What is called the fruit. Fetus. The structure of the fetus. Fruit classification. Juicy and dry fruits. What happens during the embryonic period

There are several basic principles for dividing fruits into groups.

Stands out group based on their origin(from what type of gynoecium they are formed). Angiosperms have 3 types of gynoecium.

1. Apocarpous - gynoecium from several non-accrete carpels (pistils). Such fruits are called apocarpous. (cornflower blue)
2. Monocarp - gynoecium consists of one pistil formed by one carpels fused with their edges. (rank meadow)
3. Cenocarpous - gynoecium represented by one pistil, consisting of several carpels fused together. (alder buckthorn)

There are 3 variants of coenocarpous gynoecium, depending on the fusion of carpels:

1. Syncarpous - gynoecium formed as a result of accretion of several closed carpels to the lateral sides.
2. Paracarpous - gynoecium with a unilocular ovary, the carpels of which have grown together with their edges.
3. Lysicarpous - the gynoecium has a unilocular ovary, but in the center there is a column representing the fused upper parts of the carpels, and their lateral sections are destroyed.

By the type of gynoecium, the fruits are divided on simple, the fruit is formed from a flower with one pistil and is prefabricated, the fruit is formed from a flower with several pistils.

The fruits are divided into 3 groups according to with ovary position in flowers.

• Upper - fruits are formed from the upper ovary.
• Lower - fruits are formed from the lower ovary.
• Semi-lower - the fruits are formed from the lower ovary.

According to the consistency of the pericarp, the fruits are divided into juicy and dry.

The fruits are divided according to the number of seeds formed in them: single-seeded and multi-seeded.

Fruits are classified according to their ability or inability to self-open: opening and non-opening.

Types of fruits

Leaflet- This fruit is simple, multi-seeded and dry, which is opened along the abdominal suture (sutural). The leaflet is often not a whole fruit, but only a fruit, i.e. is part of a multileaf. The leaflet is available in the buttercup family and tropical plants.

Multi-leaflet (prefabricated leaflet)- consists of several leaflets. Evolutionarily primitive fruit, more common in tropical and subtropical plants. These include plants of the Magnoliaceae family, Buttercup (common catchment, high larkspur, European swimsuit), Pink (spirea, fieldfare), Cephalotovy, Dillenievye, Triurisovye, Kutrovye, Lastovnevyye.

The types of multileafs are: dry spiral (marigold, magnolia), dry cyclic (illicium), three-leaf (larkspur), juicy spiral (annona). Also, double-leaves (kutrovye and lastovye) deserve special reservation. In their flowers, carpels grow together in the area of ​​stylodia, or only in the area of ​​stigmas. Fruits become free at the time of ripening.

Juicy Multileaf (Juicy Bundled Leaflet)- a rare fruit. The representative of this fruit is the Chinese magnolia vine growing in the Far East, most species of the Annonov family and some species of Lardizabalov. It is also inherent in both genera of the Schizandrov family - lemongrass and cadsur.

One-leaf Is a typical dry multi-seeded leaflet. One-leafed is inherent in the species of the genus Consolida, etc. Examples are the cimicifuga from buttercups and the purple crimson (Cercidiphyllum should not be confused with the same name of a plant from the legume family). Some Proteaceae also have one-leaved.

Juicy one-leaf (leaflet)- the fruit mainly contains seeds in two dense rows. They are characteristic mainly of the degenerative family. In our flora, they are found in various species of Voronets from the buttercup family, the fruit is similar to a berry, due to its color and juicy consistency, but the seam of a single carpel is guessed from the longitudinal groove on their surface.

Bean Is a multi-seeded fruit, dry and simple. It can be opened along two seams - the ventral and dorsal, both in plants of the legume family, and unopened, like in underground peanuts, which belongs to the group of plants of geocarpic species, the fruits of which ripen in the soil. There are jointed beans, which, when ripe, disintegrate into single-seeded segments and are characteristic of plants of the Vyazel genus. Typical, i.e. dry beans are found in moths: gorse, pea, peas, beans, lyadvenets, peas, ranks.

The beans come in a wide variety of shapes, such as the giant liana Entada pursaetha from mimosa, up to 15 cm wide and 1.5 meters long, and the single-seeded clover fruit 2-3 mm long. The beans of many types of alfalfa have a spiral twist. There are also beans that are very swollen, for example, myrnovia, bladderworm. False-nested beans differ from typical beans, for example, most species of Astragalus and Artichoke. Juicy beans similar to dry, but the difference is that juicy tissues are underdeveloped in juicy. Juicy beans are gleditsia vulgaris, carob, tamarind, Japanese sophora, and bunduk.

Multiplenets- a fruit, the fruit of which contains one seed each. Endo- and mesocarpies are lignified, therefore the fruitlets are called nuts. These include plants of the Buttercup family (buttercup, adonis, anemone, basil, sleep-grass), Pink (strawberry, gravilat, cinquefoil, rose hips). Nuts can be with appendages in order to spread better, for example, strongly overgrown feathery stylodia, like in clematis, princess, lumbago, or pterygoid outgrowths of the pericarp, like in Anemonastrum narcissiflorum. Also extraordinary is the spiral multi-root of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). When the receptacle plays a strong role in the formation of the fetus, then the usual multi-root is greatly modified and becomes a specialized fruit. So, for example, at the lotus, the fruits are immersed in a special depression in the tissue of the fruit-bearing (submerged multi-root), some experts call the strawberry fruit fragoy(strawberry), and the experts called the rose hips cincarnation.

Polystyrene (prefabricated drupe)- this fruit has several bones on one receptacle. Representatives are plants of the Pink family, especially widely known in the genus Rubus: raspberries, blackberries, cloudberries, stoneberries and others. Also, the polydrug is found in two closely related monotypic genera - kerry and pink. Polystyrene beads are also present in the families Menispermaceae, Amborellaceae, Ruppiaceae.

