In Russia, a two-stage certification system has been adopted with the award of academic degrees: candidate of science and doctor of science in nomenclature
specialties of scientific workers, approved in Appendix No. 1 to the order of the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian
Federation of 31.01.2001 № 47. Candidate of Science - an academic degree awarded in the Russian Federation (USSR) since 1934 to persons with higher education, who passed the candidate minimum and defended their thesis. Doctor of Science is a scientific degree that was first awarded by the University of Bologna in Italy in 1130. Exactly one hundred years later, the University of Paris began to award this degree. At the universities of Russia, the academic degree of Doctor of Science was first introduced in 1819. After 1917, there was a 17-year break, and only since 1934 the Ph.D. degree began to be awarded to the candidates of sciences of the former USSR, who, on the basis of independent research work, containing theoretical generalizations and the solution of scientific problems that represent a significant contribution to science and practice , publicly defended their doctoral dissertation.
Despite the thoroughness of the preparation of Russian candidates and doctors of sciences, Russian academic degrees are not comparable with scientists
degrees existing in the international education system. In most countries, they are not recognized, which entails the need for recertification if a candidate or doctor of science plans to work abroad.
At the initiative of the Council of Europe and UNESCO, an international program for the development of a common information space - "Bridge between East and West" was created in the European region. For its implementation, on the initiative of King Albert II of Belgium in accordance with Royal Decree No. 7 / CDLF / 14.352 / S of September 19, 1999, the European Academy of Informatization (AEI, Belgium) was established under the leadership of Academician Eduard Vladimirovich Evreinov, who first proposed the concept of education for the training of highly qualified specialists, called the "Global Education System" (GSO).
The GSO was conceived as a system that contributes to the creation of a single benchmark when comparing different educational systems operating in different countries of the world. The European Academy of Informatization (AEI, Belgium), together with the Association of High Attestation Commissions and Committees (IAHACC), conducts extensive research and methodological work on the development and implementation of international standards in the field of higher and postgraduate education. The presence of a single international standard in the field of education greatly simplifies the procedure for recognizing and establishing the equivalence of diplomas and academic degrees in the world scientific community, since, in this case, there is no need to establish the equivalence of diplomas of one country with diplomas of all other countries.
Within the framework of the Global Education System, on the initiative of the International Center for Informatization (CII, Belgium), the European Academy of Informatization (AEI, Belgium) and the World Distributed Information University (WIDU), the World University for the Development of Science, Education and Society - WUDSES (state accreditation in Belgium : "Moniteur Belge" dated 05.05.2002, record No.8421, p. 4676), which offers programs for the training of higher scientific personnel in the European region and the CIS countries in the form of distance learning, distance learning and external studies.
WUDSES is empowered to prepare and award PhD and Grand PhD degrees, Associate Prof. and Full Prof. degrees.
The two-level training of higher scientific personnel in the concept of the SSS (doctoral level and grand doctoral level) most fully corresponds to the certification system adopted in Russia. Within the framework of the GSO concept, the following nostrification (equalization) scheme is proposed:
PhD - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Doctor of Science - Grand Doctor of Philosophy (Grand PhD)
First of all, it is worth understanding what phd is and studying the decoding of this concept.
A Phd, or Doctor of Philosophy, is an academic degree of a Doctor of Philosophy or other specialties not related to philosophy (here we mean the totality of sciences, not a specialty), which is awarded in America, Canada, Germany or other Western countries and is the last stage of education.
Some universities in America also have Sc.D. (transcript Doctor of Science) and translates as Doctor of Science and is assigned in certain specialties.
However, it is equal to the Ph.D. and almost no different. So we can safely say that Ph.D. Is a candidate of sciences or a doctor.
Is there an analogue of phd in Russia
In the Russian Federation, we can find an analogue of Ph.D., it will be a candidate of sciences or a doctor. In contrast to America, in Russia this is not the last higher stage, the next is the doctor of sciences, which will be the last stage in Russian education. Due to this difference, doctors of science often face the problem of translating documents, as well as explaining and decoding what kind of degree this is, since there is no "doctor of science" in Western countries. With the exception of some universities in the USA, where Sc.D is just developing, this degree was mentioned earlier.
