Since the opening of the first railway in Russia, the desire to increase train speeds and, consequently, reduce travel times has been a priority task for the country's engineering corps.
On September 1, 1853, the first high-speed train set off from St. Petersburg to Moscow. He was on the road for 12 hours, of which 1 h. 20 min. accounted for parking.
The first experiments on creating high-speed locomotive models in the Soviet Union began in the thirties of the twentieth century. In 1934, at the Kolomensky Zavod, preliminary designs of high-speed steam locomotives were completed - type 2-3-1 with a grate with an area of 5 square meters and types 1-3-2 and 2-3-2 with a grate with an area of 6.5 square meters. m. 2 experimental steam locomotives were manufactured. Experimental trips of the new locomotives took place on the Moscow - Leningrad line. On April 24, 1938, while following a single steam locomotive, a speed of 160 km / h was reached, and on June 29, on the Likhoslavl-Kalinin section, one of the steam locomotives with a 14-axle train (4 carriages) reached a speed of 170 km / h.
It was planned to build 10 more locomotives of this type for the October railway, but the war prevented this from happening.
In 1937 the Voroshilovgrad plant produced steam locomotive IS20-16("Joseph Stalin") with a cowl-fairing. During tests, this steam locomotive developed a speed of 155 km / h.
High-speed steam locomotive number 6998 designed at the Voroshilovgrad plant under the guidance of engineer D.V. Lvov. Its production was completed in April 1938. The wheel diameter was 2200 mm, and the design speed was 180 km / h.
Officially, the beginning of the development of high-speed traffic on the railways of our country dates back to 1957, when by order of the Ministry of Railways of May 29, 1957 "On the preparation of the Moscow-Leningrad line for the movement of passenger trains at increased speeds" an action program was developed and organizational and technical measures to ensure the solution of the problem.
In 1957 g. diesel locomotive TE7-001 on the Klin-Reshetnikovo-Zavidovo section with a train weighing 1010 tons, it developed a maximum speed of 129 km / h, on the Pokrovka-Klin stretch with a slope of 5 ‰, the highest speed was 134 km / h. With trains weighing 800-900 tons, the locomotive developed a speed of 140 km / h.
TE7 diesel locomotives served passenger trains on the Moscow-Leningrad line until 1963, and since 1960 they have driven "Day Express" trains, passing the route from Moscow to Leningrad in 6 hours and 20 minutes.
The ability to increase travel speeds is inextricably linked to the readiness of the infrastructure. At the first stage, the stations were the bottleneck that slowed down the growth of speeds. The speeds of movement along the turnout switches of the stations were allowed only up to 100 km / h. To overcome these restrictions, 18 low-activity stations were closed and more than 100 rarely used turnouts were removed from the main tracks of other separate points. In 1960, the track was completely laid on a crushed stone base with P50 rails, the curves were lengthened and straight inserts were laid between the curves, artificial structures were reinforced, and a number of crossings were closed. During the period of development of higher speeds up to 120 km / h, the switch facilities of the line underwent significant reconstruction. The turnouts, which have an insert-onlay root fastening and more powerful crosses, began to be used. After the tests carried out, the speed of movement along such transfers in the forward direction was brought to 120 km / h.
Since 1961, the use of reinforced turnouts type Р65... Trains began to pass along such arrows at a speed of up to 140 km / h.
In 1963, an experimental laying of specialized high-speed turnouts began. The operation of such transfers has proven that they ensure the movement of trains at speeds up to 160 km / h.
Electric locomotives ChS2 series operated on the Moscow - Leningrad line, serving high-speed trains and developing speeds up to 160 km / h. In 1965, experimental trips were carried out in which an electric locomotive of the ChS2 series with a train traveled from Leningrad to Moscow in 4 hours 59 minutes.
On June 12, 1963, an experimental trip of the "bullet train" Aurora took place, which passed the way in 5 hours 27 minutes. The systems of power supply, automation, telemechanics and communications were improved, due to which in 1965 the time spent on the way of the Aurora express was reduced to 4 hours 59 minutes, and the route speed was increased to 130.4 km / h.
For the period 1961-1965. long-length rails of the R-65 type were laid on reinforced concrete sleepers along the entire length. More than 250 turnouts have been replaced by high-speed switches, the number of crossings has been reduced by 2 times, and all of them are equipped with automatic barriers with automatic crossing signaling, fences have been installed along the line to prevent pets and forest dwellers from entering the line. The expediency of narrowing the track by 4-6 mm - up to 1520 mm was established, which ensured greater stability of the track grate, increased the service life of the sleepers. The second contact wire was mounted along the entire length, the overhead catenary was adjusted.
In 1970, to conduct research on the interaction of the crew and the track, the Aviation Engineering Design Bureau A.S. Yakovlev, Kalinin Carriage Works and VNIIV, an experimental high-speed laboratory car with an aircraft jet engine was developed and manufactured. The head carriage of the ER22 electric train was equipped with two AI-25 turbojet engines and aerodynamic fairings. Dynamic tests of a two-car train weighing 60 tons took place in 1972 on the Dnieper road. During the test trips, a maximum speed of 249 km / h was reached.
"Russian troika"
The project of the new RT200 carriage was carried out by the Kalinin Carriage Works. Experimental cars were built in 1972. A total of eight cars and a buffet car were manufactured, which, together with the power station car, formed a ten-car train.
In Czechoslovakia, locomotives were ordered for a speed of 200 km / h - ChS200.
The tests of the Russian Troika were carried out on the Leningrad - Moscow line, mostly on the Leningrad - Chudovo section, where successful dynamic tests of the train were carried out at a speed of 210 km / h with electric locomotives ChS2M, ChS2T and later ChS200. On June 26, 1976, the Russian Troika, driven by the ChS200 electric locomotive, proceeded to the Lyuban - Chudovo section at a speed of 220 km / h.
The tests of the first RT200 car were carried out during June - August 1973. Train No. 5003 consisted of an electric locomotive ChS2M, two all-metal cover cars and a RT200 carriage between them.
On September 18, 1973, the Russian Troika made its first test flight from Leningrad to Moscow. On July 8, 1975, the Russian Troika departed for its first regular flight with passengers. The train went according to the Aurora's schedule, arriving in Moscow at 18:43. Regular flights PT200 made until 1980.