Single-nut- this type is a dry, one-seeded, non-opening fruit with a lignified pericarp. These fruits are found in plants of the Pink, Naiadovye, Rogozovye family and others. Mono-nuts can have various appendages to spread more efficiently. The agaric fruit is widely known, which has an overgrown hypanthium around a single root, seated with hooked curved spines. Examples of mono-roots are: cattail, euptelea, hornwort, cuff, burnet. The fruits of suckers can be considered as a nut in hypanthia, it can also be called false, or pseudo-monomeric, drupe, sphalerocarp.

Single seeded bean- a simple, dry, single-seeded fruit of some plants of the legume family. The fruit can be opened (meadow clover) or non-opening (hop alfalfa).

Dry drupe (pyrenarium)- the fetus has dry, leathery or spongy exo - and mesocarpies. For example, in almonds, the drupe can self-open. The upper pseudo-monomeric dry drupe is characteristic of the fruits of the coconut palm, the Seychelles palm, betel and palm trees. In our flora, dry drupe is present in the headhead. Dry winged drupe is found in pteroceltis. The upper dry drupes are found in the cashew family (real pistachio). The lower dry drupes are characteristic of the nut family (walnut).

Drupe (Odnokostyanka)- a simple juicy single-seeded fruit, inherent in all members of the plum subfamily of the Rosaceae family (peach, apricot, plum). Monochromatic women are mostly of the same type, but their bones have a different sculpture of the drawing. Among the plums of almonds, dry drupe is known, which, when ripe, cracks in the area of ​​the exomesocarp. Also monocotyledonous is found in Proteanaceae, Didimeles, Moonseeds. Also, the fruits of some palms should be attributed to monochromatic fruits. Nipa has fruits dry odnokostyanka.

Date fruit- this type of fruit belongs to an unclear typology. These include the fruits of the date palms. The most famous representative is the date palm. In its pericarp, exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp are clearly distinguished.

Achene- the fruit is coenocarpous, single-seeded, dry, non-opening, with the pericarp easily separating from the seed. The upper hemicarps include buckwheat, haze fruits, a number of sedges, non-opening fruits of amaranth, plumbago, and others. The fruits of curl and sorrel have leaves of the inner circle of the perianth, which are anemic and hydrochorus adaptations. The fruits of rhubarb and juzgana have outgrowths on the pericarp. Sedge fruits also belong to the upper achenes. The bottom is the fruit of borshchovia, and the first place is occupied by the fruits of Compositae (marsh creepers, sunflowers, goat beetles). Also the lower are the fruits of the villous, valerian, kalitserovye.

The achene with pterygoid outgrowths of the pericarp is called - lionfish... Isolation of lionfish into a special type of fruit is unjustified, since achenes with tuft or hooks should then also have their own name. Upper lionfish are known in different species of elm and are characteristic of ash and fonanesia species. The lower lionfish is known in birch and alder fruits.

Caryopsis- This is a single-seeded dry paracarpous fruit with a thin pericarp, with a compressed, non-separating seed. This type of fruit is mainly present in the Zlakov family. In most cereals, the caryopsis sheds together with the scales, adjacent areas of the spikelet, and the surrounding flowering ones. The scales provide additional protection as well as the spreading of the fruit. On the scales there are various appendages: pinnate, tenacious or spirally twisted gyroscopic. Examples of caryopses and cereals are: oats, millet, feather grass, campfire, fescue, barley, and others.

In the Muscat family, the fruit has no name. In very old works, it was called a one-seeded fleshy box. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it has a fleshy pericarp, which is opened suturally-dorsally. It can also be named according to the corresponding characteristics. one-seeded succulent leaflet... The most famous representative is nutmeg.

Cenocarp polyleaf- differs from the apocarpous multifoliate in that the carpel grows together completely with the side walls, and differs from the capsule in the way of opening. It opens incompletely suturally in the areas of free areas of carpels. This type of fruit is found in the families tetracenter, trochodendra, and winter. The coenocarpous multifoliate is found in the cord, nigella, ash and some types of spirea.

Nut- the fruit is coenocarpous, single-seeded, dry, non-opening, with the pericarp easily separating from the seed. The pericarp is strongly sclerified, hard, breaking, falling apart into pieces. The zelkova species have nuts several millimeters in diameter, the Brazilian phyllostylone has a winged nut, and the nettle and hemp families have very small nut-like fruits. The upper ones include cruciferous plants (sverbyga, tausheria, miagrum, nesli and others). A typical nut is the bottom fruit of the hazel. The lower nut-like fruits are characteristic of herbaceous plants, for example, sandalwood (lenets).

One-seeded box- the fruit that develops from the upper ovary. Common in the plumbago and amaranth families. Most species of shiritsa are characterized by single-seeded capsules that open with a lid. This type of fruit is found in the family of Haze (beetroot, gablicia), in casuarinas, in the genus Aegiceras of the Mirsin family.

Acorn- a specialized fruit among the nutty lower fruits, characteristic of the beech family. The difference from a typical nut is that it has a thinner pericarp and a cupule of complex origin. The fruits of different types of beech are very different from each other. Acorns are found in oak, beech, chestnut and other beech trees.

Box- the most widespread fruit among polyspermous coenocarps. This type of fruit is found in representatives of our flora, as well as in many families of the tropics and subtropics. The capsule appears independently in different phylogenetic series. This is associated with such a variety of this type of fruit.

The variety lies in the type of placentation, the method of opening, size, shape, pericarp consistency, appendages, etc. Representatives are: horse chestnut, veronica, touch-me-not, geranium, catalpa, corydalis, celandine.

