Dedicated to my teacher of the history of the CPSU
at the DSU Shevchenko to Associate Professor Serishcheev Ya.M.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov
At first, continuing my “Leninian”, on my own behalf I want to say that I have been studying the history of the CPSU for more than 40 years, before under duress, but now for the sake of truth and with all this I notice that every year I find more and more new sensational topics.
And having thus overcome a huge amount of sources and literature, I was extremely surprised that in the scientific, literary and epistolary heritage of Lenin there is not a single mention of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, the official father of V.I. Ulyanova (Lenin)
Meanwhile, Lenin's mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (born Blank), is mentioned more than 200 times in letters to various recipients, not counting the letters sent by her son personally to her!
Why did this happen to us is completely unclear?
In the same reference volume to the PSS V.I. Lenin is given an index of illustrations
In the section “Portraits of V.I. Lenin and his relatives” contains a list of 20 portraits of Lenin and 9 photographs in which he is captured in a group photograph. In addition, the same section contains a separate list of portraits and photographs of M.A., Ulyanova, A.I. Ulyanova - portraits of Elizarova, D.I. Ulyanova, M.I. Ulyanova, M.T. Elizarova (with a dog) and N.K. Krupskaya. The volumes in which these photographs are given are also indicated (6). In a word, the volumes of Lenin's works include portraits and photographs of almost all the Ulyanovs and people close to them, except for Ilya Nikolayevich. Why?
This state of affairs has created a false opinion among many modern Russian historians that this highly decent, kind and hardworking person had nothing to do with Vladimir Ulyanov and did not take part in his life.
And another very remarkable fact
In the Reference Volume (Part 2) to the "Complete" collected works of V.I. Lenin is given over three thousand names mentioned by Lenin in his writings, letters, telephone messages, telegrams, radiograms and in various notes).
Among them are Lenin's mother, brothers, sisters, their wives and husbands, maternal aunts, cousins, their wives and husbands, N.K. Krupskaya, M.T. Elizarov and his brother, a pupil of A.I. Ulyanova and M.T. Elizarova, nanny of the Ulyanov family, etc. Only the name of Ilya Nikolaevich is missing in the indicated volume.
And since such a historical incident-phenomenon has formed here, then I will probably try for the first time to write a true biography of I.N. Ulyanov.
And our whole history began in the distant and provincial, not only in modern times, but also in those 1830s in the city of Astrakhan.
There lived a certain Astrakhan tradesman Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanov, who, for unknown reasons, died in 1837. And his large family was left without a breadwinner. His wife Anna Alekseevna, as was customary at that time, was a housewife, raised children, the eldest son, Vasily, was 17 years old, the sisters, Maria and Feodosya, were 15 and 13 years old, and the youngest Ilya was in his fifth year.
The family had to be fed, clothed, girls had to be married off. The cares of the family fell on the shoulders of the older man. Judging by the available data, Nikolai Vasilievich did not intend to transfer his skills and his business to the elder Vasily - he did not become a tailor. He was set on a brighter career for his eldest son, so he sent him to school, and then to the gymnasium, hoping that he would learn and become a clerk.
And so it happened. At the age of 13, Vasily helped the family, earning money by compiling petitions, all kinds of petitions for illiterate philistines and peasants. There is an entry on the 18th sheet of the revision tale: “To this tale, the state peasant Stepan Kurguzov", and due to his illiteracy, at his personal request, the philistine son Vasily Ulyanov had a hand in it." A lot of notes were made by Ulyanov's hand. Vasily signed for the petty bourgeois Avdotya Skorobogatova, and for the widow Elena Fedorova, and for the Yurt Tatar Vagap Nurimov. For such services, the boy was paid a penny, but they were a help in the family budget.
According to the notes of Vasily Ulyanov, it is clear that at the age of thirteen he already had a clerical handwriting. A family without a breadwinner had to be supported by an older man, and Vasily was forced to leave school. At first, a friend of Nikolai Vasilievich, Archpriest Nikolai Agafonovich Livanov, helped the family, and he got him into the Sapozhnikov Brothers company, which owned the richest Astrakhan lands and waters.