Good to know!In Western countries, there are three stages of education:
1. Bachelor's degree. In Russia, this is a bachelor's degree.
2. Master's degree, or master's degree
3. Ph.D., it is worth translating as a candidate of sciences
How to get a phd degree
Most often they become a doctor after they have received master's degree(translation - master's degree) It is worth noting that phd implies a long (three years or more) independent study of a certain topic, which has not previously been subjected to the same detailed and lengthy study. During the entire period of the study, the future doctor can seek help from an expert in the required field. Simply put, in order to get the coveted phd, it is necessary to write and defend a doctoral dissertation, or as this work is called in the USA - Ph.D Thesis.
Regular doctoral dissertation includes the following:
- careful study of literature;
- original research, collection and analysis of results;
- provision of the thesis (topic), which will be present at the beginning of the work (introduction) and at the end (conclusion);
- writing a dissertation on the topic, formalizing research results according to certain rules;
- defense of the thesis.
The degrees of dissertation writing vary depending on the university you study at, but the essence remains the same.
In order to understand what phd education is, it is necessary to study in more detail the stages of writing by year.
First year PhD student
The beginning of a doctoral work is trying to find yourself and your topic, which will have to be studied for a long time. You also choose a supervisor with whom you have to draw up a work plan based on the projected end result.
The very first step is finding the right literature on the topic. With the help of your supervisor, you have to determine the relevance and uniqueness of the chosen topic.
Important!
However, the work should not completely rest on the literature that you find, the most important thing in obtaining a degree is research, which means that you need to identify something new and previously unexplored. To do this, the future doctor will need to conduct experiments, find primary sources on a given topic, and also design or create.
The year may end with the renewal of the master's work. This happens when Ph.D. students(candidates) are initially registered for the degree MPhil (Master's students degree- master's degree), and then "modernized" into PhD candidates with sufficient progress. By submitting your research project, you can transfer and continue your master's program as a Ph.D. student, that is, already as a candidate of sciences or doctor.
Second year Ph.D. student
The second year of study focuses on the research itself. The writing process will vary depending on the area of your dissertation, but the most important thing is to get results from experimentation, archival research, surveys, and other means of gaining new information. It is also worth paying attention to foreign literature, where you can find useful articles on a specific topic, since many doctors of science have already made some notes on the topic that you have chosen. It is important to interpret them correctly, and an experienced translator can help you.
Important!
It is necessary to adhere to the topic that you chose at the very beginning, to deviate from it means to lose the meaning of the study.
You can still contact your academic advisor who will guide you, help you break the deadlock, or simply comment on your ideas and your successes.
The second year is a great time when you can reveal yourself as a scientist, as a future Ph.D. Gain the necessary experience, acquire new acquaintances that may be useful for your research.
Third year PhD student
This year mainly consists of the recording and completion of the dissertation itself. Usually this “year of recording” means collecting the information received and presenting it in print or writing. But in reality, not everything is so simple. A frequent occurrence in the third year is the continuation of experiments, because there is not always enough time to take stock on time. Therefore some students take a 4 year study. It is important to note that funding plays an important role here.
In the end, you will have to submit your dissertation to a supervisor who will assess the level of readiness of your work.
All that is left for you is to successfully defend your work in the oral exam. This is a formal discussion of the research and defense of the chosen topic with the participation of at least one examiner. Traditionally, this is the only procedure evaluating a future Ph.D. And if you successfully passed the viva voce (translation - oral exam), then you can be congratulated, as you are a candidate of sciences!
Where is the best place to get phd
First of all, it is worth noting for yourself the goals of obtaining a doctoral degree. The Russian educational system and the Western one differ significantly in their structure. American scientific work is most often funded, you have a scholarship with which you can conduct experiments and surveys.