Pod, pod- it is an opening, polyspermous, elongated-cylindrical fruit. The length is greater than the diameter (walker, rape, levkoyu, vyazhechka). There is a thin membranous septum between the placentas. Opening occurs laminally along a closed longitudinal annular line. Those fruits that went in the direction of shortening the pod and reducing the seeds were called the pod, the length of which is approximately the same as the width. The pods are different in shape, but there are only two main types: wide-cloisonné (beetroot) and narrow-cloisonné (handbag). Another direction in the development of pods was the appearance of pods with noses or beaks (mustard, radish). In addition to cabbage pods, there are few, for example, they are found in maca from poppies, cleoma and Polanisia from cleomes.

Dry dissecting drupe- a very rare type of fruit, in which the bones, opening, tear the outer layers of the pericarp and scatter the seeds. Examples are in buckthorns: the semi-inferior Colubrina asiatica and the inferior Helinus ovatus.

Pomegranate- a fruit that develops from the lower ovary, with a dry, leathery, dense pericarp, opening up with irregular cracks. Pomegranate gets its name from the genus of the plant.

Single-celled drupe (pyrenarium)- the upper single-celled drupes can be found in the palm family (oil palm). The upper drupes are found in the olive family (fruits of the olive tree). Upper single-celled drupes are found in chrysobalanaceae, daphniphilaceae, balanitaceae, mirsinaceae, and others. They also include the famous coca bush of the erythroxyl family. The lower, as well as the upper, single-celled drupes are found in a wide variety of families. These include the fruits of the viburnum, as well as some types of hawthorn, for example, monopod. The lower family of dogwoods is also characteristic.

One-seeded berry- a rare type of fruit. The upper berry is found in the belt flower (European flower garden, mistletoe). In the Mirsin family there is African Mirsina. The lower single-seeded berry is characteristic of the Japanese aucuba from the dogwood family. Also found in avocados.

One-seeded pumpkin- found in chayote (Mexican cucumber).

Berry- is the most common type of fruit among juicy polyspermous coenocarp fruits. The berry is top and bottom. There are also berries that break open, for example, in phylezia. The upper berries include the fruits of caper, actinidia, calla, and grapes. The lower ones include bananas, blueberries, cranberries, gooseberries, currants and others. The peculiarity of the berries is their different origin, as a result of which the fruits of the berries have an exceptional external morphological diversity. For example, a banana fruit is a berry. In typical berries, the juicy pulp is formed from the mesocarp and endocarp, but it happens that the juicy tissue has a different morphological nature. In currants, the pulp is formed by the aryllus seeds. In gooseberries, juiciness is determined to some extent by the strophyoli of the seeds. In nightshades (potatoes, tomatoes), the basis of the pulp is the overgrown placenta. The largest berry is found in the papaya or melon tree.

Pumpkin- a fruit with a firm, sometimes very strong exocarp and a highly developed fleshy mesocarp. The pulp of the watermelon and, to a large extent, the cucumber represent the placenta. The bottle gourd has a bottle-shaped gourd with a very hard, waterproof exocarp. Some pumpkin fruits (Ecballium, Cyclanthera, Momordica) at the time of ripening develop a very high osmotic pressure, which causes the seeds to be thrown a considerable distance.

Apple- a type of fruit, which is a multileaf flower tube overgrown with fleshy tissue. A typical apple is known in apple, pear, mountain ash, quince, irgi, eriobotria and others. A fruit with a carpel that forms a hard lignified bone that encloses the seed can be called drupe apple. Such fruits are found in hawthorn, cotoneaster and medlar.

- top juicy citrus fruit. It has a dense exocarp with a huge number of glands. Well, overall, you all have a great idea of ​​what they look like.

Fractional box Are transitional fruits between opening and decaying fruits. During the decay period, they release their bare seeds. Fractional capsules are found in the euphorbia family (euphorbia, castor oil plant).

Kalachik Is a fruit that disintegrates into open, single-seeded parts. They disintegrate with the formation of a longitudinal annular rupture near the placenta. On the ventral side, the mericarps are open. Examples are mallow (mallow, marshmallow, hatyma).

Fractional coenocarp- this type of fruit does not have a common name. It occurs in some genera of malvaceae, the fruits of which break down into closed mericarps (Pavonia spinifex). The upper fractional coenocarps are found in the Tricuspidae from the family of sour grass and anchors from the family of parifolia.

Fractional winged- happens to the maple. Fruits of different types of maple differ slightly, but in some, for example, dipteronia chinese dipteronia, fruits of a different type, where mericarps are similar to elm fruits. Two winged beetles and three-winged known in the family of Sapindaceae differing from the maple ones in that the maple has an abaxyl edge straight and thickened, and in the Sapindaceae it has an adaxyl edge. There are also top two- and three-winged and panthropic lianas of the Malpighian family, a kind of diptera in tetrapterys citrifolia, and in the North American helieta of the rue family, fruits four winged similar to the fruit of a maple.

Uruchi fruit lower fractional coenocarp, splitting into 4 mericarps. In the Heliconiaceae family, the lower fractional cenocarp is divided into 3 mericarps.

Articulated pods- the fruits of these segmented coenocarps are of the same type. They disintegrate along the transverse false partitions. Wild radish is a typical jointed pod; it is also found in whitish hypekoum.

Coenobium- a kind of decaying fruit. 4 closed single-seeded fragments called erem are separated from the ripe fruit. A rarity is dieremic coenobium, in which 2 two-seeded erem (wax flower of the borage family) fall. Cenobium is known in the families of Labiata and Borage, it is also characteristic of Vervain and Marsh plants. Fruits with tenacious fruits are known: Velcro fruits, black roots and others.

