Distinctive features. The land of proud horsemen is the Bashkirs, the birthplace of Zemfira and Salavat Yulaev. This country was mentioned by medieval authors, but since they themselves could hardly imagine where it was, they composed all sorts of fables about it. The only thing known for sure about the people of the Bashkirs was that they lived "somewhere in the region of the Urals."
The Bashkirs are classified as Turkic peoples, therefore such words as "yurt", "koumiss", "bishbarmak" are native to them. After joining Russia, the Bashkirs initially had "extended autonomy". But over time, they began to tighten the screws, demand more taxes, and corrupt officials, by hook or by crook, took the lands of the Bashkirs for the construction of new factories by Russian merchants.
Finally, the patience of the "indigenous" was over, as a result of which several uprisings took place, the most famous of which was under the leadership of the national hero Salavat Yulaev, who joined Pugachev's peasant war. In the future, the Bashkirs behaved quietly, peacefully, and even sent their cavalry to help the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812.
Breaking templates in Ufa - Lyalya-Tulpan Mosque. Photo by Irek Akromovich (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/keriirek/)
Very hardworking people live in Bashkiria. This can be judged by the volume of production. It is especially necessary to note the rural workers, thanks to whom the republic is in third place in the Russian Federation in terms of agricultural production.
Perhaps Bashkiria would be a useless republic if it were not for oil. Now this region is in first place in terms of oil refining and production of petroleum products. Most of the oil was produced here during the Soviet era. Now production volumes have decreased, but as calculations show, another 25 years of “black gold” in the bowels of Bashkiria will definitely be enough.
Meanwhile, tourism is developing. Ski resorts have been built in the foothills of the Urals, tourist routes have been laid in picturesque forests, and cities have something to see - mosques, theaters, museums. And as a souvenir, you can bring home Bashkir honey, which is considered the best in Russia.
Geographic location. Bashkiria is a region that is more related to the Urals: although it is formally assigned to the Volga Federal District, it is included in the Urals economic region. The southeastern part is the foothills of the Southern Urals, the northwestern part is the plains. The Republic of Bashkortostan borders on six regions: the republics of Tatarstan, Udmurtia, as well as the Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions.
Population. Bashkiria is a densely populated region. 4 million people live here, a quarter - in the capital Ufa and its suburbs. The three main nationalities of the republic are Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars (35%, 29% and 25% respectively). The main languages are Russian and Bashkir. Moreover, according to the decree of President Murtaza Rakhimov, all Russian inscriptions must be duplicated in Bashkir. Of course, all this was done for the sake of the speedy study of the great and mighty Bashkir language: you see a familiar word - and then you get its translation.
Congress Hall and the unique Ufa "amphitheater". Photo by sagitoff.boris (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/sagitoff-boris/)
Crime. The crime rate in Bashkiria is close to the national average. But don't let the statistics mislead you: a lot of crimes are committed here, and among them there is a considerable proportion of murders that occur at every convenient and inconvenient occasion. It is difficult to say how to explain this - with the hot blood of the Bashkirs or strong drinks. Nevertheless, the criminal reports of the republic are full of announcements of murders.
Unemployment rate in Bashkiria about 6%. Considering that this republic is a region with a developed industry, one can find work here, if there is a desire. The average salary in Bashkiria is 20 thousand rubles. Those who are engaged in oil production or work at oil refineries feel best here - the level of salaries is twice as high as the average for the region. But state employees-teachers, employees of the so-called "service sector" and sellers in stores were much less fortunate. Their salaries are barely enough to pay utility bills and still not starve to death.
Property value. Apartments in Ufa can be found for every taste. And although there are separate options for 1 million rubles, offers for one-room apartments, especially in new buildings, in most cases start from the amount of 2 million rubles. Two-room apartments are priced at 2.5 - 3 million rubles. Those who want to rent an apartment should be prepared to shell out at least 14,000 rubles for a one-room apartment.
Climate in Bashkiria continental. In summer there is a terrible heat that even the asphalt melts, and in winter - a terrible cold. In January, the average temperature is -18°С, in July +20°С. The average rainfall is 500 mm. Snow in Bashkiria falls early, sometimes even at the end of September, and in November the snow cover is already stable. Winter in Bashkiria is amazing, and this is a great reason to visit the republic at this time of the year.
Ski complex "Abzakovo". Photo by vera.ignatjeva-2012 (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/vera-ignatjeva-2012/)
Cities of Bashkiria
Building of Uralsibbank in Ufa. Photo by mr.vadimsky (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/mr-vadimsky/)
There are many attractions in Ufa. And it's good that they think about people here, about where they can relax from the bustle of the city. So, relatively recently, the Aksakov Garden, or “Swan Lake”, was opened - a real lake with live swans. The main problem is transport. The absence of a subway, a huge number of cars lead to an abundance of traffic jams and gas contamination of the city air. What can you do, you have to pay something for all the benefits of civilization.
"Swan Lake". Photo by rina-ziyatdino (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/rina-ziyatdino/)
The second largest city of the republic (population - 276 thousand people). It is considered one of the most comfortable cities in Russia. Everything is created here for both work and leisure. The main industries are chemistry and petrochemistry. One of the largest holdings is the Bashkir Soda Company, a manufacturer of caustic soda and other useful substances based on salts mined in these places since time immemorial. It is difficult to say what disadvantages Starlitamak has. Here everything is in order both with the environment and with the infrastructure.
(154 thousand people) - the birthplace of Salavat Yulaev and the center of the petrochemical industry. Here, the memory of ancestors, as well as the heroes of previous wars, is honored, as the new memorial complex on Yulaev Street speaks eloquently. Of the minuses - problems with the environment. Breathing air saturated with products of the local chemical industry is not very pleasant. Another problem is crime, the level of which is the highest in all of Bashkiria.
(123 thousand people) - despite its name, there is no oil industry here. In general, this town is significantly inferior to its larger neighbors both in terms of economy and infrastructure development. One of the largest enterprises in the city is a bus factory. Maybe because of the small number of harmful industrial enterprises, or maybe because a significant part of the city is covered with pine forest, everything is fine with the ecology in the city. Crime is worse, but Neftekamsk is fighting it in the most serious way. You will not find as many police as here in any other city of Bashkiria.
(111 thousand people) - a city near the western border of the republic, more reminiscent of a large village. Founded as a settlement in 1937 with the aim of developing local oil fields. In addition to the representative office of Bashneft, there are a number of enterprises associated with the development and production of apparatus and equipment used in the oil industry. Again, problems with the environment and crime, which is generally typical for Bashkiria.
(66 thousand people) - the great-grandfather of the oil industry of Bashkortostan. Oil was found in these places back in the 18th century, thanks to an expedition organized by our luminary of science - Mikhail Lomonosov. But due to the stubbornness of the local Bashkirs, Russian industrialists never got these lands. But the Soviet authorities did not ask anyone - they began to drill wells on a voluntary-compulsory basis.
