Emil Kraepelin first coined the term. Emil Kraepelin - biography and interesting facts from life. Heyday, mature years

"Emil" Willie was looking forward to him. It had to give a new quality to the only single-engine fighter in Germany - its 109th. This engineering marvel of Daimler-Benz was specially designed for his fighter, but was born in the throes of breakdowns and improvements. And so

Biography

He was a professor of psychiatry at Heidelberg. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Leipzig in 1878, in 1886 was invited to the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases at the University of Dorpat and headed the university clinic with 80 beds. In 1891 he returned to Germany. Since 1891 - professor at the University of Heidelberg, and since 1903 - at the University of Munich. From 1922 he worked at the Munich Institute of Psychiatry. He wrote a lot, mainly in clinical psychiatry and experimental psychology, in which he was a student of W. Wundt. In 1883 he published a short textbook on mental illnesses, which already in 1893 came out in the 4th edition in a significantly increased size (it was also translated into Russian). His textbook "Psychiatrie" (1910-1915) has gone through many editions and has been translated into many languages.

Biography

Birth, early years

Emil Kraepelin was born the youngest of seven sons into the family of Karl Kraepelin (1817-1882) and his wife Emilie (née Lehmann).

Emily Kraepelin was the daughter of musician Johann Gottlieb Lehmann and Frederica Benzinger.

Personal life

Becoming

Emil Kraepelin studied medicine at Würzburg (entered 1873) and Leipzig University. As a student, he visited the psychiatric clinic of the University of Würzburg on several occasions. There E. Kraepelin became interested in psychiatry and decided to specialize in this area. At the end of 1877 he became an assistant to F. von Rinecker. The first work of Emil Kraepelin "On the influence of acute diseases on the origin of mental illness" is it. "? Ber den Einfluss akuter Krankheiten auf die Entstehung von Geisteskrankheiten" was awarded by the leadership of the University of Würzburg. This work was the beginning of the natural science direction of Kraepelin in psychiatry. It was made under the influence of his teacher - von Rinecker, whom he later recalled with gratitude and respect. In Leipzig, the lectures of W. Wundt had a particularly significant influence on him. Wundt was widely known for his "physiological psychology", trying to investigate the "souls of man and animals" with precise measuring methods.

In 1877 Emil Kraepelin completed his education and in 1879 became assistant to B.A. von Gudden at the Upper Bavarian Psychiatric Hospital (Oberbayerische Kreisirrenanstalt) in Munich. This was the beginning of Emil Kraepelin's psychiatric career. He studied with Goodden for 4 years. He paid attention to neuroanatomical work, but his interests were already focused more on psychology than neuroanatomy. Probably, while working at the microscope, he was hampered by vision problems. Bernhard Alois von Gudden was dissatisfied with theoretical psychiatry (“I don’t know that,” he said about the accuracy of the diagnosis, and even more so, the prognosis). This prompted his student to develop an experimental psychological technique for making a diagnosis and establishing a prognosis. In Munich, he met OA Forel and F. Nissl.

At this time, E. Kraepelin used the psychological methods of W. Wundt to study the effect of alcohol, medicines and fatigue on a person.

Among other hobbies of the young scientist at that time was astronomy, namely, the hypothesis of Kant and Laplace-Roche.

Heyday, mature years

Emil Kraepelin stayed in Dorpat for 5 years, until 1891. In his inaugural lecture on September 6, 1887, he presented the goals facing psychiatry, which must be achieved, first of all, in alliance with experimental psychology. The scientist devoted a lot of work to the organization of the clinic, having at his disposal modest means, he created a psychological laboratory. At the same time, he began intensive scientific work. Emil Kraepelin's students and assistants in Dorpat were: E. R. Michelson, L. L. Darashkevich, Heinrich Dehio, A. I. A. Oern, Mikhail Einer, A. Ber, A. Bertels, Max Falk, G. Higier.

Emil Kraepelin felt from the very beginning of his stay in Dorpat bureaucracy, cultural isolation of the Baltic Germans, and his lack of knowledge of the Russian language prevented him from contacting patients (he communicated with them through assistants). In addition, he had disagreements with Emperor Alexander III. Therefore, having received an invitation on November 9, 1890 to take a chair at the University of Heidelberg, he immediately agreed. On the same day, he submitted a letter of resignation, to which he received consent on February 25, and it became valid on April 1, 1891. On June 1, 1891, V.F. Chizh took the department of psychiatry in Dorpat.

Here E. Kraepelin continues to engage in experimental psychology, but increasingly complicates experiments. Unlike the Leipzig studies, which are mainly associated with the senses, here the scientist investigates higher nervous activity: mental work, its effect on it of training, fatigue, fluctuations in attention and the influence of alcohol. He also studies changes in nerve cells under the influence of external factors and the dynamics of psychopathological pictures of diseases. Emil Kraepelin was strongly against static psychiatry and was looking for the dynamic and genetic structure of psychoses:

In the same period, a controversy began between E. Kraepelin and G. T. Tsien, who published in 1894 on a narrowly symptomatic point of view the textbook "Psychiatry". Emil Kraepelin put forward a new postulate in the next edition of his textbook:

Thus, he finally rejected symptomatic psychiatry, which made it possible, firstly, to predict the disease, and secondly, to make an accurate diagnosis. Yu. V. Kannabikh defines the psychiatric system as practical empiricism.