Fruitberry- is a specialized fractional fruit of the umbrella family. The structure of umbelliferous fruits is of the same type, but in terms of the details of the anatomical structure and external morphology, they are very diverse. The differences between these fruits are related to the way they are distributed. Anemochoric fruits are the fruits of hogweed, ferula, parsnip, angelica and others. Tenacious fruits with bristles or thorns are carrots, torilis, turgenia, undergrowth and others. Also, the clover is found in the genus Myodocarpus from the Aralian family endemic to the island of New Caledonia.

Fractional two-seed- a fruit that, when ripe, divides into two one-seeded mericarps. Typical for plants of the Madder family (bedstraw, woodruff).

Some sites write that cones and cones are fruits, but this statement is fundamentally wrong... Since cones and cones berries are only in gymnosperms, and there are only fruits in angiosperms.

The fruit is one of the organs of a flowering plant. The structure of the fruits is diverse, therefore, different types of fruits are distinguished. The functions of all fruits are the same: preserving seeds and promoting their distribution.

Education

Any fruit is formed from a flower, so only flowering plants have fruits.

It is sometimes said that the fruit is an overgrown ovary. Initially, the ovary contains ovules with eggs inside. After pollination of the flower and subsequent double fertilization, the ovules become seeds. The walls of the ovary gradually thicken, transform, and turn into a pericarp.

Structure

The fruit consists of:

• seeds;
• pericarp.

Rice. 1. The structure of the fetus.

During the development of the pericarp, various organic substances accumulate in it. Some of them give the fruit color, others attract animals with their smell.

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The number of seeds and the nature of the pericarp are the main signs by which various types of fruits are distinguished.

Classification

The pericarp can grow strongly and accumulate a significant amount of water. In this case, the fruit is called juicy.

Rice. 2. Juicy fruits.

If there is little water in the pericarp, the fetus is classified as dry.

Both succulent and dry pericarps are equally successful in protecting seeds.

Rice. 3. Dry fruits.

Also, the fruits are classified by the number of seeds. There are fruits with one seed (peach), and multi-seeded (gooseberry).

Table "Classification of fruits"

Only the main types of fruits are shown in the table. There are a number of peculiar fruits characteristic of a small number of species. For example, the fruit of a pomegranate is pomegranate. Its pericarp is dry, but it is incorrect to attribute it to dry fruits, since the peel of pomegranate seeds is very juicy.

There are complex fruits made up of simple ones. For example, the fruits of raspberries and blackberries are composed of small drupes.

Several types of fruits are similar. The difference between a nut and an acorn is the lignified pericarp. A bean differs from a pod in the absence of internal septa.

Also, the fruits differ in:

• opening methods;
• peculiarities of distribution in nature.

For example, the capsule, pod, and pod are non-opening fruits, while the achene, caryopsis, and nuts are non-opening fruits.

The main ways of spreading fruits:

• by the wind;
• water;
• animals.

Some fruits scatter seeds on their own. When ripe, a high pressure is created inside the fruit, and the seeds are thrown out.

Fruitfulness

Small flowers of many plants are collected in inflorescences. With the formation of fruits, the inflorescences turn into inflorescences. So, at a sunflower, flowers are collected in a basket. Each flower, when ripe, produces a seed. All achenes are collected in seed.

The variety and significance of the fruit is very great. For many species of animals, they are the basis of nutrition.

A person also cannot live without fruits, since to this day they are an indispensable source of various organic substances for us:

• carbohydrates;
• vegetable oils;
• vitamins;
• proteins.

Therefore, people today, as in ancient times, collect the fruits of wild plants, and also cultivate cultivated plants that give:

• fruits;
• vegetable oils;
• vegetables;
• medicinal substances;
• coffee and cocoa;
• cereals.

The American Indians considered the chocolate tree sacred and believed that cocoa enlightens the mind. The Latin name for the tree is Theobroma, which means "divine food".

Cotton fiber used to make cotton fabric is also part of the fruit. These are the hairs on the seeds.

What have we learned?

When preparing a report or homework in grade 6 in biology, you need to remember that the fruit contains seeds - rudimentary daughter organisms. Its natural function is to preserve seeds until ripening and to promote their spread. By the nature of the pericarp and the number of seeds, various types of fruits are distinguished. The importance of fruits for the nutrition of humans and many animals is very great.

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Traveling abroad implies acquaintance not only with gorgeous landscapes and culture. Outlandish overseas fruits and unusual berries will help you create a complete taste picture of your location. It is easier to choose the one you like from the variety of offers with the help of the description.

Avocado

It is considered to be a fruit. It tastes more like a vegetable, namely a pumpkin with notes of unripe pear with a nutty flavor. Ripeness is determined by the degree of softness. It has a large bone inside. The peel is not edible. Sizes up to 20 centimeters. The soft, oily flesh is eaten raw. Butchering is the removal of skin and bone. You can try in Vietnam, India, Cuba, Dominican Republic

Aki

Visually similar to a red-yellow or orange pear. Ripe fruits (unripe poisonous) are used thermally processed, with a taste reminiscent of a walnut. Maturity is determined by the opening of the fruit - the ripe bursts, and the pulp protrudes outward. It is offered to enjoy in Brazil, Jamaica, Hawaii.

Ambarella

Has the shape of an oval golden color. Grows in clusters. Tough rind on the outside, hard spiny bone on the inside. The pulp is sweet, juicy, with a taste with mango and pineapple notes. Growing places: India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Pineapple

The taste cannot be compared with those sold in Russia - juicy, fleshy, sweet and sour fruits with a bright aroma. Sizes from average apple to familiar to us. You should choose pineapple of medium hardness - the pulp will certainly be tasty. It will be possible to remove a sample in Brazil, China, the Philippines.

