, although they denote objects that are understandable to everyone (for example, KOCHET is a rooster, and SHIBKO is a synonym for “strongly”).

These words are called dialectisms, that is, they are, in fact, markers of the local dialect of the Russian language. In this article you find many examples such words, the definition of the term and examples from literary works where dialectisms are used.

What are dialectisms and examples of words

Dialectisms are words or turns of speech that are characteristic of the inhabitants of a certain region. They are universally used in a particular area, while their more common synonyms, on the contrary, are not in use.

Like many terms in Russian, the word "dialectism" came to us from Ancient Greece. And it literally means "talk", "conversation", "adverb".

Examples of dialectic words:

And here real life example. Before continuing the story of what dialectisms are in Russian, I would like to recall a story from my personal life. Even at the dawn of my relationship with my wife, we had a funny incident. She asked me to go to the grocery store and even sent me a list of what to buy on her phone. One of the points puzzled me, namely the name " BURYAK».

I thought for a long time that this was a typo, but I never guessed what it was about. And when I called back, it turned out that this was an ordinary BEET. But in her small homeland, and she grew up in the Lipetsk region, they don’t say the word “beetroot”, but they say exactly “beetroot”. In my 30 years of living in Moscow, I have never heard such a thing.

But the confusion didn't end there. BULLA was also on the list. Then I did not call back, I bought several buns - small ones, and even with different fillings. And only at home it turned out that by this word she meant a loaf of white bread. It is interesting that she and her family always called only black bread by the word BREAD.

A little later, I found out that there is no mistake here, and such words in Russian are called dialectisms.

Examples of dialectisms from different regions of Russia

So, almost every region of Russia has its own characteristic words that are used only there. One of the clearest examples is difference between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The distance between the cities is only some 700 kilometers, but as if they speak different languages.

So, in the Northern capital they also say BULL instead of BATON, SHAVERMA instead of HAURMA, CUMBER instead of DONUTS, CHICKEN instead of CHICKEN. They also call the entrance FRONT, the curb POREBNIK, the ladle LADLE, and the well-known clothes hoodie KENGURUKHA.

And such linguistic features exist in almost every region of our country.

Altai region:

1. Vyderga is a harmful woman;
2. Shanezhki - buns;
3. Victoria - strawberries;
4. Multifora - stationery file;
5. To slow down is to do something very slowly.

Bashkiria:

1. Ayda - let's go, come on;
2. Sabantuy - crowd, gathering.

Bryansk region:

1. Wrinkle - borscht;
2. Skrygotnik - train;
3. Gaino - disorder;
4. Kimari - sleep.

Primorsky Krai:

1. Nabka - embankment;
2. Vtarit - buy;
3. Lantern - very simple;
4. I shake a crab - I shake my hand.

Volgograd region:

1. Kuschari - bushes;
2. Kulya - a bunch of hair;
3. Rastyka is a clumsy person.

Pskov region;

1. Zhuravin - cranberry;
2. Diyanki - mittens.

Irkutsk region;

1. Forks - a head of cabbage;
2. Stramina is a bad person;
3. Buragozit - noisy scandal.

And this is not the whole list. According to numerous dialectisms, residents of any region of Russia immediately recognize visitors.

But such words are used, as a rule, only in colloquial speech. The common Russian language is used in schools, institutes and working documentation. Otherwise, there would be a terrible mess.

Classification of dialectisms with examples of words

All dialectisms in the Russian language are usually divided into several categories, depending on what characteristic features they have.

The main thing, do not confuse dialectisms with so-called professionalisms. The latter are called words that are characteristic not for some regions, but for a group of people.

So, motorists often call the steering wheel of a car a ROOM, journalists have the concept of a FISH (draft of the future text), and pilots say GIVE A GOAT during a hard landing.

Examples of dialectisms in literature

A lot of dialectisms can be found on the pages of books, especially in the works of Russian classics. With their help, writers more accurately convey the atmosphere of the place where the action of this or that novel takes place, making it more original, and the images of literary heroes more vivid.

For example, Michael in his novel " Quiet Don” with the help of dialectisms more accurately describes the life of the Don Cossacks. So, instead of the usual word “hut”, he uses the local “KUREN”, “LEVADAMI” calls the backyard grove, and “BAZOM” - a place in the courtyard of the house where livestock is kept. And instead of the verb "to speak" on the pages of the novel, there is only the Rostov "GUTORIT".

Rarely seen him since then on the farm. Prokofy Melikhov lived in his KUREN in the outskirts of a biryuk. And they said wonderful things about him on the farm.

By evening a storm had gathered. There was a brown cloud over the farm. Behind the LEVADA, dry lightning scorched the sky, thunder crushed the earth with rare peals.

Aksinya cleaned herself up early, raked in the heat, wrapped up the pipe, and, having washed the dishes, looked out the window that looked out at BAZ.