On March 1, 1984, the first scheduled flight was made ER200... From 1984 to February 2009, it ran between St. Petersburg and Moscow at a maximum speed of 200 km / h.
In 1993, on the St. Petersburg-Moscow section of the Oktyabrskaya highway diesel locomotive TEP80 the record speed for diesel locomotives was reached - 271 km / h.
However, the super-high-speed diesel locomotive TEP80 turned out to be completely unclaimed in practice. If during the years of the creation of the previous model, TEP75, there was still a testing ground where passenger diesel locomotives with a capacity of 6,000 hp were required, then by the time the TEP80 was built, all lines where this locomotive could find application had already been electrified. In addition, due to the collapse of the USSR, the serial production of this locomotive did not have time (the Kolomna plant produced only two TEP80 locomotives), but it still holds the palm in speed among diesel locomotives and is still the fastest in the world.
In 1995, the Board of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation made a decision on a comprehensive reconstruction of the St. Petersburg - Moscow highway to organize high-speed traffic.
In 1996-2000. a grandiose reconstruction of the Petersburg-Moscow highway was carried out, and in fact a new railway was built using modern technologies. Thanks to the reconstruction, trains can already reach speeds of 200-250 km / h.
The application of the domestic discharge-pulse technology of "treatment" of the roadbed was tested, the contact network KS-200 was developed and manufactured from domestic parts, a new type of auto-blocking with tonal track circuits was used in the modernization of signaling and communication devices.
"Nevsky Express"
In 2001, the first train "Nevsky Express" entered regular operation. The cars, designed for a speed of 200 km / h, were created at the same plant as the Russian Troika, although they are not a logical continuation of it.
By the fall of 2001, the first domestic high-speed train "Sokol-250" (speed up to 250 km / h) appeared on the main course of the road.
In the course of the comprehensive reconstruction of the St. Petersburg-Moscow highway, a unique depot for servicing high-speed electric trains was built at the Metallostroy station. Its territory is 44.3 hectares.
"Peregrine Falcon"
Since 2009, on the lines of a wide (1520 mm) gauge railway. Russia operates new trains "Sapsan" technology Siemens. The composition of the train is 4 motor and 6 trailer cars, the number of bogies is 20, of which 8 are motor cars. Power supply from 3 kV DC and 25 kV, 50 Hz AC mains. Rated power - 8800 kW, maximum speed - 250 km / h. The number of seats is 600.
Over the past 40 years, the demand for high-speed rail services has grown significantly. High-speed trains, from the point of view of consumers, surpass other modes of transport in terms of travel time, comfort and safety, and an environmentally friendly effect. These advantages will be amplified in the near future with the increase in the length of the lines suitable for high speed traffic.
The history of trains spans the last two hundred years of modern human civilization, when this incredible discovery was used to revolutionize industry, influence the spread of humanity and the way we travel.
Since the first steam locomotive traveled on the railways of industrial England in the early 1800s, trains have helped people develop civilization. Remote lands became available, industrial production was supplied with an infinite amount of raw materials and the transportation of finished products was ensured.
Today they are used in different ways: from small city trams, metro, long-distance trains to freight and high-speed trains, which can reach speeds of 300-500 kilometers per hour. However, their story began with much simpler and slower projects. The ancient civilizations of Greece and Egypt, as well as industrial Europe (1600s-1800s), used horses as their primary sources of driving to move simple carriages.
The advent of the first steam engines in the early 19th century allowed engineers to create a new form of transport that was adapted to carry far more materials than ever before.
The invention of railway technology
The history of trains begins with their one of the most important moments in the history of human development.
The very first train in the world appeared in 1804. He was able to transport 25 tons of iron material and 70 people over a distance of 10 miles (16 kilometers).
Throughout history, trains have run on steam, electricity, and diesel (although one of the earliest trains in the United States was horse-powered). They currently carry about 40% of the world's cargo.
The first commercial train (Stephenson's The Rocket) was able to reach a speed of 96 km / h. Today's models can travel at speeds in excess of 200 km / h, and special "bullet trains" - more than 500.
Rail transport is a combination of trains and rail systems, through which passengers and goods are transported using wheeled vehicles specially designed to move on a track. It is a fast, efficient, but capital intensive form of mechanized ground transportation. It is part of the supply chain that facilitates international trade and economic growth in most countries.
Trains and rail systems are made up of two components: those that move and those that are fixed. The components that move are called rolling stock - locomotives, passenger and freight vehicles. Fixed include railway tracks (with their supporting structures) and ancillary buildings.
History of railway communication
The earliest prototype of the railway is the six-kilometer Diolcos road, which transported boats across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece in the sixth century BC. NS. The trucks, pushed by the slaves, moved in grooves in the limestone that prevented the cars from leaving the intended route. This road existed for over 1,300 years until AD 900. NS.
Iron plate rails
The first railways in Great Britain were built in the early seventeenth century mainly to transport coal from mines to the quays of the canal, where it could be carried by boat for later transport. The earliest recorded examples are the Wollaton Wagonway in Nottinghamshire and the Bourtreehill - Broomlands Wagonway in Irvine, Ayrshire. The rails were then made of wood and had to be changed frequently.
In 1768, the Coalbrookdale Iron Works placed cast iron plates over wooden rails, providing a stronger load-bearing surface. They were later used by Benjamin Urtham at his foundry in Ripley, Derbyshire, where standardized track elements were produced for the first time. The advantage was that the wheel spacing could be varied significantly.
From the end of the eighteenth century, iron rails began to appear. British civil engineer William Jessop developed sleek counterparts by placing them on the route between Loughborough and Nanpantan, Leicestershire, as an addition to the Charnwood Forest Canal in 1793-1794. In 1803, Jessop opened what is arguably the world's first horse-drawn railroad in Surrey, south London.
First railway lines
The earliest trains consisted of horse-drawn carriages on wooden tracks, some of which date back to the 16th century. The first track that operated with a steam locomotive was a tram line from the Iron Works at Penidarren in Merthyr Teedfill, Wales. On February 21, 1804, the locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers at a top speed of 5 miles (8 km) per hour on the 9-mile railroad (about 14.5 km). This early experiment with steam was deemed successful, but the weight of the locomotive damaged the road.