(1856-1926) - German psychiatrist, one of the founders of modern psychiatry and the founder of a large school of psychiatrists. Pupil of V. Wundt. Professor of psychiatry at Dorpat high fur boots (now Tartu, from 1886), Heidelberg (from 1891), Munich (from 1903). Since 1922 he left the department and worked in the Munich Psychiatric Research Institute organized by him in 1917. Major research has focused on developing a mental health clinic. K. proposed their classification, based on the nosological principle, in which, among other things, he singled out dementia and mania. Methodologically, he relied on the principle: the same reasons entail the same consequences, namely, symptoms, the course of the process, the outcome (which he attached the greatest importance when distinguishing nosological forms). K.'s most important achievement was the division of endogenous psychoses according to their outcome into early dementia (schizophrenia) and manic-depressive psychosis. Explaining the causes of mental illness, he attached great importance to heredity and constitution. Published the textbook Psychiatry (1883), on which many generations of psychiatrists were educated and which went through about ten editions. K.'s approach was criticized for the fact that he understood cause and effect as something constant and unchanging, not taking into account the reactive behavior of the organism, the effects of the environment, etc. However, despite the etonosological principle, K. still remains the basis of clinical psychiatry. K. advocated the introduction of experimental psychological methods into psychiatry. One of the first to begin research in the field of psychopharmacology. Published in Russian: Textbook of Psychiatry, vol. 1-2, M., 1910-1912, etc .; Introduction to a psychiatric clinic, 4th ed., M.-P., 1923. L.A. Karpenko, I.M. Kondakov

Emil Wilhelm Magnus Georg Kraepelin(German Emil Wilhelm Magnus Georg Kraepelin; February 15, 1856, Neustrelitz - October 7, 1926, Munich) - German psychiatrist.

Known as the founder of the modern nosological concept in psychiatry and the classification of mental illness. Creator of the doctrine of "dementia praecox" - the historical prototype of schizophrenia; close to the modern concept of manic-depressive psychosis and paranoia. He made a significant contribution to research on congenital dementia and hysteria. He proposed the doctrine of the registers of psychopathological syndromes. He was a pioneer in transcultural psychiatry and psychopharmacology. He named a number of mental disorders and described a large number of psychiatric concepts: schizophasia; verbal okroshka; paraphrenia; querulant delirium; oligophrenia; Alzheimer's disease; oniomania; began to widely use the term "dysmorphophobia". He is also known for his wide pedagogical activity and civic position in the prevention of alcoholism. Among the works on pathopsychology, the method "Kraepelin counting" is known.

After graduating from the Faculty of Medicine in Leipzig in 1878, in 1886 he was invited to the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases at the University of Dorpat and headed the university clinic with 80 beds. In 1891 he returned to Germany. Since 1891 - professor at the University of Heidelberg, and since 1903 - at the University of Munich. From 1922 he worked at the Munich Institute of Psychiatry. He left a large bibliography, mainly on clinical psychiatry and experimental psychology, in which he was a student of W. Wundt. In 1883 he published a short textbook on mental illness, already in 1893 published in the 4th edition in a significantly increased size (it was also translated into Russian). His textbook "Psychiatrie" (1910-1915) has gone through many editions and has been translated into many languages.

Biography

Birth, early years

Emil Kraepelin was born the youngest of seven sons in the family of Karl Kraepelin (1817-1882) and his wife Emilie (née Lehmann).

Karl Kraepelin, son of Christian Heinrich Kraepelin and Karolina Bergner from Wittenberg, was a music teacher and actor, a friend of F. Reiter and a reciter of his works. Before the March Revolution, he was an opera singer and actor at the Royal Theater in Neustrelitz. After participating in revolutionary events, he was forced to leave and become a humble teacher. However, a lively atmosphere reigned in the Kraepelin house, moreover, artisans and minor officials began to gather at Kraepelin's father. As a result, he organized the "Sabbath Society" (Ger. Sonnabend-Verein), which became the center of the cultural life of the city, with the aim of "through awakening and initiative to encourage good" and to ensure "true and good development and uplift of spiritual and social life with the assistance of its members ".

Emily Kraepelin is the daughter of musician Johann Gottlieb Lehmann and Frederica Benzinger.

Emil's brother, K. Kraepelin (1848-1915) - in the future a famous biologist. Besides him, Emil had another older brother, Otto, and a sister. The rest of the children died early.

Emil studied at the Karolinum Gymnasium in his native Neustrelitz, where in 1874 he received a certificate of maturity. Under the influence of a doctor friend, a friend of his father, he decided to study medicine.

Personal life

On October 4, 1884, in Zatov, Emil Krepelin married Inna Schwab (1855-1944), a native of Neusterlitz, daughter of Ernst Schwab from Helsdorf and Henrietta, maiden name Stave. He was engaged to her at the age of 15. In November 1885, their daughter was born, who died a few hours after birth. In total, 8 children were born from the marriage, 4 daughters reached adulthood, the remaining four died in childhood. One of the daughters, Antonina, married the chemist Karl Friedrich Schmidt (1887-1971).

