In the dictionary of Sergei Ozhegov and Natalia Shvedova we read: “Orthoepy is the rules of literary pronunciation; the very pronunciation. Since there are no stress rules in Russian, it remains to be guided by data from orthoepic dictionaries. You should also not forget that the norms of the Russian language change over time, so the recommendations of different dictionaries may differ.
In the Internet
- Checking the stress on "Charter".
- Russian verbal stress on "Akademik".
Paper dictionaries
Copy of the list from the Gramota.ru website
- Ogienko I. I. Russian literary stress. 2nd ed. 1914.
- Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950; 5th ed. M., 1972.
- Russian literary pronunciation and stress / Ed. R. I. Avanesova, S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1955; 2nd ed. M., 1960.
- Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Accent Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers / Ed. K. I. Bylinsky. M., 1960; 6th ed. correct and additional Ed. D. E. Rosenthal. M., 1985.
- Vorontsova V. L. Russian literary stress of the XVIII - XX centuries. Forms of inflection. M., 1979. (An extensive glossary with comments is attached to the monograph).
- Ageenko F. D. Accents in the names of Moscow and in the geographical names of the Moscow region: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1983.
- Borunova S. N. and others. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. OK. 63500 words / Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983.
- Khryslova R. V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language. Minsk, 1986.
- Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language: about 76,000 dictionary units. M., 1993.
- Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties: Ok. 15000 words. M., 1997.
- Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation and stress in modern Russian: 1200 words. SPb., 2000. The dictionary includes words that, as a result of historical changes, exist in our speech in two versions: in the old and new, as well as new words, the pronunciation of which has not yet been established.
- Ivanova T. F., Cherkasova T. A. Russian speech on the air. Comprehensive handbook. M., 2000.
- Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language: 82500 dictionary units / Ed. M. A. Studiner. M., 2000. The dictionary includes difficult cases of stress both in common nouns and in proper names. Of the equal accent and pronunciation options coexisting in the modern Russian literary language, it always gives only one option.
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983; 5th ed., rev. and additional M., 1989; 8th ed., rev. and additional M., 2000. The dictionary was created as a result of a radical revision of the book "Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress" edited by R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1955) - the first Russian dictionary of orthoepic type. The “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” was preceded by the earlier published book “Russian Literary Pronunciation” by R. I. Avanesov (5th ed. M., 1972).
- Verbitskaya L.A. and others. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of Modern Russian Pronunciation and Stress: A Brief Reference Dictionary. M., 2003.
- Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of accents for radio and television announcers. M., 2003.
To obtain phonetic transcription of words. Contains orthoepic exceptions not included in list of phonetic substitutions (rules)(for example, thu about would[w], riding breeches e [e] ).
Phonetic substitutions presented in pairs {letters} —[pseudosounds] . For example, -Wow[-about in about] ( in the genus case; big about th), -stsk-[-with:to-] ( more in And Russian), -mid- [SCH:] (at the junction of root and suffix; different about schik).
If there are several variants of pronunciation of a word, then only the most common one is included in the dictionary ( d about wait[d aboutrailway"] , but no[before w":] ; different about schik [diff aboutSCH: hic], but no obsolete. [diff aboutshh hic]).
For an arbitrary word, stress is determined by grammar dictionary and may have options ( virgins And ca — d e vice).
The transcription generator first looks for a word in Orthoepic Dictionary, and replaces it with the corresponding pseudosonic form. The list of paired substitutions is used only if the word is not found in the dictionary. Then the resulting pseudosonic sequences are converted into phonemes according to the rules of Russian phonetics. The unification of vowels, softening-hardening of consonants, voicing-stunning of consonants, reduction of vowels and some other transformations are carried out in stages.
The current version of the algorithm does not allow to receive transcription of phonetic phrases (for example, compound words with several accents). On the other hand, if a single stress is given in a word, then a hypothetical transcription of the word can always be obtained from the rules of phonetics, even if the word itself is not found in grammar dictionary.