The first steam locomotive
The first railroad to use a steam locomotive was Middleton in Leeds, UK. It was originally built in 1758 to transport coal using horse-drawn vehicles on wooden paths. Matthew Murray built a locomotive named Salamanca with four flanged and one cogwheels that were connected to an adjacent rack for propulsion. Steam coal trains began operating on August 12, 1812. Three additional locomotives were built and operated until 1834. The railroad was converted to standard gauge in 1881 and still operates as a tourist / historic railroad today.
The world's first passenger railway
It became the Oystermouth railway. She originally (1804-1806) used horse-drawn vehicles to transport limestone between Swansea and Oystermouth in South Wales. Passenger service began on March 25, 1807, making it the first passenger railway in the world. The transportation of passengers lasted almost 20 years and ended in 1826, when the owners of horse-drawn multi-seat carriages lured passengers away.
The first passenger railway to use a steam locomotive
It became the Stockton-Darlington iron track, which operated 25 miles from Darlington in the north-east of England. In September 1825, Robert Stephenson Co. completed the first steam locomotive for the railroad. He worked for 27 months, carrying both coal and passengers. Additional locomotives arrived the following year, but passenger traffic was mainly carried out by horse until the full transition to steam power in 1833.
Russian empire
The beginning of the history of the imperial trains of Russia is connected with St. Petersburg. For the first time, such a train was demonstrated simultaneously with the official opening of the first Russian railway, which stretches between Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg and Pavlovsk. The train consisted of eight cars, in which, in addition to Nicholas I, ministers, members of the State Council and diplomats could be. The first trip between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo took 35 minutes.
However, the really imperial train is a train, the creation of which was timed to coincide with the opening of the railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow. It was intended for the transportation of the emperor and his escort and consisted of two imperial cars, as well as separate for the retinue and servants. At various times, he transported Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III, as well as members of their families.
In 1888, an imperial train crashed. After that, two new trains were built: for trips abroad and across the territory of Russia.
By 1917, Russia had the largest fleet of imperial trains in the world, which included not only outdated, but also the newest trains.
Train history: Russian Railways Museum
This museum complex is the main one in Russia and one of the largest in the world. It was opened in 2017, but its history dates back to 1978. Then it was opened.The first exposition told about the history of trains, the Tsarskoye Selo and Nikolaev railways, about transport during the revolution and the civil war, the first five-year plans, about railway workers during the Great Patriotic War, and about the development in the post-war years.
In 1991, the first Museum of Railway Technology was opened in Shushary near St. Petersburg. Ten years later, a new exposition appeared at the Varshavsky railway station in St. Petersburg. Over time, the Museum of the October Railway was transformed into the Museum of Russian Railways.
Already stipulates the mandatory presence of traction units in the composition:
Composition of coupled railway carriages driven by a locomotive or motor car.
As the use of horse-drawn transport declined, the word "train" gradually lost its original meaning ("a row of carts") and became associated exclusively with the railway.
Train railway, formed and coupled train of wagons with one or more operating locomotives or motor wagons, having light and other identification signals
Design and calculation of trains
The weight of the train is one of the most important parameters, since it determines the carrying capacity of the sections, that is, how many passengers or cargo will be transported between stations in a certain time (most often - 1 day). An increase in the mass of a train allows not only to raise this parameter, but also to reduce the cost of transportation. At the same time, an excessive increase in train weight leads to overloading of locomotives and to premature failure of their equipment. Also, as a result of the design, it is possible to determine the length of the train, the number of cars and locomotives in it and their distribution by train, as well as the modes of running the train along various sections of the track.
Formation of freight trains
The procedure for the formation and passage of long, heavy, connected, increased weight and length of freight trains is established by the railway officer on duty. Formation is carried out without a selection of cars by the number of axles and weight, but when forming long and heavy trains, empty cars should be placed in the last third of the train. when going for repair or out of repair, they are placed at the tail of a freight train in one group. The rules for the technical operation of railways in force in Russia prohibit the use of the following cars:
Formation of passenger trains
The norms for the weight and length of long-distance and local passenger trains and the procedure for placing wagons in them are indicated in the train schedule books. In the front and last carriages, the end doors are locked, and the transition platforms are fixed in the raised position. The procedure for attaching wagons to passenger trains in excess of the norm and following long-distance passenger trains is determined by the relevant instructions. On Russian railways, it is allowed to attach non-all-metal service cars to passenger trains (except for suburban trains).
It is prohibited to put on passenger and post-baggage trains:
- wagons with dangerous goods;
- wagons with expired terms of periodic repair or with expired terms of a unified technical revision.
Several freight wagons can also be delivered to passenger (except for high-speed and fast) and post-baggage trains.
- to distant ones - 1 carriage (or one two-car section for the transportation of live fish);
- to local and suburban - 3 carriages;
- in post and luggage - 6 wagons;
The speed of passenger and mail and baggage trains, which include wagons of other designs and types, are limited by the speeds set for these wagons.
Organization of train traffic
The basis for organizing the movement of trains on mainline railways is the traffic schedule, the violation of which is not allowed. Thanks to it, traffic safety and rational use of rolling stock are ensured. In accordance with the schedule, each train is assigned a specific number. Trains of a certain direction are assigned even numbers, and trains of the opposite direction are assigned odd numbers. In addition to the number, each freight train at the station of formation is assigned a certain index, which does not change until the station of disbandment. If the train is not provided for by the schedule, then a number is assigned to it when it is assigned. In accordance with the rules for the technical operation of Russian railways, trains are divided into the following categories:
- Extraordinary:
- The next - in order of priority:
- Federal trains:
- Passenger expressways (always federal);
- Federal high-speed passenger trains (usually branded);
- Federal freight trains;
- Passenger ambulances;
- High-value freight trains:
- Special orders of increased value;
- Freight trains with perishable contents;
- Passenger trains (additional trains and low-value passenger trains);
- Postal and baggage, military, cargo-passenger, human, fast-track cargo;
- Freight (through, sectional, modular, export, transfer), utility trains;
To control the movement of all trains, the railway track is divided into certain sections (usually 100-150 km), called plots... The movement of all trains at each section is controlled by a train dispatcher (DSC). His duties include ensuring the fulfillment of the train schedule, therefore, the orders of the dispatcher are subject to unconditional execution. In addition, train drivers and other employees serving trains obey the instructions of the station attendants, who, in turn, also obey the train dispatcher. Up to several sections can be under the control of one dispatcher.