In 1936, the first oil refinery in Bashkiria was built here. In modern Ishimbay, the first violin is played not by oil, but by mechanical engineering. However, salaries are low. And that's not the city's only problem. Poor work of utilities, bad ecology, theft and drug addiction - in a word, this is not Rio de Janeiro.
Bashkiria, or Bashkortostan, is the largest in terms of population (4 million people) and economic power from the Russian republics. In general, many of its aspects are known throughout the country: honey and oil, corruption and landscaping, Bai Murtaza Rakhimov ... In fact, Bashkiria is a whole world with its own unique features, with a clear internal division, rich and very very ancient history. Bashkiria is the first Hungary, the probable ancestral home of the Aryans, the great crossroads of cultures and roads. Suffice it to say that none of its many peoples make up even 1/3 of the population. Bashkiria is not rich in ancient architecture, but in the beauty of nature and ethnic color throughout European Russia, it is inferior only to the republics of the Caucasus, only much safer and more accessible than any of them.
Before moving on to stories about Bashkir cities and villages, I will try to briefly (very briefly!) Tell about the history and modernity of this fantastic region. Most likely I will make mistakes, so if you correct it, it will be correct (that is, without rudeness and arrogant tone) and with indication of sources.
In the past, the Bashkir steppe was much larger than the current Republic of Bashkortostan - it stretched from the Volga to Tobol, from the Kama to Yaik. Since then, it has greatly shrunk - Russian merchants and peasants settled something, industrialization ate something, and first of all, the Cossack Orenburg region stood out from Bashkiria. But the core of Bashkortostan remained with him - the mountains of the Southern Urals.
Actually, this name itself comes from the Bashkir epic "Ural-batyr". The Urals are the Bashkir Hercules and Christ rolled into one, and it would be more correct to say not the Urals, but the Ural Mountains. The Southern Urals differ very much from the Stone Belt (that is, the Middle, Northern and further Urals) - this is not a narrow ridge, but a vast highland up to 200 kilometers wide.
The heights of the Southern Urals are on average 800-1200 meters, the highest point is Mount Yamantau - 1640 meters. Of course, a little by world standards, but still higher than the Crimean Mountains and only slightly lower than the Carpathians.
But at the same time, it is quite possible to live in the mountains - forests rich in game, mushrooms and berries, fish rivers, vast pastures on mountain peaks and even iron deposits. The Southern Urals is a huge and impregnable natural fortress, surrounded on three sides by the Steppe. And therefore, it is no wonder that since ancient times, the most diverse peoples have sought to master these mountains.
The lands west of the Urals are sometimes called River Bashkiria - the fertile Trans-Volga forest-steppe:
To the south and east of the Urals is the Steppe Bashkiria, most of which has now turned into another historical region - the Orenburg region. Windswept hilly steppe, still practically unploughed.
And in winter - a snowy desert with fierce winds:
One of the features of the nature of the Bashkir plains is shikhans. Lonely dome-shaped remnant mountains in the middle of the steppe. Here are the famous Sterlitamak shikhans:
And a lot of unknown stone sculptures - for example, this one is located near the village of Kizelskoye in the Chelyabinsk region (20 km from the city of Sibay - the "capital" of Steppe Bashkiria):
And the mountains themselves are very rich in caves, of which there are dozens for every taste. Including one of the largest caves in the Urals, Sumgan-Kutuk (length 9.8 kilometers, depth 130m, entrance through a 70-meter dip) or Kapova cave, which is discussed below.
Another feature of the local nature is linden forests. Bashkiria has no equal in the world in terms of areas covered with this tree; 37% of Russia's linden forests are concentrated here. Bashkiria owes its famous wild honey to lindens. And also - "mouse fever", because of the regular outbreaks of which it is not worth going out into nature in late spring and early autumn.
Finally, the mountains and foothills are connected together by the White River, which, originating in the depths of the mountains, flows south:
But instead of entering the plain of the Urals and merging with Sakmara or Yaik (Ural), in the very south the Belaya sharply turns to the west, and further to the north, flows parallel to the mountain ranges, "stringing" the industrial cities of Kumertau, Meleuz, Salavat , Sterlitamak... At the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers stands the city of Ufa itself, the capital of Bashkortostan.
Belaya is known as Agidel (or Agizel), Ufa - as Karaidel (Karaizel). In translation - White and Black rivers. More precisely, not even quite so. Idel or Itil is the ancient Turkic name of the Volga (something like The River), but Itil does not quite coincide with the current Volga. In fact, the Volga and Kama flow into Itil, the route of which looks like this from bottom to top: the mouth of the Volga - the mouth of the Kama - the mouth of the Belaya - Ufa. Agidel and Karaidel can be translated as White Volga and Black Volga - the same as, for example, the White and Blue Nile. That is, from the point of view of the ancient Turks, Ufa stands at the source of the Volga.
In general, this region has long attracted people. In two caves - Kapova () and Ignatievskaya (Yamandy-Tash), in Bashkiria and the Chelyabinsk region, respectively, rock paintings of the Paleolithic era have been preserved - they are at least 14 thousand years old, and they contain real images of mammoths. In terms of technique and subjects, these petroglyphs are very close to the cave drawings of Southern Europe:
Ten thousand years later, the so-called Land of Cities arose in the Bashkir steppe. In the 1980s, archaeologists unearthed several dozen apparently urban settlements up to five thousand years old. For those times - a very highly developed civilization. The most famous, which has turned into a tourist reserve. This is how this city looks from above - a wheel in the middle of the steppe:
(from the official website of the Museum-Reserve "Arkaim")
Arkaim itself was not a residential city - rather, it was a temple complex or even an observatory. They say it looks like the city-temples described in the "Avesta" (which I, of course, have not read). There is a hypothesis that the Country of Cities is the ancestral home of the ancient Aryans, who left from there to Iran due to a cold snap. A lot has been written about this in recent years, there are many weighty arguments both "for" and "against", but still this hypothesis has not yet become a theory. And yet the fact is that the Land of Cities is the same age as Egypt and Sumer. It is believed that a horse was first domesticated here (at least the oldest remains of domestic horses were found), perhaps iron was smelted for the first time ... However, the Country of Cities did not exist for so long.
What can not be said about the nomads who have passed through this land for centuries. The horse and iron are also their merit. The first reliable state known in these parts is Kangyuy, a steppe empire that existed about 2000 years ago. In later times, these regions were called Great Hungary. Here lived the Ugra nomads, warlike and also had a rather high culture for their times. Then the Turks ousted the Ugra people, and some of them went west, settling on the Danube and laying the foundation for Hungary, and some went north, settling on the Irtysh and Ob. This is exactly how it turned out that the Khanty and Mansi are the closest relative of the Hungarians. Well, the Ugrian people were ousted by those who, after a few centuries, would be called Bashkirs.