Bail (tree apple)

Fruit with a tough skin. Only a hammer will help to divide it in half. On sale it is more often presented cut. The pulp with villi, yellow in color, irritates the throat. It will be on sale in India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka.

Bam balan

The taste of the fruit resembles borsch with mayonnaise and sour cream. The smell is specific. Cleaning consists in removing the crust. They can offer a curiosity on the island of Borneo from the Malaysian side.

Banana pink

Miniature species up to 8 centimeters in size with a thick skin. The skin of ripe pink bananas bursts to reveal a pulp with many seeds. An unpretentious plant that can be grown even at home. Distributed throughout many warm countries.

Vodyanik

Berry with a black color and a neutral taste (neither sweet nor sour), similar to lingonberry. Outwardly, it resembles blueberries. There is an opportunity to try in the countries of the northern hemisphere - Korea, Japan, Canada, USA, China and even Russia.

Eye of the Dragon

Round brown fruit. The inside of the skin and bone is not edible. The consistency is jelly-like, transparent white. The taste is bright and sweet. High calorie content. If consumed excessively, the temperature may rise. You can buy it in Thailand, China, Cambodia, Vietnam.

Strawberry guava (Cattley)

Fruits are yellow to red in color. The size reaches a diameter of 4 centimeters. Juicy, sweet guavas with a strawberry aroma - exotic fruits from India, Africa, Bermuda, America.

Guanabana (sour cream apple)

Fruit weighing from 3 to 7 kilograms. The shape is round, oval. The green surface of the soursop is covered with processes in the form of soft bells. Inside it is white, soft, with a taste reminiscent of sour citro. The ripe fruit is pressed with a finger. You can eat in the Bahamas, Mexico, Peru, Argentina.

Jaboticaba

Fruits that grow on poles and branches. Grows in clusters. Outwardly they look like black grapes. The skin is bitter and unusable. The pulp is similar to transparent jelly, sweet, with seeds. Grows in Brazil, Argentina, Panama, Cuba, Peru.

Jackfruit

Large green fruit, weighing up to 34 kilograms. It should be purchased already cut. The yellow slices taste like melon and duchess. Possible allergic reaction and difficulty swallowing. The symptom goes away after a few hours. It grows in Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand.

Durian

The king of fruits. Has a specific smell of a mixture of onions, garlic and dirty socks. The pulp is soft, sweet and healthy. You should buy cut slices. The whole durian grows to a large size and is covered with thorns. Due to the smell, it is forbidden to eat in public places and transport in transport. You can taste the wonder in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia.

Imbe (African mango)

Exotic tree with orange fruits. The size is small - up to 3 centimeters. The taste is bright, rich, sweet and sour. Has a coloring effect. You can try it in Africa.

Fig

The fruit is pear-shaped and blue-purple in color. Weight ranges from 80 grams and 8 centimeters in diameter. The peel can be eaten. The taste is juicy, watery, reminiscent of strawberries with an admixture of black currants. You can eat in the Mediterranean countries, Crimea and Central Asia.

Spanish lime (Giseps)

It looks like the usual lime only in shape. It looks light green, the peel is not edible, the inside is pleasantly sweet with a bone. You can eat by removing the tip of the peel and squeezing. Found in Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia.

Carambola

Star-shaped yellow-green fruit. Has a smooth edible skin. The taste is bright, with hints of a flower, similar to an apple. There are seeds inside that are edible. You can see it on the shelves of Thailand and Indonesia.

Kiwano

Oblong fruit with bright yellow color. The ripe fruit is covered with yellow-orange horns and bright green inside. In cut, it looks like a cucumber. The taste is a combination of melon, avocado, banana and cucumber. The pulp is eaten by cutting the fruit like a watermelon. You can try it in New Zealand, Africa, Chile, Israel.

Kiwi

Looks like hairy potatoes on the outside and gooseberries on the inside. Size up to 80 grams and 7 centimeters. The flesh ranges from yellow to green with edible black seeds. You should choose soft, even fruits. It tastes like strawberry. Cultivation countries: Chile, Italy, Greece, Krasnodar region of Russia.

Coconut

Round, large fruit, reaching 3 kilograms. According to the degree of maturity, it is divided into young and overripe. Young coconut has a tender skin, juicy pulp and milk / juice inside the shell. Overripe coconuts have a fleecy surface, a cloudy liquid inside and a hard inside. The latter are found in the countries of import. Growing countries: Thailand, Vietnam, India.

Kumquat

Exotic fruits of China are predominantly. Small citrus fruits 2-4 centimeters long. They have inedible bones inside. They are eaten with the peel. The taste is similar to orange, but more sour. You can also try in Japan and Southeast Asia.

Cupuasu

Melon-shaped fruit. Covered with a red-brown hard crust. The inside is white, sweet-sour with seeds. The most delicious is the fruit that has left the tree itself. The trees are located in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia.

Kuruba

Fruit in the form of a cucumber on the outside and corn on the inside. The ripe color of the fruit is bright yellow. Inside is a fiery orange pulp. The taste is juicy, sweet, with sour notes. Contains a lot of water. Grows in Bolivia, Uruguay, Colombia, Argentina.

Lychee

It is similar in appearance to longan, but has a brighter taste and smell. Ripe lychee has a red rind. The transparent smooth pulp has a sweet taste. Contains inedible bone. Where to eat: China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand.

Longkong

Outwardly, it resembles a longan. It is distinguished by the larger size and yellowish color of the peel. The delicacy inside is similar in shape to garlic. The taste is specific, sweet and sour. The peel is inedible, but healthy. You can find it in the markets of Thailand.

