The absolute form of pronouns in English. The absolute form of possessive pronouns in English: a parallel with the main form

Hello!

I have not written for a long time, I was carried away by teaching, but I am correcting myself. Let's get straight to the point: let's talk about stress in English words.

Stress in English is such a thing in itself, just like in Russian. No one will say why the stress in this or that word falls precisely on the first syllable, or on the second, or on the last. Ask any native speaker why a word is pronounced the way it is. He'll just shrug his shoulders and say, "That's what we say." It would seem that for the importance, the emphasis is correctly placed or not. Worst case, you will be corrected.

However, we must remember that in English for some words and in stresses there are small traps. There are words when when you change the stress from one syllable to another, you get a different part of speech! And sometimes a different meaning of the word! And here they are unlikely to correct you, because how do you know what part of speech you are planning to use in a sentence - maybe a noun, or maybe a verb? Maybe with parts of speech you are all right, but you messed up with the word order in the sentence? You see how many questions your interlocutor can have if the word is stressed incorrectly.

And now let's get acquainted with the stresses in some common words, and their transformations from one part of speech to another.

Stress on the first syllable (noun)	stress on the second syllable
a ccent - accent, accent, main feature	acc e nt - underline, emphasize
c o nflict - conflict, contradiction	confl i ct - contradict
c o ntest - dispute, competition, competition	cont e st - argue, fight, defend
c o ntract - contract, treaty, agreement	contr a ct - shrink, conclude a contract
d e crease - decrease, decrease i ncrease - increase, growth, increase	decr ea se - decrease, decrease incr ea se - increase, increase
d e sert - desert	des e rt - leave, leave, desert
d i scount - discount	disc ou nt - reduce, make a discount
e xport - export, export i mport - import, import	exp o rt - export, take out imp o rt - import, import
i mpact - impact, impulse, impact	imp a ct - hit, collide
o bject - subject, thing, object, goal s u bject - topic, subject, subject	obj e ct - object, dislike subj e ct - to subject, to submit, to represent
pr e sent - a gift	press e nt - give, present
pr o gress - progress, achievements, development	program e ss - progress, make progress
pr o ject - project, plan, construction

Knowing and applying the rules of word formation of English words can dramatically increase your word formation, because when using word-building skills from one part of speech, you can easily recreate another, or guess the meaning of a new word from a single-root word. This is one of the key skills in preparing for international exams. Therefore, let's look at the ways of word formation and dwell on one of them in more detail - this is the transfer of stress.

Transfer of stress during the transition of a noun into a verb

Among other ways of word formation in English, stress transfer is not the main way, but rather specific, inherent in the English language. The main methods are affixal (using prefixes and suffixes), compounding and conversion. We also note an interesting way with the help of prepositions in phrasal verbs, when the preposition after the verb gives a new meaning to the word. And let's not forget about polysemy, when one word has many more meanings than we are used to seeing in Russian, for example.

How in English can words of another part of speech be formed by transferring stress? This technique is limited to the transformation of a number of two-syllable words, when the stress on the first syllable is applied to the noun, and when it is transferred to the second syllable, a verb is obtained that is identical in appearance to the noun. The difference is in stress (highlighted).

For example,

Oil is a major ex port. Oil is the main article of Russian export.

Russia ex ports a lot of oil. Russia exports a lot of oil.

Other similar examples are presented in the table:

Verb (accent at the end of a word)	Noun (accent at the beginning of a word)	Translation of the verb
con duct	con duct	conduct, lead
con conflict	conflict	to confront
con trol	control	to control
con test	con test	compete
de creas e	de crease	decrease
de certificate	de sert	leave, desert
ex port	ex port	export
im port	import port	import
in crea se	in crease	increase
in sult	in sult	insult
ob ject	object	object, protest
per mit	per mit	allow
pre sent	pre sent	represent, present
pro progress	progress	develop
pro test	pro test	protest
re cord	re cord	write down
re ject	reject	refuse
sub ject	subject	to submit, to submit
sus pect	sus pect	suspect
trans fer	t ran sphere	transfer
trans port	trans sport	to transport
up set	up set	upset

Please note that verbs that transform into nouns and vice versa, with the help of stress transfer in a word, present some difficulty in pronunciation. Remember the rule: the stress is on the first syllable when the word is a noun, on the second when it is a verb. Read more about pronunciation rules in English words and typical difficulties. Expect material on other ways of word formation in English soon.