The symbol on the top of the stele is the Kurai Flower, whose seven "petals" mean the Seven Tribes, which, according to legend, consolidated into the Bashkir people. In fact, there were not seven tribes, but many dozens, and even the composition of the "seven tribes" varies greatly in different sources. The ethnogenesis of the Bashkirs is extremely complex, and most likely their ancestors came to the Southern Urals in several waves. The more Caucasoid and partially sedentary Western Bashkirs probably descended from the Turks of Volga Bulgaria, the more Mongoloid nomads of Eastern Bashkiria - most likely from the newcomer Kypchak tribes. As a result, they adopted a common language, very close to Tatar. The most famous of the tribes are the highlanders Burzyans (famous for their beekeeping) and Tamyans, plain Yurmats, Usergans, Tabyns, and many others.
Bashkiria flourished at the beginning of the millennium. According to Arab geographers, there were even several cities in the Ural foothills, including Gurkhan, which stood on the site of present-day Ufa. In the village of Upper Termy, near the village of Chishmy, the mysterious "Mausoleum of Turakhan" of the 11-12th century has been preserved - that is, one of the oldest buildings in Russia. However, there are big doubts that this is a mausoleum, and not a chamber or a pagan temple.
In 1219, the Bashkirs first encountered the Mongols, and not with Batu, but with Genghis Khan himself. And then in 1220-1234 the Bashkir-Mongol war continued, in which the Bashkirs managed to inflict a number of defeats on the strongest army of their time. Bashkiria entered the Mongol Empire with a very wide autonomy, and it was its conquest that opened the way for the Mongols to Russia.
Another mausoleum, built in the 1390s, stands in the cemetery near themselves. Here lies the Muslim missionary Hussein-bek, a student of Ahmed Yasawi himself, who was called here by Khan Barych at the beginning of the 14th century. In ancient times, the Bashkirs, like most of the steppe dwellers, professed Tengrianism. This religion is pantheism with the dominant role of Tengri, or the Eternal Blue Sky, the omnipresent and all-encompassing god. Everything in the world is a particle of Tengri. Now some call this religion paganism, others - the first monotheism. Since one of the principles of Tengrianism was "Honor all creeds, without giving preference to any", it did not prevent the spread of Islam in Bashkiria starting from the 10th century. Husseinbek completed this process, becoming the main Bashkir saint. And the mausoleum over his grave was built by order of Tamerlane, who was here during the campaign against Russia.
However, in general, the Bashkirs gradually lost their former prowess and fell under the rule of the Kazan Khanate. Unlike the multinational Golden Horde, the Tatar state treated the Bashkirs as second-class people. Since that time, a long-standing enmity between the Tatars and the Bashkirs began, which has not stopped until now. For example, in the Bashkir villages there were restrictions - it was impossible to have more than one cauldron for so many people. In general, for the Bashkirs, the main occupier has always been the Tatars, not the Russians. And when Kazan fell, the Bashkirs sent a delegation to Ivan the Terrible with a request to take them into citizenship.
In the village of Kagarman, the grave of the Tamyan biy Shagali Shakman, one of the leaders of this delegation, has been preserved.
In 1557, Bashkiria officially became part of Russia, and in 1574, the governor and relative of the tsar, Ivan Nagoi, founded Ufa (then known as Turatau and Imenkala), and the Bashkirs themselves worked on its construction and donated money. The place for the fortress was really chosen very well - an impregnable rock, surrounded by water on three sides.
But the Bashkirs entered Russia, as well as the Mongol Empire, on the rights of broad autonomy - with the right to own their lands, practice Islam (which the Tatars were forbidden), and have their own army. Bashkiria even had an administrative division into four "darugs" (Kazanskaya, Osinskaya, Nogaiskaya and Siberianskaya, the name comes from "road", the closest synonym is "sector"). Under Ivan the Terrible, the terms of the agreement were strictly observed, therefore, the most terrible tsar entered the history of Bashkiria as a purely positive character. But under the Romanovs, things went awry: Muscovites bought up all the factories, Russian merchants began to appropriate the Bashkir lands, and besides, the Romanovs pursued a clearly more pro-Tatar policy. The Bashkirs had to take up arms again ...
Bashkir uprisings rose in 1642, 1662-64, 1681-84, 1705-11, 1735-40, 1755, 1773-74. In the history of the Volga region and the Middle Urals, they are known as raids - the rebellious Bashkirs acted with true steppe recklessness and cruelty, and the first Ural factories were at the same time fortresses in case of raids. The uprising of the 1730s under the leadership of Khan Karasakal is considered the bloodiest, in which up to a third of the Bashkir people died. Alexey (Kutlu-Mukhammed) Tevkelev, a Tatar murza and ally of Peter the Great, founder of Chelyabinsk and dozens of villages, in Bashkiria known as an executioner, became especially famous here.
In the family estate of the Tevkelevs, the village of Kilimovo, a palace built by his descendants has been preserved:
And the uprising of 1755 left a unique document - a letter from the captive mullah Batyrsh to Elizaveta Petrovna, where he analyzes in detail the reasons for the uprising. The last uprising under the leadership of Salavat Yulaev lasted only a year and was part of the Peasant War of Emelyan Pugachev. Salavat entered the history of Bashkiria as a great hero. After the uprising, the Bashkirs were deported from their native places of Salavat - hence the "language" of the Chelyabinsk region that goes deep into the republics.
After the authorities, they found a way out by creating a Bashkir-Meshcheryat army - an analogue of the Cossack troops, only consisting of Bashkirs and Tatars (since the latter were mainly from Meshchera, here they were called "Meshcheryak"). The army was divided into 13 Bashkir and 4 Meshcheryatsky cantons, roughly coinciding with the former tribes. This system, abolished only in 1863, was adopted by the Bashkirs - the uprisings ended.
Here I will interrupt with the historical part and tell you a little about ethnography. In modern Bashkiria, there are three main peoples - Tatars, Bashkirs and Russians, making up approximately 1/3 of the population each. Another 10% is accounted for by other nations. The Bashkirs, with a population of about 2 million people, are the fourth largest people in Russia.
Like most steppe peoples, the Bashkirs are no longer nomads, but the colorful Bashkir yurts (tirme) that can be seen in museums are still well known. The coloring distinguishes them from the white Mongolian and white-red Kazakh yurts.
But some remnants of the steppe survived. For example, in some places in the mountains there are still such cemeteries with wooden tombstones, log cabins. Their meaning is that they must decay in the same way as those who are buried under them. A clear reference to the pantheism of Tengri.