Young, literate and efficient people were needed by the tax-farmers, Vasily was offered to become a salt-traveler. The Sapozhnikovs received "at the mercy" of the Elton, Basin, Darmin, Kurochkin and Algarin lakes, divided the steppe into plots, planted salt in each bailiff, they gave the bailiff horse guards.
Mounted guards were called watchers or rangers. Among them was Vasily Ulyanov. In one of the issues of the Astrakhan Provincial Gazette for 1841 there is an announcement "On a call to the service." There, among other things, it was said: “The Astrakhan salt administration calls those who wish, who know the letter, to take up the position of watchmen and salt guards. The salary is assigned to such a year 57 rubles in silver.
Vasily's diligence was noticed, and the sensible, agile ranger, the Sapozhnikovs, were transferred to clerks, to an office in Astrakhan. A.I. Elizarova-Ulyanova wrote:
“Vasily Nikolaevich Ulyanov worked for some time as a salt inspector, and then as an clerk of the Brothers Sapozhnikov fishing company. The Salt Office of the Sapozhnikovs was located in the very center of Astrakhan on Moskovskaya Street on the ground floor of Gostiny Dvor. Moscow Street was considered at that time the best in the city.
While still a ranger, Vasily was able to support the household, marry his older sister in marriage to the widower Nikolai Zakharovich Gorshkov, a respectable man.
The merchant class was privileged, the "third estate" after the nobility and the clergy. The "Letter of Letters to the Cities" of 1785 determined the class rights and privileges of the merchant class, which was exempted from the poll tax, corporal punishment, and its elite from recruitment. Mary's marriage to a merchant of the third guild speaks of a certain well-being in the Ulyanov family, prosperity, and most importantly, the position achieved by Vasily, which aroused respect.
Vasily was a sociable and well-read person and enjoyed great prestige.
When his younger brother, Ilya, turned 12, Vasily began to go to different institutions in order to get the documents necessary for his enrollment in the gymnasium.
To fulfill his father's dream - to educate his children - Vasily considered it his duty.
Natives of the "taxable estate" access to the gymnasium was limited. Thanks to the great connections and efforts of the godfather, Archpriest Nikolai Agafonovich Livanov, they managed to get the boy into a gymnasium.
Not a small role was played by the status of Vasily Nikolaevich, which he had acquired by this time in the city.
In 1842, new regulations were issued on the collection of tuition fees. Students were charged three silver rubles a year.
This payment was to be used "to encourage worthy teachers, to help the poor and to strengthen the means of maintaining educational institutions." All the costs associated with education were covered and paid by Vasily for all the years. On September 7, 1843, I. Ulyanov crossed the threshold of the Astrakhan male gymnasium, which mainly taught children of wealthy merchants, nobles, and among them Ilya was considered a poor man.
Ulyanov, as "the poorest student, distinguished by good behavior, abilities and a desire for learning," were awarded cash prizes in 1848 and 1849, 25 rubles each, as an incentive.
When transferring to the VI class, Ilya Ulyanov was marked with a commendable sheet and a book. In the statement of the success of the students of the Astrakhan gymnasium, submitted to the Kazan educational district in 1849, only one of the sixth grade students was presented, having a grade of “five” in most subjects - Ulyanov Ilya.
At a gala evening on July 19, 1850 at the gymnasium, he was presented with a certificate and a silver medal. Not a single student has achieved such success during the entire existence of the gymnasium.
"Certificate
The bearer of this, Ilya Nikolaev's son, Ulyanov, the son of an Astrakhan tradesman, now eighteen years old, studied at the Astrakhan gymnasium from September 7, 1843 to June 10, 1850, during all the time of his teaching he was of excellent behavior and in subjects taught were successful:
In the law of God, sacred and church history - excellent,
Russian grammar and literature are excellent,
mathematics - excellent,
physics - excellent,
stories are good
geography - good,
jurisprudence is excellent.
In languages:
French - excellent,
German - good
in drawing, drafting and calligraphy - excellent.
In witness of which, with the approval of the trustee of the Kazan educational district dated July 6, 1850, No. 2 875, this certificate was given to him, Ulyanov, with the proper signing and with the application of the gymnasium seal, but with the fact that he, Ulyanov, originating from the tax state, does not appear to those no rights to enter the civil service.
