Abie. Soon, immediately, then.

Abo, Albo. Or. Modern Ukrainian-Abo

Aer. Air.

Already, even. Even. Modern Ukrainian - already

Aki. As if.

Alamani. German, german.

Angeb. To even

Antipath. Viceroy

Armata. Armament, weapons; army. Modern Ukrainian-harmata-cannon

Asper (Polish Lat.). Veksha; coons, marten muzzles.

Unknown. Unexpectedly, unexpectedly.

Biskup. Bishop.

Blazen. Jester, baluster, buffoon. Modern Ukrainian blazen

Bliss. Buffoonery, trickery.

Glasser. Bachelor, teacher.

Brothers. Fight, fight.

Brasno. Food, meal. Modern Ukrainian -boroshno-millet

Armor. Defender, defender Modern Ukrainian boronites - to protect

Book. Defend, protect. Same

Burmister. Burgomaster

Bednik. Crippled.

Poor. Uncomfortable, difficult.

Valny. General, main.

Vdyachno. Thanks.

Vezha. Tower, tower. Modern Ukrainian - tower

Noble. Powerful Modern Ukrainian - possessing power, respectful nobleman.

Common thing (lat). Republic.

Vzgon. Destruction, destruction.

To crunch. Curb.

Wirsch. Verse. Modern Ukrainian - virsh

Vkolo. Around, around. Modern Ukrainian colo-circle

Sovereign. Ruler, owner.

Water. Leadership, leadership.

Vodla. Beside, near; following.

Vozh. Leader, guide, leader.

Drill. Excite.

Volot. Giant, giant.

Drunk. Congenital, inspired.

I'm lying. I plunge.

Hand. Hand to hand,

Nationwide. Solemnly, before all the people,

Nationwide. People, black.

All-Russian. With the whole family, with the family.

wow. Maternal uncle.

Vymova. Eloquence, pronunciation, pronunciation, Modern Ukrainian

Spa. Island.

flow out. In a military sense, make a sortie.

leak. sortie.

Elm. prisoner, captive. Modern Ukrainian

Gagrin. Antonov fire; gangrene.

Ugly. Discussion, speech.

Gakovnitsa, Long firearm of a small

Gauge fitted to a piece of wood.

Galia. Boat, galley.

Prancing. gallop; to fight, to fight.

Gat. The road through the swamp from bulk earth and brushwood. Modern Ukrainian

Gaura. Agarians, children of Hagar. So the Mohammedans called Christians, calling them Saracens, that is, the descendants of Sarah. Gaur or Gyaur is actually corrupted Geber, or Gever, Gvebr, Gebr, the fire-worshipper, and is used by the Turks and Persians in the general sense: unfaithful.

Hertz. Jump: engage in a duel. See prancing.

Home. Head; criminal.

Mockery. Joke, ridicule, gossip.

Shit. Replete.

Year. Hour. Modern Ukrainian

City. Castle, fortress.

Greek and Greek. Greek.

Goof, goof. Crowd, squad, build.

Decree. Definition, resolution; sentence.

Divy. Forest, wild.

Dolny. Lower, lower, lying in the valley.

Dondezhe. For now, for how long.

Others. Indus, in a different test.

Dishchitsa. Board, board.

A business. Cannon, squeaker, guns in general.

Ezegko. The lake is small

Elocution. Expression, saying; rebuke,

Frog. Toad, frog.

Complain. Regret about whom or what; also spare.

Zhart. Joke. Modern Ukrainian

Zhelner. Soldier, mercenary.

Altar. Altar.

Live. feed, feed; give life: save, save.

Corral. In the military sense: raid, sortie; also a campaign of a separate corps.

See who. reproach, condemn; to see whom: to envy.

Zaiste. Truly.

Peace. Measure, set boundaries.

Zane. For, because.

Zanedbat. Neglect.

Sharpen things. Line up the cannons; sharpen trenches: arrange trenches.

Zatsny. Worthy, respectable.

Zbroika. Armor.

Earthling. Resident, owner of land, landowner.

Superficiality. Superiority, leadership.

More sinister. Especially.

Angry. Connected; confused.

fit. Agree, unite, Modern Ukrainian-- come in handy

Rise. Improve, catch, meet.

Speak. Wish, favor. Modern Ukrainian

Zelne. Very, very, very, violently.

Igovsky. Belonging to him, her or them. vernacular theirs.

Izgrebie. Sor.

Treason to what, or to what, Mena, exchange.

Izrada. Treason, betrayal.

Izradec. Traitor.

Iconomach. Iconoclast, destroyer of icons.

Interegnum. Interregnum.

Hindus, in. Another place. Indus, elsewhere, indus.

True. Authentic, accurate, undoubted; the same one.

Say. Command, order; teach, instruct.

Cancer. Cancer disease.

Cat. Executioner, torturer.

Klyashtor. Monastery, monastery.

Knegt. Soldier, warrior.

Princess. Princes specific.

Casing. Fur coat, sheepskin coat.

Kolo. Wheel.

How many. Around, around; several.

Conclusion. Conclusion.

Comoros. Chamber, chamber.

Kortuna, kartuna. A battering ram that fired a 48 pound cannonball.