Magic fruit

Guest from West Africa. Small red fruits are 2-3 centimeters high and grow on trees. They have a bone inside. The magic of the fruit lies in the ability to retain the sweetness of the taste for a long time. Lemons eaten after the delicacy, grapefruit will also seem sweet.

Mameya (Mammeya)

Similar to apricot in the form and taste of the pulp. Larger in size - up to 20 centimeters in diameter. The rind is light brown in color. The berry has one to four seeds. The flavor goes into mango. Location: Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela.

Mango

A popular large fruit in tropical countries. It is better to cut the fruit with a knife - remove the skin and bone. The color of the fruit changes with the degree of ripeness - from green to orange-red. The palate contains notes of melon, rose, peach and apricot. Growing countries: Myanmar, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam.

Mangosteen

Outwardly it resembles a persimmon, only the color is dark purple. The skin is thick and inedible. Inside - garlic cloves with a unique sweet and sour taste. The ripe fruit is firm and free of dents. The juice of the mangosteen peel is not washed off. Sample locations: Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand.

Passion fruit

Fruits of various colors from yellow to purple. The size is 8 centimeters in diameter. Ripe fruits are covered with wrinkled skin. The pulp is the same iridescent depending on the variety, similar to sweet and sour jelly with seeds. It is an aphrodisiac. It grows in Vietnam, India, Cuba and the Dominican Republic.

Marang

The fruit is elongated. The peel is covered with thorns, the degree of maturity is determined by their hardness. Inside are white fruits with a stone. The flavor ranges from sweet ice cream to light marshmallow. Perishable, not subject to transportation. Grows in Australia, Malaysia and the Philippines.

Marula

Fermented perishable fruit. The effect also affects animals. Fruits are small, yellow, with a stone. Fresh with a light aroma and not sweet in taste. You can meet only in Africa.

Mafai

Small fruits of yellow, orange and red shades. They grow up to 5 centimeters. The thin skin conceals transparent slices of fresh sweet taste. The fruit's bone is bitter and firmly attached to the pulp. You can find it in India, China, Thailand, Vietnam.

Medlar

Small sunny orange fruit with brown seeds. Unripe tastes like persimmon - tart and viscous. Ripe has the aroma and taste of blueberries. Home of the fruit: Egypt, Dominican Republic, Crimea, Abkhazia, southern Russia.

Naranjilla

A fruit shaped like cherry tomatoes. The hairy fruit is maturity in stages from green to bright orange. Taste - strawberry-pineapple with notes of mango. Grows in Panama, Peru, Ecuador, Costa Rica.

Noina (sugar apple)

A fruit that is about the size of a medium apple and has the appearance of a green cone. The internal component is soft, sweet, pleasant to the taste. Butchering is difficult due to uneven, inedible skin. The maturity of the fruit is determined by its softness. But do not be zealous - the fruit is fragile and may fall apart when checked. Place of growth - Thailand.

Noni

The fruit is shaped like a convex green potato. The smell of the fruit is specific - rotten cheese with mold. The taste is not happy - bitter. But at home, it is considered very useful and healing. Noni is the staple of the diet of the poor in Southeast Asia. You can meet in Australia and Malaysia.

Papaya

Fruit in the form of a cylinder. Color from unripe green to ripe yellow-orange. The size reaches 20 centimeters. It is more convenient to buy a cut. The taste is a melon-pumpkin mixture. Places of cultivation: Bali, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia.

Pepino

Exotic fruits from Egypt. Large - up to 700 grams. Painted in different shades of yellow with lilac stripes. Inside are seeds that are edible. Ripe fruit should be chosen - it is tender, soft, with a melon note. The peel is removed - it is possible, but unpleasant to eat. You can also try in Peru, Turkey, New Zealand.

Pitaya

Oblong fruit of bright color (pink, burgundy, yellow). The surface is scaly. You can peel like a grapefruit or cut and eat with a spoon. Inside, the flesh is transparent, white or reddish, sprinkled with small grains. Grows in Sri Lanka, Philippines, Malaysia, China, Vietnam.

Platonia

Small brown fruits up to 13 centimeters in diameter. Inside they have a few grains that are not suitable for consumption. The inside is white with a tropical taste and aroma. Used as a base for sorbet and jelly. Habitat: Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil.

Pomelo

A citrus hybrid of orange and grapefruit. Has a large size, reaching up to 10 kilograms. The rind is thick, fleshy, green. The pulp is in filmy slices that are bitter. The taste is less juicy than grapefruit. Ripe should be chosen for its bright citrus scent. You can eat in Tahiti, India, China, Japan.

Rambutan

The fleecy fruit is reddish-purple in color. You can open it by twisting it with both hands in different directions. Transparent inside, with a bright taste. Unprocessed grains are poisonous. Ripeness directly depends on the brightness of the fruit color. It will be offered to buy in the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Thailand.

Hand of Buddha (Citron)

Handsome on the outside and uninteresting on the inside. The unusual shape of the fruit resembles a hand with many fingers. But 70 percent of the fruit consists of the peel, 30 percent - of the bitter-sour pulp. It is actively used in the culinary arts. You can admire the curiosity in India, Japan, Vietnam, China.

Sala

Convex brown fruit with small, spiny projections. It is advisable to clean with a knife. The inside is divided into 3 parts with a bright sweet pear persimmon taste. Parameters - up to 5 centimeters. Grows in Malaysia, Thailand.

Santol

It has a pear shape and an uneven brown color. The peel is inedible and needs to be removed. The pulp is white with a bright mangosteen taste. Seeds have a laxative effect and are used as needed. Grows in Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines.

Sapodilla

Small fruit with a thin matte skin. Fruit size is 10 centimeters and 200 grams. Taste - milk caramel, causes viscosity in the mouth. It is not recommended to use sunflower seeds. Grows in Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Hawaii.