Astrakhan, July 19, 1850.
Director of the Aristov schools.
The director of the Astrakhan gymnasium A.P. Aristov wrote in May 1850 to the manager of the Kazan educational district a petition to accept Ilya Ulyanov to the university at public expense:
“A student of an entrusted gymnasium, graduating this year a course of gymnasium teaching with a very good knowledge of science, with excellent behavior, the son of an Astrakhan tradesman, Ilya Ulyanov, asks for my application to place him on one of the scholarships of the Astrakhan boarding school at Kazan University, for further education.
From the very beginning of his admission to the gymnasium, after completing the full course at the district school in 1843, in each class of the gymnasium, he studied with good abilities with very good success, with excellent behavior, and was annually transferred to the upper classes with praise and is now graduating from the course of gymnasium teaching with a very good knowledge of all subjects; but the very poor condition of his own brother, who is raising him, blocks this gifted boy from further education of his mental faculties at the university; he is completely poor and an orphan.
Taking part in the fate of Ulyanov and wishing for my part to provide ways to improve his abilities and knowledge, I dare to humbly ask Your Excellency, if possible, to place Ulyanov's student as a scholarship holder at Kazan University ... ".
First of all, Ilya had to bother with the Astrakhan philistine class, so that he was discharged from the taxable estate and provided with a certificate of discharge with the obligation of the society to take over the payment and administration of the recruitment duty.
The obligation to pay taxes was assumed by Ilya's mother, Anna Alekseevna: "the payment for the philistine Ilya Ulyanov of taxes and other duties, until his exclusion from the philistine society, undertook to make the mother of Ulyanov, the widow of the philistine Anna Alekseevna, without income." However, the city duma was not satisfied with the obligation of the mother, and she demanded that the petty-bourgeois society take over the payment of taxes.
The mayor did not hope that Anna Alekseevna would be able to pay taxes for her son in a timely manner. "Yes, and very sick." Correspondence began between the city duma and the Astrakhan petty-bourgeois society.
After assuming an additional obligation to pay taxes, Vasily Nikolaevich, the Astrakhan City Duma issued Ilya Ulyanov a vacation certificate, but at the same time announced that he could be considered dismissed only until a new census of persons of the "taxable class". This did not satisfy the university administration, and Ilya Nikolaevich was admitted to the university on September 30, 1850 only conditionally.
Correspondence between the Astrakhan Duma and Kazan University on this subject lasted for many months. Only on February 3, 1851, Ilya Ulyanov was approved as a student. Vasily regularly paid all taxes, including the recruitment tax, to the bourgeois society.
In the recruiting list of the Astrakhan burghers, "sending recruitment in kind" in 1851, on page 290, there is "Vasily Nikolaev Ulyanov, his brother Ilya."
In the recruiting list of 1854, Vasily and Ilya are recorded. Although there is a postscript: "Vasily Ulyanov's brother Ilya was dismissed by society in 1850 to the Imperial Kazan University to study science, where he is now."
The "tax condition" of the tradesman did not allow Ilya to apply for free education and scholarships. The request of the director of the Astrakhan gymnasium was followed by a response from the trustee of the Kazan educational district, which indicated that the scholarships were intended to “make it easier only for officials to raise children.
But there is no sufficient reason for admitting Ulyanov, who belongs to the bourgeois class, to the number of scholarship holders.
With the support of Vasily Nikolaevich, Ilya writes a petition addressed to the rector I.M. Simonov to provide him with the opportunity to complete a full course of study at his own expense. “Wishing for my final education to listen to a full course of science at the Imperial Kazan University in the Faculty of Mathematics, I dare to bother Your Excellency with the humble request to accept me as one of my own students, after passing the exam set for me to enter the university”
At the request of Ilya Ulyanov, the director instructed to enroll Ilya Ulyanov in the university at his own expense.