Varieties of trains
Trains differ in the nature of cargo, travel speeds, dimensions, weight, etc. The following types of trains are found on the railways of Russia.
- Passenger- designed for the carriage of passengers, baggage and mail. In turn, they differ in:
- Freight(commodity - outdated name):
- Accelerated:
- Fast freight;
- Refrigerated;
- For transporting animals;
- For the transportation of perishable goods;
- Flood control;
- Individual locomotives:
- Control rooms;
- Military- designed to move troops, military equipment, institutions and other military cargo.
In addition, the word "train" is an integral part of the following names:
- Agit train - a rolling stock intended for agitation, propaganda and educational work;
- Aero train is a multi-car train that uses aerodynamic forces during movement, creating a screen effect;
- Armored train - armored rolling stock for warfare;
- Diesel train - diesel multi-unit rolling stock;
- A turbo train is a multi-unit rolling stock with a gas turbine as the primary engine;
- Electrical installation train - a subdivision intended for electrical installation work during the electrification of railways;
- Electric train is a multi-unit rolling stock that receives energy from an external electrical network (contact network, contact rail), or from storage batteries.
- An energy assembly train is a manufacturing enterprise that builds power lines for railway transport.
Train equipment
Brakes
At present, a wide variety of types of brakes are used on trains: pneumatic and electric, automatic and non-automatic, cargo and passenger, non-rigid and semi-rigid, etc.
The main disadvantage of a pneumatic brake is that the speed of propagation of the air wave, and therefore the actuation of the brakes in terms of composition, is equal to the speed of sound (331 m / s). Non-simultaneous operation of the brakes can lead to longitudinal shocks, which in passenger trains leads to discomfort for passengers, and in long freight trains - to a train rupture. Therefore, on passenger and long-haul freight trains, electro-pneumatic brakes are used. In this case, an electrical wire runs parallel to the brake line, through which signals are transmitted to the air distributors (the latter is called an electrical air distributor, due to the presence of an electrical part in the structure). The advantage of this type of brake is that the brakes are applied almost simultaneously along the entire length of the train, which also makes it possible to shorten the braking distance.
In addition to the Westinghouse brake, the Matrosov brake system is used. In the former USSR, on trains, on trucks and on some types of buses. The peculiarity of this system is that braking is performed when the pressure in the braking system drops. There are two types of Matrosov braking systems: with spring braking, and with air valve braking. Unlike the Westinghouse system, it is impossible to drive in the absence of pressure in the braking system.
Tram trolley. Magnetic rail brake shoe is visible between the wheels
Control and safety devices
To improve safety, trains are equipped with various devices and devices, most of which are located in the driver's cab. To control traffic light signals, the train is equipped with ALS - automatic locomotive signaling. It reads from the way the special signals coming from the traffic light in front, decodes them and at the mini-traffic light (locomotive traffic light) located in the cab, duplicates the signals of the traffic light in front. To check the driver's vigilance, the so-called vigilance handle (RB, structurally it is made in the form of a button or a pedal) serves. When the indication at the locomotive traffic light changes, as well as if the driver has not changed the position of the traction and brake controls for a long time, a sound signal is heard, which is often duplicated by a light signal (in some cases, the light signal lights up before the sound signal). Hearing a sound signal (or seeing a light signal), the driver must immediately press on the RB, otherwise, after some time (5-10 s), emergency braking will be automatically applied. Periodic check of vigilance is also carried out when the train approaches a traffic light with a prohibitive indication. Often, to monitor the driver's vigilance, sensors are used that measure his physiological data (pulse, pressure, head tilt).
Signals
| Steam locomotive whistle | |
| Playback Help | |
As is clear from the definition, one of the properties of a train is the presence of signals. Train signals are included in the general railway transport signaling system, which also includes track signals - traffic lights, signal signs, signs, etc. Signals are divided into sound and visible.
To give sound signals, there are special devices installed on the rolling stock - whistles, typhons, bells. They are designed to increase safety by warning of the approaching train, and to issue commands to train compilers and car inspectors. Sound signals, in turn, are divided into high-volume signals and low-volume signals. A high-volume signal must have reliable audibility within the braking distance and is used extremely rarely, especially within cities and towns. Typhon serves to serve it. On railway locomotives, the sound level of the typhon signal at a distance of 5 meters is about 120 dB at a tone frequency of 360-380 Hz. Bells were used to give low-volume signals on early locomotives; now they have been replaced by whistles. The whistle signal at a distance of 5 meters has a sound level of 105 dB with a fundamental frequency of about 1200 Hz. To drive the whistle and typhon, steam from the boiler is used on steam locomotives, on the rest of the locomotives, compressed air. On trams, signals are given by means of an electric bell.
| Signal | Meaning | When served |
|---|---|---|
| 3 short | "Stop" | When approaching a redirection signal. |
| Complete stop signal | Served after a complete stop of the train. | |
| One long | "Take a train" | When the train departs. |
| Alert signal | When approaching level crossings, tunnels, passenger platforms, curves, places of track works. When traveling in low visibility conditions (blizzard, fog, etc.). To prevent collisions with people. When trains meet on double-track sections: the first signal - when approaching the oncoming train, the second - when approaching its tail section. | |
| One long, one short, one long | Alert when following the wrong path | In the same cases as a regular alert. |
| Vigilance signal | When a train arrives at a station on the wrong track. When approaching a traffic light with a prohibiting indication, if you have permission to follow it. When following a traffic light with a prohibiting or incomprehensible indication. |
- The head of all trains, when following the correct track, is indicated by a searchlight and two transparent white lights turned on at the buffer bar (buffer lights), moreover, the motor car train in this case is allowed to follow with the buffer lights extinguished;
- When a train follows the wrong path, its head is indicated by the red light of the lantern on the left side, and the transparent white light of the lantern on the right side;
- The tail of freight and freight-passenger trains is marked with one red disc with a reflector at the buffer bar on the right side;
- The tail of passenger and post-baggage trains is indicated by three red lights, and in the case of a freight car being attached to the tail, by one red;
- The tail of a locomotive riding in the tail of a train, or without wagons at all, is indicated by one red fire on the right side;
- During shunting movements (including following to the depot), the locomotive and the multiple unit rolling stock are indicated by one buffer light in front and behind, switched on from the side of the main control panel (on conventional mainline locomotives and multiple unit trains - the left buffer light in front and the right buffer light behind).