Becoming

Emil Kraepelin studied as a doctor at Würzburg (entered 1873) and Leipzig University. As a student, he visited the psychiatric clinic of the University of Würzburg on several occasions. There E. Kraepelin became interested in psychiatry and decided to specialize in this area. At the end of 1877 he became an assistant to F. von Rinecker. The first work of Emil Kraepelin "On the influence of acute diseases on the origin of mental illness", it. "Ber den Einfluss akuter Krankheiten auf die Entstehung von Geisteskrankheiten", was awarded by the leadership of the University of Würzburg. This work marked the beginning of the natural science direction of Kraepelin in psychiatry. Kraepelin wrote it under the influence of his teacher, von Rinecker, whom he later recalled with gratitude and respect. In Leipzig, Kraepelin was particularly influenced by the lectures of W. Wundt, widely known for his "physiological psychology", in which he tried to study "the souls of man and animals" by precise measuring methods.

What is known for: author of the nosological concept and doctrine of registers, which are the basis for many modern hypotheses and classifications; the creator of the doctrine of "dementia praecox", manic-depressive psychosis and paranoia; founder of transcultural psychiatry and psychopharmacology; a scientist who has researched a large number of psychiatric concepts; a public figure, including a fighter against alcoholism; teacher, prominent representative of the German psychiatric school; pathopsychologist.

After graduating from the Faculty of Medicine in Leipzig in 1878, in 1886 he was invited to the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases at the University of Dorpat and headed the university clinic with 80 beds. In 1891 he returned to Germany. Since 1891 - professor at the University of Heidelberg, and since 1903 - at the University of Munich. From 1922 he worked at the Munich Institute of Psychiatry. He left a large bibliography, mainly on clinical psychiatry and experimental psychology, in which he was a student of W. Wundt. In 1883 he published a short textbook on mental illness, already in 1893 published in the 4th edition in a significantly increased size (it was also translated into Russian). His textbook "Psychiatrie" (1910-1915) has gone through many editions and has been translated into many languages.

Emil Kraepelin devoted most of his scientific works to the idea of ​​creating a classification of mental illness. Two turning points in German psychiatry in the 60s and 70s of the 19th century anticipated Kraepelin's nosological theory. First, it is the decline of A. Zeller's theory of unified psychosis (Einheitspsychose). Secondly, this is a criticism of the neuropathological theory of P. Fleksig and T. Meinert, whose attempts to link neuroanatomical differences with mental disorders were considered by some psychiatrists (including E. Kraepelin) unconvincing and unfounded.

The methodological basis for Kraepelin's theory was the discoveries in the field of microbiology, which for the first time made it possible to identify a specific causative agent of many diseases, for example, Vibrio cholerae (1854), Plasmodium malaria (1880) or Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882). Emil Kraepelin applied the linear etiological principle in psychiatry. He believed that a separate nosological unit should meet the following criteria: a single etiology, the same symptoms, clinical picture, outcome and similar pathological changes.

Kraepelin quite early began to investigate psychological phenomena that are important for psychiatry (Psychological Experiment in Psychiatry, 1895).

E. Kraepelin's research was based on psychological experiments begun by W. Wundt, and on specific, long-term observations of the follow-up. He collected hundreds of case histories and subjected them to systematic analysis, including diagnostic charts created by himself (German Zählkarten). From Kalbaum, he adopted the concept of a group of diseases (German Krankheitseinheit) and a psychiatric course of the disease (German Verlaufspsychiatrie).

Classification of mental illness

The first edition of Emil Kraepelin, containing his own classification of mental illness, was published by Ambrose Abel in Leipzig in 1883. The second edition under the revised table of contents "Psychiatry: A short textbook for students and doctors" (German. Psychiatrie: ein kurzes Lehrbuch für Studierende undÄrzte) published in 1887.

Emil Kraepelin in 1896 described three different pictures of schizophrenia: hebephrenic (now called "disorganized"), catatonic and paranoid schizophrenia.

The breakthrough was the 6th edition in 1899, preceded by a lecture in Heidelberg on November 27 of the same year. In it, E. Kraepelin made a radical simplification of the classification of mental disorders, dividing them into psychoses with a deafening progressive course (German Verblödungen) and affective psychoses with a periodic or cyclical course. The so-called Kraepelin dichotomy is reflected in the criteria of DSM-III and later classifications. Until now, the existing classical nosological concept is defined (especially in relation to the group of American psychiatrists who worked on the DSM-IV) as a neocrepelin movement. In the course of work on DSM-V and ICD-11, the discussion on the feasibility of Kraepelin's concept continued.

Emil Kraepelin was the first to call Alzheimer's disease an independent disease. In 1910, he singled it out as a subtype of senile dementia in the eighth edition of his psychiatry textbook, giving it a parallel title, "presenile dementia."

Paraphrenia was first described by Emil Kraepelin.