Ilya Nikolaevich passed his exams brilliantly and immediately began looking for a job as a home teacher in order to earn money for his livelihood through private lessons. Vasily Nikolaevich bore the burden and regularly paid all the necessary expenses for education. First of all, this suggests that he had enough money to support a large family, and himself, and education. And, secondly, it speaks of the elder brother’s endless faith in the younger brother’s abilities, of his readiness to renounce the benefits for himself for the sake of one great dream. Vasily can only be admired. At every opportunity, Vasily Nikolayevich sent money to Kazan and looked forward to hearing from the student.
Mathematics occupied a prominent place among the disciplines at Kazan University. The idol of Kazan students was Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (1793-1856), a famous mathematician, creator of non-Euclidean geometry, thinker and materialist. At Kazan University, he was a master, professor from the age of 25, dean of the faculty and rector. In 1854, Ulyanov graduated from the university with a Ph.D. in mathematics for the written work provided by him on the topic “On the Olbers method and its application to determining the orbit of the comet Klinkerfuss”.
However, Candidate of Mathematical Sciences Ulyanov was still listed in official papers as a tradesman. Ulyanov, as a native of the bourgeoisie, needed to obtain a certificate from the Astrakhan State Chamber on his exclusion from the bourgeois class. Correspondence followed with the Astrakhan petty-bourgeois society.
In November 1854, a certificate came: “The Astrakhan tradesman Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, who graduated from the Kazan University, the course of science and was dismissed by society with the obligation to pay all taxes and duties for him until the 10th revision, to be excluded from the Astrakhan tradesmen from the beginning of the next 1855 and that prescribe to the city duma and the county treasury.
And only then the trustee of the educational district approved the proposal of the university council on the release of I. N. Ulyanov with a candidate's degree. On December 13, the rector and the dean signed the candidate's diploma.
Such was the time in that "enlightened Russian empire" for which some of today's Russians are so nostalgic. It was difficult for a poor and capable person to get an education.
And the example of I.N. Ulyanov is actually the best illustration of this!
But let's continue studying the biography of I.N. Ulyanova
“On May 7, 1855, Ilya Nikolaevich, who had already passed the necessary mandatory examinations for the title of senior teacher, was appointed to the Penza Noble Institute.
On May 31, 1855, Lobachevsky informed the Penza director that “the candidate of Kazan University, Ilya Ulyanov, having received from the trustee’s office a road trip for state needs, went to the place of service on May 28.”
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov from 1855 to 1863 served as a senior teacher of physics and mathematics at the Penza Noble Institute.
In addition, at the direction of N.I. Lobachevsky, he carried out constant meteorological observations, was in charge of the fundamental library and taught lessons at the Sunday school.
During these years, Ilya Nikolaevich wrote the works “On Thunderstorms and Lightning Rods”, “On the Benefits of Meteorological Observations and Some Conclusions from Them for Penza”.
In Penza, he lived in an apartment with his close friend, teacher V.I. Zakharov, who at that time also housed pupils of the Penza Gymnasium N.A. Ishutin and D.V. Karakozov. (Pay attention to this fact, dear reader. For far from very pleasant events in his personal life will be associated with him for I.N. Ulyanov. Unless, of course, we take for granted those versions that are now published in the works of various historians of the Russian Federation.)
In the report "On the state of the institute" for 1858, among the four teachers, I. N. Ulyanov is mentioned as distinguished by his abilities and success in teaching. In addition, in the same 1858, he received a cash award of 150 rubles for "zeal in teaching". The revision of Senator Safonov in 1859 marked I. N. Ulyanov for the excellent conduct of his business.”
And everything would be in the life of I.N. Ulyanov is excellent and no doubt a bright future and the title of a great Russian scientist awaited him! But, here, the TROUBLE crept up IMMEDIATELY! And imperceptibly because it was hidden in a beautiful wrapper!
In the summer of 1861, a new inspector of the institute, Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov, arrived in Penza. He settled with his family, like his predecessors, in a service apartment on the ground floor. He was simple and cordial.
He introduced his colleagues to his wife, Anna Alexandrovna Blank, a sociable and cheerful woman.
She was fond of literature, wrote poetry, knew German and French well, read English fluently. My sister in Penza was visited by her younger sister Maria Alexandrovna.
Young teachers cleared out the Veretennikovs.