Connection
For the exchange of information between train drivers with station attendants, train dispatchers, train compilers, as well as among themselves, trains are equipped with radio communication devices. Depending on the type of work, two types of radio communication are used on the underground and main railways - train and shunting. The first is used to exchange information between train drivers and train dispatchers, as well as among themselves, the second is used to exchange information between the person on duty at the centralization post with the train driver and train compilers during maneuvers.
Radio communication operates in simplex mode with group calling in the most common hectometer (~ 2 MHz) and meter (~ 151-156 MHz) bands. Since the level of interference is quite high in the hectometer range, in order to obtain a good signal, guide wires are pulled along the railway track, which can be placed on the supports of the contact network, or on the supports of overhead communication lines. On the main railways, the radio communication between train drivers and train dispatchers is carried out through the dispatching train radio communication in the decimeter range (330 MHz, abroad - up to 450 MHz), while the train one serves to communicate between train drivers, with stations on duty, as well as with the train manager (on passenger trains). Locomotive radio stations are installed in the control cabin, often with two consoles (separately for the driver and his assistant).
On passenger multi-unit trains, an intercom system is installed, which is carried out via a wire line. This system is designed to transmit messages to passengers in the cabin, as well as to exchange information between members of the locomotive crew (driver with an assistant or conductor) located in different cabins. For emergency communication between passengers and the driver, the "passenger-driver" communication system is designed, the intercoms of which are located in the passenger cabins. Often the communication systems "driver-passenger" and "passenger-driver" are combined into one.
Traction of trains
Main article: Traction theory
To propel the train into motion on the first railways, the muscular power of animals, mainly horses, was used. In the first half of the 19th century, they were replaced by a locomotive - a traction vehicle moving on rails. The principle of its operation lies in the interaction of the wheel and the rail - traction force is transmitted from the engine to the wheel, and the wheel, due to the frictional force on the rail, sets the locomotive, and with it the entire train, in motion. The first type of locomotive was a steam locomotive - a vehicle powered by a steam engine. Steam was supplied to the steam engine from a steam boiler, which was located on the locomotive. Despite such an advantage as "omnivorousness" (oil, coal, firewood, peat could serve as fuel for a steam locomotive), such locomotives had a very significant drawback - a very low efficiency, which was about 5-7%. Therefore, at present, steam locomotives are almost never used in train work.
Modern locomotives use internal combustion engines - diesel (diesel locomotives) or a gas turbine (gas turbine locomotives) - as the primary engine. Since such engines can operate in a limited range of rotational speeds, an intermediate gear, either electric or hydraulic, is required to transmit rotation to the driving wheels. The electric transmission consists of a generator and electric motors, the hydraulic transmission consists of hydraulic couplings, torque converters and hydraulic pumps. The hydraulic transmission is lighter and cheaper, but the electric transmission is more reliable and economical. A mechanical transmission is sometimes used on low-power diesel locomotives. Of the autonomous locomotives, the most widespread are diesel locomotives with electric transmission.
The prime mover can be completely removed from the locomotive, and energy can be transferred to the locomotive from the outside - via the overhead line. It is on this principle that an electric locomotive works - a non-autonomous locomotive driven by electric motors. The electric locomotive through the pantograph receives electricity from the contact network, which is then transmitted to the traction motors, which, through a gear train, drive the driving axles into rotation. The main advantage of an electric locomotive over autonomous locomotives is the virtual absence of harmful emissions into the atmosphere (unless, of course, you count emissions from power plants), which made it possible to transfer all urban rail transport to electric traction - tram and subway, as well as monorail trains. In addition to the listed types of locomotives, there are also combinations of them: electric locomotive, electric locomotive, heat locomotive, and so on.
The train can be set in motion without the transfer of traction from the engine to the wheel and then to the rail. So in a linear motor, electricity is directly converted into the energy of translational motion - the train moves due to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the inductor and the metal strip. The inductor can be located both in the overpass and on the rolling stock. Such an engine is used on trains with magnetic suspension (maglev), as well as in monorail transport. In addition, in the twentieth century, experiments were carried out using aircraft engines (propeller, jet engine) for traction of trains, but they were mainly intended to study the interaction of rolling stock and rails at high speeds.
Energy of wagons
Passenger trains have a variety of assistance systems designed to provide passenger comfort. Most of them (lighting, heating, ventilation, cooking in the dining cars) use electricity to operate. One of its sources is an autonomous power supply system, which includes a generator and a storage battery. The DC generator is driven from the axle of the wheelset through a belt or cardan drive. The generator voltage is 50 V and its power is about 10 kW.
If the car is equipped with an air conditioning system, the voltage on the generator is 110 V, and its power can reach 30 kW. In this case, an alternator and a rectifier are more commonly used. To obtain alternating current (for powering fluorescent lamps, radio equipment, sockets for connecting electric shavers and other low-power devices), machine or semiconductor DC-to-AC converters are used. The storage battery is designed to back up the generator at low speeds, and also perceives load peaks. The main disadvantage of such a system is the increase in resistance to movement up to 10%.
On high-speed and high-speed trains, a power station wagon is used to supply the train with electricity. It is equipped with a diesel generator set and is mainly installed at the front of the train, just behind the locomotive (on high-speed trains "Aurora" and "Nevsky Express" it is installed at the tail of the train). On diesel trains, auxiliary generators are used to obtain low voltage, which are driven by a diesel plant. On DC electric trains, the generator is located on the same shaft with a dynamo located under the car; high-voltage semiconductor converters are also often used. On alternating current electric trains, low voltage is obtained from a traction transformer, where the voltage of the contact network is reduced to the required level (about 220 V). Further, the single-phase current in the machine converter is converted into a three-phase one. To obtain direct current from alternating current, rectifiers are used. On subway cars, control and lighting circuits are powered by a storage battery (it is also charged from a contact rail through a set of resistors), or from a static converter.