But the action of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's story " Matryonin yard takes place in the Vladimir region. And it also contains examples of local dialectisms. So, the floors in the house are called “BRIDGES” there, the basement is “BASECELL”, and the entrance room in the hut is called “ROOM”.

Behind the front door, steps rose to spacious BRIDGES, high overshadowed by the roof. To the left, more steps led up to the ROOM - a separate log house without a stove, and steps down to the GROUND.

And finally, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in their " Evenings on a farm near Dikanka»The whole story is told in a special Russian language - with the words that were used many centuries ago in Ukraine (and some are still in use).

And there is so much rubbish in the world, and you also produced ZHINOK (wives)!

A SHINOK (tavern) appeared before the Cossacks, falling to one side, like a woman on the way from a merry christening.

They gave the Pole a blow under his nose, and they brewed a wedding: they baked cones, sewed RUSHNIKOV (towel) and HUSTOK (shawl).

Of course, the presence of dialectisms in literature creates many difficulties, primarily for readers. Indeed, sometimes it is difficult to guess at all what is at stake. That is why in such books they make footnotes "note" to decipher this or that meaning.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

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Elements of any territorial dialect, widely used beyond, in common speech, in fiction, are called dialectisms.

The names of evening meetings of youth are often mentioned in ditties. In the north it conversations, and in the south seating, gatherings:

For fun conversation

Droli did not show up:

They walked through the swamp

Choked on cranberries. Drola– ‘dear (th), beloved’

I came to sit around ,

Didn't find mine drought. Drought- ‘that (one) that dried, likes’

Depending on the nature of the differences between a dialect word and a literary one, the following types of dialectisms are distinguished:

1. Phonetic dialectisms reflect the features of the sound system of dialects. This is a okan, yak, clatter, pronunciation of [γ] fricative, pronunciation of [x] and [xv] in place of [f]: milk, bada, na[γ]a, hvartukh, potatoes, custo. Yes, in a ditty How the Baranovsky girls say with the letter “tse”: “Give me soap, a towel and tsulotski on the pepper!”- the clatter is reflected, which is characteristic of the Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Ryazan and many other dialects. A variety of phonetic dialectisms are accentological- words that differ from literary ones with an accent (in the literary language, zasukha - in the dialect drought, willow - willow).

2. Grammatical dialectisms reflect the features of the grammatical structure of dialects. For example, nouns may differ in gender ( red sun, my towels, gray mouse), number ( heat were strong), belonging to another type of declension, to have an ending in one case or another that is unusual for the literary language. Here is an example from A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit": Pincushion and scissors, how cute! Pearls crushed into whitewash ! Noun whitewash(only plural) in the accusative case, the ending is -ы, which reflects the peculiarity of the dialect of Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century, which was considered a literary norm. It was permissible in those days to use [t] soft in the 3rd person of verbs, which is now assessed as a dialectal feature characteristic of the South Russian dialect. For example, the poet S. Marin (1776-1813) rhymes a verb in an indefinite form be in love with p belongs to, standing in the form of 3 persons, which indicates the pronunciation of the soft [t]:

You can't have doubts

So that I can be different be in love,

Kohl hearts every movement

You alone belongs [T' ].

The special use of prepositions also belongs to grammatical dialectisms ( He from Moscow has arrived), constructions unusual for the literary language ( Be break you a cup).

3. Lexical dialectisms- local names of objects and phenomena that have synonyms in the literary language ( Basque- 'beautiful', bayat- 'talk', tell a story- 'hayloft', hefty- 'very'): I have in Vologda god building manager(V. Belov. The usual thing): god - ‘ relative ’ .

4. Semantic dialectisms- these are words that have a different meaning than in the literary language ( thin- 'bad', good-natured- 'White mushroom', bridge'floor', kettle– ‘a person who likes to drink tea’).

5. Ethnographic dialectisms- names of objects, phenomena that have no analogues in the literary language. This is due to the peculiarities of life, housekeeping, the flow of rituals in a certain area. This includes the names of residential and outbuildings, their parts, tools, clothing, kitchen utensils, dishes ( poneva‘kind of skirt worn by married peasant women’, novelty‘harsh canvas’, tuesok, tuesok‘vessel made of birch bark’, doorman‘the person who opens the door during the wedding ceremony’).