Sugar palm (Cambodian palm)

"Female" trees bear fruit. The fruit pulp is packed far inside, transparent white. Has refreshing properties. It is the basis for Thai sweet ice. Distributed in Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines.

Plum Natal

The fruits of this tree are the only part of the bush that does not harm people. Branches and leaves are unusable and contain poison. The color of the plums is hot pink with a wrinkled texture, and the taste is sweet. Suitable for use in baking as a filling. Homeland - South Africa.

Tamarillo

The berry is in the shape of an oval with dimensions up to 5 centimeters in diameter. Skin color options: yellow, burgundy, purple. The peel is harmful to health, it is peeled off with a knife. Currant taste with notes of tomato. The smell is bright fruit. Located in Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile.

Tamarind

Outwardly, it resembles a bean pod with a light brown skin. It is used in the preparation of sweets and sauces for meat. The pulp is dark brown in color with a spicy sweet and sour taste. Has bones. You can try in Sudan, Thailand, Cameroon, Australia, Panama.

Feijoa

Green fruit with a ponytail on top. Weight reaches 45 grams, up to 5 centimeters in size. The rind is thin with a mixed taste, sour and causes a sticky mouth. It is recommended to peel the fruit from the skin or cut it in half and eat with a spoon. The color of the pulp varies from cream to burgundy (the latter indicates the spoilage of the product). The taste is fresh, tropical, with notes of strawberry. Grows in South America, Georgia, Abkhazia, the Caucasus.

Breadfruit

The unripe fruit serves as a source of nutrition for the inhabitants of African countries. It tastes like bread when cooked. Ripe fruits have a pleasant sweetness similar to banana. The size is large, up to 3.5 kilograms. It is recommended to purchase cut. There is an opportunity to take a sample in Southeast Asia.

Chrysophyllum (Star apple)

The fruit is oval-shaped with skin color matching the pulp - soft green or lilac. The flesh is sticky, sweet, the consistency of jelly with pits like an apple. Cut like a star. It is recommended to eat only ripe fruits. Where it grows: India, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia.

Cereus

A relative of the pitaya, round and with a smooth surface. Inside is a juicy transparent watery pulp with seeds. The taste is tropical, bright, sweet. Eat by cutting in half with a spoon. The peel is not good for food. Grown on the plantations of Israel.

Cherimoya

The surface of the fruit may be green or not bumpy. The pulp is similar in structure to an orange, but includes the flavors of mango, banana, strawberry with notes of ice cream. Contains tough, inedible grains. Habitat: Asian countries, Israel, Algeria, Australia, Spain.

Black Sapot (Chocolate Pudding)

A variety of persimmons are dark green in color. The pulp takes on an almost black color with brown seeds. Chocolate pudding taste, sweet and bright. The size reaches 13 centimeters in length. The homeland of the product is Guatemala, Brazil, Southern Mexico.

Chompu

The shape is similar to bell pepper. The light ranges from green to red. White flesh inside. The taste is sweet, watery. Quenches thirst well. It is not subject to cleaning, it has no seeds. Grows in Sri Lanka, Colombia, India, Thailand.

Jujube

Small fruits up to 6 centimeters. Smooth, green with brown spots. I have a sweet apple flavor and a tropical aroma. Delicious fruit - firm, not tough. The skin is edible, the stone is not. Found in Japan, China, Thailand, the Caucasus.

Fetus- the reproductive organ of flowering plants, which develops after fertilization from the ovary of the pistil.

The fruit consists of seeds and a pericarp surrounding them. The pericarp develops from the walls of the ovary, in which, after fertilization, nutrients begin to accumulate. Sometimes other parts of the flower take part in the formation of the fruit - the perianth, receptacle, stamens, pedicel.

The pericarp protects the fruit from mechanical damage, adverse environmental conditions, and also serves for the propagation of plants. Many animals and birds, feeding on fruits, carry the seeds over long distances in their digestive tract, where they remain unharmed, and, falling to the ground in a new place, germinate. Some seeds are collected by animals, for example, squirrels, chipmunks and hidden in different places, where they also germinate. The fruits have adaptations by which they stick to the paws and hair of animals, and are carried away to new places (for example, the fruits of a string, burdock).

Some dry fruits have flight devices - wings:

Fruit classification

1. Dry (bean, pod, capsule, nut, acorn, caryopsis, achene, leaflet)
2. Juicy (drupe, berry, apple, pumpkin, orange)

By the number of seeds:

1. Single-seeded (caryopsis, achene, walnut, drupe)
2. Polysperms (bean, pod, boll, berry, pumpkin, orange, apple)

By opening, dry fruits are divided into:

1. Opening (bob, pod, boll)
2. Non-opening (caryopsis, achene, walnut)

By origin, all fruits are divided:

1. Simple fruit - develops from a flower with one pistil.
2. Composite fruit - develops from a flower with several pistils.
3. Compound fruit - develops from the inflorescence, if the flowers in it have grown together.

Simple fruits

Opening dry multi-seeded fruits - bean, pod and capsule. After ripening, these fruits are opened and the seeds are scattered around.

Fetus bean have peas, beans, yellow acacia, beans. After ripening, two of its valves open, to which the seeds are attached. Unlike him, pod the seeds are attached to the median septum. Cabbage, turnip, radish, etc. have pods.

Fetus box have poppy, black henbane, cotton, etc. In poppy, the capsule opens with holes, and the seeds spill out when the stem is swinging.

In cotton - by cracking the valves.

Non-expanding single-seeded dry fruits are distributed whole, along with the seeds. Their pericarp ruptures only when the seed begins to germinate. These include the nut, caryopsis, and achene.

Nut- its pericarp is hard, lignified. Nuts have hazel, oak (its nut is called acorn).