Having received an academic degree in countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, you have the opportunity to realize yourself as a specialist, as a demanded doctor and continue to work in an English-speaking country, this is unlikely to be possible, having received a degree in the Russian Federation. But it all depends on you and your efforts.
Having studied a little American dissertations, one can come to the conclusion that the text is simpler than a Russian dissertation due to its small volume, only 100-130 pages. Also, some Western universities are not so strict with the information presented in the work, that is, a ready-made analysis or an experiment that has already been carried out can work. This is significantly different from the Russian project protection system, where one simply cannot do without an original, new one. Sometimes even master's thesis in the Russian Federation can be an analogue for a phd thesis in English-speaking countries. This does not mean that it is easier to study in the USA, because it's all about different systems.
What does the phd degree give
Unsurprisingly, a Ph.D. degree provides more career opportunities, which means there is an opportunity to earn more salary than other employees who do not have this degree. Also happy holders of Ph.D. degrees are invited to teach at the country's leading universities. Do not forget about prestige and respect from others, because Ph.D. degree is not within the power of everyone.
You become a PhD who is appreciated in countries like Canada. Germany, USA and more.
And the most important and indisputable plus of getting a doctor's degree is knowledge. Everything you learn during your research will be beneficial not only in theory, but also in practice, it will be appreciated by your friends, your boss and even the media.
What is PhD
PhD (lat. Philosophiæ Doctor) - academic degree ( PhD degree), which is awarded to the applicant after the preparation and defense of a qualifying work - a doctoral dissertation ( PhD thesis) in both the natural sciences and the humanities or social sciences. Directly with philosophy, an academic degree is connected only historically: it is awarded in almost all scientific fields, for example, a Doctor of Philosophy in Literature or a Doctor of Philosophy in Physics.
Requirements for applicants
The requirements of universities and research centers for applicants are very different, but the most common is an education of at least a master's ( Master degree). But many English-language university programs are designed specifically for bachelors who receive a master's degree, and then continue their training in doctoral studies. Russians and residents of the CIS are encouraged to apply for such programs with a specialist or master's degree. Many universities have age restrictions from 23 to 35 years old, but people over 40 can also be accepted into these programs at some universities. In addition, most universities require the results of language and qualification exams and tests. A prerequisite is the passing of TOEFL, GMAT and. Sometimes letters of recommendation from scientific advisers of diploma and other student research projects are required. Training in these postgraduate programs lasts from 3 to 6 years.
What prospects does a PhD degree open up?
Upon successful completion of the programs, the graduate receives a Ph.D. In most cases, a Ph.D. degree is the highest academic degree in many specialties and provides the highest qualifications in a specific area of expertise. The holder of a PhD degree can prove himself not only in a scientific career, working in a research center, but also in teaching - start with an assistant professor and soon become a professor with a life contract. There is also an opportunity to engage in business consulting or cooperate with analytical departments of companies, become the head of a department of an enterprise or corporation. The PhD degree guarantees employment, since the demand for such candidates is consistently high on the labor market in Western countries. However, in the CIS countries such graduates are not in demand, abroad their knowledge will be appreciated higher, therefore, holders of a PhD degree remain to work abroad and do not return to their homeland.
What are the advantages of online PhD programs
PhD programs for distance learning are developed by universities for university graduates, young professionals and masters who are forced to work and cannot fully attend traditional courses at a graduate college or intern at a research center. Distance learning programs of postgraduate education provide many advantages for students: you do not need to regularly visit the university, you can study subjects and disciplines at a convenient time for students and in any geographic location with broadband Internet access. Therefore, those graduate students who cannot constantly ask for leave from work, as well as family students who cannot afford to move to another country during their studies, highly appreciate these advantages of this approach to obtaining a scientific degree. A successful graduation almost always has a positive effect on a career. This is especially true for those who are interested in management, consulting, research and company organization. In this case, an advanced degree can serve as a good impetus for career growth.