B agres cloths- fabric of purple color (from "crimson", "crimson").
bass- beauty, decoration; Basco is beautiful.
Baskoy- beautiful, elegant.
Hood- the head of the fishing cooperative.
Bayat- speak, say.
Safely- boldly.
Safely- without warning.
Beloyarovaya- light, selected; a constant epithet in epics, indicating the ideal quality of grain.
Berchataya - patterned.
Besedushka- seat, bench; a special place under a canopy on ships; company, party .
birdo- affiliation of the weaving mill.
bloody- young, young.
Bortnik- one who is engaged in beekeeping, that is, forest beekeeping, the extraction of honey from wild bees.
Bochag- a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Bozhatushka- godmother.
Most - position.
Brany- patterned (about fabric).
Bratchina- a feast arranged on holidays in clubbing .
Brother, brother- brother, a metal bowl for drinking.
Buoy wand- battle club.
Burzametsky (spear) - see: Murzametsky.
bro- brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno- food, food, meal, edible.
Bullshit, bullshit- a small net, which is used to fish together, fording.
Buyava, buyovo- cemetery, grave.
Former - like, like.
bylica- a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka- a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not in doubt.

Important- hard, hard.
Valyak, valyachny, valyashchaty - cast, chased, carved, chiselled, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on a mound, on a jew's harp”) - maybe from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; sloping, open place in the forest.
Vereda - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(rope, rope, rope) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretier- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps the spindle is meant, i.e. the type of sucker - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, couple, couple.
Pounded miles - probably from "gverst" - coarse sand, crushed stone.
nativity scene- cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slots in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead.
Evening- yesterday.
uplift- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, rod, long branch.
Water carrier - vessel for carrying and storing water, drinking.
Volzhanskaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Volokitnoy (bow) - ordinary, everyday, worn out.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Votchina - estate (hereditary, family); patronymic; "by patrimony" - by inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut serving as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
dress up- say something to yourself.
howl - food, eating; the amount of food at a time; meal hour.
Outputs - tribute, give.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, vyazinochka - club made of flexible wood, used for the manufacture of skids, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viry, iry)- a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- snowstorm.

G ah- oak forest, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, naked, devoid of vegetation and stones.
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
Grenesh - you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes .
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
grenesh- you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
Gridenko, Gridnya, Grinya, Grynushka - reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness over the shafts.
Gusli, goslings, goslings- plucked string instrument.
fit- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; laugh, mock.
godina- good clear weather, bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
dutch- chervonets beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- a dime; in ancient Russia, the monetary unit is a silver or gold ingot weighing about a pound.
garden bed- a shelf going from the oven to the wall.
Lip- gulf, bay.
Horn- a three-string violin without notches on the sides of the body. Barn - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.

D eever- Brother husband.
Nine- Nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the lineage of the hero.
Del - share division of production ("share to divide").
Hold - to spend; does not hold - is not spent, does not dry out.
Sufficient - befits, befits; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a ratovishe, i.e., a weapon, perhaps long-stinging - with a long edge.
Dolon - Palm.
Dolyubi - enough, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got it? (enough?)- in the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“it does not enter the thought”).
Fool - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's estate - family estate, passed into possession by lateral inheritance.
deja- dough for dough, sourdough; tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- Palm.
Dosyulny- old, old.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Drola- dear, dear, beloved.

E ndova- a wide copper bowl with a spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless jacket, fur coat.
Ernishny- from "yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch bush.
Yerofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Estva- food, meal.

Zhalnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; cattle.
Zhito- any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (northern), unground rye (southern), any spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- an old semi-caftan.

Z complain- to complain, to cry.
Zagneta (zagneta)- the ash pan of the Russian stove.
conspiracy- the last day before fasting, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch for damage or destruction of the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- soiled or contaminated something new clean; lightening the heart (from “renew”; take the soul to lighten the heart).
get excited- rejoice.
Zarod- a large stack of hay, bread, not a round masonry, but an oblong one.
Zasek- bin, bin; bin partition.
Zen- Earth.
Zinut- take a look.
Zipun- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar.
Mature- ripe berries.

And sleep- praise, glory, thank you.

To the azak, the Cossack- worker. (worker), laborer, hired worker.
Damask- ancient dense silk patterned Chinese fabric.
Eve- festive beer, mash.
loaves- wheat pancakes.
wire rod- boots.
cue, cue- stick, staff, batog.
kitty- bag.
kitina- grass stem, pea stalk.
Kichka- an old Russian festive headdress of a married woman.
Intestine- homemade sausage.
crate- room or pantry in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet.
Kluka- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant plank roof or to bend thatched.
Kokurka- an egg bun.
Komel- thickened lower part of the spinning wheel; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.
Komon- horse, horse.
Konovatny- from Asian silk fabric, which went to the bedspread, veil.
kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a log house.
Kopyl- a short bar in the sledge runners, which serves as a support for the body.
Mower- a large knife with a thick and wide blade.
Bonfire (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after their beating, scratching.
Skewed (skewed) window- a window made of mesh-jambs or metal rods twisted at an angle, typical of Russia until the 18th century.
cats- a type of warm footwear.
red corner- the corner in the hut where the icons hung.
the beauty- the bride's crown of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and girlish will.
Croma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma-big cream” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, that is the name of a rich, prosperous person.
Red (cut)- manual weaving machine; thread base when weaving on a manual loom; cloth woven on crosses.
Krosenets- homespun shirts.
Krynitsa- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrowish and high.
Tow- a combed and tied bunch of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- slovenly, untidy person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
smoke- make up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in the hut under the images or near the stove: "rotten kut" - northwest wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

Ladka- a little fluff.
Ladom- well, as it should.
swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the armpits of the shirt sleeves.
Lolden- ice cube.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in the lake protruding from the water.