Caryopsis- found in the family of cereals - wheat, rye, etc. In the caryopsis, the pericarp grows together with the skin of the seed.

Achene- in sunflower, cornflower, dandelion. In the achene, the pericarp does not grow together with the seed skin. The dandelion achene has a tuft that allows it to fly:

An elm seed has a transparent wing:

A dill seed carries two seeds (two-seed)

Drupe - juicy single-seeded fruit. It is formed in cherries, peaches, plums, bird cherries, etc. Three layers are distinguished in the pericarp of the drupe:

1. Outer - thin skin
2. Medium - juicy pulp
3. Internal - hard lignified bone

The seed lies freely inside the bone.

Berry- a juicy multi-seeded fruit, in which the seeds lie in a juicy pulp. Berries have gooseberries, grapes, tomato, lily of the valley, kiwi

Pumpkin- a fruit in which the outer layer of the pericarp has a woody density, and the seeds lie in a juicy pulp - pumpkin, melon, watermelon:

Orange - a multi-seeded juicy fruit that looks like a berry, but has a thick, soft skin covered with zest - found in citrus fruits - orange, lemon, etc.

Apple- a multi-seeded fruit, in which the juicy pulp is formed not by an ovary, but by a flower tube. The seeds lie in membranous chambers. (Apple tree)

Prefabricated fruits

Combined achene- on a juicy, overgrown convex receptacle there are small dry achenes - found in strawberries, strawberries

Prefabricated drupe- numerous juicy drupe fruits are located on a dry, overgrown conical receptacle. Raspberries and blackberries have such a fruit.

Fruitfulness

Compound fruits are several mature fruits that have grown together. They are dry and juicy.

Juicy fruit- pineapple, mulberry.

Dry seed- have beets, spinach

If games or simulators do not open for you, read on.

After fertilization, a seed is formed from the seed buds, and the flower turns into a fruit. The integuments turn into seed skin. Nucellus is consumed by most plants during embryo formation as a nutrient. It can sometimes be converted into a nutrient.

The flower turns into a fruit. The ovary wall changes and forms pericarp ... The pericarp surrounds the seed. If the pericarp is formed only by the walls of the ovary, such a fruit is called real (cherries, plums, etc.). In many plant species, the fruit is also formed with the help of other parts of the flower (the bases of the stamens, receptacles, sepals, petals). Such fruits are called false (for example, near an apple tree).

The fruit consists of pericarp or pericarp (from the Greek. peri- near, around, karpos- fruit) and seeds. In the pericarp, they distinguish: the skin, or the outer thin part - exocarp ; medium, which can be either juicy or dry - mesocarp ; inner leathery, filmy, sometimes lignified, - endocarp (called a bone). The most typical structure is drupe-type fruits.

In the process of maturation, sugars, vitamins, fats and other substances accumulate in the pericarp.

Functions of the pericarp: protects the seed from adverse environmental factors, promotes the spread of seeds.

Fruits are distinguished by the nature of education: real, false, composite (difficult) , formed from several pistils of one flower (in blackberries, raspberries, etc.). Several fruits, which were formed from a separate flower each, can grow together and form infertility (in mulberry, pineapple).

According to the state of the pericarp, fruits are distinguished dry having a dry, lignified pericarp, and juicy having a fleshy, juicy pericarp.

Juicy fruits

Drupe - a fruit in which all three layers of the pericarp stand out well. Endocarp is hard, lignified (bone). Mesocarp - juicy (plum, cherry, sweet cherry), fibrous (coconut) or almost dry (almonds).

Apple Is a multi-seeded fruit formed by an overgrown juicy receptacle (apple, pear, mountain ash, quince).

Berry - It is a multi-seeded fruit that has juicy mesocarp and endocarp (grapes, gooseberries, currants, etc.). Exocarp - leathery.

Pumpkin Is a juicy fruit that has juicy mesocarp and endocarp. Colored, hard exocarp (pumpkin, melon, cucumber, etc.).

Dry fruits

Distinguish between opening and non-opening. Opening predominantly polyspermous fruits , non-opening - have one seed.

Opening dry fruits:

Bean - opens from top to bottom along the top and bottom seams. The seeds are attached to the halves of the pericarp (beans, peas, soybeans).

Pod - dry fruit, which is opened from the base to the top along two seams. Consists of two accrete carpels. The seeds are contained inside the fruit on a membrane membrane (radish, cabbage, mustard). The length exceeds the width by 1.5–2 times.

Pod - shorter and wider than the pod (mushroom, kalachiki, etc.) - the length is equal to the width.

Box - the opening fetus. It can be opened in different ways: in the poppy - with teeth on the top; in henbane, plantain - with a lid; in dope, St. John's wort, tobacco, milkweed, violets, etc. - numerous longitudinal slits.

Non-opening dry fruits:

Caryopsis Is a non-opening single-seeded fruit. The thin pericarp adheres very tightly to the seed skin, grows together with it (cereals).

Leaflet - a multi-seeded fruit, formed by one carpel, which is opened on one side along the seam (peony).

Multileaf (in magnolia) has many carpels.

Nut - has a hard lignified pericarp. The seed lies inside freely (hazel, beech).

Achene - non-opening fruit, formed by two carpels. Contains one seed. The pericarp is leathery, does not adhere to the seed, does not grow together with it (sunflower, calendula).

Lionfish Is a dry, non-opening fruit. A thin border in the form of a wing is formed along the edges of the pericarp (elm, hornbeam, ash, birch).

Nut - dry, non-opening single-seeded fruit. The pericarp is leathery or lignified. If it consists of many nuts, then it is called multi-nets ... In a fleshy receptacle, nuts are found in strawberries, wild strawberries.

This classification is artificial, as it is based only on the morphological characteristics of the fruit.