To supply heating circuits, a high voltage is required (on the main railways - about 3000 V), which comes from the locomotive. On a DC electric locomotive, power in the train heating circuit comes directly from the overhead line, on an AC electric locomotive, the voltage of the overhead line (25 kV), using a special winding on the traction transformer, is reduced to 3 kV, after which it enters the heating circuit. A diesel locomotive can have a special generator that generates a voltage of 3 kV, otherwise, passenger cars are provided with heating with fuel (coal, wood, peat). In metro cars operating in open areas (for example, the Filyovskaya line of the Moscow metro), as well as in tram cars, electric ovens are connected directly to the contact network (or to the contact rail). High voltage can also come not only from the locomotive, but also from the power station car. Often, a low voltage can be supplied from the locomotive to the cars - to power the circuits for lighting, ventilation, etc., which makes it possible not to use an autonomous power supply system.
Trains in culture and art
In painting
One of the first paintings depicting a train can rightfully be considered a painting by the artist Tyumling, which depicts a train on the Tsarskoye Selo railway (see above). In 1915, Gino Severini painted the painting "An ambulance train rushing through the city." Also, in the halls of many museums, you can find many other paintings depicting trains ("Turksib", "Winners" and others). Trains in their paintings were painted by Vladimir Gavrilovich Kazantsev, Isaac Ilyich Levitan.
In literature
Trains appear in a large number of literary works, and in some of them trains play an important role. This is how the action of some of Agatha Christie's novels about Hercule Poirot took place on the trains: "The Mystery of the Blue Train" and "". The main character of Leo Tolstoy's novel "Anna Karenina" rushes under the train. In one of the first novels by Jules Verne, "Paris in the twentieth century," a train is described, which is set in motion by a cylinder moving inside a pipe and connected to the composition by magnetic coupling - a prototype of a linear motor, and in another novel, "Claudius Bombarnac", the hero travels by train along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The book "Yellow Arrow" by V. Pelevin is also dedicated to the train ride. In 1943 Boris Pasternak published a collection of poems entitled On Early Trains. In 1952, Gianni Rodari published a collection of children's poems called "Poetry Train". In JK Rowling's Harry Potter series, the Hogwarts Express takes students to Hogwarts at the start of each school year. In the story by V. Krapivin "Outpost at the Anchor Field", a futuristic maglev train is one of the key elements of the plot, sometimes visiting a secret station located in a parallel world
The plot of the book by I. Stemler "The Train" also develops on the train.
In cinematography
As representatives of railway transport, trains appear in a huge number of films, starting with the earliest - "Arrival of a train at La Ciotat" (he can also be seen in the film "The Man from the Boulevard des Capucines"). Also, the main action of the films often unfolds on trains ("Under Siege 2: Territory of Darkness", "Golden Echelon", "Highway", "Uncontrollable", "34th Rapid", "Murder on the Orient Express", "Train", " We, the undersigned ”and others).
In cartoons
One of the most famous train cartoons is the English animated series Thomas and Friends (since 1984), as well as its Soviet predecessor, The Steam Engine from Romashkov. In many American cartoons, you can often see an episode when a character standing on the rails is hit by a train (this episode is even played out in the movie "Who Framed Roger Rabbit"). Also, trains can be seen in cartoons such as:
- "Wait for it! (issue 6) "(1973) - at the end the Wolf chases the Hare along the train;
- "Shapoklyak" (1974) - Gena and Cheburashka at the beginning and end of the cartoon are traveling by train. It is noteworthy that in the locomotive one can easily guess the electric locomotive ChS2, which has the nickname "Cheburashka" among the railway workers;
- "Holidays in Prostokvashino" (1980) - Uncle Fedor escapes from his parents on a commuter train;
- Stop the Train (1982);
- Around the World with Willie Fogh (1983);
- South Park - In the episode "Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Whore" (1998), Kenny is hit by a train;
- "Futurama" - at the "Pastorama" exhibition (episode "Lesser of Two Evils" (2000)) Fry defines the train as "mobile free house";
- Cars (2006) - McQueen crosses the crossing just before the train;
- The Simpsons Movie (2007) - EPA agents catch Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie on the train.
- "Brave little train Tilly"
- In the Polish animated series "The Magic Pencil" one of the series
In songs
One of the most famous Soviet songs about the train is the children's song "Blue Carriage", which sounds in the cartoon "Shapoklyak":
The blue carriage is running and swinging
The fast train is picking up speed ...
A lot of songs about trains are heard in movies or on music stages:
- Train to Chattanooga - From Sun Valley Serenade
- "The Train Goes East" - from the film of the same name
- "I'll Take a Fast Train" - Mikhail Boyarsky
- "Train to Leningrad" - Empire
- "Fast train" (D. Tukhmanov - V. Kharitonov) - Funny guys
- "Fast Train" - Bravo
- "Fast Train" - Viktor Petliura
- "The fast train will come" - Brigade C
- "Train again" - Chizh & Co
- "City of Roads" - Centr
- "Train on Fire" - Aquarium
- "Postal Train" - Hi-Fi
- "Conversation on the Train" - Time Machine
- "Another Town, Another Train" - ABBA
- "Trainhide to Russia" - Accept
- Train of Consequences - Megadeth
- "Bullet Train" - Judas Priest
- Train Kept A Rollin 'and Back Back Train - Aerosmith
- "Train" - 3 Doors Down
- "Zion Train" - Bob Marley
- "Suburbian Train" and "Urban train" - DJ Tiesto
- Rock'n'Roll Train - AC / DC
- "Hold the Train" - Metal Corrosion
- Slowest Train - Laima Vaikule
- Waiting room - Irina Bogushevskaya
- "Farewell" (... trains leave from all stations to distant lands ...) - Lev Leshchenko
- "Burning Arrow" - Aria and other performers
- "Train to Surkharban" - Oleg Medvedev
- "Knock" - Cinema
- "Train 193" - Alexander Bashlachev
- "Dorozhnaya No. 5" - Chizh & Co
Also, any song that mentions a moving rail rolling stock can be attributed to songs about trains:
- "Wait, steam locomotive" - from the movie "Operation Y" and other adventures of Shurik "
- "Train" - Cinema
- "Train" - Alena Apina
- "Little locomotive-cloud" - Lyceum
- "42 minutes underground" - Bravo
- "Tram Pyaterochka" - Lube
- "Additional 38" - Chizh & Co
- "Thirty-ninth tram" - Irina Bogushevskaya
- "Shaken" - Disco Crash
- "347th" - 7B
- "The car is swinging" - Vyacheslav Dobrynin
- "To the sound of wheels" - KREC and others.