Starting to read in English, many are baffled by the many ways in which vowels sound. But everything is not so difficult. To make your speech beautiful and correct, you need to learn two phonetic themes. Which?

Yes, such English is multifaceted. Only 6 vowels produce as many as 20 sounds, the pronunciation of which varies depending on the position in the word. So, the rules of reading are easy to master if you study the existing types of syllables and stress. You can learn more about the first from the article "Types of syllables in English". But on the second topic, we just talk.

All about accents

The rhythmic melody of English phrases emerges due to the presence of various types of stress, which, as the dictionary of terms says, is a means of strengthening certain elements in speech. Phonetics distinguishes the following kinds:

1.Word stress in English occupies a highly respected position. With its help, some syllables in the word are highlighted. It could be two or one. It all depends on the specific situation. I am glad that this stress does not change, it is distinguished by a constant character. Therefore, having correctly remembered the sound of the word once, be sure that you will not have to relearn. You can find out which of the syllables is intensified in the transcriptions that you will find in any dictionary.

[`heil], , [`pregnansi], [`ma:ster], [`ga:diən, [ ͵ gærən`ti:]

2. If we highlight a certain group of words or individual elements of a sentence, focus on them, then we use phrasal stress . As a rule, significant words are distinguished: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. But the service parts of speech - articles, conjunctions, prepositions, remain unstressed. To maintain rhythm, accented words are spoken at intervals of time, and thus form a rhythmic group. It looks like this:

I must `go to the `library to `take the \book.

3. logical stress we use to draw the attention of the listener to certain words that are important in meaning, have a greater meaning. The second and third types often, but not always, coincide. Each semantic or logical group is separated by a vertical line in the phonetic markup.

My friend |often`spends his `holidays |travelling about the `country.

Secrets of word stress in English

Lucky the French! In all words, the stress falls on the last syllable. In Russian, this phonetic element is freer. Well, if we are talking about the English language, then here it is distinguished by a tense, even slightly impudent character.

How to determine the stressed syllable if there is no dictionary at hand? Linguists have deduced a certain regularity. Counting syllables!

• IN two-syllable words- at the first polysyllabic- on the third from the end: `needless, ne`gotiate, `narrow, `predicate, vo`cabulary.
• Secondary stress falls on the preceding or subsequent syllable (through one) stressed. The main thing is marked in the transcription with a dash at the top, the secondary - at the bottom: `prepo͵ position, ͵ misad`venture, `dande͵ lion
• If the word ends with ion, ious, ial, ian, iant, iance, ient, ience, the stress falls on the preceding syllable: per`mition
• Prefixes are almost never stressed (perhaps in loanwords): ir`regular, support`port, in`visible.
• In compound nouns, the first element is intensified: `blackboard, `shoemaker.
• In compound adjectives and verbs - the second: to over`come, to under`stand, to under`line; well-`dressed, self-`made.

As well as in our native language - Russian, the meaning of many words depends on the place where the amplification is directed.

to in`crease - `increase - increase - increase

to conduct - `conduct - conduct - behavior

to object`ject - `object - object - subject

to per`mit - `permit - allow - permission

Here I would like to note that this information applies to most words. But you probably know that there are quite a lot of borrowed expressions, and each of the "foreigners" has its own whims. Be more careful, at the first stages, check every word in the dictionary (especially new and complex ones), and gradually, you won’t even focus on it. Stress in English improves simultaneously with reading and mastering the sound system.

English possessive pronouns- a basic topic for language learners. They are in many ways similar to the corresponding pronouns in Russian, but they have their own characteristics. What - we will tell in this article.

One of the differences between English and Russian is that possessive pronouns have two types: simple and absolute form. Let's figure out what this difference is and how not to get confused in different forms.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate the ownership of an object. They are used when we want to say that this item is mine, yours, or, for example, his.