Kosh. Purse, braided; in the military sense: a marching convoy, also a moving army; transition, migration, migration.

Except. More than that; aside

Kronika. Chronicle, chronicle.

Kryzhak. Crusader.

Kul. Ball; core; bullet.

Kuntor. The German crusaders have a voivode, a district headman.

Latvia. Lighter, more comfortable.

Ice, ice, ice. Modern Ukrainian

Lensmarshalok. Landmarshal, zemstvo governor, noble dignitary.

Letargitsky. Lethargic, unfeeling.

Lie down. To tickle, induce, excite, incite.

False. Bed clerk, valet.

Lotrovsky. Rogue,

Lotr. Robber.

Luchny. Pertaining to the bow.

Lepshiy. Best.

Beloved. Greedy, loving gain.

People People, army. Modern Ukrainian

Lutorsky. Lutheran.

Lyadiaky. Unworthy, vile, low.

Lyasfim. Blasphemy.

Lyakhovitsa. Polish, Catholic.

Maestat. Majesty, throne.

Majstr. Master; head of the Lavonsky Order.

Malvasia. Malvasian or Cretan wine, from Mount Malma.

Maniac. Madman; flatterer, pleaser.

Marzipan. Almond cake.

Marshall. Zemsky, state dignitary.

Mother. Foul language.

Matron. Wife, woman.

Mashkara. Mask, mask; jester costume. Also ugly, ugly.

Borders. Between. Modern Ukrainian

Peace. Reconcile, agree, unite.

Imaginary. Suspicious.

Think. Think, believe.

Think. Seems to me.

Mnich. Monk, black.

Many, many. Strong, plentiful, skillful.

Me. Less.

The most. Lesser, smallest

Power. Power; from Slavyansk, able: strong, powerful. Modern Ukrainian

Possible. Powerful; possible.

Murovanny. Stone.

Moore. Wall. Modern Ukrainian

Mukhoyar. Semi-silk fabric.

Mshel. Greed, bribe, profit.

Measured. Mediocre; moderate; temperate.

Mesky. Urban.

A place. The city at present the meaning of this word.

To be. Get, buy, acquire.

Navad. Guidance, confusion, quarrel.

Gain. rape.

The ugliest. The best. Modern Ukrainian

Punish. Command, instruct, teach.

Nalyatsat. Pull on.

Naming. Persuade, instruct. Modern Ukrainian

Napoli. In half.

Science liberated. Fine science

Nausia. Youthful age when the mustache breaks through.

Negley. May be; probably; really.

Fire disease. Hot, fire.

Trouble. Anxiety.

Ridiculous. Shameless, dishonorable.

Nendza. Need, grief, trouble.

Don't sip. Think, imagine, believe.

Come on. Let be.

Nechny. Unkind, dishonest, disgusting.

Needed. Necessary; close; difficult; also tired, powerless.

Unwinding. Mute, unable to speak. Reluctant - to babble.

Some. Some.

About, in up to: about ten - up to ten.

Add. Speak, bewitch, stun.

Obadva. Both, both.

Obache. But; especially.

Deprive. Lose children.

Oblichne. A face with a face; personally

Wrapped up. Dressed, clothed.

Obtichyusche (from the word obteshchi-obtich). Run, run, cross.

Grind. Surround, leave, pour over.

Deadness, fainting.

Community. Community, democracy.

hug. Volume, circumference; a place.

Ovo. Partly; or.

Ovy, One, different, different.

Cursed. Miserable, poor, deplorable: also worthless.

About. Around, around, a few.

Okromny. Third party, foreign.

Payback Ransom.

Ole! (church-sl.). ABOUT.

Opat. Abbot, abbot.

Opera. Works.

Plazy. Curious; also feisty.

Oratsia. Speech.

Oselsky. Donkey.

Osifians. Monks of the monastery of Joseph of Volokolamsk.

Oskord. Spade, plow, axe.

Remaining.Last, the rest; extreme, final.

Austen. Spoke, pointed tool.

Leave. Secretly, covertly.

Swell. Paternal, paternal.

Remove. speak up; reply, reply.

Separately. Since then, ever since.

Obvious. Evident. Obviously, an eye with an eye.

Remember. I remember.

Paper. Paper.

Pair. Haze, smoke, steam.

Paremia. Parable.

Paholic. Boy, servant, squire.

Pashchek. Jaw, mouth.

Pevny. Confident, reliable. Modern Ukrainian

Pevne. Probably true.

Penyaz. Coin; money.

First. First: first of all; especially; especially.

Captivity, Chain, connection (from the word weave).

Plisch. Splashing; cry. noise.

Pluvia. Rain.

Plump. Filthy, filthy. Modern Ukrainian-spugy

Messed up. Smeared, painted, bleached. Modern Ukrainian-whitewashed

Will. relent; agree.

Repeat. Secondary. -Modern Ukrainian

Let's say. I'll tell you, I'll tell you.

Windward. Air; contagious.

Prosperous. Useful.

Scream. Borrow and lend. Modern Ukrainian

Catch. Understand, marry, get married.

Show. Spoil, destroy one by one.

Pokey. For now, for how long.

Polesat. Connect, combine, combine.

Half an hour. One and a half.