- "Quiet Don" - Nikolay Bobrovich
- "Trains are leaving" - Alexander Emelyanov
In Viktor Argonov's techno-opera 2032: The Legend of the Unfulfilled Future, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee A. S. Milinevsky visits the secret city of Zelenodolsk-26 on Maglev, which is mentioned in the songs “200 minutes” and “Unrealizable Your Way”. The train speed is given, slightly exceeding 300 km / h.
On postage stamps
In computer and video games
Due to the huge number of computer games of various genres, trains are found in a considerable number of games. There is even a whole genre of games dedicated to trains - train simulator. The most famous games of this genre are: Southern Belle and its sequel Evening Star, Train Simulator, Densha de GO !, Microsoft Train Simulator, Trainz, Rail Simulator. In these games, the player is given the opportunity to control trains from different countries of the world along a variety of route options with different options for the formation of trains.
In games of other genres, trains are given a much smaller role and they act there, basically, only as a means of delivery. In such games, the player can simply observe the movement of a train along a pre-created railway track (Commandos 3: Destination Berlin, Blitzkrieg), but can also create a railway infrastructure, set routes for trains, and even choose the number of wagons in the train and the type of cargo. The latter is especially pronounced in economic simulations such as Transport Tycoon, Railroad Tycoon and their sequels (Transport Tycoon Deluxe, Transport Giant, Railroad Tycoon 3, Railroad Pioneers, and so on). Some games even have the ability to primitively control a train (GTA: San Andreas, SimCity 4: Rush hour).
Railway slang
- "Mad" - high-speed train;
- "Spinner" - a freight train, mainly made up of dump cars and hoppers, circulating along a ring-shaped route;
- "Hunchback" - a train with oversized cargo;
- "Drive-in" - a multiple-unit train (diesel or electric train), following a run-in without passengers, or a locomotive, following without wagons;
- "Parrot" - a multi-unit train (diesel or electric train) following the fast train schedule;
- "Fly" - a working train of 2-3 passenger cars with a shunting locomotive;
- "Surge" - reduction of the time of delay of passenger trains;
- “Bulk”, “bulk” - a train carrying liquid (liquid) cargo (mainly oil and oil products, as well as oils, acids, liquefied gases, etc.);
- "Stub", "shorty" - a short and light train;
- "Foundling" - a suburban train consisting of a locomotive and 1-4 carriages, or an electric train of 4-6 carriages;
- "Stretch out" - stop with the train on a difficult section (ascent, break of the profile) due to a breakdown or inability to drive the train;
- "Raft" - several locomotives linked together, following along the route;
- "Super heavyweight" - locomotive, next in reserve (without wagons);
- "Freight train" - a freight train;
- "Mother-in-law" is a signal indicating the tail of the train;
- "Coal" - a train loaded with coal.
Records among trains
Main article: Train speed records
In the world
In the CIS
Accidents and train crashes
In the world
Crash in Germany in 1988
In Russia
Terrorist attacks related to trains
A helicopter on a train
Gallery
Notes (edit)
- The French train has surpassed its record. Vesti.ru (April 3, 2008). Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
- Section 5 // Rules for the technical operation of the railways of the Russian Federation.
- .
- The article "Train" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 210.
- History of railway transport in Russia / ed. E. N. Boravskaya, K. A. Ermakov. - SPb. : OJSC "Ivan Fedorov", 1994. - T. 1. - S. 24-25. - ISBN 5-859-52-005-0
- Zabarinsky P. Stephenson. - Moscow: Journal and newspaper association, 1937.
- ed. Boravskaya E. N., Ermakov K. A. The history of railway transport in Russia. - St. Petersburg: OJSC "Ivan Fedorov", 1994. - T. 1. - S. 38-40. - ISBN 5-859-52-005-0
- The first number means the number of slide axles - they help the locomotive to fit better into curves and somewhat relieve its front end. The second digit means the number of coupling axles (they are also called driving) - the operating torque from the motors is directly transmitted to these axles. It is the wheels on these axles that drive the locomotive, and with it the entire train, in motion. The third digit means the number of supporting axles - they help to better distribute the weight of the locomotive on the rails, somewhat relieving its rear end
- Several steam locomotives, in order to reduce the load from the axles on the rails, were soon equipped with a slide axle, as a result of which the 1-3-0 type was created for the first time in the world.
- History of railway transport in Russia / ed. E. N. Boravskaya, K. A. Ermakov. - SPb. : OJSC "Ivan Fedorov", 1994. - T. 1. - S. 29, 106, 243-249. - ISBN 5-859-52-005-0
- Railway transport // Great encyclopedia of transport. - T. 4. - S. 184-185.
- Section 4. // Rules for the technical operation of the railways of the Russian Federation.
- Beginning in the 1980s, in most motor car depots of the USSR, the position of a conductor was abolished, and part of his duties (monitoring the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers) was transferred to the assistant driver.
- Railway transport // Great encyclopedia of transport. - T. 4. - S. 170-171.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994. - S. 78-80, 291-293.
- Currently [ when?] a different definition is adopted: a high-speed train is a train traveling at an average speed of at least 51 km / h and at least 5 km / h faster than other passenger trains following in the same direction ((subst: AI))
- The concept is relatively arbitrary, for example, the length of the route of the suburban train St. Petersburg - Malaya Vishera is about 163 km.
- A conventional car is a conventional measure of length equal to 14 m. It is mainly used to measure the length of station tracks.
- Taking into account the number of locomotive axles
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 24, 30, 44, 115, 462, 519, 522.
- Railway transport // Great encyclopedia of transport. - T. 4. - S. 132-135.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 448-450.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 514.
- Rakov V.A.... - M.: Transport,. - ISBN 5-277-02012-8
- Rakov V.A. Locomotives and multiple unit rolling stock of the railways of the Soviet Union, 1976-1985. - M.: Transport,.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 222.
- Railway transport // Great encyclopedia of transport. - T. 4. - S. 125-127, 199.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 18.
- Because of this, as well as due to the characteristic tapping during operation, the nickname informer was assigned to the mechanical speedometer.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 22-23, 199, 392-393.
- One of the drawbacks of the AWP for commuter trains is an error of up to 20 meters, which can lead to the fact that the first carriage will be outside the platform.
- For comparison: 110 dB is the sound level of a working tractor at a distance of 1 m; 150 dB - the sound level of a jet plane taking off
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 389.