Maina- polynya.
Mother, mother- the average ceiling beam in the hut.
Intermediate (intermediate)- long, long, summer.
low water- the average water level, which is established after the flood (in June - before the heat and drought).
Merezha- a fishing net stretched over a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, "by the whole world."
Molodik- young month.
Muzzle- braided wicker.
Morok- (haze) - a cloud, a cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
ant- glazed.
Myalitsa- a pulper, a projectile with which flax and hemp are crushed, cleaning the fibers from the bonfire.

N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, chagrin.
Nat- it is necessary (abbreviated from "put on" - it is necessary).
pull on- to stumble, attack.
Neblyzhny- real, real.
Unsatisfactory- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
novelty- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas; new harvest grain.
night- last night.

Oh attendants- mushroom, boletus.
to charm (to charm)- stipulate, jinx it.
deaf-eared- long-eared, eared, long-eared.
spin- dress; dress up (young after the crown in women's clothing); marry.
Omshanik- a felling frame for the wintering of bees.
Onuchi- windings for a leg under a boot or bast shoes, footcloth.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn and tattered shoes.
yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year on the site of mowed.
Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in the hut, on which the cradle was hung.

to live- pasture, pasture.
pasma- part of a skein of thread, yarn.
pelchaty- with a fringe.
fallow- neglected arable land.
Tell me, tell me- barn, barn; shed, roof over the yard; covered courtyard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
undercut- “sleigh with undercuts” - with a shackled sledge rune.
Pokut- front angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- an old small copper coin in a quarter of a kopeck.
Poppelunik (sprinkler)- from "peel": ashes, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
powder- falling snow layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
post- strip, field; plot, a section of a field occupied by reapers.
jaundiced- from wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- lingering, mournful.
span- the beginning of summer, June, it's time to petrovka.
Pryazhets- cake, pancakes in butter; black flour pancake with butter.
spinner- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Pryaslo- part of the fence from pole to pole; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which the fishing is carried out.
Pyalichki- hoops.

Dress up- to try, to care, to assist. Get undressed - undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- splay, spread, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- a heart.
zealous, zealous- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a barn for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- crossroads, crossing roads, where they say goodbye, part, part.
Rubel- a wooden block with a handle and transverse grooves for rolling (ironing) linen.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, toss.
Row (rada)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction when buying, hiring, supplying, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.

From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freezing.
Scroll- top long clothes (usually for Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- Wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain, which the sower wears over his shoulder.
week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko north, north wind.
to give birth quickly- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, bend.
get bored- gather in a bunch, in one place.
funny- delicious.
Smychin- knotty, strong stick, going to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
in order- neighbor, fellow villager (from "row" - street).
Stavets- big cup, bowl.
flock- a stall, a barnyard, a paddock, a fenced-off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stamovik- hedge from a small forest.
Village inconvenient- the children of the deceased.
Surplice- clothes of a clergyman, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
fear- the lower, hanging edge of the roof of a wooden house, hut.
tie- poles, lay down, thick sticks to strengthen a haystack or cart with hay.
Sukoleno- knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
Adversary- rival.
Susek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Syta- honey broth; water sweetened with honey.

T alan- happiness, luck, destiny.
Talina- thawed earth, thawed earth.
tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- web.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one throw of a seine; a place where they fish.
Torok- a gust of wind, a squall.
Torok (torok)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo, a travel bag to it.
Torok- a bat, a torn road.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse's mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tuleley- tulle frill.
yablo- kivot, shelf for icons.

At beam- elegant headdress, wedding veil.
supper bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, the number of sheaves.
Shrink (of water)- to come to low water, to the usual, average state, quantity.
steal- caulk in one fell swoop, prepare for the winter.

H alo- hoped, it seemed.
Chelo- the front of the Russian oven.
Cheremny- red, red.
Blackberry, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- Martin.
Thursday- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 any units (for example, a bag of 4 pounds).
Chuyka- a long cloth caftan.

Shalyga (shelyga)- braided ball; wooden ball; whip, whip, whip.
shanga- Cheesecake, juicy, simple cake.
scaly- with a convex hat.
Sherstobit- the one who beats, pats, pushes wool.
wool- hornets.
Shestok- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian furnace.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a piece of fabric in full width.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.

scherbota- inferiority.

I'm barking, barkingbarren (of cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a constant epithet for the harp.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.