The Bashkirs themselves looked like this a hundred years ago (photographs by Prokudin-Gorsky) - women's robes with interwoven coins are especially impressive:
And in their culture there were many distinctive features. One of them is shezhere, unique historical documents that were both a genealogical tree and a chronicle. That is, the Bashkirs and Kazakhs not only kept records of their entire genealogy, but also briefly described the events that took place in the life of certain generations. Many surviving (not original) shezher are more than 1000 years old.
(from Wikipedia)
Another attribute of the Bashkir genealogy is tamgas, unique generic signs that each Bashkir clan possessed. Each new branch of the genus slightly modified the tamga.
But the famous Bashkir beekeeping actually belongs to only one tribe - the Burzians, who live in the very wilderness of the Ural Mountains. But this is the only place in the world where wild beekeeping has survived to this day - that is, obtaining wild honey. Bort is an ordinary tree in which a hollow and steps are made in advance to climb up.
The second major people of Bashkiria are the Tatars. Actually, according to the 1989 census, there were 33% of them - more than both Bashkirs and Russians. Tatars inhabit mainly the north-west of the republic, and are somewhat isolated from the Kazan Tatars - the Meshcheryat blood affects. As a result, here they are almost forcibly recorded as Bashkirs, that is, about 1/4 of the Bashkirs are most likely Tatars. On the one hand, this does not contribute to the reconciliation of the two peoples, and on the other hand, many Tatars voluntarily sign up as Bashkirs, since the Bashkirs have a number of unspoken advantages here (primarily in a political career). But in general, there are few places where the Tatar hinterland has been preserved so authentically:
But in general, all those who did not want to live "under Russia" fled to Bashkiria for centuries - the Mari, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Old Believers ... The Mari are especially interesting - after all, they, as you know, preserved the Faith of the Ancestors (the word "paganism" for them has derogatory connotation). But only if in Mari El 40% of the Mari are two-believers, and 15% are Chimari (orthodox pagans), then in Bashkiria the share of Chimari among the Mari is about 90%. There are deaf Mari villages with Sacred groves here:
In which such an action sometimes unfolds (the footage was filmed, but it is unlikely that it is much different in Bashkiria). The Mari are afraid here, as they are considered sorcerers. The Mari themselves also consider themselves sorcerers, but they do not use this unless absolutely necessary.
Not all fugitives managed to gain a foothold in new lands - this is how tepteri, akhuns, bobyls, pripuschniki appeared (all these concepts are very close, but slightly different). Landless laborers and vagabonds, who gradually formed a multilingual people. With the formation of the Bashkir-Meshcheryatsk army, the Teptyars became its third element. In them, the Bashkir polyethnicity reached its apogee. The culture of the Teptyars is best preserved in the Uchalinsky district beyond the Urals (their "capital" is the village of Akhunovo), where I did not get there. But in general, Teptyar villages look something like this: Bashkir and Russian huts are next door.
Finally, back in the 1740s and 50s, the Ural plant owners began to penetrate here, who founded several metallurgical plants in the upper reaches of the Belaya River. One of them is now Beloretsk, the only city in Mountain Bashkiria:
But most of the old industrial settlements have long since become ordinary villages. The Kaginsky plant burned down in 1911:
Tirlyansky was flooded by a dam break and was never restored in 1994:
But for some reason, it is the old factory villages that are the most picturesque in the Bashkir mountains.
Another important point was that Ufa is also the "Russian Mecca", since it was here that in 1788 Catherine the Second organized the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia (since the 1760s, the empress consistently liberalized the position of the "Mohammedans"). Why in Ufa and not in Kazan? It is believed that there are two main reasons: firstly, the fear of Tatar separatism, and secondly, Muslim Ufa was supposed to become a center of attraction for the peoples of the Great Steppe.
The First Cathedral Mosque (1830s) until recently remained the main mosque in Russia:
In 1999, it was again replaced by the Lyalya-Tulpan mosque in Ufa:
However, in general, after the Pugachev region, there was a lull in Bashkiria. Even the Ufa province was formed only in 1865. Because of this, the Bashkir cities are extremely poor in architecture, the brightest part of which is wooden carving.
The civil war in Bashkiria swept cruelly - here Chapaev was noted, and Ufa did not stay for long (September 23 - November 18, 1918) as the White Capital - the Provisional Government (Ufa directory) was located here.
Even earlier, in January 1918, Lesser Bashkiria was formed, which included most of the South Ural Mountains and the steppe Trans-Urals. Its capital was the village of Temyasovo near the town of Baymak. It is interesting that in Malaya Bashkiria the canton system was revived - only each canton became something like a national autonomy of one or two tribes:
From Wikipedia.
Moreover, as you can see, some of the cantons were moved outside the republic. For example, the entrance to the village of Argayash in the Chelyabinsk region still adorns its Salavat:
In 1923, Bashkortostan was formed within its current borders, and in 1952 it was also divided for half a year into the Ufa and Sterlitamak regions as part of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In general, are there so many peoples in Russia who have had autonomy for almost their entire history?
But in general, the Soviet era brought great changes to Bashkiria:
In 1929, the Second Baku was discovered here - that is, oil deposits. The first well was put into operation in 1932 near the village of Ishimbay, which soon turned into a big city. Other discoveries followed - it soon turned out that the entire Cis-Urals is the richest oil province. Bashkiria has become one of the oil granaries of Russia. And how oil affects everything does not need to be explained.
Post-Soviet Bashkiria, despite its weight, remained quite loyal to Moscow even in the early 1990s. But at the same time, it was very isolated: until 2010, it was managed by Murtaza Rakhimov, also known as Bai. That is, Old Man, in an oriental manner. Bashkiria is very reminiscent of Belarus (for nothing that both RBs) - neatness, authoritarianism, a cult of personality.
Ufa is without exaggeration the cleanest city I have ever seen. The power of Murtaza until recently was much more powerful than the power of most regional leaders. And besides, the number of slogans on the walls and social advertising is off scale here. By the way, Bashkiria is also the most bilingual region in Russia - I have not seen such a number of inscriptions in the titular language, often not even duplicated in Russian, in Tatarstan either.
And not only slogans - for example, not only residential buildings and business centers, but also theaters, cultural centers, educational institutions, hospitals are being actively built here. Almost everything with national elements, and often very beautiful:
However, in 2010, Murtaza resigned (I don’t need to talk about the events related to this in the face of a gigantic pension and other payouts - I am aware), and most likely in the coming years Bashkiria will become more like other regions of Russia. However, in this case, politics and corruption worry me very little. I look at this amazing land through the eyes of a traveler. Here, even just walking along the streets, it is interesting to peer into faces, marveling at the interweaving of cultures and peoples.