Phonetic transcription in the paradigm.
phonetic notation
The phonetic notation is close to that traditionally used to describe the sounds of the Russian language. It includes 11 vowels: unreduced [ but] , [uh] , [e>] , [about] , [And] , [s] , [at/ y], and reduced [b] , [a ъ] , [and e] , [s ъ] . Sound [b] - middle between [ s] And [ but] , pronounced, for example, in place of letters about And but in the second pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables. Among the set of consonants, we note the sound [w ’ ] , represented by a letter SCH; open sound [th ^ ] ; as well as the sound close to it [j], represented by the letter th or included in iotated vowels ( e, yo, yu, i).
In addition, the transcription uses superscript and subscript characters and extension letters, which indicate the following features of sounds:
Sources
- M. V. Zarva, Russian word stress. Dictionary of common names - M .: ENAS, 2001.
- S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova, N. A. Eskova, Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. R. I. Avanesova- 9th ed. - M.: Russian language, 2001.
- M. L. Kalenchuk, R. F. Kasatkina, Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties- 2nd ed. - M.: Russian language, 2001.
- L. L. Kasatkin, Phonetics of the modern Russian language- M.: MGU, 2003.
- L. V. Zlatoustova, S. V. Kodzasov, O. F. Krivnova, I. G. Frolova, Algorithms for converting Russian spelling texts into phonetic notation- M.: MGU, 1970.
Why do we need spelling dictionaries?
Every person at one time encounters difficulties in pronouncing a particular word. For example, he cannot correctly place the stress, as a result of which he gets into a mess or simply frantically seeks to replace this word with a synonym that is not always well-chosen.
It is logical to assume that the orthoepic dictionary is directly related to such a science of language as orthoepy. What does she represent?
Orthoepy deals with the regulation of pronunciation norms. In addition, she gives an explanation for their establishment and substantiates them.
Why is a spelling dictionary needed?
The dictionary is intended to be used as a book, which contains information divided into articles, which, in turn, are sorted by topic or title.
The main purpose of the orthoepic dictionary is to provide the contacting person with information regarding the pronunciation, formation and stress of a particular word with which there are difficulties.
The history of orthoepic dictionaries dates back to the 17th century, when a long process of becoming a native language began. Undoubtedly, linguistic normalization elements were also known in previous eras, however, they did not affect oral speech in any way. Together with the formation of the national language, the importance of unity in the pronunciation of words began to grow. The very first orthoepic mark that appeared in the dictionaries of the 17th century was stress. It found its reflection in the Slovene Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names. Further, in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, in addition to stress, information was also given on the pronunciation of various words. It is important to note that the norms of phonetics at that time had not yet been formed. Thus, every year more and more new dictionaries appeared with new notes and additions. This is how Russian orthoepy and its norms were formed. With each new dictionary, people received more and more knowledge about their native language.
Why is it important to place the emphasis correctly?
Stress in words is necessary in order to be able to correctly pronounce the word without distorting its original meaning and meaning. We all know how rich our language is and how many norms and rules it contains. A native speaker should know and apply all these rules in his colloquial speech.
With the help of stress, we highlight one of the syllables in the word due to our own voice. In Russian linguistics, stress plays a very important role. With its help, emphasis is placed on the main and secondary, in addition, it can completely change the meaning of the spoken word. For example, a castle is a castle.
This shows that stress is very important, especially in a situation where words are spelled exactly the same, but have different meanings. Thus, not observing orthoepic norms, we make the use of oral speech impossible. The interlocutors will not be able to correctly understand the idea that they want to bring to them. Without observing the norms of orthoepy, speech becomes incomprehensible, slurred and inaccessible to other people.
orthoepic knowledge. Are they needed?
When a person has broad orthoepic knowledge, his sociability greatly increases. This is explained as follows:
First, such a person does not run the risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood at all;
Secondly, he does not hesitate to pronounce certain words, because he knows how to correctly place the stress in them and does not frantically try to find a word that could replace what he wants to say;
And thirdly, a well-read and literate person will have the same speech. And she, in turn, is extremely pleasant to hear and does not cause irritation as a response from others.