Possessive pronouns are formed from personal ones. Personal forms replace nouns and stand in the position of the subject. They vary in person, number, and gender. Let's remember what personal pronouns look like in English:

For every personal pronoun there is a formpossessive pronoun in English:

These forms are called relative possessive or simple possessive. They can replace nouns with the indicator 's or the construction with the preposition of to convey the idea of ​​belonging.

Philip’s house / house of Philip - Philip's house → His house - His house

The form is determined through the gender, number and person of the person to whom the object belongs. The number of objects in question does not affect the form of the pronoun: the pronoun does not agree in number with the object. Let's demonstrate with examples:

my / your / his / her books - my / your / his books

our / your / their book - our / your / their book

The meaning of possessive pronouns is to convey the connection between the subject and the person to whom the subject belongs. When we say "mine" or "our", we indicate to whom the object belongs. But a reference to a noun does not mean direct possession of the subject, as, for example, in the phrases my house (my house), his book (his book). The value of belonging can be indirect and only indicate who we refer to in such constructions:

his passion for drawing - his passion for drawing
my homework - my homework

Such pronouns can also refer to animate persons:

your grandmother - your grandmother
his child - his child

Typical usagepossessive pronouns in English- indication of body parts:

my arm - my hand
his head - his head
He took my hand - He took my hand

Possessive pronouns can be added to the construction with a full noun:

my husband's house / house of my husband - my husband's house

Use in a sentence

Simple possessive pronouns in Englishare placed before nouns and are not used without it.

The function of such pronouns is the function of the adjective. They answer the question "whose?" and characterize the following object: my room (my room) / our son (our son) / his game (his game).

When combined with a noun, possessive pronouns can take different positions in a sentence. For example, to act as a subject definition:

My pen is on the table - My pen is on the table

Their car looks like a new one - Their car looks like new

Your grandmother is such a nice person - Your grandmother is such a nice person

A noun with a possessive pronoun can take the position of a direct object:

I can't find my pen - I can't find my pen

She invited my wife - She invited my wife

Or stand in the position of an indirect object:

I will be in their house this Sunday - I will be in their house this Sunday

I was there with your father - I was there with your father

He wants to talk to our son - He wants to talk to our son

With a possessive pronoun, the use of the article is not possible. The pronoun itself in sentences replaces the article:

We have just seen a car - We just saw a car

We have just seen his car - We just saw his car

The book is on the table - The book on the table

Also cannot be used together.possessive and demonstrative pronouns in English.

We have just seen that car - We just saw that car

We have just seen his car - We just saw his car

This book is on the table - This book is on the table

Your book is on the table - Your book is on the table

Adjectives can be added to constructions with possessive pronouns. Such definitions refer to the subject, the belonging of which is reported in the phrase. The position of the adjective in this case is between the possessive pronoun and the noun to which it refers:

We have just seen his new car - We have just seen his new car

Your blue pen is on the table - Your blue pen is on the table

I will see their wonderful house this Sunday - I will see their wonderful house this Sunday

Absolute possessives

Absolute possessive pronouns in Englishdiffer in form from relative ones. For them, the first person singular form of my becomes mine, and in other persons and numbers, the ending -s is added. Since the simple possessive form of the pronoun he already ends in -s (his), no additional indicator is added here and the absolute form is the same as the simple one.

Forms of absolute possessive pronouns:

• mine - mine
• yours - yours
• his - his
• hers - her
• ours - our
• yours - your
• theirs - theirs

Let's add absolute forms to the table we already knowpersonal and possessive pronouns in English:

Note that the inanimate it does not form an absolute possessive form, and pronoun its not used as such. In such cases, it is possible to use only the simple form of the pronoun with a noun:

The cat plays with its toy - The cat plays with its toy

The formation of the absolute form will be incorrect:

The cat plays with its toy and the dog with its → The cat plays with its toy and the dog with its ball - The cat plays with its toy, and the dog with its ball

Using absolute possessives in a sentence

The difference between the absolute form of possessive pronouns is that they do not adjoin the corresponding nouns, but are used independently. Their function in a sentence is that of a noun, not an adjective. Therefore, sometimes such pronouns are called independent.