BASHKIRIA-2008/2011
Story Bashkortostan has gone through a long and difficult path of historical development. The Bashkirs are one of the ancient peoples of Eurasia, formed in the Southern Urals as an independent ethnic group in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. The first written references to individual tribes that became part of the Bashkir people are found in the writings of Herodotus (5th century BC). The map of Ptolemy (2nd century AD) shows the river. Daiks (now the Ural River). Valuable information is contained in Op. Sallam Tarjeman (9th century) and Ahmed ibn Fadlan (10th century); al-Balkhi (10th century) wrote about the Bashkirs as a people divided into two groups, one of which lived in the Southern Urals, the other near the Danube, near the borders of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste noted that the Bashkirs are "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural Range between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper reaches of the Yaik." Numerous historical legends have been preserved that in the distant past the basis of the Bashkir ethnos was a stable union of seven tribes, and state formations were headed by Bashkort Khan, Muiten Biy, Maiky Biy, Myasem Khan, Dzhalykhan. It is no coincidence that the Arab authors of the end of the first millennium A.D. e. Sallam Tarjeman, Ahmed ibn Fadlan, Jeyhani, Abu-zayid Al Balkhi and others wrote about the Bashkirs as a large ethnic group living in the South Urals for a long time. Since the 10th century, Islam has been spreading among the Bashkirs, which became the dominant religion in the 14th century and was one of the main factors in the preservation of the Bashkir ethnos. In 1574, the city of Ufa, the administrative center of the region and the future capital of Bashkortostan, was founded on the site of an ancient Bashkir settlement. The history of Bashkortostan is the history of the indigenous inhabitants of the Bashkirs, as well as those who moved to this region during the 17th-20th centuries. Russians, Tatars, Mishars, Maris, Chuvashs, Udmurts, Mordovians, Ukrainians and other peoples of Russia. The unions of the Bashkir tribes at the end of the millennium began to gradually develop into early states. In the X-XI centuries. they have developed a certain socio-economic and political way of life. An important feature of the history of the Bashkirs is that for many centuries they lived in the neighborhood or as part of fairly large state formations, such as the Turkic Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, Desht-i-Kypchak, the Bulgar Khanate, the Golden Horde, which negatively affected their political consolidation and forced to seek, along with the struggle against them, other forms of preserving ethnic and territorial integrity, national identity.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bashkir tribes were part of the Nogai Horde, the Kazan and Siberian khanates, and partly the Astrakhan khanate. In the difficult situation of the middle of the 16th century, the Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship on the basis of an agreement with the government of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, and thus gained the opportunity for a normal existence. As a result of the entry of Bashkortostan into Russia, civil strife ceased in the region, which had a positive effect on the development of the economy and population growth. Economic and cultural ties were established between the Bashkirs and Russian settlers, the productive forces of the Bashkir region developed, and the borders of the Russian state were strengthened. From the middle of the 17th century, the seizure of the Bashkir lands began. Fortresses were built on them, and factories from the end of the 18th century. By the beginning of the 18th century, 31 fortifications appeared on the territory of the Bashkirs. The lands around them were distributed to nobles, monasteries, merchants, small service people. The Ufa governors allowed arbitrariness and violence against the indigenous people during the collection of yasak and legal proceedings. In the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries, attempts were repeatedly made to Christianize the Muslim Bashkirs. The seizure of land, the growth of taxes and duties caused discontent of the Bashkirs. Defending their lands and freedom, they filed petitions in the name of the central government, then repeatedly raised uprisings against oppression. The Bashkirs took an active part in the Peasant War of 1773-1775. - the largest anti-feudal movement in Russia under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. The entire second stage of the uprising - from April to mid-July 1774 - fell on the territory of Bashkortostan. Twice during the entire period of the Peasant War, the rebels approached Ufa, but they could not take it by storm. One of the most prominent associates of Pugachev was the poet-improviser, the national hero of the Bashkir people Salavat Yulaev. After the defeat of the rebels, he was captured by a government detachment, punished and exiled to life hard labor in Rogervik (Paldiski, Estonia). The 17th-18th centuries, when the Bashkirs and other peoples persistently defended their rights, can be fully described as a heroic period in the history of Bashkortostan. At the same time, one cannot but pay attention to the fact that the brutal suppression of the uprisings led to the destruction of the productive forces of the Bashkir society and a significant reduction in the number of the indigenous population. By the end of the 19th century, the Bashkirs already occupied the second place after the Russian population of the region in terms of numbers. The infringement of the patrimonial rights of the Bashkirs to land continued - by the middle of the 18th century, the Bashkirs had lost about half of their lands, and by the beginning of the 20th century, no more than 20 percent of the possessions remained behind the indigenous population of Bashkortostan. In the first half of the 19th century, in Bashkortostan, as well as throughout the country, there was a decomposition and crisis of the feudal-serf system of the economy, the development of market relations, the aggravation of social contradictions that led to the great reforms of the middle and second half of the 19th century. For the Bashkir population, the 19th century was a time of significant restructuring of the socio-economic way of life. The culture of the Bashkirs was formed adequately to the main stages of historical development. They created the richest folklore, reflecting the most significant aspects of their lives. Since the adoption of Islam, a written spiritual culture and a peculiar system of education have developed. In the new homeland - in Bashkortostan, the culture of representatives of the Russian, Tatar, Mishar, Chuvash, Mari and other peoples also developed. After the February and October revolutions of 1917, a workers', peasants' and national movement developed in Bashkortostan. Various sections of the Bashkir population demanded recognition of their right to self-determination. In November 1917, the Bashkir Regional Shuro proclaimed the autonomy of Bashkortostan within the Russian Republic. In December of the same year, at the third All-Bashkir Constituent Kurultai, the autonomy of the so-called Little Bashkiria (nine eastern cantons) was approved and the Bashkir government was formed, headed by the leader of the Bashkir national liberation movement, oriental Turkologist Akhmetzaki Validov. The jurisdiction of Bashkortostan included ensuring public security, collecting and spending taxes, the courts, the armed forces, public education, the disposal of capital, land, subsoil, forests, and waters of the republic. In the initial period of the Civil War, due to disagreements with the Bolsheviks, the Bashkir government and the Bashkir Corps created by it supported the Committee of members of the Constituent Assembly created in Samara. However, soon after the establishment of Kolchak's dictatorship in Omsk, the Validov government, which advocated the autonomy of Bashkortostan, went over to the side of Soviet power. On February 21, 1919, in the village of Temyasovo, at a congress of representatives of the Bashkir regiments, the Provisional Government of Bashkortostan, the Military Revolutionary Committee, was formed, and on March 20 of the same year, an Agreement between the central Soviet government and the Bashkir government on the Soviet Autonomy of Bashkiria was signed in Moscow. The Autonomous Republic was created within the limits of Lesser Bashkiria and included the southern, southeastern and northeastern parts of the modern territory of Bashkortostan. On May 19, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the state structure of the Autonomous Soviet Bashkir Republic, which determined the relationship between the state authorities of the republic and the Russian Federation. The resolution secured the direct subordination of the Center of People's Commissariats of Finance, Food, the Council of the National Economy, the military commissariat, the BChK, mail and telegraph. The Bashkir regional committee of the RCP(b) supported this resolution, but the Bashrevkom opposed the rigid centralization of the administration of the autonomous republic. In protest, almost all of its members left their posts on June 15, and the Bashrevkom ceased to exist as a body of power. On June 26, 1920, a revolutionary committee of a new composition entered the administration of the republic, and a month later, the republican BashTsIK and SNK formed at the 1st Congress of Soviets. The consequences of the civil war and general devastation in the RSFSR also affected Bashkortostan. As a result of the famine of 1921-22. the population of the republic decreased by 22 percent, the number of sown areas decreased by half. Only in 1928 did small-scale handicraft industry reach its pre-war level. In general, Bashkortostan still remained an agrarian region. The growth of industrial production began at the turn of the 20-30s, after the implementation of complete collectivization in the countryside. During the years of the first five-year plan in Bashkortostan, the reconstruction of the Beloretsk plants, which became the country's largest enterprises for the production of high-quality steel, was carried out, 35 new plants, factories and power plants were built, and the construction of a number of large enterprises was launched. By the end of the first five-year plan, the republic had turned from an agrarian into an agrarian-industrial one; in 1932, the share of industry amounted to 50 percent of the gross output. Over 70 large enterprises were built in the second and third five-year plans. During the Great Patriotic War, Bashkortostan turned into one of the largest regions for receiving evacuated enterprises and the population, providing the front with weapons, fuel, food and equipment. In 1941-42. The republic accepted and accommodated about 100 evacuated plants and factories, dozens of hospitals, a number of central state and economic organizations, and 278,000 refugees. In the winter of 1941-42, in addition to general military formations, two Bashkir cavalry divisions (112th and 113th) were created in the republic. In total, during the war years, about 700 thousand fighters were sent from the republic to the front. For courage and heroism, 261 people born and called up from the republic were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, including M.G. Gareev - twice, 36 soldiers became full holders of the Order of Glory. Since the beginning of the war, industry and cooperation have been reorganized to produce military products. The extraction of rare metals for the defense industry is expanding. At the end of 1943, the Kinzyabulatovskoye oil field was discovered near the city of Ishimbay. In total, over 5 million tons of oil were produced during the war years, and its processing increased by 1.5 times. Labor productivity in industry doubled, and in mechanical engineering tripled. The transition of the national economy of the republic to peaceful construction after the war was completed by the end of 1946. Oil production increased at the Tuimazinsky, Shkapovsky and Arlansky fields, as a result of which Bashkortostan became the largest center of the country's oil industry. Along with production, oil refining also developed. So, in the early 50s, the republic ranked second in oil production, and first in processing in the USSR. At the same time, Bashkortostan became one of the centers of the chemical and petrochemical industry. In the post-war years, the oil, mining, and machine-building industries developed significantly. The extraction and processing of oil proceeded intensively. The production of polyethylene, plastics, carbamide, herbicides, rubber, fertilizers, soda ash was mastered. The chemical industry has become one of the leading sectors of the republic's national economy. During the years of Soviet power, the republic was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1935, 1957), the Order of the October Revolution (1969), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972). In 1966-1980. 832 enterprises were put into operation in the republic. In 1985, the fixed production assets in industry increased by 2.8 times compared with 1970, and output by 2.4 times. In May 1978, a new Constitution of the Republic was adopted, which repeated all the main provisions of the Constitution of the USSR and the RSFSR. On October 11, 1990, the Declaration of State Sovereignty was proclaimed by the Supreme Council of the Republic. On March 31, 1992, the Federal Treaty on the delimitation of powers and jurisdiction between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition and the Appendix to it from the Republic of Bashkortostan were signed, which determined the contractual nature of relations between the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation. By 1993, the Supreme Council of the Republic prepared a draft of the new Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan. On December 24, 1993, the Constitution was adopted at the regular session of the Supreme Council of Bashkortostan. Of great importance in the socio-political life of the republic was the signing on August 3, 1994 of an agreement on the delimitation of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan. This agreement for the Republic of Bashkortostan was a confirmation of its new state-legal status. When compiling its text, the results of the republican referendum of April 25, 1993 were taken into account, when the overwhelming majority of citizens (75.5%) spoke in favor of the economic independence of the republic and its contractual relations with Russia. In accordance with the new Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, a bicameral parliament was formed in the republic - the State Assembly - the Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Elections of deputies to the new parliament of the republic were held on March 5, 1995. In the course of the ongoing reforms, the competence of the republican bodies increased significantly: they began to solve the main issues of the economic, social and cultural development of Bashkortostan. Since the beginning of the 1990s, various political parties, social movements, centers and associations began to function in the republic. In the new political conditions at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, noticeable events took place in the Republic of Bashkortostan related to the policy aimed at strengthening state power in the Russian Federation. On December 3, 2002, the adoption of the Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan" actually completed the constitutional reform. The updated version of the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan contains a number of fundamental provisions aimed at further harmonization of relations with the federal center, optimization of the state structure within the republic, and a clearer distribution of powers between the branches of power and state bodies representing them.
Bashkiria
Bashkiria
The Republic of Bashkortostan is part of the Russian Federation. The Russian name of the republic is derived from the Russian name head people - Bashkirs. The basis official nat. the name of the republic is supposed to be the self-name of the Bashkirs - Bashkort; element stan - turk, "country, land".
Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. - M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 .
Bashkiria
nat. park in the republic Bashkortostan . Organized in 1986 to protect unique landscapes in the southwest. slopes of the South. Ural on an area of 92 thousand hectares. Taiga and broad-leaved forests (about 90% of the area) and fragments of steppes. More than 750 species of vascular plants, including a number of species from the Red Book of Russia - orchids, feather grasses. Especially protected in the floodplain of the river. White linden, oak, maple forests. More than 50 species of mammals (brown bear, roe deer, badger, hamster, etc.). Of the birds, there are such rare species as the little bustard, white-tailed eagle, steppe eagle, peregrine falcon. Individual natural monuments are protected - rocks, 36 karst caves, disappearing rivers. The protected area is only 20%, recreational 36%. More than 30 thousand tourists visit the park every year.
Dictionary of modern geographical names. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria. Under the general editorship of Acad. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006 .
Bashkiria
Bashkiria is a republic within the Russian Federation (cm. Russia), located in the Cis-Urals and foothills of the Southern Urals. The area of the republic is 143.6 thousand square meters. km; population - 4088.1 thousand people, urban 65% (2003); Russians (39%), Tatars (28%), Bashkirs (22%). The republic consists of 54 districts, 21 cities, 45 urban-type settlements. The capital is Ufa, other large cities are Sterlitamak, Salavat, Neftekamsk. The Bashkir ASSR was formed as part of the RSFSR on March 23, 1919. Bashkiria is part of the Volga Federal District.
Bashkiria is one of the leading Russian regions of oil refining and petrochemistry. The share of the republic accounts for one sixth of the primary oil refining in Russia. It produces diesel fuel, fuel oil, gasoline. The petrochemical industry is represented by the production of plastics and synthetic resins, mineral fertilizers, and synthetic rubber. The country also has a well-developed mechanical engineering industry (one sixth of all Russian metal-working machine tools are produced here), as well as the production of trucks. The largest enterprises of Bashkiria: "Bashneft" (oil and gas production), Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant, "Ufa Motor-Building Production Association", "Aircraft Production Enterprise" (city of Kumertau), "Kauchuk" (city of Sterlitamak), "Neftekamsky dump truck plant", " Salavatnefteorgsintez, Bashneftekhim. The main industrial centers are the cities of Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Neftekamsk, Tuymazy, Oktyabrsky. Agriculture of Bashkiria is grain and livestock breeding, horse breeding and beekeeping are traditionally developed. A network of pipelines has been created in the republic: Tuimazy-Ufa, Ishimbay-Ufa. Navigation on the rivers Belaya and Ufa.
natural conditions
Bashkiria borders in the north with the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions, Udmurtia, in the west - with Tatarstan, in the south and southeast - with the Orenburg region, in the east - with the Chelyabinsk region. In the Cis-Urals, the Bugulma-Belebeev Upland (in the west), spurs of the General Syrt (in the southwest), and the Ufa Plateau (in the northeast) stand out. An extensive valley stretches along the Belaya River. In the east of the republic are located the mountain ranges of the Southern Urals (height up to 1640 m, Mount Yamantau) with an adjacent narrow strip of the Trans-Urals. In the south - the Zalair plateau. The territory is rich in minerals: oil, natural gas, coal, iron, copper-zinc ores.
The main river of Bashkiria is the Belaya (Agidel) with tributaries Nugush, Sim, Ufa, Dema. The climate is continental; the average temperature in January is -16 °С, in July +20 °С. Precipitation will fall 300-600 mm per year.
Forests occupy over 40% of the territory of Bashkiria. In the Cis-Urals there are mixed forests (in the north), forest-steppe with birch and oak forests, forb-feather grass steppe. The steppe and forest-steppe partly overlap the slopes of the Urals. Above are belts of oak and linden (western foothills), pine-larch and birch forests, dark coniferous taiga. On some peaks there are loaches. Steppe and birch forest-steppe dominate in the Trans-Urals. Bashkir forests are popular with hunters; squirrels, hare, capercaillie are found here. Natural conditions are preserved in several reserves, including the National Park of Bashkiria, the Bashkir Reserve, the Shulgan-Tash Reserve.
Story
The first mention of the Bashkirs dates back to the 9th-10th centuries. In the 13th century the territory of Bashkiria was captured by the Mongol-Tatars. In the middle of the 16th century Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship on the basis of an agreement with Ivan the Terrible. As a result of the entry of Bashkiria into the Russian state, feudal strife ceased in the region, economic and cultural ties began to be established between the Bashkirs and Russian settlers. The Russian government guaranteed the preservation of the lands they occupied by the Bashkirs on the basis of patrimonial law, while the Bashkirs, recognizing themselves as subjects of the Russian Tsar, pledged to perform military service and pay land tax (yasak) in honey and furs to the treasury. In 1574 Ufa was founded.
The Bashkirs took an active part in the peasant war of 1773-1775 under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. One of his associates was the poet Salavat Yulaev. He showed himself to be a talented military leader, after the defeat of the rebels he was captured, punished and exiled to life hard labor in Rogernik (now Paldiski, Estonia).
After the peasant war, the colonization of the region by Russian and Tatar settlers intensified. If by the middle of the 18th century. Bashkirs owned half of the land, then by the beginning of the 20th century. they retained no more than 20%. By the end of the 19th century. Bashkirs were second in number after Russians. Until the middle of the 19th century. The main occupation of the Bashkirs was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. In conditions of landlessness, there was a slow transition of nomads to agriculture. In the second half of the 19th century agriculture among the indigenous people fell into complete decline, the population was in poverty. There was a threat of assimilation of the Bashkirs by the more numerous Tatar people.
After the February Revolution of 1917, the national movement of the Bashkirs led to the formation in December 1917 of the autonomy of Lesser Bashkiria (nine eastern cantons). In 1919, the Bashkir Autonomous Republic was formed, which, together with Lesser Bashkiria, included the southern, southeastern and northeastern parts of the modern republic.
As a result of the Civil War and the famine of 1921-1922, the population of Bashkiria decreased by 22%, and the number of sown areas halved. Only in 1928 did industry reach its pre-war level. Industrial growth began at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s. In the pre-war years, the Beloretsk factories were reconstructed, more than 70 large enterprises were built, including the Ufa-Ishimbaevo railway, the Ishimbayevo-Ufa oil pipeline, the Ishimbayevsky oil refinery and the Ufimsky cracking plant.
During the Great Patriotic War, about a hundred enterprises of the country were evacuated to Bashkiria, which provided the front with weapons, fuel, and food. Dozens of hospitals were deployed on the territory of the republic, Bashkiria accepted 278 thousand refugees. After the war, oil production increased at the Tuymazinskoye, Shkapovskoye and Arlanskoye fields. In the 1950s, Bashkiria became one of the centers for oil production in the country, as well as for the chemical and petrochemical industries. But since the mid-1960s, the growth of the economy in the republic has been on an extensive basis, due to the creation of new production capacities. The disproportions between industry and agriculture, between the economy and the social sphere, have intensified.
During the period of perestroika, processes characteristic of the USSR as a whole were going on in the republic, and nationalist sentiments intensified. In October 1990, the Declaration of State Sovereignty was proclaimed, and in February 1992, a new official name was adopted - the Republic of Bashkortostan. A bicameral parliament, the State Assembly (Kurultai), was formed in the republic, and the post of president was introduced.
Attractions
The tourist significance of Bashkoria is associated with favorable natural conditions, the possibility of hunting and fishing, although the developed petrochemical industry negatively affects the ecological state of the territory. Alkino, Chekhovo, Krasnouralsk, Yangantau stand out among the Bashkir resorts. 10 km south-east of the city of Belebey there is the Aksakovo climatic koumiss resort, known for its combination of healing factors - clean steppe air and koumiss. The resort operates a sanatorium. S. T. Aksakov, created on the basis of the former family estate of the Aksakovs - Kuroyedovo. The climatic koumiss treatment resort Glukhovskaya is located in the vicinity of Belebey. A large number of natural attractions have been preserved in Bashkiria - the Bashkir Reserve (on the spurs of the Southern Urals, in the bend of the Belaya River, on its territory there is the Kapova Cave (on the walls of which late Paleolithic images are preserved), Lake Aslikul, Mount Bolshaya Iremel, Kutuk caves.
Speleologists are attracted by routes to Novomuradymovskaya and Usmganskaya caves. Water tourists are well aware of rafting along the rivers Yuryuzan, Belaya, Pavlovsky and Nugush reservoirs.
The architectural monuments of Bashkortostan are represented by temple and civil buildings of the 18th-19th centuries. Among them are the Michael the Archangel Cathedral, St. Nicholas Cathedral and the mosque of the 18th century in the city of Belebey. 55 km west of Ufa, near the village of Nizhnie Termy, there are the remains of the Tura-Khan palace of the 14th-15th centuries. The palace had 24 bevelled corners and a pyramidal roof on the vault. 50 km west of Ufa, near the Chizhma station and Lake Akzyrat, the remains of the mausoleum of Khusain-bek, the first Islamic preacher in Bashkiria, were found. The mausoleum is a quadrangular building with a tromp vault. In the vicinity of the city of Birsk there is an ancient settlement and a burial ground of the 3rd-7th centuries. Memorable places of the republic are connected with the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev and Salavat Yulaev. The museums of the republic tell about the history of the Bashkir Territory, including the Birsk Historical Museum, the Sterlitamak Local Lore Museum, the Belebey Local Lore Museum, and the Meleuz Local Lore Museum.
Encyclopedia of Tourism Cyril and Methodius. 2008 .
Synonyms:
See what "Bashkiria" is in other dictionaries:
Bashkiria- Bashkiria. 1. National Park of Bashkiria 2. Reserve Shulgan Tash Bashkiria, Republic of Bashkortostan, in Russia. It is located in the Cis-Urals and on the slopes of the Southern Urals. Included in the Ural economic region. The area is 143.6 thousand km2. Population… … Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
Bashkiria- Bashkiria. Belaya river. BASHKIRIA (Republic of Bashkortostan), in Russia. The area is 143.6 thousand km2. Population 3984 thousand people, urban 65%; Bashkirs (21.9%), Russians (39.3%), Tatars (28.4%), Chuvashs, etc. The capital is Ufa. 54 districts, 17 cities, 43 villages ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Bashkortostan) Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation. 143.6 thousand km². Population 4008 thousand people (1992), urban 65%; Bashkirs (864 thousand people; 1989, census), Russians, Tatars, etc. 54 districts, 17 cities, 45 urban settlements ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Bashkortostan, bashkortostan Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Bashkiria noun, number of synonyms: 2 bashkorstan (2) ... Synonym dictionary
This term has other meanings, see Bashkiria (meanings). Bashkiria 2M Type home / school computer Released 1989 Processor KR580VM80A Memory ... Wikipedia
- (Republic of Bashkortostan), in the Russian Federation. 143.6 thousand km2. Population 4111.3 thousand people (1998), urban 64.8%; Bashkirs 21.9%, Russians, Tatars, etc. 54 districts, 21 cities, 40 urban-type settlements (1998). Capital Ufa. Western part… … encyclopedic Dictionary
1. BASHKIRIA, a national park in Bashkiria. Founded in 1986. Pl. 83.2 thousand hectares. It covers low mountains and plateau-like uplands of the Southern Urals. Developed karst. Broad-leaved forests (oak, linden, maple, elm, elm). Common brown bear, wolf, elk. 2 … Russian history
Bashkiria- Sp Baškirija Ap Bashkiria/Bashkiriya L nac. parkas RF (Baskirijoje) …
Bashkiria- Sp Baškirija Ap Bashkiria/Bashkiriya rusiškai Sp Baškortostãnas Ap Bashkortostan/Bashkortostan baškiriškai L RF respublika … Pasaulio vietovardziai. Internetinė duomenų bazė
- ... Wikipedia
Books
- Republic of Bashkortostan. Active and educational tourism, "If paradise existed in the Urals, it would be here, in Bashkortostan" - perhaps this is how you can characterize the inexhaustible potential of this sunny republic. First of all, natural:… Series:
Can journalists call the Republic of Bashkortostan Bashkiria, or is this contrary to the Constitution?
According to one of our listeners, almost every news release on Business FM Ufa violates the law: “Your presenters always violate the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, they always say “Bashkiria”, there is no such republic! Now the Republic of Bashkortostan is competent. If your host can't speak, then ask others to mean. This is not a joke, if anything, I will sue. You probably think that this is not important, but you are breaking the law.”
Is the listener's claim justified, lawyer Emil Shakirov explains: “I do not see any violation of the law in this case, since this term refers to our region, it is just an informal name for the Republic of Bashkortostan. There is no direct prohibition in the Constitution, there is only an indication of which name is official.
Perhaps the unofficial name of the republic violates the norms of the Russian language? Associate Professor of the Faculty of Philology of the Bashkir State University Elena Evdokimova comments: “From the point of view of linguistics, Russian studies, it is correct to use both names - both Bashkiria and the Republic of Bashkortostan, not forgetting that the Republic of Bashkortostan is the official name of the subject of the Russian Federation, and Bashkiria is a word that was born a long time ago is built according to the Russian laws of word formation and is very familiar both to our ear and to our use. Therefore, here we just need to stylistically distinguish between these names. If we want to build a good synonymic series, we can use the Republic of Bashkortostan, Bashkiria, Bashkortostan - anything, but we cannot artificially prohibit the use of this or that word, name, language will not allow us to do this, and our language ability too.
Practice shows that society is striving to simplify cumbersome, official names: this was the case, for example, with the hotel "Bashkortostan" and the shopping center of the same name, which are now called "Bashkiria". According to Anatoly Chechukha, editor of the journalism department of the Belsky Prostory magazine, this is a good trend: “For example, a radio announcer says “Russia”, does he simplify the name of the Russian Federation? This is the spoken language. Or the announcer of the Bashkir radio says “Maskәү”: what, we will force him to say “Moscow” by force? It is inconvenient to pronounce such sounds in the Bashkir language, and you cannot force them to do so. Officials have already crawled through all the holes. Bureaucratic rage sometimes needs to be stopped. For example, when the hotel "Bashkiria" was renamed "Bashkortostan", and opposite the concert hall "Bashkortostan", the cheerful guys immediately called the stop "Double Bashkortostan" - it sounds very fun, in the sense of the spoken language. It's good that the mind was enough, the hotel was quickly returned to its original name. In general, the spoken language, of course, is not subject to any decrees, any prohibitions.
If we adhered only to the official name - the Republic of Bashkortostan, the news on Business FM Ufa would sound like some reports of the deputies of the Kurultai: librarianship."
Journalists, linguists and lawyers agreed that neither language norms nor legislation prohibits calling the Republic of Bashkortostan Bashkiria.