Thus, it turns out that literacy is the best evidence that a person is well-read, literate and educated. And even if there were no good teachers in the school or there were any difficulties in studying, you should always remember that self-education has no boundaries. In addition, we live in a time when the Internet allows you to use various educational materials for free. Many dictionaries, books, workbooks are now available to users for free. Therefore, you should not refuse such an opportunity to improve your own speech. In any case, it will bring only a beneficial effect.
The use of online dictionaries has become extremely popular in recent years. The orthoepic dictionary is no exception. Welcome!
Orthoepic dictionaries are called upon to give answers to those questions that the speaker may have in connection with the pronunciation of the word, with the placement of stress in it. Especially often questions arise in connection with the placement of stress in certain grammatical forms, which is explained by the mobility of Russian stress. Accentological characteristic is a mandatory component of all orthoepic dictionaries. Orthoepic dictionaries, noting the preference of one or another variant in certain types of speech, reflect the variance of the pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language. The attention of society to the problems of the culture of speech explains the extraordinary expansion of this type of dictionaries, including educational ones.
The first special orthoepic dictionary can be considered the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress" edited by R.I. Avanesova and S.I. Ozhegova, containing words that need to be characterized from the side of pronunciation, stress, as well as the formation of forms, are subject to fluctuations in live pronunciation, show a tendency to deviate from literary norms. The dictionary gives instructions that warn against the abnormal pronunciation of certain words and forms.
Authoritative and wide in coverage of the material remains the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by R.I. Avanesov. Of fundamental importance is the reflection in the dictionary of modern trends in the development of pronunciation and accentological norms. For completeness of information about the real sound of each word form, a kind of “phonetic paradigms” are given in the dictionary (those paradigms are noted in which certain combinations of sounds occur, for example, the word artist the form of the prepositional case is specially given about the artist to show assimilative softening). The compilers have developed a system of normative guidelines with a clear differentiation by areas of use, and also introduced prohibition marks. The evaluation of options is represented in the dictionary by a system of normative labels: 1) equal options are connected by a union and, 2) valid options are accompanied by a label add. ("permissible") or add. obsolete (“permissibly obsolete”), 3) variants that are outside the literary norm are presented with the so-called prohibitive marks: not rivers. ("Not recommended"), not right, ("not right"). “The border between incorrect and non-recommended options is not absolute,” write the compilers of the dictionary in the preface. - Litters not rivers. And not right, should be taken simply as 'less wrong 44' and 'more wrong 44 (options rated by the first mark, so to speak, compromise the native speaker's speech less, although if he wants his speech to be considered exemplary, he should avoid them). Here are some examples:
grenadier, not rivers. grenadier; jagged, not rivers. jagged; spoiled not rivers. spoiled; iconography, not rivers. iconography; puzzled, not rivers. puzzled; vulgarization, not rivers. vulgarization; inform, not rivers. inform; inquire not rivers. inquire; insurer, not rivers. insurer; insurer, not rivers. insurer; brindle, not rivers. brindle; needles, not rivers. needles; reprimands, not right, reprimand; colander, not right. colander; clog, not right, clog; stroke, not right, stroke; original, not right, iskoni; self-interest, not right, self-interest; kitchen, not right. kitchen.
That which contradicts the laws of the language or is not accepted by public taste is rejected. The dictionary gives detailed instructions on all complex issues of Russian form formation. The necessary generalizations are contained in a capacious essay by N.A. Yeskova "Information on grammatical forms", placed at the end of the dictionary. It presents a new approach to normalization compared to previous dictionaries, according to which variance is recognized as a natural phenomenon of the language; a variance scale was developed (equal options, acceptable options, acceptable obsolete options). The dictionary is the most valuable reference tool necessary for improving speech culture, although some of its recommendations are recognized by experts as outdated.
“The Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: Literary Pronunciation and Stress at the Beginning of the 21st Century: the Norm and Its Variants” M.L. Kalenchuk, L.L. Kasatkina, R.F. Kasatkina is intended not only to answer questions about the pronunciation of words that have arisen in the last two decades, but also to show the dynamics of the orthoepic norm. The authors worked on the dictionary for 15 years and proceeded from the fact that every 25 years there is a change in the "language generation", which must be taken into account by the compilers of new dictionaries. The dictionary contains many neologisms; he is distinguished by democracy in the presentation of the orthoepic norm. The compilers introduce the concept of fluent speech, based on the fact that the norms of oral colloquial speech differ from the norms of oral public speech.