Scientific degree Doctor of Philosophy (lat. Philosophiæ Doctor, PhD) is the highest academic degree in many European countries, which is awarded to graduates of postgraduate education programs after defending a doctoral dissertation (eng. Ph.D. Thesis). In the United States, the degree of Doctor of Science (Sc.D. - Doctor of Science) existing in some universities is also considered equal to Ph.D. Successful completion of a distance or part-time PhD program almost always promotes the career development of qualified young professionals. Many universities around the world offer distance and distance PhD programs.
Are there any benefits from participating in correspondence PhD programs
For the successful completion of the correspondence program ( part-time) PhD requires the same number of academic hours as in stationary (full-time) doctoral studies, however, the duration of study may be longer due to a long educational direction. The concept of an extramural program refers to a form of study in which students have a less busy academic schedule and fewer hours and lessons per week, respectively, the duration of the programs increases, remaining unchanged in terms of the knowledge acquired. This educational practice provides an opportunity for doctoral students of correspondence programs to delve into the subject of research and apply the results obtained in their professional activities. Upon completion of the correspondence program, graduates receive a diploma of the same type as graduates of full-time programs.
Conditions of education
The structure and duration of distance doctoral programs often depend on the regional educational standards of the country in which the university is located. After enrolling in online doctoral studies, students must complete, using network technologies, courses that constitute an academic minimum in their specialization, as well as prepare independent qualifying work, which must be original research and have academic value. In many countries, the duration of study in PhD programs depends on the doctoral student himself and on the speed at which the work on the dissertation is progressing.
Do I need to take the GRE test
(eng. Graduate Record Examinations) - a test that must be taken for admission to graduate school, master's degree or other postgraduate course at a university in the United States, English-speaking and a number of other countries (including Switzerland). In most cases, applications for admission will not be processed until the results of this test are submitted. There are two types of exam - general test ( general test), and specialized ( subject) tests: physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, psychology. General test limited to the school curriculum in mathematics, while subject tests for the coverage of the material are comparable to the third or fourth year of the university. On admission to most programs, you only need to take General test, which, in addition to mathematics, includes a test of knowledge of the English language. Much attention is paid to the vocabulary of the student. The GRE test is designed for native English speakers, however, it is required for all applicants to graduate school in America. Some business schools do not focus on the results of the language section, since the possibility of accepting foreign students for training is a priority for them. Therefore, most international students who receive a low score on the GRE take the TOEFL test, where the language section is easier to pass.
Cost of education
Tuition fees vary greatly from university to university. A university's ranking, location, program type, and direction can seriously affect the cost of online DBA programs. Some institutions provide their students with scholarships, grant recommendations and support. It is very important to contact the university for more information on tuition fees for online DBA programs.
The highest academic degree in many countries is called Philosophy Doctor or Ph.D. First of all, this applies to the European and North American regions of the world. Moreover, this title has little in common with the title of Doctor of Science in the Russian Federation.
What is Ph.D.
Many people, choosing a university for admission after master's degree, cannot always understand why the academic title abroad has the title of Doctor of Philosophy. The logical question is how much, regardless of the specialty and the disciplines studied, in the end, all graduates are considered doctors of philosophy (well, or almost all).
The word "philosophy" came to the Russian language from the ancient Greek language. In it, it meant "love of wisdom." At the same time, it was not specified whether it should be everyday or scientific. That is why in those ancient times, philosophers were called people who could study almost any field of knowledge that was somehow connected with them.
Only over time, three independent disciplines - medicine, theology and law - separated from philosophy in the Middle Ages. All other sciences, from astronomy to literature, were still classified as philosophical. Since it was during this period of history that universities began to appear en masse, since then it has become a tradition to mark the highest academic degree in many countries as a Philosophy Doctor (or Doctor of Philosophy - Ph.D.).
Benefits of an advanced degree
The large number of candidates for the title of Ph.D. is due to the many advantages that this degree provides. They are as follows:
1. Wages. As a rule, an academician who holds the title of Doctor of Philosophy in foreign countries can receive a salary higher than his slightly less educated counterpart. The rates here differ.
2. New opportunities. PhD people are more likely to be assigned important work and research.
3. Competence. Obtaining the appropriate title allows a person to prove to those around him his significance and usefulness in society. This is often reflected in career growth, team relationships, and many other factors.
In connection with the above advantages, many graduates after graduating from the magistracy strive to acquire the next scientific level of knowledge.
Requirements for applicants
Ph.D. education abroad can be obtained only in certain cases. Educational institutions have the same requirements for all candidates. They are as follows:
1. Diploma of previous education received. First of all, this concerns the title of master. At the same time, the specialty that a person has acquired may differ from the one for which he wants to enroll. But this concerns only a few higher educational institutions. Also in certain countries there are programs in which to obtain the title of Ph.D. requires only a bachelor's degree. But only successful university graduates can qualify for this.
2. Certificate of proficiency in the language of the program. Without this skill, attain the title of Ph.D. impossible, since the curriculum cannot be learned properly. Most often, universities require knowledge of the English language, but in some cases, an additional condition may be set for proficiency in the state language of the country in which a person wants to enter. The candidate must achieve at least 7 points on the IELTS scale and 90 points on the TOEFL scale.
3. Exams GRE and GMAT. Almost all countries with the Anglo-Saxon education system, as well as many countries in Asia, require passing these tests. They are almost identical tasks that are aimed at testing some of the verbal, mathematical and analytical skills of a person. At the same time, both exams are considered quite difficult, as a result of which preparation for them must be started in advance - at least 6 months before passing.
4. Motivation letter and academic essay. These two documents are considered no less important than having a diploma and passing exams. Often it is they who allow the competition committee to decide the further fate of the candidate. This is due to the fact that only with the help of an essay and a motivation letter can a person express their individuality, uniqueness and originality. These skills in the context of Western education are valued much higher than formal knowledge of the subject. The essay should describe not only the reasons for choosing a profession, but also future plans, academic interests and goals. For the essay, each university sets its own specific conditions for writing.
5. Letters of recommendation. They allow the university to evaluate the candidate's skills, his attitude to work, interaction with other people, etc. It should be borne in mind that each educational institution has its own rules for verification of authorship. Some institutions just need to notify the author by e-mail, while others require the appropriate stamp of the organization where he works. It is worth noting that the presence of negative skills in a letter of recommendation can give it more objectivity.
If a person has fulfilled all the university requirements for obtaining the title of Philosophy Doctor, the chance of admission to this course of study is almost one hundred percent. Europe provides training that is as complete and correct as possible, which in the future may affect doing business and building a career ladder.
The advantages of this choice are obvious. First of all, it is a decent level of salary, new opportunities and a chance to realize oneself in society. Higher education received abroad is highly valued within the home country.
The scientific degree of Doctor of Science was first awarded by the University of Bologna in 1130. After 100 years, the University of Paris began to award this degree. The scientific degree of Doctor of Science appeared in the universities of Russia in 1819. In the Soviet Union, in 1934, a two-stage system of attestation of scientific personnel was introduced - the scientific degrees of candidate and doctor of sciences were awarded.
Phylosophy Doctor (Ph.D., PhD, usually pronounced peeh-di) is a degree awarded in Western countries. In many countries, the priority standard of the document on scientific recognition is the PhD Diploma, without specifying the specialty. Despite the name, at present the degree has no practical relation to philosophy (only historical) and is awarded in almost all scientific fields, for example: Doctor of Philosophy in Literature or Doctor of Philosophy in Physics.
This situation is associated with traditions dating back to the days of medieval universities, the standard structure of which usually implied the presence of faculties:
- philosophy,
- jurisprudence,
- theology
- medicine.
Therefore, in addition to the Ph.D. degree, there are also a limited number of other doctoral degrees of the same rank;
- doctors are awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD),
- lawyers - Doctor of Law (LL.D.),
- theologians - Doctor of Theology (Theology Doctor. ThD),
- and everyone else is a Phylosophy Doctor PhD.
How to translate a Ph.D. degree
How to translate a PhD degree? There is a lot of controversy. The main reason for the controversy is the lack of an exact analogue in English-speaking countries.
Let's turn to the explanation of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation:
According to paragraph 262 of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 (document No. 36 C / 19), it is established that “In different countries, programs related to ISCED level 8 are called differently, for example, Candidate of Science (PhD), Doctor Sciences / Philosophy (DPhil), Doctor of Literature, (D.Lit), Doctor of Science (Science) (D.Sc), Doctor of Laws (LL.D), Doctorate or similar terms. Hence, the candidate of sciences = PhD.
How to translate the degree "Doctor of Science"
But then how to translate the Russian degree "Doctor of Science"? A number of universities award doctoral degrees in certain specialties (Sc.D., D.Sc., SD or Dr.Sc.) This degree, as an alternative to the Ph.D., is awarded by Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, MIT, University Robert Morris and Tulane University (Tulane University of Louisiana).
- Doctor of Science - DSc in Philosophy
- PhD in Philosophy
- Doctor of Science - Doctor of Psychology
- PhD - Candidate of Psychology
- Doctor of Science - Doctor of Political Science
- Doctor of Science - Doctor of Science
- Candidate of Science - Candidates of Science
- Doctor of Science - Doctor of Science
- Candidate of Science - Candidates of Science
- Doctor of Science - Doctor of Philology
- PhD in Phililogy
- Doctor of Science - D.Sc. in Economics
- Candidate of Science - Ph.D. in Economics
Thus, as we can see, there is no generally accepted translation of academic degrees in Russia.
There are no uniform rules in Western Europe, the USA and other countries.
So, for example, in German-speaking countries it is customary:
Dr rer. nat .: Doctor rerum naturalium, literally "Doctor of the things of nature"
Dr rer. pol .: Doctor rerum politicarum, Doctor of economics, business administration, or political science
Dr rer. medic .: Doctor rerum medicarum, Doctor of medical sciences
Dr sc. nat .: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften, Doctor of Natural Sciences
Dr sc. ETH: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften ETH, Doctor of Natural Sciences, awarded by ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
Dr phil. nat .: Doctor philosophiae naturalis, used only by Goethe University Frankfurt instead of Dr rer. nat.
Dr.-Ing .: Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Doctor of Engineering), awarded by German universities in areas of technology and engineering.
Dr mont .: Doctor rerum montanarum, awarded by the University of Leoben instead of Dr techn.
Dr techn .: Doctor technicae, awarded by Austrian technical universities.
Dr sc. agr .: Doctor scientiarum agrariarum, Doctor of Agricultural science
Dr sc. hum .: Doctor scientiarum humanarum, Doctor of Humanistic Sciences
Dr sc. inf .: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum, Doctor of Science in Informatics
Dr sc. inf.med .: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum medicæ, Doctor of Science in Medical Informatics
Dr sc. inf.biomed .: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum biomedicæ, Doctor of Science in Biomedical Informatics
Dr sc. math .: Doctor scientiarum mathematicarum, Doctor of Mathematics
Dr scientist. med .: Doctor scientiæ medicæ, Doctor of Medical Sciences
Dr sc. mus .: Doctor scientiae musicae, Doctor of Musicology
Dr sc. oec .: Doctor scientiarum oeconomicarum, Doctor of Economics
Dr sc. pol .: Doctor scientiarum politicarum, Doctor of Political Sciences
Dr sc. soc .: Doctor scientiae socialis, Doctor of Social Sciences
In English speaking countries
In Europe, Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) is an honorary title that is not associated with a PhD, i.e. a scientist can have the title of Doctor of Science even without a PhD.
In the United States, there is no common understanding of what a "doctor of sciences" is. Degree or title? For what, in what order it is awarded and what this category testifies to. Each university and research center has its own view on this issue.