The field is wild. Steppe.

Floorboard. Half; spouse.

Full. Field; field affairs: regimental or field guns of 4-pounder caliber.

To pop, to damage, to spoil.

Posting. Behead.

Be happy. Make happy.

sit down. Own, take possession.

Potakovnik. A lover, a lover.

Potvar. slander, slander, slander,

Cook. Slander.

Potyya. Until.

Have a sip. To flatter, flatter.

Cob. Start, start.

Mail. Den, post, detachment, guards.

Sling. A tool used to throw stones

Contempt. Pride, contempt.

Prejudice. Forbid.

Melt down. Swim across the river

Preface. Preface.

Excess. Lower back pain

Attach (attach to yourself). Call for; invite; beckon.

Privilege. Privilege, privilege.

suit. Adventure; happening.

Cover up. Steep; difficult, uncomfortable; annoying.

Speed ​​up. speed up; add, excite.

to crouch. Dig closer.

Producer. Traitor, traitor.

Pierce. pierce; draw

Pronuncation. Pronunciation; See also saying, opinion.

Prostator. Chief, patron.

Protors. Costs, expenses.

Prutky. Fast, nimble, fast.

Pret. To argue, to deny, to deny, to fight back.

Pseudo profit. False prophet.

Purgatory. Purgatory.

Pentate. Pentecost, St. Spirit.

Pleased. Advice. Modern Ukrainian

Jerk off. excite; torment, tire; wait.

Cheer up. Cover, hide, hide.

Reggula. Rule, rule.

Retreat. To argue, to be jealous, to try.

Resh. Imperial.

Rob. Do, work. Modern Ukrainian

Horn. In the military see: wing, flank.

Rozmov. Discourse, conversation, conversation.

To unmove. Talk.

Castle. Discuss, negotiate.

Rock. Year; time. Modern Ukrainian

Hand. Gun.

Manual. Rifle.

Satannik. Satan worshiper.

Summary. Witness. Modern Ukrainian - certificate

Svedchy. Witness.

Holy. Celebration. Modern Ukrainian

Sens. Meaning, sense.

Serena. Bucket, clear days,

Seunch. notify

Seunch. Herald.

Sigclit. Sinklit, government, dignitary.

Sicovation. Fraud, slander.

Synod. Cathedral and Council resolution.

Sice. So.

Treasure, treasure, treasury, Modern Ukrainian

Skomrokh. buffoon; jester.

Get wrapped up. hide; disappear.

Slanny. Salty.

Word. The gift of the word; eloquence.

Servant. Attendant.

Flush. Washer, drenching slanderous water.

Sophistry. Sophisms, false conclusions.

Speculator. Head of the executioners; also a spy.

Confess. Confess, acknowledge.

Get dressed. Hope, think.

Col. Compound; partnership.

Half. Together; also half.

On right. A business; in the military sense: battle, team, leadership.

Srogy. Strict.

Pissing. Sucking.

Staynik. Groom; slander.

Stein. Stable. Modern Ukrainian

stateechny. Powerful, constant, well-behaved; venerable.

Stegno. Hip, thigh. Modern Ukrainian

Finish the battle. Give a fight.

Strategist Chief Commander, Hetman.

Stratilat. Warlord, commander.

Strose. Strictly, angrily.

Stryechny. Cousin.

Stry. Paternal uncle.

Cold Sea. Arctic Ocean.

Chill. To pester, persistently ask.

Stultition. Stupidity.

Substance. Essence.

Schismatic. Dissenter.

Enchant. Bewitch, speak, spoil. Modern Ukrainian - charm

Sonovets. Brother's son, brother.

Sekerka. Axe, axe.

Sechivo. Axe, axe.

Talaven. Scoundrel.

Tanya. Cheaper.

Adze. Carpentry tool for hewing trees; cleaver

Trade. Pull, tear, tear.

Skinny. Vain, idle, empty.

Tear, Be, exist, last.

Tretina. The third part.

Trunek. Drink, drink.

Tuga. Anguish, anguish.

Tune, Darom, in vain, for no reason.

Careful. Careful, diligent.

Vanity. Damage, loss, injury.

Tyzhden. A week. Modern Ukrainian

Please. To appease, ask for forgiveness. Modern Ukrainian

Steal. Leave, avoid.

Bridle. restrain, pacify,

Une. Better; the worst is the best.

Chop. cut down; build up.

Plot. Fable.

Folgovat. Skill, soften, spare.

Phosphoros. Luminous body; morning Star; dennitsa.

Hait. Ridicule, condemn. Modern Ukrainian

Hirotonisat. To ordain, to ordain in a spiritual dignity.

Hove someone yourself. Hide, hide. Modern Ukrainian

Khoronyak. Coward, from the word: bury, hide.

Art. Wise, skillful.

Chastka. Particle.

Chelo. Advanced army, selected army, first front.

Chimbura. Fetters, shackles.

It felt like. It seemed to be heard.

Chuyny. Vigilant, vigilant, watchful.

Shantovat. Make trenches, dig in.

Shafovat. To manage.

Skoda. Harm, and adverb; it's a pity.

Gentry. Nobility.

Ways and hats. Hidden road, path. Modern Ukrainian

Rideable. rider, equestrian, rider.