The accentological norm in the most well-established form is reflected in the Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva. This dictionary, in its recommendations, in contrast to the one discussed above, tries to get away from the variance of stresses observed in speech practice. It presents two sections of words that are difficult from the point of view of pronunciation and partially inflection of words: 1) common nouns; 2) proper names (geographical names, surnames and names of statesmen, politicians, scientists, writers, artists, names of foreign press organs, etc.).
Brief Dictionary-Reference L.A. Verbitskaya, N.V. Bogdanova, G. N. Sklyarevskaya “Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress” is intended to provide answers to the most frequently asked questions about the correct stress and pronunciation, to prevent and correct typical orthoepic errors. A large place in the dictionary is occupied by foreign borrowings that cause difficulties in pronunciation or persistent accentological errors, as well as forms of commonly used nouns, adjectives and verbs (special difficulties are associated with the mobility of Russian stress). The reader almost daily hears examples of common mistakes from the lips of politicians, officials, TV presenters, and cultural figures. It is no coincidence that in this dictionary a special place is occupied by words with a prohibitive mark not right ! (incident - not right ! incident; extremely - not right ! extremely; loan - wrong-
vilno loan; collapse - not right ! collapse; solicitation - not right ! petition; expert - not right ! expert). The erroneous usage is highlighted in a box at the end of the dictionary entry and is confirmed by typical examples taken from media texts, speeches by politicians, journalists, and public figures. The maximum accessibility of the metalanguage of the dictionary makes it a reference tool relevant to the general reader.
Very popular is the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" by I.L. Reznichenko, however, the composition of the vocabulary of this dictionary and some practical recommendations are not perfect [Kozyrev, Chernyak 2009].
The practical needs of a wide range of users are answered by E.A. Okuntsova, "Dictionary of exemplary Russian stress" M.A. Studiner.
“The Dictionary of Pronunciation and Stress Difficulties” by K. S. Gorbachevich presents the words that exist in modern Russian in two pronunciation or accentological variants. Dictionary indications “acceptable”, “not recommended”, “colloquially”, “obsolete”, “obsolete” provide guidelines for choosing the desired form. Responding to dynamic processes in Russian speech, the dictionary offers as valid pronunciation and stress variants that were not recommended by previous lexicographic publications (for example, on Wednesdays and admissible on Wednesdays).
Book F.L. Ageenko "Proper names in the Russian language" represents the normative stress in the names and surnames of famous people (from antiquity to the present day) and geographical names.
In recent years, many orthoepic dictionaries of various sizes have appeared, addressed to schoolchildren. For example, the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language for Schoolchildren”, compiled by O. A. Mikhailova, covers the most common vocabulary of the literary language and some alphabetic abbreviations; it reflects the literary norms of stress and pronunciation, contains information about the formation of grammatical forms in the modern Russian language, and also provides a list of inflected and indeclinable nouns, the determination of the gender of which causes particular difficulties.
Ageenko F.L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language: stress, pronunciation, inflection [about 16,000 personal names and surnames, more than 21,000 geographical names, more than 1,000 other proper names]. M.: Mir i obrazovanie, 2010. 880 p.
Ageenko F.L. Proper names in Russian: a dictionary of stresses [about 15,000 names and surnames of famous people (from antiquity to the present day), about 20,000 geographical names]. M. : ENAS, 2001.373 p.
Ageenko F.L. Stress in the names of streets in Moscow and in the geographical names of the Moscow region: a dictionary-reference book / ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 2nd ed., add. M. [b. i.], 1983. 111 p. .
Ageenko F.L. ., Zarva M.V. Stress Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers [about 75,000 vocabulary units] / ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 6th ed., ster. M. : Russian language, 1985. 808 p. .
Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Russian stress dictionary: 82,500 vocabulary units. M.: Iris press: Rolf, 2000. 807 p.