When the absolute formEnglish possessive pronounstands in the position of the subject, this means that the noun has already been used in speech. Since there is no noun in such forms, its appearance earlier in the text is necessary to determine which object is being discussed.

Where is your book? Mine is on the table - Where is your book? mine is on the table

Such pronouns can appear in sentences as part of the predicate:

This pen is mine - This is my pen

The whole world is yours - The whole world is yours

Another use of independent possessive pronouns is constructions with the preposition of to indicate the ownership of an object.

John is my friend → John is a friend of mine - John is my friend

Absolute forms of possessive pronouns can appear in various positions in a sentence. For example, as a subject:

My husband prefers to stay at home and yours adores travelling - My husband prefers to stay at home, and yours loves to travel

Or in direct object position:

I cannot find my book, I only see yours - I cannot find my book, I only see yours

Independent possessives are also used in place of an indirect object:

He always spends time with their children and never with ours - He always spends time with their children and never with ours

As in the case of simple forms of possessive pronouns, absolutes cannot be used together with articles. Also cannot be used together.possessive and demonstrative pronoun in English. Such suggestions would be wrong.

Error: We have just seenthe his car. But the hers looks more fashionable.

Right: We have just seen his car. But herslooks more fashionable - We just saw his car. But her car looks more stylish.

Error: I can't find that book butthis yours is on the table.

Right: I can't find that book butyoursis on the table - I can't find that book, but yours is on the table.

Unlike simple forms of possessive pronouns, independent ones do not allow the use of adjectives. Since such words are not used with nouns, the adjective that is attached to the noun is impossible in such constructions. If the speaker wants to use an adjective, then the absolute form must be replaced by a combination of a simple possessive with a noun.

Error: We have just seen his car. Buther new looks more fashionable.

Right: We have just seen his car. Buther new carlooks more fashionable - We just saw his car. But her new car looks more stylish.

Error: I can't find my pen butyour red is on the table.

Right: I can't find my pen but your red penis on the table - I can't find my pen, but your red pen is on the table.

Use of independentpossessive pronouns in Englishallows you to get rid of unnecessary repetition of words. From the use of such pronouns, it is already clear which object is being referred to, so the repeated use of a noun is redundant. Compare the following sentences:

This pen is my pen → This pen is mine (This is my pen)

Where is your book? My book is on the table → Where is your book? Mine is on the table (Where is your book? Mine is on the table)

My husband prefers to stay at home and your husband adores travelling → My husband prefers to stay at home and yours adores travelling (My husband prefers to stay at home, and yours loves to travel)

I cannot find my pen, I only see your pen → I cannot find my pen, I only see yours (I can't find my pen, I only see yours)

He always spends time with their children and never with our children → He always spends time with their children and never with ours (He always spends time with their children and never with ours)

Often independent formsEnglish possessive pronounsused as an opportunity to oppose one object to another:

We have just seen his car. But hers looks more fashionable - We just saw his car. But her car looks more stylish.

I can't find my book but yours is on the table - I can't find my book, but yours is on the table.

As we can see, there are many differences between simple and absolute forms in English. The two kinds of possessive pronouns differ in form and in their use in sentences. But despite this, the meaning of the two types of pronouns when translated into Russian is the same.

In this lesson, the topic will be discussed in detail: The absolute form of possessive pronouns in English.

Theoretical part.

Possessive pronouns were covered at the beginning of the course, but in this lesson we will talk about a different form of possessive pronouns. First study the table.

A distinctive feature of the absolute form of possessive pronouns is that they replace nouns, while the simple form is an attribute to them. Thus, we can conclude that after the possessive pronoun in the absolute form, we cannot put a noun, since it is its replacement.

These pronouns in a sentence can be:

a) subject
It isn’t their door, theirs is gray - This is not their door, theirs is gray;

b) addition
If you don't have a coat you may take mine - If you don't have a jacket, you can take mine;

c) the nominal part of the predicate
This document is yours - This is your document.