Exordia. Introduction, introductory.

Epistole. Letter, message.

Yurgelt. Salary, pension.

Yazvina. Nora, nest.

What, what, what. Modern Ukrainian

Yartaul. Vanguard, advanced regiment.

Yasak. Sign, message, messenger. (from)

The 16th century is the very period in which the territory of Moscow Russia, which turned into the Moscow kingdom, expanded to unprecedented borders. In 1505, Vasily 3 came to power, whose reign lasted until 1533. This ruler took up the seizure of the remaining territories of the former Kievan Rus, which had not yet been divided between Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Pskov, Ryazan, Kaluga and other cities were captured, all resistance in them was brutally broken. During his reign, several conflicts with Lithuania were unleashed and resolved - in 1507-08 a short war took place. The "eternal peace" concluded after her was violated by Moscow only 5 years later. A new war of conquest allowed Moscow to capture Smolensk. However, it lasted ten years, and caused enormous damage to the economy of the Moscow kingdom, with which several European states stopped trading at once. The situation was aggravated by the constant Tatar raids from the Crimea, the most serious of them occurred in 1521.

At the same time, Moscow in 1506, 1524 and 1530 tried to capture Kazan, but each time these campaigns were unsuccessful. In the foreign policy arena, Ivan 3 tried to maneuver, at the same time establishing friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire, no less aggressive than Moscow, and maintaining diplomatic relations with the Holy Roman Empire. The latter wanted to connect the Moscow kingdom to the joint struggle against the Turks, but Ivan 3 did not give a clear answer on this issue.
After the death of Ivan 3, a struggle for power began, the rulers of Russia were constantly changing, and only on January 16, 1547, Prince Ivan 4 was put in charge, supported by the church and the Boyar Duma. In the same year there was a fire that destroyed almost all of Moscow. The new king carried out tax, military, land and church reforms, and also reformed the state apparatus.

Ivan 4, later nicknamed the Terrible, continued the aggressive policy of his ancestors. He managed to capture the Kazan and Astrakhan kingdoms, under him the territory of the Muscovite kingdom expanded to Siberia - its development began. Some khans themselves decided to become part of a powerful state, others were broken. In 1598, Yermak and his army finally defeated the steppes and captured Western Siberia.

Russia in the 16th century, in short, was an extremely aggressive state. In the west, Moscow again showed aggression towards Lithuania. During the Livonian War, the Livonian Order was destroyed, but four states joined the war at once - Poland, Lithuania, Denmark and Sweden. Aggression was stopped, and for Moscow this defeat turned into a serious crisis.

Introduction

In the 15th-17th centuries, the formation of a single Russian state took place. This problem is considered one of the key ones in historical science.

The Russian state was born in the 14th century under the yoke of an external yoke, built and expanded in the 15th and 16th centuries, in the midst of a stubborn struggle for its existence in the west, south and southeast. This external struggle kept internal hostility in check. The process of formation and development of the Russian centralized state took place in difficult conditions. Russia found its place in the world, its geopolitical space as a result of bloody victories and skillful politics. This process played an important role in the history of the state, predetermining its future position, development and was natural.

In the 17th century continued centralization of the Russian state. In the 17th century, there was a troubled time, which led to economic decline. It was the time of the formation of a new government and reforms.

In this work, we will cover both of these important periods in the history of Russia.

The purpose of this course work is to study the position of the Russian state in the 15th-17th centuries.

consider the main events in the period of the 15th-16th centuries;

characterize the socio-economic development of Russia in the 15th-16th centuries;

to study the causes of the political and economic crisis in Russia at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. and the main events of the turmoil;

characterize the reign of Boris Godunov, False Dmitry I and II, Vasily Shuisky;

consider the reasons for the creation and results of people's militias;

sum up the troubled times. Consider the state of the Russian state at the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Romanov.

To write this course paper, textbooks on the history of Russia were used by such authors as: Arslanov R.A., V.V. Kerov, M.N. Moseykina, T.M. Smirnova, Bokhanov A.N., Gorinov M.M., Dvornichenko A.Yu., Kashchenko S.G., Kirillov V.V., Klyuchevsky V.O., Orlov A.S., Georgiev V.A., Georgieva N.G., Sivokhina T.A. and others.

The structure of the course work is determined by the goals and objectives of the study and includes? introduction, two chapters divided into paragraphs, conclusion and list of references.

Formation of a unified Russian state in the 15th-16th centuries

The main events in the period of 15-16 centuries.

In the 2nd half of the 15th-1st third of the 16th centuries. most of the Russian lands were included in the Moscow Grand Duchy. Moscow became the capital of the unified Russian state.

The Grand Duke of All Russia Ivan III Vasilyevich (ruled in 1462-1505) annexed the principalities of Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), the Novgorod Republic (1477), the Grand Duchy of Tver (1485), Vyatka land (1489) to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. "Standing on the Ugra" troops of Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat and Ivan III in 1480 ended with the retreat of Akhmat, which led to the final liberation of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. As a result of the Russo-Lithuanian wars of 1487–94 and 1500–03, the Verkhovsky principalities, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub, Gomel, Bryansk, Toropets, and others, ceded to Moscow. In 1487, the Kazan Khanate became a vassal of the Russian state (until 1521). From the end of the 15th century developed a landownership system. Arslanov R.A., V.V. Kerov, M.N. Moseykina, T.M. Smirnova. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 20th century. Allowance for entering universities. - 2000 519 p.