- Chapter 8. Sound signals //. - Transport, 2005.
- For example, when driving on the right - along the left path
- Chapter 7. Signals used to designate trains, locomotives and other moving units. // Instructions for signaling on the railways of the Russian Federation. TsRB-757. - Transport, 2005.
- Railway transport // Great encyclopedia of transport. - T. 4. - S. 127-128.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 383-384.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 352.
- Pegov D.V. and etc. Electric trains of direct current / Ageev K.P .. - Moscow: "Center for commercial development", 2006. - P. 68. - ISBN 5-902624-06-1
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 289-290.
- Railway transport // Great encyclopedia of transport. - T. 4. - S. 138-145.
- Rakov V.A. Mainline electric locomotives with hydraulic transmission // Locomotives of domestic railways, 1956-1975. - Moscow: Transport,. - S. 179-180. - ISBN 5-277-02012-8
- Railway transport // Great encyclopedia of transport. - T. 4. - S. 203-205.
- Railway transport // Great Russian Encyclopedia. - 1994 .-- S. 211.
- Prehistory of high-speed and high-speed foreign railways // High-speed and high-speed railway transport. - T. 1. - S. 171-172.
- Railway transport // Great encyclopedia of transport. - T. 4. - S. 135-138, 149-153.
- At the halt. Winter morning on the Ural railway. 1891
- Train on the way. 1890s. Art catalog. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
- Jules Verne Paris in the twentieth century.
- Danil Koretsky Atomic train. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2004 .-- ISBN 5-699-09043-6
- Russian railway slang. Steam locomotive IS. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- Prehistory of high-speed and high-speed foreign railways // High-speed and high-speed railway transport. - T. 1. - P. 176.
- World speed records on railways // High-speed and high-speed railway transport. - T. 1. - P. 295.
- China. Artemy Lebedev. Home page. - See the last photo. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
Trains are one of the most important forms of transport in the world. Millions of passengers travel by rail every day, and no one is surprised that you can buy a train ticket on the website without leaving your home and get on the train by simply presenting an electronic ticket (boarding pass) to the conductor on paper (A4 format) or on a screen a mobile device and a passenger's identity document (electronic check-in). Often, only a passport is sufficient.
Although trains appeared much earlier than road and, moreover, air transport, in fact, the emergence of railway communication is a matter, one might say, recent. Even 200 years ago, no one could have imagined that soon people would be able to comfortably travel any distance without the help of horses. The same applies to cargo transportation and mail delivery: only railways were able to create a single transport system in the vast territories of America, Europe, Russia, which significantly influenced the development of the economy. So, when and where was the very first train in the world created, and what was its speed?
The prototype of the modern train
The prototype of the train, very primitive, can be called trolleys, which began to be used in the 18th century in Europe. Between certain points, for example, a mine and a village, wooden beams (logs) were laid, which served as modern rails. On them and ply back and forth trolleys, moved by horses or ... people. At the end of the 18th century, single trolleys began to be interconnected with iron rings in order to increase the efficiency of transportation. Such short trains of several loaded trolleys, transported on wooden rails with the help of horses, became the prototype of those trains that are used in our time.
Russia is not far behind England. The first freight train with locomotive traction was launched in 1834, and already in 1837 the Tsarskoye Selo railway was built and opened, along which passenger trains ran at a speed of 33 km / h. The honor of creating the first Russian steam locomotive belongs to the Cherepanov brothers.
The first steam locomotive
In 1804, the English engineer-inventor Richard Treitwick demonstrated the first steam locomotive to curious spectators. This design consisted of a cylindrical steam boiler, to which a tender (a carriage with coal and a place for a stoker) and one carriage, in which anyone could ride, were attached. The first steam locomotive did not arouse much interest among the owners of mines and mines, whom Treitvik wanted to be interested in. Perhaps, in fact, his ingenious invention was ahead of its time, as is often the case. The high cost of materials for the manufacture of rails, the need to create all the parts of the locomotive by hand, lack of funds and qualified assistants - all these negative factors led to the fact that in 1811 Treitvik abandoned his job.
First freight train
Using the drawings and developments of Treitwick, many European engineers began to actively create and improve various types of steam locomotives. Since 1814, several models have been designed (Blucher, Puffing Billy, Killingworth, etc.), which have been successfully operated by the owners of large mines and mines. The first freight trains could carry about 30-40 tons of cargo and developed speeds up to 6-8 km / h.
The first main train
On September 19, 1825, the first train operated by its creator, George Stephenson, passed the first public railway between Darlington and Stockton. The train consisted of a steam locomotive "Peredvizhenie", 12 freight cars with flour and coal, and 22 cars with passengers. The mass of the train together with cargo and passengers was 90 tons, the speed of its movement in various sections was from 10 to 24 km / h. For comparison: today the speed of passenger trains is on average 50 km / h, and high-speed trains such as Sapsan - 250 km / h. In 1830, the Liverpool-Manchester highway was opened in England. On the opening day, the first passenger train passed along it, which included a postal car - also the first in the world.
This is how the first train in the world was!
They appeared in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries and looked like trolleys, in front of which there were people or horses who dragged the trolley along the rails. By 1809, some chains of several trolleys, connected by metal rings, had already appeared. But it's hard to call it a train.
The first steam locomotive was created in England in 1804. It was a steam boiler, the firebox was located in front, so the cart with coal and a fireman clung to the front of the locomotive. By numerous metrics, this world's first steam locomotive had staggering capabilities. With its weight of 5 tons, it could transport 5 cars weighing 25 tons at a speed of 8 km / h. Empty, he moved at a speed of about 26 km / h. Used to transport ore from mines. Subsequently, a carriage for passengers was attached to the steam locomotive - this was the first steam locomotive with locomotive traction.
In 1820, the first freight train with locomotive traction was created. They quickly found a use for him - he transported coal from the mine to the city. In 1825, a mainline train with a mass of 80 tons passed along the first public railway. And in 1830, the first mainline passenger train was launched, with the world's first mail carriage.
In Russia, the first train appeared 4 years later. At the head of the train was a steam locomotive invented by the Cherepanovs. Passenger trains had carriages of four classes - carriages of the first class, carriages of the second class, carts with a roof and the same carts without a roof. The latter were called "cars". The average speed of such trains was about 32.8 km / h, and only by the end of 1860 increased to 42.7 km / h.