Big orthoepic dictionary: 100,000 words, word forms and phrases / comp. E.N. Zubov. M. : House of the Slavonic Book, 2011. 927 p.
Bugaeva I.V. Dictionary of stresses of religious vocabulary. Dictionary of Abbreviations of Religious Vocabulary: Russian Language, Orthodoxy [educational and reference manual on the Russian language and culture of speech]. M.: Krug, 2009. 224 p.
Burtseva V.V. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms [about 40,000 words].
3rd ed., ster. M.: Russian language - Media, 2006.
Verbitskaya L.A., Bogdanova N.V. ., Sklyarevskaya G.N. Let's talk right! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress: a short reference dictionary. 6th ed., ster. SPb. : Philol. fak. St. Petersburg. state un-ta, 2008. 146 p. .
Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of accents for radio and television announcers. 3rd ed. M.: Mart; Rostov n / D., 2006. 351 p. .
Gaibaryan O.E. School Dictionary of Stress. Rostov n/a. : Phoenix,
2010. 222 p. (Educational dictionaries).
Gorbachevich K. S. Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian. SPb. : Norint, 2000. 304 p.
Gorbachevich K.S. Modern orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: all the difficulties of pronunciation and stress [about 12,000 heading units]. M.: ACT: Astrel, 2010. 476 p.
Gridina G.A., Konovalova N.I. School orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [more than 4000 words]. M.: ACT i [dr.], 2011. 414 p.
Gridina T.A., Konovalova I.I ., Burtseva V.V. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. M.: ACT, 2013. 639 p.
Zarva M.V. Russian word stress: dictionary [about 50,000 words]. M.: ENAS, 2001.594 p.
Ivanova T.F. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 40,000 words]. 7th ed., ster. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media,
2011. 892 p. .
Ivanova T.F. ., Cherkasova T.A. Russian speech on the air: a comprehensive guide. 6th ed., ster. M.: Russian language, 2007. 345 p. .
Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkin L. L., Kasatkina R. F. Big orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: literary pronunciation and stress of the beginning of the XXI century: the norm and its variants / ed. L.L. Kasatkin; Ros. acad. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. M. : AST-Press Book, 2012. 1001 p. (Fundamental dictionaries).
Kalenchuk M.L., Kasatkina R.F. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation [about 15,000 words of the modern Russian language]. . M. : Astrel [et al.], 2006. 485 p. .
Pocket Dictionary of Regular Accents [more than 33,000 words] / ed.- comp. O.I. Druzhbinsky. 2nd ed., add. M. : Public Education: Research Institute of School Technologies, 2011. 210 p. .
Lekant P.A., Ledeneva V.V. School orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. 5th ed. M. : Education, 2013. 167 p. [The same in 1998 with a subtitle: the pronunciation of words].
Lvov V.V. School orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. 7th ed., ster. M. : Drofa, 2010. 270 p. (School dictionaries of the Russian language).
Mikhailova O A. Pocket orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: 20,000 words. M.: Astrel, 2012. 314 p. (Lingua).
The latest school orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / comp. E.N. Zubov. M.: Dom slavyanskoi knigi, 2012. 639 p.
Novinskaya I I. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 18,000 words]. 5th ed. Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2009. 329 p.
Okuntsova E.A. stress. Announcer, lecturer, orator, teacher, student: a dictionary-reference book. 2nd ed. M.: Izd-vo Moek, un-ta, 2013. 118 p. .
Orthoepic Dictionary / ed. T.N. Gurieva. M. : Mir knigi, 2003. 399 p.
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / ed.-comp. E.D. Goncharova. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2009. 622 p.
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / comp. IN AND. Crookover. St. Petersburg: Victory: Victoria plus, 2008. 318 p.
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren [about 10,000 words] / comp. O.A. Mikhailov. Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2002. 416 p.
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 40,000 words] / ed. B.A. Zilbert. M. : Mir knigi, 2004. 399 p. (Encyclopedia of the Russian language).
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms [about 63,500 words] / comp. S.N. Borunov, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; ed. R.I. Avanesov. 8th ed., ster. M. : Russian language, 2000. 684 p. .