The estate, which was owned by a serving nobleman, and the Grand Duke was the supreme owner, could not be inherited, sold, etc. The nobility formed the basis of the armed forces of the state. The growing need of the state and the feudal lords for money forced them to increase the profitability of estates and estates by transferring duties to cash taxes, increasing quitrents, introducing their own plowing, and transferring peasants to corvée. Sudebnik 1497 legalized a single term for the transition of peasants to other owners, usually in the fall, a week before St. George's Day (November 26) and a week after it. Under Ivan III, the process of folding the central state apparatus was going on. The Boyar Duma became a permanent deliberative body under the supreme power. It included duma ranks: boyars, roundabouts, from the beginning of the 16th century. - duma nobles, later duma clerks. The unification of the courts of the principalities attached to Moscow as part of the Sovereign's court continued. The relationship between the princely-boyar aristocracy of Moscow and the region was regulated by localism. At the same time, a number of special territorial courts were still preserved (Tver land until the 1640s, Novgorod land until the first quarter of the 17th century). There were central executive bodies (Treasury, palaces). Local administrative, financial and judicial functions were performed by the institute of governors and volostels that had developed in Russia, supported by feeding, the 2nd marriage (1472) of Ivan III with the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Zoya (Sophia) Palaiologos served to increase the international authority of Moscow. Diplomatic and trade relations were established with the papal throne, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, the Principality of Moldavia, the Ottoman Empire, Iran, the Crimean Khanate, etc. Ivan III attracted Italian architects Aleviz Fryazin (Milants), Aleviz Fryazin to the construction of church and secular buildings in Moscow (New), Aristotle Fioravanti and others.

Under Ivan III, the struggle of 2 currents in the Russian Orthodox Church escalated: the Josephites (the founder and spiritual leader Joseph Volotsky) and non-possessors (Nil Sorsky, Paisiy Yaroslavov, Vassian Patrikeev, etc.). At the church council of 1503, the attempt by the nonpossessors to put into practice the idea of ​​the monasteries renouncing land ownership provoked active opposition from Joseph Volotsky and his supporters. Bokhanov A.N., Gorinov M.M. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century. Book I. M., 2001. - 347 p.

Ivan III, who hoped to replenish the land fund of the state through secularization, was forced to recognize the program of the Josephites: "Church acquisition is God's acquisition." He also changed his attitude towards the circle of freethinkers (F.V. Kuritsyn, Ivan Cherny, etc.), which had developed at the court of his son and co-ruler (since 1471), Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy (1458-93) and his wife (since 1483) Helena Stefanovna (died in disgrace in 1505), and yielded to the Archbishop of Novgorod Gennady and other hierarchs who demanded cruel punishments of representatives of the so-called. Novgorod-Moscow heresy.

The Grand Duke of All Russia Vasily III Ivanovich (reigned in 1505-33) annexed the Pskov Republic (1510), the Ryazan Grand Duchy (1521) to Moscow. He conquered Smolensk from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1514). The size of the territory of the state increased from 430 thousand km 2 (the beginning of the 60s of the 15th century) to 2800 thousand km 2 (the beginning of the 30s of the 16th century). Vasily III, following the policy of his father, strictly regulated his relations with the specific princes, a number of appanages were liquidated. He began construction beyond the Oka of the Great Zasechnaya Line and, in the interests of medium and small feudal lords, supported the development of lands south of Moscow. He, like Ivan III, invited foreigners to Moscow: the doctor and translator N. Bulev, Maxim Grek, etc. To justify the divine origin of the grand duke's power, he used the ideas of Joseph Volotsky, "Tales of the Princes of Vladimir", the theory "Moscow - the third Rome". Divorce from Solomonia Saburova (1525) and marriage to Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya aggravated relations between Vasily III and part of the Moscow boyars.

During the years of the regency of Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya (1533-38) and after her death, under the juvenile Grand Duke of All Russia (since 1533) Ivan IV Vasilyevich (1530-84), the struggle between court factions intensified. It was attended by Elena's favorite - Prince I.F. Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky (died in prison), princes Belsky, Shuisky, boyars Vorontsov, princes Glinsky. During this period, the inheritances of the brothers Vasily III, princes Yuri Dmitrovsky and Andrei Staritsky, were liquidated (both died in prison). Monetary reform (1535-38), description of lands (1536-44), lip reform (1539-41), etc. were carried out. Klyuchevsky V.O. Russian history: Full course of lectures: In 2 books: Book. 1. - Mn.: Harvest, M.: AST, 2000. - 1056 p. - Classics of historical thought.

In the 1st half of the 16th century. landownership in the central districts covered more than a third of the land, but the patrimony remained the dominant form of land ownership. There was an increase in trade and handicraft production. Novgorod, the Serpukhov-Tula region, Ustyuzhna-Zhelezopolskaya became large iron-making centers; they were engaged in salt-making in Salt-Galitskaya, Una and Nenoksa (on the coast of the White Sea), Solvychegodsk; leather processing - in Yaroslavl, etc. The trade and craft elite of a number of cities included guests and merchants of the living room and cloth hundreds. Furs came from the North, where bread was delivered from the center. Trade with Eastern countries (Ottoman Empire, Iran, Central Asian states) was more developed than with Western countries. Moscow has become the largest market in the country. In the middle of the 16th century in the country there were already up to 160 cities, most of which were military-administrative centers-fortresses. Bokhanov A.N., Gorinov M.M. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century. Book I. M., 2001. - 347 p.

On January 16, 1547, Ivan IV Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, the royal title was considered equal to the imperial one. The closest adviser to the king was Metropolitan Macarius. In the late 40s - 50s of the 16th century. Ivan IV together with the so-called. Elected Rada (A.F. Adashev, Sylvester, etc.) participated in the compilation of the Sudebnik of 1550, completed the labial and carried out Zemstvo reforms (during the latter, feeding was canceled), began to convene Zemsky Sobors, central nationwide class-representative institutions with legislative functions. There was a formation of a class-representative monarchy. The tsar ruled jointly with the Boyar Duma, relying on the decisions of the Zemsky Sobors. The sovereign's court included the upper strata of the ruling class (including the princely and old boyar aristocracy) and was divided into ranks: duma, as well as close to them, including representatives of the highest court positions, Moscow ranks and nobles from county corporations. The main categories of service people "according to the fatherland" and "according to the instrument" were formed. Localism regulated the system of tribal and service relations of noble families. At the same time, Ivan IV, by decree of 1550, limited the application of the norms of parochialism in military service to military merit. In the middle of the 16th century a system of central executive institutions-orders was formed (Ambassadorial, Local, Discharge, etc.). In 1550, 6 archery regiments were established, divided into hundreds. The local system of manning the army was formalized by the "Code of Service" (1555-60).

The most important result of foreign policy in the 1550s. was the capture of Kazan, the annexation of the territories of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates to Russia and the inclusion of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Western Urals in the emerging multinational state. In the 2nd half of the 16th century. in Russia, in addition to Russians, lived Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Maris, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Komi, Karelians, Saami, Veps, Nenets and other peoples.

In order to prevent the raids of the Crimean khans on the southern and central regions of the country in 1556-59, campaigns of Russian and Ukrainian troops were undertaken on the territory subject to the Crimean Khanate. In 1559 governor D.F. Adashev landed on the Crimean coast, captured a number of cities and villages, and returned safely to Russia. Arslanov R.A., V.V. Kerov, M.N. Moseykina, T.M. Smirnova. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 20th century. Allowance for entering universities. - 2000 519 p.

In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War, with the aim of seizing the Baltic states and establishing himself on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Under the blows of the Russian troops, the Livonian Order disintegrated. Russia was opposed by Sweden, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from 1569 - the Commonwealth).

Around 1560, the government of the Chosen Rada fell, some members of which opposed the conduct of the Livonian War, and also considered it necessary to continue the struggle against the Crimean Khanate. Ivan IV also suspected his former associates of sympathy for his cousin, the specific prince Vladimir Staritsky. After the defeat of the Russian troops from the Polish-Lithuanian side on the river. Ula near Polotsk (1564) the tsar put disgrace and executed princes M.P. Repnina, Yu.I. Kashin, governor N.P. Sheremeteva and others. Trying to break the hidden opposition of some part of the aristocracy and achieve unlimited autocratic power, in December 1564 Ivan IV set about organizing the oprichnina. On January 3, 1565, having retired to Alexandrov's settlement, he announced his abdication, placing the blame on the clergy, boyars, children of boyars and clerks. A deputation from the Boyar Duma and the clergy arrived in the settlement, expressing their consent to granting emergency powers to the tsar. The king established a "special" court with his army, finances and administration. The state was divided into oprichnina and zemstvo territories. In the oprichnina, the oprichnina thought, financial orders (Cheti) operated. Zemshchina continued to be controlled by the Boyar Duma. There were evictions of feudal lords who were not enrolled in the oprichnina, with the transfer of their lands to the guardsmen. From February 1565, the oprichnina terror began. In 1568, the boyar I.P. was executed. Fedorov and his alleged "supporters", in 1569 the Staritskys, Metropolitan Philip and others were exterminated. In January - February 1570, the tsar led a campaign against Novgorod, which was accompanied by the devastation of Tver and Novgorod lands and the defeat of Novgorod. In the same year, many supporters of Ivan IV were executed (guardsmen A.D. and F.A. Basmanov, clerk I.M. Viskovaty, etc.). In 1571, the tsar and the oprichnina army failed to defend Moscow from the raid of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray. At the same time, zemstvo governors, princes M.I. Vorotynsky, D.I. Khvorostinin and others inflicted a crushing defeat on the khan in the Battle of Molodin in 1572. In the same year, Ivan IV abolished the oprichnina, and in 1575 appointed Simeon Bekbulatvich, the Kasimov Khan, the Grand Duke of All Russia, he himself was called Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Moscow, retaining full power. In 1576 he regained the royal throne. Klyuchevsky V.O. Russian history: Full course of lectures: In 2 books: Book. 1. - Mn.: Harvest, M.: AST, 2000. - 1056 p. - Classics of historical thought.

Temporary successes during the Livonian War (the capture of Marienhausen, Lutsin, Zesswegen, Schwanenburg, and others in 1577) gave way to a series of defeats from the troops of the Polish King Stefan Batory and the Swedish King Johan III. In 1581-82 the Pskov garrison headed by Prince I.P. Shuisky withstood the siege of the Polish-Lithuanian troops.

The internal policy of Ivan IV and a protracted war led the country in the 70-80s. 16th century to a severe economic crisis, the ruin of the population with taxes, oprichnina pogroms, and the desolation of large areas of Russia. In 1581, Ivan IV introduced a temporary ban on the peasant exit on St. George's Day. Continuing the policy of expanding the territory of the state, the tsar supported the campaign of Yermak Timofeyevich against the Siberian Khanate (about 1581), initiating the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state. The Livonian War ended (1583) with the loss of a number of Russian lands (the Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582, the Truce of Plus in 1583). The reign of Ivan IV, nicknamed "The Terrible", ended in the collapse of many undertakings and the personal tragedy of the tsar, connected with the murder of his son - Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich. Historians have not been able to unambiguously explain the reasons for his actions. The combination of talent, outstanding education and the sadistic inclinations of the king is sometimes associated with his severe heredity, mental trauma during his childhood, persecution mania, etc.

Russian culture of the late 15th-16th centuries. It is represented by outstanding achievements in the field of book printing (printing houses of Ivan Fedorov, P.T. Mstislavets), architecture (the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin, the Pokrovsky Cathedral on Red Square, the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye), church painting (frescoes and icons of Dionysius), applied art. In the 16th century compiled Voskresenskaya, Nikonovskaya and other chronicles, the Front chronicle code. The problems of power, the relationship between church and state, the socio-political and economic structure were considered in the works of Philotheus, Joseph Volotsky, Maxim the Greek, Yermolai-Erasmus, I.S. Peresvetov, Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince A.M. Kurbsky and others.