In November 1861, Maria Blank, a hereditary noblewoman, met the teacher of physics and mathematics, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov. In 1861-1862, Maria Blank repeatedly visited Penza.
In the spring of 1863, the engagement of Mary and Ilya took place! Let's remember this fatal for I.N. Ulyanov date, because it will be very useful for us when we study the biography of Maria Blank herself. Which, as subsequent events showed, was not only a fatal woman, but also the evil genius of the entire Ulyanov family.
But then in 1863, Ilya Nikolayevich, obviously under the direct influence of his fiancée, turned to his former teacher of the Astrakhan gymnasium Timofeev, who by that time was the director of schools in Nizhny Novgorod, with a request to help him move to Nizhny Novgorod and get a job in the provincial men's gymnasium.
In the same year, Maria Blank decided to take the exams for the title of elementary school teacher externally. Ilya Nikolaevich helped during the preparation.
Maria passed her exams successfully. A certificate issued by the directorate of Samara schools has been preserved.
It says: “This was given to the daughter of the Court Counselor, the maiden Marya Blank, in that, as a result of her petition for the desire to obtain the right to primary education in reading and writing in Russian, German and French, she was admitted to the test at the Samara Gymnasium and The Law of God, the Russian language, Arithmetic, German and French are quite satisfactory information. That is why she, Blank, was given the right to teach the aforementioned subjects ... ".
From Samara Masha went to Kokushkino. The birth register for the Laishevsky district of the Kazan province for August 1863 contains an entry that
“On August 25, the senior teacher of the Nizhny Novgorod gymnasium, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, 32 years old, of the Orthodox faith, and the daughter of the court adviser Alexander Dmitrievich, Mr. Blank, Maria Alexandrovna Blank, 28 years old, of the Orthodox faith, were married for the first time.”
But the honeymoon was too short.
On September 7, in the same place, in Kokushkino, the godmother and tutor of Maria Alexandrovna, Ekaterina Ivanovna von Essen, died. A few days later, the young people were already ascending by steamboat along the Volga to Nizhny Novgorod.
Here I will stop myself and stop the attention of the reader! This village of Kokushkino, Laishevsky district, Kazan province, in the biography of our main character V.I. Ulyanov - Lenin, will become almost the finger of fate! And the place of serving the first political exile!
But it is not clear to us why the young Maria and Ilya Ulyanov ended up in Kokushkino and why they got married there?
And who is this very Ekaterina Ivanovna von Essen, who for some reason became the godmother and tutor of Maria Blank ????
Reference: Ekaterina Eleonora Ekaterina Ivanovna Grossshopf (von Essen)
Died: September 7, 1863, Kokushkino
In 1840, Anna Ivanovna fell seriously ill, died and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Evangelical Cemetery.
And her sister Ekaterina Ivanovna von Essen, who was widowed in the same year, completely took care of the children. Alexander Dmitrievich, apparently, had sympathized with her before. It is no coincidence that he named his daughter, born in 1833, Catherine. After the death of his wife, they become even closer, and in April 1841, A. D. Blank decides to enter into a legal marriage with Ekaterina Ivanovna.
However, such marriages - with the godmother of his daughters and the sister of the late wife - the law did not allow. And Ekaterina Ivanovna von Essen becomes his civil wife.
A. D. Blank entered the history of Russian medicine as one of the pioneers of domestic balneology - treatment with mineral waters.
He retired at the end of 1847 from the post of doctor of the Zlatoust arms factory, rose to the rank of court councilor, who gave the right to the nobility, and left the Urals for the Kazan province, where in 1848 in the Laishevsky district on his savings, and mainly on funds Ekaterina Ivanovna, the Kokushkino estate was bought with 462 acres of land (503.6 hectares), a water mill and 39 serfs.
On August 4, 1859, the Senate approved A. D. Blank and his children in the hereditary nobility, and they were entered in the book of the Kazan noble assembly.
This is how Maria Alexandrovna Blank ended up in Kazan, and then in Penza, where she met Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov ...
Their wedding, like the weddings of the other Blanc sisters before, was played in Kokushkino on August 25, 1863.