Pedchak E.P. Pronouncing dictionary. Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2001. 351 p. (Dictionaries of the XXI century).
Pihutina V.I. Accentological variance in Russian: (on the example of nouns): the experience of a reference dictionary: in 2 volumes / under general. hands L.G. Samotik. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyar. state ped. un-t, 2006. Vol. 1-2.
Write and speak correctly: a reference dictionary. Moscow: Astrea - 2000, 2003. 255 p.
Reznichenko I.L. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 25,000 words]. 2nd ed., rev. M.: Astrel: ACT, 2009. 1182 p. (Pocket library of dictionaries). .
Reznichenko I.L. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language [about 10,000 words] / Ros. acad. Sciences. M. : AST-Press, 2010. 943 p. (Dictionaries of the XXI century) (Desk dictionaries of the Russian language). [The same in 2004, 2007, 2008].
Reznichenko I.L. Modern dictionary of the Russian language: stress, pronunciation, orthoepic [about 25,000 words]. M. : ACT: Astrel, 2010. 832 p. (Modern Dictionary).
Russian literary pronunciation and stress: a reference dictionary [about 52,000 words] / ed. R.I. Avanesov and S.I. Ozhegov. M.: State. publishing house of dictionaries, 1959. 709 p. .
Semushkina L.N. Culture of Russian oral speech: a dictionary-reference book. 2nd ed. M.: Iris-press, 2007. 346 p.
Dictionary of pronunciation difficulties and stress in modern Russian [about 43,000 words] / comp. A.Yu. Yuriev. M. : Center-polygraph, 2009. 525 p.
Solovieva N.N. How to say right? : orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language [dictionary-reference]. M. : Oniks: Mir i obrazovanie, 2008. 94 p. (We speak and write correctly). Stress in Russian: (difficult cases): dictionary [about 5000 words] / comp. I.S. Persons. M. : Publishing House of the Univ. Ros. acad. Education, 2000. 140 p.
Fedorova T.L., Shcheglova O.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: 60,000 words. M.: LadKom, 2013. 575 p. [The same in 2009, 2012]. phonetic analysis. Correct pronunciation [more than 10,000 words] / comp. CM. Snarskaya; ed. I.A. Bogdanov. St. Petersburg: Norint, 2003. 283 p. (Dictionary-cheat sheet).
Studiner M.A. Dictionary of exemplary Russian stress: 17,000 words. 6th ed. M.: Iris-press, 2009. 568 p. .
A language dictionary that gives the normative pronunciation of words. [GOST 7.60 2003] Topics of the publication, main types and elements EN pronouncing dictionary DE orphoepisches Wörterbuch ... Technical Translator's Handbook
pronouncing dictionary- orthoepic dictionary: A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. Source: GOST 7.60 2003: System of standards for information, library and publisher ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
pronouncing dictionary- Rus: pronouncing dictionary Deu: orphoepisches Wörterbuch Eng: pronouncing dictionary A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. GOST 7.60 ... Dictionary of Information, Library and Publishing
pronouncing dictionary- a dictionary containing words in their correct standard literary pronunciation ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary
See dictionary linguistic ...
pronouncing dictionary- Lexicographic edition reflecting the norms of pronunciation and stress of words. It may contain grammatical information, as well as information about semantic and word-formation features ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
A dictionary that provides an explanation of the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary that provides information about the relevant realities of objects, phenomena, events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, an individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order … … Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
- ... Wikipedia
Check neutrality. The talk page should have details... Wikipedia
Books
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. Dictionary of synonyms and antonym, Mikhailova O.A. , This book is a flip book, 2 dictionaries in one: which includes an orthoepic dictionary and a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian language, is addressed to schoolchildren, students of lyceums, colleges, everyone, ... Category: Russian language dictionaries for schoolchildren Series: Pocket dictionary library (hard) Publisher: AST Publishing House,
- Dictionary of synonyms and antonyms. Orthoepic Dictionary, O. A. Mikhailova, This book is a flip book, 2 dictionaries in one: which includes an orthoepic dictionary and a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian language, is addressed to schoolchildren, students of lyceums, colleges, everyone, ... Category:
