A significant advantage of the corners for arrangement is represented by high strength properties, resistance to thermal stress and mechanical damage. This version of cladding accessories can be used when installing siding trim on almost any type of facade. External and internal corners are mounted quite simply.

Features of installing corners

The installation of the outer corner part of the basement siding on buildings with flat or recessed basement parts is characterized by its own characteristics.

• At the initial stage, you should decide on the length of the profile. The optimal length indicators consist of the height of the corner, to which three millimeters should be added.
• Next, the profile is mounted on the outer corner using self-tapping screws or nails.
• It is also necessary not to forget about the indentation from the eaves of the roof in three millimeters. After fixing the structure on a pair of fasteners, it is necessary to measure the distance from the cornice part and the starting bar. In the first case, the gap should be three millimeters, and in the second measurement, the distance cannot be more than six millimeters.
• Next, the verticality of the corner profile strip is checked and standard fixation is performed with a step of fasteners in the range from twenty to forty centimeters. Do not install with excessively tight fastening.

Facing non-standard corners

The variety of all kinds of modern architectural solutions can often involve the presence of a bay window with an original shape, as well as non-standard corner sections and exclusive elements. Very often, homeowners are confused about the possibility of independently lining such facade or basement areas with siding panels.

As a rule, a similar variant of facing non-standard corners is performed quite simply. Manufacturers produce components that represent an external version of the corner profile, which, during installation work, is “stretched” onto the front part, opening or narrowing if necessary.

The main condition for successful installation work is the correct installation of fasteners. In this case, it is allowed to stretch the vinyl profiles on the outer and inner corners vertically. The rest of the installation technique remains standard.

Installation of basement siding (video)

In America, the era of settlers came into fashion and remained in it forever structurally simple and inexpensive frame houses. As a finish for them, special boards were used, which were called siding (siding) - sheathing. Gradually, the boards were replaced with sheathing made of PVC panels, which we now see on sale.

Siding installation

Installation of siding is a fairly simple job even for an unprepared person, the main thing is to carefully prepare. However, with large volumes or short deadlines, the services of specialists will still be required.

The first feature of the installation of siding is that it cannot be rigidly fixed. If the panel is rigidly fixed, then with a change in ambient temperature, it will change its size and either crack or deform, violating the entire appearance. At the ends of each panel, special fasteners are provided that allow temperature play.

For the installation of siding, special galvanized or aluminum nails with a wide head, a hammer for them, a tape measure, a building level, a plumb line, a hacksaw and metal shears, a knife, chalk and other tools, depending on the specific type of siding, are required, for example, a circular saw.

It is also desirable to use a special staircase instead of a conventional construction one: when relying on siding, it can be broken through if the upper supports of the stairs are not made with an increase in width. In particularly difficult cases, scaffolding is installed.

Siding is mounted on a crate-frame protruding above the wall of the building, usually wooden. Edged boards and wooden beams, a drywall profile are usually used. Insulation and waterproofing layer can also be laid between the wall and siding.

The correct construction of the crate largely determines the appearance of the building after the installation of the siding. The slightest curvature or inaccuracy will be immediately visible, so here also you need to work very carefully.

Fasteners must not corrode. If you do not adhere to this rule, then over time, rusty stains will appear at the fastener site, which will spoil the appearance of the finish. Nails or screws must be aluminum or galvanized with a head 0.9-1 cm in diameter. The stem of the nail must be 0.3 cm in diameter and long enough to penetrate the base to a depth of at least 2 cm. Drive the nail exactly in the center of the special hole in the panel, but not on the edge: this may cause the panel to break. Drive the nail straight, a bent or angled nail will warp the panel and cause the siding to bulge.

It is recommended to drive them in at a distance of 30-40 cm from each other. Do not stretch the siding when attaching. High tension on the panel will change its shape and may cause incorrect connection of panels and other parts. The panel must first be connected to the bottom panel and pushed up until it clicks into place. After that, it can be nailed.

When calculating the material, take into account its consumption for "cutting" (10-15%).

Preparing walls for siding

a) the location of the lathing depending on the type of siding, b) the preparation of wooden walls, c) the preparation of brick walls, d) the preparation of walls sheathed with clapboard, e) the choice of the width of the lath, 1) a block for the starting strip (not always required), 2) crate for vertical siding, 3) crate for horizontal siding, 4) crate or waterproof plywood, 5) wooden wall, 6) siding, 7) nylon or wooden dowel, 8) brick wall, 9) old clapboard sheathing, 10) construction level, 11) cord

Find the lowest level of cladding on the wall of the house. Partially drive in the nail 3-4 cm higher than the lower level. Drive a nail in the same way on the other corner of the wall. Using twine and chalk, beat off a straight line between the nails on the wall. Repeat this procedure around the entire house.

Set the starting strip with the top edge on the chalk line. Nail the starting strip along the chalk line. If there are depressions on the wall surface, place a pad under the starting strip to avoid a ripple effect. Don't nail too tight!

When you add sections of the starting strip, leave a gap of 6 mm between them for possible expansion.

a) fasteners to the front side of the panel, b) too paid mottling, c) leaving a large gap, d) tilting fasteners, e) bending fasteners, c) correct fasteners with a temperature gap

The inner corner is installed at the existing junction of two walls, 6 mm below the cut of the starting strip. Leave a distance from the top to the eaves, sufficient to install the soffit. Attach the part by driving nails into the top holes on both sides of the part. The part should hang on these two nails. Corner pieces should rise evenly up the wall to the eaves. Nail the piece to the adjacent walls by driving the nails 20-40 cm apart, centering the nail holes provided in the piece. This will provide a possible vertical expansion. Don't nail too tightly.

A similar procedure is performed for the part of the outer corner. Connecting corner pieces is necessary when the piece does not reach the desired height. Cut off 2.5 cm from the top edge of the part, leaving the middle, front part. Overlay the next (top) corner piece over the bottom piece by 2 cm, leaving 0.5 cm for possible expansion.

Install the outer corner leaving a 6 mm distance from the top to the eaves or J-rail. Attach the part by driving nails into the top holes on both sides of the part. It should hang on these two nails. Place the nails in the center of the nail hole provided in the parts, at a distance of 20-40 cm from each other. The ego will leave room for expansion - contraction at the bottom of the wall.

Don't nail the siding too tight!

The work on connecting the details of the outer corner is the same as for the details of the inner corner. Sometimes it is necessary to close the outer corner from the top or from the bottom. To make the lid, cut a J-rail from the part equal to twice the width of the outer corner (counting from the base of the corner piece). Cut out a 90 degree corner in the center.

Then cut off 2.2 cm on each side, leaving nailed edges. Bend the J-rail down the center and nail it to the outside corner of the house. Then insert the part of the outer corner into the formed channel and nail it too. If the width of the J-rail is not enough to install a corner piece into it, it is necessary to cut off the inner closed part, thereby increasing its width.

J-rail is installed on the top and sides of window and door openings. Nail the J-rail around the openings. Don't nail too tight! J-rail can also be installed under a window or door as a finishing element. The edge installed at the bottom of the window or door protects the siding panel from damage. Cut and fit the edge of the J-rail to the edge of the window opening.

Install another part of the J-rail above the window opening, on top of the side J-rails At the bottom of the J-rail installed above the window, cut out the tab and bend it down. Do the same on the other side. On the side of the vertical J-rail, cut a 2 cm cut, cut the side of the upper J-rail at a 45 angle, as shown in the figure. Connect the top and side J-rails.

Insert the bottom edge of the first panel into the starting strip and nail the top edge to the wall. Start installing siding panels from the rear of the house, moving towards the facade. Leave a distance of 6 mm where the panel hits the corner piece for possible expansion/contraction.

Work must be carried out from areas with heavy traffic (doors, gates, etc.).

Each panel should overlap the previous one by 2.5-3 cm. The last nail should be at least 10 cm from the edge of the panel.

After completing the installation of the first row of siding, install the second, starting each time from the rear of the house and moving towards the gable. Position the joints of the siding panels so that the joint of the upper row is not above the joint or next to the joint of the lower row. Leave a distance of 6 mm between the panel and the corner pieces and J-rails around the windows.

Installing siding panels to frame a window usually requires cutting the panels. Attach the siding panel under the window. Holding the panel under the window, mark the width of the window or window and trim, adding 6mm on each side. Measure and mark the vertical space on the panel leaving 6mm from the bottom edge of the window or trim.

Repeat the procedure to measure the top side of the window. Make vertical cuts on the panel using a saw or hacksaw along the marked marks. Then bend the horizontal notch with a knife and bend the panel along the notch several times until the marked part breaks off. Install the upper edge part under the window along the width of the opening, flush with the frame.

Sometimes it is necessary to nail the slats so that the siding fits snugly against the wall. Using pliers - perforator, make protrusions in the panel 6 mm below the cut with an interval of 17-20 cm. The resulting protrusions should be face out and laid under the top edge of the siding.

You can install the top edge in combination with a J-rail. To do this, first install the J-rail and then the top edge so that it is inside the J-rail. This combination provides the best appearance. To install siding over a window, measure and cut the panel by repeating the previous steps, but cut off the bottom of the panel, not the top. Insert the panel into the J-rail mounted above the window. Nail it.

Installation of a vinyl tide

In windows with deep slopes and sandwich panels, a low tide is required. Its fastening is carried out only from the side of the window, and under it a layer of foam or other insulation is desirable. The side slopes will rest against the upper slope and ebb, so that they have the opportunity to lengthen with thermal expansion.

Install the top edge piece. Nail the finish rail to the wall flush with the cornice. You may need to nail the slats for a tighter fit on the siding. You may need more than one finishing rail. Docking of parts is carried out as shown in the figure below.

Measure the distance between the top of the inner groove of the top edge and the siding panel protrusion at the bottom, subtract 3mm. Cut the top of the panel to this measurement. Place the cut siding panel against the top edge and draw a line where the two pieces meet. Using pliers-perforator, make holes in the siding 6 mm below the top edge with an interval of 17-20 cm. The protrusions are facing out. Lock the bottom edge of the siding with the bottom panel, and snap the tabbed edge into the groove of the finish rail. Do not drive nails into the face of the panel!

Gable siding installation

Measure the pitch of the roof using a piece of panel. Connect it to the panel below. Attach another piece of panel to the roof ridge. Measure the corner line where both panels overlap. This will be the template for trimming the end of the siding to be installed on one side of the gable.

Repeat steps for the other side of the gable. Install the J-rail on the gable under the roof overhang, nail in accordance with the rules. If it is necessary to use more than one J-rail, the joining of the parts is carried out in the same way as the parts of the top edge. Lock the siding panel to the bottom panel and insert into the J-rail slot. Note: Leave a 6 mm gap between the siding and the J-rail for possible expansion.

The material was kindly provided by the site: http://remstd.ru/archives/montazh-saydinga/ Recommended!

Starting profile: set correctly

Siding installation consists of several stages and includes the installation of many components, including starting and corner profiles, moldings and much more. This process occurs along the line of walls, windows and roofs.

Installation of deck siding consists of several key points:

• Choice of technology;
• Setting the start profile;
• Installation of external and internal corners;
• Facing corners other than rectangular shape.

How to choose the right technology?

First, determine the type of base (Fig. 15). It can be sunken, protruding and even. The first - the plinth "sinks" in the wall, which slightly hangs over it. The second - the wall is narrower, the third - they have the same width. The cladding of the facade with an even and sinking base is performed using the same technology, with a protruding one, it is somewhat different.

Sometimes the base can change its appearance, turning from a protruding to a sinking one. Such a transformation is possible due to the thickness of the crate. If you kept the protruding plinth, then you need to install a vinyl drip under the start panel. In this case, the plinth can be left intact and closed.

Rice. 15. Types of socles: a - sinking; b - even; c - protruding (lined with a crate with a wall); g - protruding with a reflux on top of the crate; 1 - wall; 2 - crate; 3 - base; 4 - vinyl outflow Decke; 5 - cement screed

Docke siding start profiles are used for more than just the underside of a building wall. Starting planks successfully close the gable of the roof, which is especially important with an attic sheathed with siding and open facades. They are excellent for installation on roof gables and at the beginning of subsequent floors, if a design project or engineering needs to visually separate the skin. Installation is carried out along the bottom line of the wall.

Siding installation technologies: we create high-quality cladding

For high-quality finishing of the facade of the house with vinyl siding, it is necessary to take into account several important points: one can only dream of a perfectly even plinth, exact adherence to technology will help create a neat and durable cladding, installation must begin by determining the bottom point of the wall.

To help you - a special water level, which will help you to complete this stage as efficiently as possible (Fig. 16).

• Where the water takes on a horizontal position, mark accordingly. Such labels must be placed on each corner.
• Measure the distance between each mark and the top of the base. Where the bottom point of the wall is, there will be maximum numbers. And it is from this place that we begin the installation of the starting bar.

64 mm - Deck siding profile height. Measure the same amount from the bottom point up and drive in the nail - not completely. Now you will again need a water level - to combine the water level in one of the tubes with a nail. We repeat all these actions with each corner, mark the horizon with a nail and navigate along the second glass tube. The final point will be the one from which you started the process. Obviously, a secondary bypass will not be needed - if you remember, we have already marked the horizon with a mark. It remains to measure the distance from the mark, which indicates the top of the starting profile, to the horizon using a tape measure. And transfer the obtained values ​​​​to all corners of the structure. Count down from the horizon line.

Rice. 16. Installation of the starting profile (dimensions in mm): a - beating the horizon; b - installation of starting strips; 1 - wall; 2 - crate; 3 - water level; 4 - nail; 5 - lace; 6 - starting strip

Stroymet specialists draw your attention! If the base has a certain design, then the siding can be lowered below the upper edge. And accordingly change the indent distance to a smaller one. For example, 50 mm instead of the existing sixty-four. In this case, the plinth will be slightly covered with siding - how much, you choose, the main thing is that half the height of the starting bar is not exceeded (Fig. 17).

So, the corner points are fixed, the upper boundaries of the starting profile are indicated, now we must create a visible border of the starting bar. To do this, we use a cord that we stretch between the nails. To visually mark the border, it is better to rub the cord with something colored - it can be chalk or coal. Now, standing in the middle of the wall, pull the cord towards you and release it sharply. A hard hit against a wall will leave a colored line that marks the top boundary. "Recapture the horizon" is necessary on each wall, after which the cord can be removed.

Rice. 17. Covering the plinth

Now you need to inspect the crate. Perhaps some corners turned out to be too turned up - this happens if the base was far from the horizontal. In this case, the length of the crate for fastening the profile will be clearly not enough. Nail additional slats to get the desired length.

Getting started with direct installation

The shelf width of the vertical corner profile is 75 mm, for the J-profile it is smaller, only 46 mm. We add a few millimeters (from one to five) to the temperature gap and measure the horizontal distances. Next, set aside the size of the corner profile and proceed to the installation work. By the way, the color scheme of the profile is completely unimportant, because later the cladding will hide it. The width of the corner vertical elements is measured from the corner, and one expansion gap should be added here. Align the selected colored line (the one that we drew with a cord) with the upper edge and carefully attach it to the crate (Fig. 16b). This can be done with screws or nails.

The next step in installing Docke siding is the location of the fasteners. Do not forget to check how the panel behaves when moving - it should be free, without any hooks. Then fix the profile. The installation of the second starting profile is carried out in the same way as the first. Between the profiles it is necessary to maintain a distance of 2 mm to 1 centimeter based on two values ​​of the temperature gap. Similarly, we install all panels around the perimeter of the house, periodically controlling the horizontal position using the building level.

Important! As you install the launch panels, so will the siding. On perfectly flat planks, you will get the perfect siding surface, if there is a curvature somewhere, the rest of the cladding will repeat the mistake.

Protruding plinth: the specifics of siding installation technology

The first thing to do is to protect the base from aggressive environmental influences, in particular from moisture and dampness. For these purposes, a vinyl tide is used, mounted between the starting profile and the plinth. At Docke, the ebb has a width of 10 cm, with it you can hide any plinth.

A plinth made of concrete, brick or stone must be leveled, made of wood - treated with an antiseptic and flame retardant - so you will extend its service life.

The installation technology is not too different from that described above - you also need to find the lowest point of the wall surface, just measure 60 mm at the top, beat off the horizon with a cord, going around the entire house around the perimeter (Fig. 18).

But this installation begins with the installation of ebbs - from the corner. First, we cut off 50 cm from a solid ebb, mark it (according to the model in the figure), cut it and carefully fold it into a hard right angle. Next, the upper part of the bar must be carefully aligned with the line that we drew with the cord, and we mount the corner on the wall. We set the next ebb with an overlap at 25 mm of the working surface, cut the nail strips of 14-18 millimeters. Half of the overlap is 12.5 mm, here we add additional millimeters (no more than 5) to the temperature gaps and so we ensure the expansion of the profile.

Rice. 18. Installation of the starting profile over the ebbs: a - general view; b - the device of the outer corner from the ebb; in - the same thing, the corner of the inner; 1 - outer corner of the ebb; 2 - low tide; 3 - starting bar

The difference in the installation of the inner corner from the outer one is in the features of the bend, which is made along the nail strip.

We fix the ebb in the center of the nail hole, observing the step frequency in the range of 20-45 cm, the hat should protrude by about a millimeter. Another difference between the technology is the need to once again take out the horizon with a colored cord. This time, you will have to observe a 40 mm indent from the top of the bar. It is necessary to mount the starting strips above the low tide to the horizon line and fasten it in the same way as in the technology for the sinking base.

Features of installing an external corner

Installing the outer corner of the siding in a house with a flat or sinking plinth has its own characteristics. First you need to determine the length of the profile. The correct length is the height of the corner, to which 3 mm is added. The next step is to fasten the profile to the outer corner with self-tapping screws or nails. Do not forget to step back from the roof eaves by 3 mm. When the structure hangs on two nails, measure the distances - from the roof eaves it should be 3 mm, from the starting profile - 6 mm lower maximum. After you check the verticality of the corner profile, you can finish the fasteners, keeping the step between the holes 20-40 cm (Fig. 19a). Attach too tightly to nothing.

Rice. 19. Installation of the outer corner profile: a - general view; b - overlapping corner profiles; 1 - outer corner profile; 2 - top profile; 3 - lower profile

The company "Stroymet" draws your attention! Before starting installation work, cut the nail strips in the lower part of the corner profile - by about 4 - 6 mm, then when the temperature changes, they will be invisible.

But the length of the vinyl profile is not always sufficient for the height of the corner, sometimes you have to join two elements into one. This should be done at the same height, above the lower profile is the upper one - overlapped. To cut the required size of the plank, use metal scissors. You need to cut off in the upper corner profile, leave two flat strips from which the corner will form.

Installation begins with the installation of the lower corner profile, then the upper one is mounted. This is how we build a node that is absolutely closed from the aggressive effects of natural phenomena (Fig. 19b). Particular attention should be paid to the height of the part to be cut off - it can be greater than the temperature gap or completely correspond to it. In turn, the size of the gap ranges from 2 to 9 mm, while the overlap of the panels will be about 2.5 cm.

Does installing Docke siding corner require the use of additional elements? The installation rules are the same - up to three millimeters upper clearance, up to six millimeters outlet from the lower edge of the starting bar.

Are you planning to finish the facade with a protruding plinth? Or are there structures in the architecture of the house that become a kind of barrier? A convenient length of the corner profile is a maximum of 0.5 cm higher, you need to cut it along the bottom.

In the same way as the outer corner, the inner corner is set. See the picture for details (Fig. 20).

Non-standard corners: how to make a cladding?

A variety of modern architectural solutions often implies the presence of an original bay window shape, non-standard angles, and exclusive elements. And sometimes the owners wonder - is it possible to complete their cladding? Of course, with the help of regular vinyl siding deck. The external corner profile is “pulled” onto the facade during installation, opening or narrowing it as necessary (Fig. 21).

Rice. 20. Installation of internal corner profiles: a - from one corner profile; b - joining along the length of the internal corner profiles; 1 - internal corner profile; 2 - ordinary siding panel; 3 - J-profile; 4 - top profile; 5 - bottom corner profile

The main condition for successful installation is the correct installation of fasteners. Only in this case it is possible to stretch the vinyl profile at an angle (external and internal) and vertically. All other installation steps are the same as before.

Rice. 21. Installation of corner profiles on non-rectangular corners

Speech. Analysis of expressive means.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (figurative and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Usually in the review of task B8, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

synonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are close in meaning	soon - soon - one of these days - not today or tomorrow, in the near future
antonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are opposite in meaning	they never said to each other you, but always you.
phraseological units- stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word	at the edge of the world (= “far away”), missing teeth (= “frozen”)
archaisms- obsolete words	squad, province, eyes
dialectism- Vocabulary common in a certain area	chicken, goof
book, colloquial vocabulary	daring, associate; corrosion, management; squander money, outback

Trails.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

Types of trails and examples for them in the table:

metaphor- transferring the meaning of a word by similarity	dead silence
personification- likening an object or phenomenon to a living being	dissuadedgolden grove
comparison- comparison of one object or phenomenon with another (expressed through unions as, as if, as if, comparative degree of adjective)	bright as the sun
metonymy- replacement of the direct name with another by adjacency (i.e. based on real connections)	The hiss of foamy glasses (instead of: foamy wine in glasses)
synecdoche- the use of the name of the part instead of the whole and vice versa	a lonely sail turns white (instead of: a boat, a ship)
paraphrase– replacing a word or group of words to avoid repetition	author of "Woe from Wit" (instead of A.S. Griboyedov)
epithet- the use of definitions that give the expression imagery and emotionality	Where are you going, proud horse?
allegory- expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images	scales - justice, cross - faith, heart - love
hyperbola- exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty of the described	in a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned
litotes- underestimation of the size, strength, beauty of the described	your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble
irony- the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, with the aim of ridicule	Where, smart, are you wandering, head?

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

epiphora- repetition of words at the end of sentences or lines following one another	I would like to know. Why am I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor?
gradation- construction of homogeneous members of the sentence by increasing meaning or vice versa	came, saw, conquered
anaphora- repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or lines following one another	Ironthe truth is alive with envy, Ironpestle, and iron ovary.
pun- play on words	It was raining and two students.
rhetorical exclamation (question, appeal) - exclamatory, interrogative sentences or a sentence with an appeal that do not require a response from the addressee	Why are you standing, swaying, thin mountain ash? Long live the sun, long live the darkness!
syntactic parallelism- the same construction of sentences	young everywhere we have a road, old people everywhere we honor
polyunion- repetition of an excess union	And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger Years spare the winner ...
asyndeton- construction of complex sentences or a series of homogeneous members without unions	Flickering past the booth, women, Boys, benches, lanterns ...
ellipsis- omission of implied word	I'm behind a candle - a candle in the stove
inversion- indirect word order	Our amazing people.
antithesis- opposition (often expressed through the unions A, BUT, HOWEVER or antonyms	Where the table was food, there is a coffin
oxymoron- a combination of two contradictory concepts	living corpse, ice fire
citation- transmission in the text of other people's thoughts, statements indicating the author of these words.	As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below the thin bylinochka ...”
questionable-reciprocal the form statements- the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them	And again a metaphor: "Live under minute houses ...". What do they mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction
ranks homogeneous members of the proposal- enumeration of homogeneous concepts	He was waiting for a long, serious illness, leaving the sport.
parceling- a sentence that is divided into intonation-semantic speech units.	I saw the sun. Above your head.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it the semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc.

It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Parsing the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it is constantly self-renewing and thus keeps billions of passengers traveling for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the oceans. (5) If astronauts fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, drill holes in the skin on a small spacecraft, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) Wound up, multiply, swarm microscopic, on a planetary, and even more so on a universal, scale of being. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their work, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations.

(13) Unfortunately, just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress, are such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land. (14) On the one hand, a person, twitched by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, crowding, a huge flow of artificial information, is weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this outside world itself has been brought to such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual fellowship with him.

(15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use a trope like _______. This image of the "cosmic body" and "cosmonauts" is the key to understanding the author's position. Discussing how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." ______ (“they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations”) convey the negative deeds of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said by the author is far from being indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence ________ "original" gives the argument a sad ending, which ends with a question.

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and interstitial constructions
4. irony
5. extended metaphor
6. parceling
7. question-answer form of presentation
8. dialectism
9. homogeneous members of the sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first - epithet, litote, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second - introductory words and plug-in constructions, parcelling, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start the task with passes that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission #2. Since the whole sentence is given as an example, some syntactic means is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous departures” rows of homogeneous members of the sentence are used : Verbs scurry, multiply, do business, gerunds eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that the place of the gap should be a plural word. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and plug-in constructions and homogeneous member sentences. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without losing their meaning are absent. Thus, at the place of pass No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

In pass number 3, the numbers of sentences are indicated, which means that the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parceling can be immediately “discarded”, since the authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. There are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in sentences: in my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute the masculine term, since the adjective “used” must agree with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms - epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here, the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet in front of us.

It remains to fill only the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences, where the image of the earth and us, people, as an image of a cosmic body and astronauts is rethought. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only possible option remains - a metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (Z) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like that of a clown. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And at first in the kindergarten, and then at school, I carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink through the ground with shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in the third grade when I had a bad cold. (12) I have otitis media. (13) In pain, I screamed and pounded my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver shrillly, like a woman, began to shout that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) The father asked how much was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, repeated: “What a fool I am!” (19) The father thought and quietly said to his mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a snowflake blizzard. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, with a clanging jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow was falling on the frosty windows with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomed into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time later he was ill with bilateral pneumonia.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (ZZ) From the darkness of the past, a father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if stealthily wants to see his daughter among the dressed up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.

(According to N. Aksyonova)

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.

The sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review at the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The use by the narrator to describe the blizzard of such a lexical means of expression as _____ ("terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives expressive power to the depicted picture, and such paths as _____ ("pain circled me" in sentence 20) and _____ ("the driver began to scream shrillly, like a woman" in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A technique such as _____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.