16th century" title="(!LANG:History of Russia 16 century">!}
RUSSIAN HISTORY 16 CENTURY. THE TIME IS TERRIBLE. THE TIME IS TROUBLED.
IN 16 century, Russia entered under the "sign" of the double-headed eagle, firmly holding the Russian lands in Europe and Asia in its paws. It was led by a smart politician and a talented leader, "the sovereign of all Russia", Ivan lll. Unification, law and autocracy are the goals and objectives to which he aspired and which he put into practice. Endless civil strife and strife between the principalities and cities weakened the military and economic potential of the Russian lands. Centralization of control was achieved by any possible means. The Grand Duke created a professional army, well equipped and organized. Many specific rulers voluntarily and consciously recognized the priority of Moscow in state administration. All dissatisfied with such a policy were punished and deposed. The inhabitants of the cities did not want to participate in fratricidal wars, for the sake of princely sovereignty. Moscow was not perceived as an enemy and enslaver. The city was known for its good nature and readiness to accept anyone who wanted to live and work peacefully and honestly. Even Ivan Kalita cleared the Moscow lands from theft and robbery. Here they found refuge, oppressed by Catholic Lithuania. Crimean Tatars fled here, seeking protection from the Sultan.
Mr. Veliky Novgorod himself, haughtily rejecting diplomatic attempts at peaceful solutions, was overthrown. Novgorod troops suffered a severe defeat on the Shelon River in 1471 year. The Novgorodians paid a "penny" and lost part of the land, and seven years later they voluntarily asked Moscow for a protectorate. By this time, the Russian state had already determined its main forms, although the annexation of new lands continued.
Not all neighboring states were satisfied with the expansion, strengthening and independence of the Russian lands in 16 century. Lithuanians and Livonians threatened from the northwest, in the southeast, the Great Horde could not come to terms with the loss of a source of rich tribute. Ahmad Khan, after many years of preparation, led his army to Russia. The armies stood on opposite banks of the Ugra River. The attempts of the Mongols to cross were met with a rebuff. "Standing on the Ugra River" lasted more than a month, after which the khan withdrew his troops. On the way back, Akhmat was killed, the severed head was delivered to the Grand Duke. Thus ended the history of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
But not only foreign policy was a priority in state reforms. local government; class, civil and criminal-legal relations required adaptation and regulation in the new conditions. IN 1497 year, the first collection of laws and rules in the history of Russia - "Sudebnik" - is published. It was based on the provisions of the "Russian Truth" (a set of regulations governing legal and judicial decisions in Ancient Russia). A large list of Sudebnik included additions and a new interpretation of some of the regulations, in accordance with the conditions and the spirit of the times.
History of Russia in 16 century, took the baton from the past century. Basil lll, who continued the work of his father, is "married" to the throne. The new sovereign was a tough politician and autocrat. The specific princes, who declared disobedience to Moscow, were perceived as internal enemies. Any confusion was nipped in the bud. The boyar estate, which has great wealth, power and freedom of choice, did not go unnoticed (the boyar had the right to choose which prince to serve). Duma boyars in state matters put themselves in no way lower than princes. Still memorable were the times in history when the princes could not put into practice decisions that were not approved by the Duma. Excessively free-thinking, Vasily Ivanovich eliminated, not embarrassed in the means and methods. The opponent could be sent to another war, exiled to a monastery or executed, for a suitable reason. Foreign policy continued the line of establishing Russia as an independent and strong state. Diplomatic relations were established with European countries. There was an attempt to conclude a union with the Pope, on a joint struggle with the Sultan. In the contract dated 1514 year, concluded with the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Maximilian, Grand Duke Vasily was first mentioned as the "Emperor of the Rus", which suggests that in 16 century, Russia declared itself as an equal among equals. Basil lll inherited his father's foresight and patience, waiting for the result. In order to protect the southern borders from the restless Crimeans, he invited and hired noble Tatar nobles who settled in Russia, started families, and thus received “dual citizenship”. They were interested in the stability of relations between the old and new homeland, using all their influence on this.
With the death of Vasily Ivanovich, in 1533 year, Russia enters a period of struggle for the throne. The heir at that time was three years old. The boyar and princely nobility was divided into two camps. Some supported the reign of the dowager empress, others sought to establish a boyar protectorate, headed by a representative of the Rurik dynasty. It was a time of intrigue and death. The heir's mother was poisoned when he was eight years old. For the same number of years, after her death, the boyars ruled the state. In January 1547 year, sixteen-year-old Ivan lV was crowned king. A new stage in the history of Russia has begun 16 century. The young king, ambitious, suspicious and quick-tempered, zealously took up the helm of power. He did not trust the boyars and introduced into his entourage representatives of the nobility and a progressive-minded priesthood, which became the backbone of the Chosen Rada. Created in 1549 year, a reform-minded legislature. The elected Council was subject to "orders", institutions acting as control in all areas of government: military, legal, financial and political. At the head of the orders were trusted persons who controlled the flow of income to the state treasury. "Zemsky Sobor", convened in 1550 year, declared inter-class reconciliation. The theses of the new relations formed the basis of the Sudebnik, adopted at about the same time. IN 1951 year the church council is going. The government, headed by the tsar, submits for the consideration of the council the structure of church-state relations, a list of one hundred chapters (hence the name, “Stoglavy Cathedral”). Restrictions were introduced on the participation of the church in secular affairs and cuts in income and estates. Monasteries, in particular, were forbidden to give the population money at interest and bread at "nasp", that is, at interest. The uncontrolled purchase of land by monasteries was prohibited.
A new way of army service was established, in the direction of increasing "service people on the device." Their maintenance was provided by the state treasury. Large landowners were obliged to provide, on occasion, a certain manpower reserve in full military equipment. The "staff" militia of villagers and townspeople was also preserved. In the army, “localism” was abolished, which opened the way to command positions for less noble, but more talented people.
The order on "feedings" issued by the king in 1556 year, abolished the powers of the governors and the rights of the regional nobility. A new principle of dividing territories into "lips" was introduced. At the head of the lip, a local headman was appointed, who supervised the bodies of investigation, trial and execution of punishments. The headman reported directly to the central government.
The years of reformism in the history of the reign of Ivan the Terrible were the most productive and served to further unite and centralize the Russian state. For many high-ranking officials, from among the clergy and the boyar class, such changes seemed unacceptable. Dissatisfaction with the internal policy of the tsar was brewing, so far only in the minds and words. But Ivan Vasilyevich, whose suspicion has intensified to mania, after the death of his wife, makes a move unexpected for opponents and supporters. He first demonstrates a desire to leave the throne, and then announces to the shocked people that he will remain in power if the citizens guarantee him unconditional support in the fight against traitors. Under the traitors were meant all those dissatisfied with the authorities.
It was time for the "oprichnina". Oprichnina declared all the royal and state lands and institutions, and everything that belonged to the guardsmen. Repressions began among the opposition-minded boyars. The confiscated property of the repressed went to the royal register. Oprichniki guarded the king and were his secret police. They carried out terror against objectionable from the military and aristocratic elite. A terrible time of denunciation, torture and executions began. According to false slander, an expedition to Novgorod was undertaken. Novgorodians, accused of treason, were ruthlessly destroyed without trial or investigation. Up to 600 people died daily.
The failure of the guardsmen as a military force was revealed in 1571 year, when the hordes of the Crimean Khan besieged Moscow. Many simply did not appear at the military location. Soon the oprichnina was abolished as a state institution, but remained in the structure of the court. The same is true of government property. Renaming, to "yard" and "yard", did not change the essence of belonging.
There is no consensus on the causes and circumstances of the emergence of the oprichnina. Some researchers of the history of Russia 16 centuries see them in unsuccessful wars with Livonia and the betrayal of Kurbsky, which prompted the tsarist government to think about conspiracy and treason. Others, in the paranoid tendencies of Ivan the Terrible. Whatever it was, the oprichnina caused enormous damage to the state. A colossal number of people at that time was exterminated. Many estates were looted and neglected. People wandered without work, shelter and bread.
Ivan the Terrible died in 1584 year, leaving behind the heir of the feeble-minded Fyodor. Fedor imperceptibly reigned and imperceptibly died. Together with 16 century ended the history of the Rurik dynasty. A troubled time was coming.