It should be noted that the pronoun own does not exist in English, and in order to translate it, we use one of the forms of possessive pronouns.

Example:
I have lost my key. Give me yours please. - I lost the key. Give me your (your) please.

He brought his paper - He brought his (his) paper.

Also, combinations of yours, of hers, etc. are sometimes used. So, for example, we can say:

She invited a classmate of yours - She invited one of your classmates.

This is where the theoretical part ends, let's proceed to the practical, based on the lyrics of your favorite songs.

Practical part

1) Consider the lyrics of the song of the British rock band Led Zeppelin - All of My Love (All my love).

…Yours is the cloth,
Mine is the hand that sews time...
His is the force that lies within
Ours is the fire, all the warmth we can find
He is a feather in the wind…
Translation:
…Yours is the canvas
Mine is the hand that sews time...
His is the power that is concentrated within
Ours is fire, all the warmth we find
He is a feather in the wind...

In this example, in the first four lines you see the use of the absolute form of the possessive pronouns, which act as the subject. Mine is the hand ... - mine - hand…

2) Let's study the lines of the song of the American singer Kevin Rudolf feat. Birdman, Jay Sean And Lil Wayne - Made It (Cash Money Heroes)

…I look up to the sky:
And now the World is mine!
I "ve known it all my life!
I made it, I made it!
Translation:
... I raise my eyes to the sky:
And now the whole world is mine!
I've known this all my life!
I did it, I did it!..

The possessive pronoun in its absolute form is contained in the second line: And now the World is mine - And now the whole world is mine. In this case, the pronoun acts as the nominal part of the predicate.

3) Let's turn to the lyrics of the song of the British rock band Iron Maiden - The Trooper (Soldier).

… You "ll take my life, but I" ll take yours too.
You "ll fire your musket, but I" ll run you through,
So, when you're waiting for the next attack,
You "d better stand, there"s no turning back ...
Translation:
…You will take my life, but I'll take yours too
You fire your musket but I'll pierce you
So when you wait for the next attack
You better hold out, there's no other way...

In this example, the absolute form of the possessive pronoun is contained in the first line. You "ll take my life, but I" ll take yours too - You will take my life, but I will also take yours. Here she acts as an addition.

4) Consider the words of the song of the Scottish artist Al Stewart - Year of the Cat (Year of the cat).

… She doesn't give you time for questions
As she locks up your arm in hers
And you follow "till your sense of which direction
Completely disappears…
Translation:
…She doesn't give you time for questions.
As long as she holds your hand in hers
And you follow her until your sense of direction
Won't completely disappear...

In this example, pay attention to the second line: As she locks up your arm in hers - While she holds your hand in her (hers). Shown here is the translation of the pronoun your , which is replaced by the possessive pronoun hers . Similar examples were given in the theoretical part.

5) Let's study the lines of the song from Eurovision 2011 by the Bosnian singer Dino Merlin - Love in Rewind (Love on rewind).

… You'll just find two, three songs of mine
Hundred warries of mine
Your love, your love in rewind
You "ll just find two, three songs of mine ...
Translation:
…You will find only two, three of my songs
Hundreds of my experiences
Your love, your love is on rewind
You will find only two, three of my songs...

In this example, you see the use of the absolute form of possessive pronouns in the combination of mine . You "ll just find two, three songs of mine - You will only find two, three of my songs.

This concludes the practical part, and now you know how to correctly use the absolute form of possessive pronouns. Listen to your favorite songs and repeat the necessary rules, combine business with pleasure.

From this lesson, you need to remember the following words:

coat - jacket, coat
classmate ["kla: smeit] - classmate
cloth - fabric
to sew - sew, sew
warmth - heat
feather ["feðə] - feather (for birds)
trooper ["tru: pə] - soldier
musket ["mʌskit] - musket
to run through - pierce, pierce, pierce (smth.)
attack [ə "tæk] - attack, offensive
to follow - follow, follow
sense - feeling, sensation
direction - direction
completely - completely, entirely, completely
to disappear - disappear (cease to exist)
song - song
rewind - rewind