On September 22, 1859, the Ulyanovs, having stayed in the family noble nest, left for Nizhny Novgorod, where Ilya Nikolayevich was appointed senior teacher of mathematics and physics at the men's gymnasium.
Official list on the service of the director of public schools in the Simbirsk province, active state councilor Ilya Ulyanov.
From the townspeople.
Upon completion of the course at the Imperial Kazan University with a candidate's degree in 1854, he was appointed Trustee of the Kazan Educational District to correct the post of senior teacher of mathematics in the higher classes of the Penza Noble Institute from May 7, 1855.
Decree of the Government Senate on August 31, 1860 . promoted to titular councilor with seniority, November 11, 1855
Decree of the Government Senate on February 20, 1862, promoted to collegiate assessors with seniority from November 11, 1858
By order of the G. Trustee of the Kazan Educational District, he was transferred with the same rank to the Nizhny Novgorod gymnasium on June 22, 1863.
By decree of the Government Senate on July 12, 1863, No. 157, he was promoted to court councilor with seniority from November 11, 1862.
Sovereign Emperor for the Honoring Committee of Gg. Ministers most mercifully deigned to welcome the Order of St. Anna 3rd degree for excellent, diligent service and special work. November 19, 1865
By decree of the Government Senate of July 4, 1867, No. 155, he was promoted to collegiate adviser with seniority from November 11, 1866 for years of service.
By order of the Governor of the Ministry of Public Education of September 6, 1869 No. 19 approved by the inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province from September 1, 1869
By decree of the Government Senate for the Department of Heraldry dated November 25, 1871, No. 5326, he was promoted to state councilor with seniority from November 11, 1870 for length of service.
The most merciful was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 2nd degree, for excellent service. December 22, 1872
By order of the G. Minister of Public Education of August 17, 1874 No. 16 appointed director of public schools in the Simbirsk province on July 11, 1874.
Most graciously awarded for excellent and diligent service with the rank of real state councilor on December 26, 1877.
By order of the Governor of the Ministry of Public Education of December 15, 1880 No. 15 left in the service for one year after a 25-year term of service from November 11, 1880 G.
By the proposal of G. Comrade Minister of Public Education dated April 27, 1881, No. 6126, he was assigned, for the length of service of 25 years, a full salary salary of one thousand rubles, from the day of service of the 25-year term, in excess of maintenance in the service from 11 November 1880
By order of the Minister of Public Education of December 7, 1881, No. 10, he was left in the service for four years from November 11, 1881.
The most merciful was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree, on January 1, 1882, for excellent and diligent service.
Yes, and it was for what to receive awards. By 1886, thanks to the energy and perseverance of the inspector and director of public schools, I. N. Ulyanov, zemstvos, city dumas and rural societies increased the allocation of funds for school needs by more than 15 times.
More than 150 school buildings were built, and the number of students in them increased to 20 thousand people.
And this despite the fact that the quality of education began to meet the required standards.
Ulyanov Ilya Nikolaevich (19(31).VII.1831 - 24(12).I.1886) - public education figure in Russia, democrat teacher. Father of V. I. Lenin. Born in Astrakhan in a bourgeois family. In 1850 he graduated from the Astrakhan gymnasium, in 1854 - the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University; received the degree of Candidate of Mathematical Sciences. For 14 years he was a teacher of mathematics and physics in Penza, then in Nizhny Novgorod. While working at the Penza Noble Institute, he conducted meteorological observations, on the basis of which he wrote two scientific papers. works: "On the benefits of meteorological observations and some conclusions from them for Penza" and "On thunderstorms and lightning rods". In 1869 he was appointed inspector, and in 1874 - director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. In 1871 he received the rank of state councilor, in 1877 - a real state councilor. In January 1882 he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree, which gave the right to hereditary nobility. Ulyanov was a widely educated person; his pedagogical views were formed under the influence of the revolutionary democratic ideas of N. G. Chernyshevsky and H.A. Dobrolyubova. He had great organizational and pedagogical abilities, did a lot in developing the theory and practice of primary education. He was the initiator and leader of teachers' congresses, the organizer of pedagogical education; promoted the idea of labor training and education. His pedagogical articles and reports on the public education of the Simbirsk province are a contribution to pedagogical literature. He had a great influence on the formation of characters, beliefs of his children, who became revolutionaries. He died in Simbirsk from a cerebral hemorrhage. Buried in Simbirsk. The name of I. N. Ulyanov was given to the State Pedagogical Institute in Ulyanovsk.
M. G. Bondarchuk. Moscow.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 14. TAANAKH - FELEO. 1971.
Read further:
Ulyanov Dmitry Ilyich(Hertz, Andreevsky) (1874-1943), Soviet party leader, son.
Elizarova (Ulyanova) Anna Ilyinichna(1864-1935), eldest daughter.
Ulyanova Maria Ilyinichna(Bear); (1878-1937), daughter.
Literature:
V. I. Lenin. Biography, 5th ed., M., 1972; Materials for the biography of IN Ulyanov, "IA", 1958, No 2; Alpatov N. I., Pedagogical activity of I. N. Ulyanov, 2nd ed., M., 1956; Ivansky A., I. N. Ulyanov. According to the memoirs of contemporaries and documents, M., 1963; Kondakov A.I., Director of public schools I.N. Ulyanov, 2nd ed., M., 1964; Teacher and educator I. N. Ulyanov. Sat. Art., Saratov, 1965; Ulyanov family. Sat. Art., 3rd ed., Saratov, 1966; Ulyanova M. I., Father of V. I. Lenin - I. N. Ulyanov (1831 - 1886), M.-L., 1931.
Father Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov-Lenin can be safely called an extraordinary personality. Thanks to enviable abilities, noble aspirations, honest work and perseverance, Ilya Nikolayevich achieved great success, awards and titles. He was a kind family man and a true professional in his field.
Lenin's father rose to the position of director of public schools in the Simbirsk province, became a real state councilor, which gave him the right to a noble title, although he was an Astrakhan tradesman by birth. However, historians are still arguing about the origin of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov. In his genealogy, according to different versions, there are Kalmyk and Chuvash roots.
Champion of public education
On July 14 (26 - according to the new style) July 1831 in Astrakhan, the son Ilya was born in the family of the tailor Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanin and his wife Anna Alekseevna. The father soon changed the ending of his last name, and the boy was recorded in the documents as Ulyanov. Ilya grew up as the youngest child in the family. Brother Vasily was 12 years older than him, sisters Maria and Fedosya - 10 and 8 years respectively. Since the father of this family died five years after the birth of his youngest son, his brother Vasily, who was then only 17 years old, took over the upbringing and education of Ilya. The boy's extraordinary abilities for science manifested themselves quite early. Ilya Ulyanov was released from the Astrakhan gymnasium with a silver medal. In 1854, after graduating from Kazan University, he received a PhD in mathematics. The young specialist began working as a teacher in Penza. At the age of 32, he married 28-year-old Maria Alexandrovna Blank and transferred to the Nizhny Novgorod Men's Gymnasium as a senior teacher of mathematics and physics. This 1863 was a truly turning point in his life. The successes of Ilya Ulyanov were noticed by the leadership, and after three years the teacher received the position of an official - he was appointed inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province (now it is the Ulyanovsk region). And in 1874 he received the post of director of public schools. Ilya Nikolaevich controlled the activities of zemstvo schools, parish, city and county schools. His duties included the opening of new educational institutions, the selection of good teachers, the solution of administrative and economic issues, and the promotion of universal education. Lenin's father especially advocated equal rights to education for all children, regardless of their nationality. Thanks to the efforts of Ilya Ulyanov, the expenditures of local budgets for education from 1869 to 1886 in the Simbirsk province increased 15 (!) times. During this time, more than 150 new schools were built in the region, and the number of students increased from 10 to 20 thousand. The quality of education has also improved. Ilya Nikolaevich received the title of real state councilor in 1877, and shortly before his death he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, I degree. Ulyanov died on January 12 (24), 1886 in Simbirsk from a cerebral hemorrhage, having lived less than 55 years. According to some historians, the wife of a real state councilor, Maria Alexandrovna, was Jewish on her father's side, and had German-Swedish roots on her mother's side. Eight children were born in the family of Father Lenin, two of whom died in infancy.
Was he a Chuvash?
Some historians believe that Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanin, the father of Ilya Nikolaevich, was a Chuvash by nationality. According to archival data, the Astrakhan Zemstvo Court in 1798 approved the list of peasants who arrived in the Lower Volga region. N.V. is also listed there. Ulyanin, who was previously a serf of the landowner Stepan Brekhov from the village of Androsovo, Sergachsky district, Nizhny Novgorod province. According to the Zemstvo court document, Lenin's grandfather left his native place and moved to Astrakhan in 1791. In the book “Lenin's Dossier without retouching. The documents. Data. Evidence”, the Russian historian Akim Arutyunov writes that the area of the Nizhny Novgorod village of Androsovo at that time was inhabited by the Chuvash. And there were practically no representatives of Russian nationality among the peasants. However, direct evidence of the Chuvash origin of Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanin has not been preserved. But the fact that Lenin's paternal ancestors were Orthodox Christians is an established fact. At the end of the 18th century, many serfs fled to the Lower Volga region from their landowners. And since these lands needed to be settled, the authorities did not return the fugitives to their former owners. Lenin's grandfather also went on the run. In a new place, he began working as a tailor, and in 1808 he received the official status of a tradesman, which was confirmed by a decree of the Astrakhan State Chamber. The surname Ulyanin, formed from a female name, testifies to belonging to the peasant class. Such surnames were often given to the children of yard girls when the father could not, for example, officially register the child as himself. Therefore, Nikolai Vasilyevich preferred the surname Ulyanov, more befitting to the bourgeois class. It is interesting that the description of the appearance of Lenin's paternal grandfather was preserved in the documents. The Astrakhan Zemstvo Court, in an order dated 1799, indicated that Nikolai Vasilyevich's height was about 164 cm, his face was white, his eyes were brown, his hair, mustache and beard were light blond.
Kalmyk roots
The main source of information about Lenin's Kalmyk roots is the writer Marietta Shaginyan. Her book "The Ulyanov Family", published in 1938, caused sharp criticism from the party leadership. The communists accused the writer of distorting the facts, since, in their opinion, any statements that the appearance of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who is the pride of the Russian people, has the features of a representative of the Mongoloid race, have an ideologically hostile sound. Marietta Shaginyan wrote that in the Astrakhan archive she found a document indicating that Anna Alekseevna (mother of Ilya Ulyanov) was a baptized Kalmyk, her father, the Astrakhan tradesman Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov, was a baptized Kalmyk, and her mother was Russian (presumably). The writer complained that the archive staff did not allow her to make a copy of this document. As indirect evidence of Lenin's Kalmyk origin, she pointed to his narrow brown eyes and the Asian line of cheekbones, inherited by the leader of the world revolution from his paternal grandmother. It is known that the Smirnov family was prosperous and respected in the city. Alexey Lukyanovich held the post of the petty-bourgeois headman of Astrakhan, had a solid house and many servants. According to one source, 23-year-old Anna Alekseevna Smirnova married 53-year-old Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanin in 1923. However, in the Revision Tale (a kind of population census) for 1816, they are already mentioned as spouses. It also states that their first-born Alexander died at the age of four months in 1812. This means that the parents of Ilya Ulyanov could get married in 1811 or at the beginning of 1812, and at the time of the wedding, Nikolai Vasilyevich was 43 years old, and Anna Alekseevna was 24. The couple lived quite safely in a two-story house in the center of Astrakhan. The building now houses the Museum of the City's History. On the first floor of the house, the tailor Nikolai Vasilyevich received clients, and on the second floor there were living rooms. As for the Kalmyk origin of Lenin, Astrakhan, as you know, is a multinational city. Russians began to arrive in the Lower Volga region in the 16th century, and these lands at that time were inhabited mainly by Nogais and Kalmyks. Some of them converted to Christianity. So Lenin's great-grandfather could have been a Kalmyk. Some researchers argue that Ilya Nikolayevich defended equal rights to education for children of all nationalities because he himself considered himself a member of national minorities. Personally, the education he received helped him make a career, and he hoped that it would help others to reach the people.
